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Editor: Nancy A. Piotrowski, Ph.D.,     University of California, Berkeley ISBN: 978-1-58765-199-1 List Price: $120 October 2004 · 2 volumes · 1,008 pages · 6"x9" Psychology Basics Index A AA. See Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Ability tracking, 17 Abnormal behavior, 674 Abnormality; behavioral models, 9; biological models, 5; cognitive models, 10; diathesis-stress model, 12; humanistic models, 9; psychoanalytic models, 7; psychological models, 5-13; sexual variations and, 776; social-learning models, 9; sociocultural models, 11 Absolute threshold, 908 Abstract thinking; dementia and, 242; language and, 471 Abuse; amnesia and, 62; domestic, 277 Acceptance, death and, 238 Accommodation, 908 Accreditation Council of Psychoanalytic Education, 639 Acetylcholine, 568, 908 Achievement, giftedness and, 356 Achievement motivation, 908 Achievement need, 626 Achievement status, 418 Achievement tests, 671 Acquisition, 908; conditioning and, 591 Acrophobia, 630 Act psychology, 663 Action potential, 908 Activation-synthesis theory of dreams, 287 Activation theory of motivation, 555 Active imagination, 81 Activities of daily living (ADLs), 242, 265 Actor-observer bias, 908 Actualizing tendency, 908 Adaptation, 908; intelligence and, 450; sensory, 761; social psychology and, 794 Adaptive skills, mental retardation and, 532 Adaptive theory of sleep, 783 ADD. See Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE), 55 Addiction, 219, 908; support groups and, 866 Addictive brain, 855 Addictive personality, 855 ADHD. See Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Adler, Alfred, 649, 946; Horney, Karen, and, 804; individual psychology, 430-437; motivation and, 555 ADLs. See Activities of daily living (ADLs) Administration on Developmental Disabilities, 265 Adolescence, 908; cognitive skills, 14-21; domestic violence and, 280; growth spurts and, 23; identity crises and, 416; psychosocial development, 319; schizophrenia and, 736; self-esteem and, 758; sexuality, 22-29 Adrenal glands, 908 Adulthood; definitions, 22; personality and, 618 Advertising; conditioning and, 203; perception and, 761 Affect, 732, 908 Affective disorders, 908. See also Mood disorders Affective states, 664 Afferent, 908 Affiliation, friendship and, 30-35 Affiliation motive, 909 Age; dreams and, 288; intelligence testing and, 458; suicide and, 858 Aggression, 36-41, 909; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and, 107; aversive control and, 488; instincts and, 446 Aging; cognitive changes, 42-50; hormones and, 398; individual psychology and, 433 Agnosia, 51 Agoraphobia, 630, 909; panic attacks and, 96 Aiken, Lewis, 460 Ainsworth, Mary, 100 Air rage, 39 Alarm reaction, 372 Albert, Robert, 225 Alcohol abuse; aggression and, 38; domestic violence and, 280; depression and, 247; suicide and, 247, 860 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 866 Aldwin, Carolyn, 821 Alexithymia, 821 Alienists, 508 Allele, 909 Allport, Gordon, 946; humanistic trait models, 402-407; prejudice, 433; self, 748 Alpha press, 625 Altered states of consciousness, 212 Alternate personalities, 560 Altruism, 909 Altruistic suicide, 858 Alzheimer, Alois, 52 Alzheimer's Association, 52 Alzheimer's disease, 46, 48, 51-58, 181, 243, 909; amyloid-beta protein and, 529; animal experimentation and, 529; neuropsychology and, 573 Alzheimer's Disease Prevention Initiative, 57 Ambiguity, helping and, 382 American Association on Mental Retardation, 260 American Institute of Psychoanalysis, 804 American Psychoanalytic Association (APsA), 643 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 811 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, 268 Aminoketones, 541 Amnesia, 59-64, 528 Amok, 12 Amphetamine psychosis, 742 Amplification, dreams and, 81 Amplitude, 909 Amygdala, 145 Anal stage, 315, 657, 901, 909 Analgesia, 909 Analogies, 226 Analytic language acquisition styles, 467 Analytic psychology; Lacan, Jacques, 65-71 Analytical psychology, 648, 909; Jung, Carl, 72-77 Analytical psychotherapy, 78-83 Anastasi, Anne, 451 Anderson, Lynn, 370 Androgens, 909 Androgyny, 389, 909 Androgyny theory, 889 Angell, James Rowland, 663, 848 Anger, 40; death and, 238; depression and, 163 Anima archetype, 74 Animal experimentation, 84-91, 333, 663; behaviorism and, 129; learning and, 483; memory and, 524; neuropsychology and, 572; phobias and, 636 Animal Welfare Act, 89 Animus archetype, 74 Anomic suicide, 858 Anonymous questionnaires, 870 Anorexia nervosa, 12, 306, 909; hunger and, 411; types, 309 Antecedents, 131 Anterograde amnesia, 529, 909 Antianxiety drugs, 303 Antidepressants, 159, 249, 301, 541, 581, 909 Antipsychotic drugs, 304, 511; schizophrenia and, 735 Antisocial personality disorder, 605, 909 Anxiety, 7, 698, 726, 813, 909; amnesia and, 59; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and, 107; bulimia nervosa and, 310; compulsions and, 578; conditioning and, 592; consciousness and, 217; death and, 237; fugue and, 59; psychoanalysis and, 639; psychosurgery and, 693; sensitivity, 613; social psychology and, 794; stress and, 819 Anxiety disorders, 92-98, 304; cognitive therapy and, 196; personality and, 612; phobias, 630 Anxiety management training, 170 Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), 613 Anxiolytics, 303 Anzieu, Marguerite, 69 Apgar test, 261 Aphasia, 51, 470, 910; receptive, 904 Aplysia, 374, 491, 522, 527 Apperception, 844 Appetite, hunger versus, 411 Applied behavior analysis, 125, 133, 208 Applied research, 910 Approach-approach conflict, 727 Approach-avoidance conflict, 727 Apraxia, 51 Aptitude, 910 Aptitudes Research Project (ARP), 671 Arachnophobia, 630 Arbitrary inference, 196, 249 Arc-USA, 260 Archetypes, 73, 649, 910; self as, 747 Archival data, 910 Aristotle, 214, 287, 330, 445 Arousal; emotional, 325; personality disorders and, 607; phobias and, 631; schizophrenia and, 741 Arousal cost-reward model of helping, 379 Art, sensation/perception and, 765 Artemidorus Daldianus, 285 Articulation disorders, 807 Artificial intelligence, 182, 910; reasoning and, 505 Artistic ability, intelligence quotient (IQ) and, 356 Aserinsky, Eugene, 785 Assessment, 271, 274; giftedness, 359; personality, 610 Assimilation, 910 Associated features, 272 Association, conditioning and, 589 Association for Behavior Analysis, 712 Association for Death Education and Counseling, 238 Associationism, 517 Associative learning, 200 Atkinson, John, 626 Atmosphere hypothesis of reasoning, 502 Attachment, 99-105, 910 Attention, 179, 910; aggression and, 37; selective, 762 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 106-112, 303 Attitudes, 910; personality and, 602 Attraction; affiliation and, 31; theories, 113-120 Attribution, 755, 910 Attributional biases, 910 Attributional style questionnaire, 478 Auditory Integration Training (AIT), 124 Auerbach, Stephen, 816, 821, 824 Austin, George A., 504 Authoritarian personality, 795 Autism, 121-127 Automatic thoughts, 194 Automaton conformist personality, 796 Autonomic nervous system, 567, 721, 910 Autonomy, 317 Availability heuristic, 183, 500, 910 Aversion, 777 Aversion therapy, 910 Aversive control, 488 Avoidance, 206; anxiety and, 93; phobias and, 630 Avoidance-avoidance conflict, 727 Avoidant mother, 103 Avoidant personality disorder, 605 Axon, 910 B Back, Kurt, 33 Baddeley, Alan, 185, 516 Bahrick, H. P., 44 Bailey, Kent, 822 Balance, 79 Baldwin, James Mark, 66 Baltes, Paul, 48 Banaji, M. R., 44 Bandura, Albert, 171, 618, 636, 702, 946; development, 256; personality, 610; self, 749; social learning, 787-793 Barbiturates, 303 Bard, Phillip, 840 Bargaining, death and, 238 Bartlett, Frederic C., 504, 518 Basal ganglia, 145 Basic anxiety, 803 Basic trust, 317 Bates, Elizabeth, 474 Bateson, Gregory, 739 Battered woman syndrome, 279 Baumeister, Roy, 750 Bebbington, Paul, 157 Beck, Aaron T., 10, 158, 166, 194, 249, 326, 436, 636, 702, 861, 946 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 159, 910 Becker, Ernest, 237 Bed-wetting, 784 Behavior; abuse, 277; cognition and, 165; constructs and, 597; depression and, 157; development and, 254; drives and, 293; emotions and, 325; endocrine system and, 331, 394; gender and, 349; groups and, 368, 864; head injuries and, 691; homosexuality and, 387; imprinting and, 423; individual psychology and, 433; instincts and, 444; language and, 471; learned helplessness and, 478; learning and, 483; moral development and, 546; needs and, 625; neuropsychology and, 571; obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 577; personality and, 602, 610, 618; psychoanalysis and, 639-640; reflexes and, 719; schizophrenia and, 734; sexual, 774; social learning theory and, 787; stuttering and, 809; substance abuse disorders, 851 Behavior disorders, 674; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 106 Behavior modification; habituation and sensitization, 372; hunger and, 413 Behavior patterns, cognitive social learning and, 188 Behavior therapy, 680 Behavioral neuroscience, 208 Behavioral therapy, 699, 910; depression and, 159 Behaviorism, 128-134, 330, 346, 663, 911; cognitive behavior therapy and, 170; instincts and, 445; motivation and, 553; personality and, 610; S-R theory and, 729 Behaviorist theories of development, 256 Belenky, Mary Field, 751 Beliefs, reasoning and, 502 Bem, Sandra, 351 Benson, Herbert, 220, 840 Benzodiazepines, 304 Bereavement, 236 Berger, Hans, 785 Berkowitz, Leonard, 383, 946 Bernard, Claude, 410 Berthold, Arnold Adolphe, 330 Bessel, Friedrich, 884 Beta press, 625 Bettelheim, Bruno, 816 Between-subject designs, 911 Bias; gender differences and, 891; intelligence quotient tests and, 706; questionnaire design and, 870; reasoning and, 502 Big Five system of personality, 602 Bilateral prefrontal leucotomy, 691 Binet, Alfred, 14, 227, 450, 457, 547, 946 Binet-Simon scale, 227, 450, 457 Binge eating, 306, 408 Bingham, Walter Van Dyke, 439 Bini, Lucio, 691 Biochemical imbalances, 139 Bioengineering, 769 Biofeedback, 221, 831, 911; training, 840 Biogenic approach to psychopathology, 677 Biopsychology, animal experimentation and, 84 Biopsychosocial approach, 678, 684 Bipolar disorder, 135-140, 302, 911; depression and, 248 Birth control, 26 Birth order; giftedness and, 358; personality and, 431 Blackwell, Arshavir, 474 Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration Test, 245 Bleuler, Eugen, 734, 743 Blocking, 203 Blood pressure, emotions and, 325 Bloom, Benjamin, 357 Boas, Franz, 709 Body image; eating disorders and, 306; hunger and, 411 Body weight, hunger and, 409 Bogen, Joe, 148 Bon, Gustave le. See Le Bon, Gustave Bonding, 99-105 Bonet, Theophile, 542 Boole, George, 504 Borderline personality disorder, 604 Boring, Edwin, 450 Boroditsky, Lera, 473 Bosard, James H. S., 366 Bourgondien, Mary Van. See Van Bourgondien, Mary Bowlby, John, 99 Brady, Joseph V., 815 Brain; adolescence and, 18; aggression and, 37; cognition and, 42; dementia and, 242; drugs and, 300; euphoria and, 853; imaging, 210; language and, 470; learning and, 484; memory and, 518; mind and, 131; nervous system and, 565; neuropsychology and, 571; personality and, 624; psychopathology and, 678; schizophrenia and, 740; self and, 750; senses and, 767; stress and, 828 Brain chemistry, 6 Brain injuries, 181 Brain lesions, memory experimentation and, 526 Brain stem, 567, 911 Brain structure, 141-150; homosexuality and, 387 Brain waves, consciousness and, 211 Brainwashing, 278 Braswell, Lauren, 109 Breland, Keller, 207, 446 Breland, Marian, 207, 446 Brentano, Franz, 663, 946 Breuer, Josef, 650, 701, 905, 947 Brickman, Philip, 380 Bright, Timothy, 252 Broca, Paul, 147, 574 Bronfenbrenner, Urie, 44, 704 Brooks, James, 159 Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, 750 Browne, Angela, 278 Bruner, Jerome, 504, 752 Bulimia nervosa, 12, 306 Bundey, Sarah, 533 Burt, Cyril, 453, 705 Burton, Robert, 248 Buss, Arnold, 327, 749 Buys, Christian, 369 By-product model of homosexuality, 388 Byrne, Donn, 113 Bystander effect, 911 Bystander intervention, 234 C Caillois, Roger, 71 Cameron, Judy, 484, 490 Canady, Herman, 709 Cancer, personality and, 685 Cannon, Walter B., 816, 828, 840, 876, 947 Cardinal disposition, 403 Cardinal trait, 911 Cardon, Lon R., 495 Care, ethic of, 886 Carlson, Michael, 380 Carr, Harvey A., 663, 848 Case-study methodologies, 151-156, 650, 911 Castration, 777 Castration anxiety, 318, 354, 901 Catatonic schizophrenia, 734 Catecholamines, 911 Categorical speech perception, 469 Categorization, 174 Catharsis, 911 Caton, Richard, 785 Cattell, James McKeen, 227, 457, 849, 947 Cattell, Raymond B., 405, 459 Cause-effect relationships, 339 Ceci, S. J., 44 Cellular dehydration thirst, 877 Center for Group Dynamics, 345 Central dispositions, 403 Central motive state, 297 Central nervous system, 141, 567, 911; stress and, 828; thirst and, 877 Central traits, 911 Centration, 173 Cerebellum, 143, 567, 911 Cerebral commissures, 911 Cerebral cortex, 142, 911 Cerebral hemispheres, 911 Cerebrospinal fluid, 912 Cerebrovascular risk factors for dementia, 246 Cerebrum, 567, 912 Cerletti, Ugo, 691 Chaining, 912 Chan, Walter, 399 Change, personality and, 618 Charcot, Jean-Martin, 7 Charlin, Ventura, 380 Charpentier, Paul, 299 Chicago school of functionalism, 848 Child abuse; multiple personality disorder and, 559; sex offenders and, 777 Child rearing, imprinting and, 427 Childhood, 99-105; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 106; personality and, 602, 618, 656; self-esteem and, 758 Childhood schizophrenia, 736 Children; homosexuality and, 388; learned helplessness and, 479 Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), 161, 912 Chodorow, Nancy, 751, 887 Chomsky, Noam, 185, 468 Chromosomal abnormalities, mental retardation and, 533 Chromosomes, 912 Circadian rhythms, 138, 218, 912; hormones and, 395; sleep and, 780 Clang associations, 734 Clark, Margaret, 383 Clark, Russell, 379 Classical conditioning, 9, 128, 200, 589, 721, 912; language acquisition and, 468; learning and, 483; memory and, 524; psychopathology and, 676 Claustrophobia, 630 Click insertion studies, 469 Clinical depression, 157-164, 247 Clinical interviews, 871 Clinical psychologist, 912 Clinical psychology, 669 Clore, Gerald, 113 Cognition, 42, 512, 912; motivation and, 553; sleep and, 782; social learning theory and, 788 Cognitive appraisal, 814, 912 Cognitive approach to motivation, 557 Cognitive approach to psychopathology, 677 Cognitive behavior therapy, 165-171, 912 Cognitive-behavioral therapy, 279; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 108 Cognitive deficits, brain lesions and, 571 Cognitive development; adolescence and, 18; gender identity and, 350; language and, 471; moral development and, 547; Piaget, Jean, 172-178 Cognitive disorder, depression as, 158 Cognitive dissonance theory, 912 Cognitive distortions, 10; depression and, 249 Cognitive domains, 572 Cognitive function, dementia and, 242 Cognitive maps, 181, 912 Cognitive models of anxiety, 96 Cognitive personality theory, 617 Cognitive processes, 912 Cognitive psychology, 179-187, 669, 912; logic and reasoning, 499; pyychosomatic disorders and, 685; thought and, 880 Cognitive science, 912 Cognitive social learning; Mischel, Walter, 188-193 Cognitive stage theory, 14 Cognitive theory, memory and, 518 Cognitive therapy, 166, 194-199, 681; depression and, 251 Cohabitation, domestic violence and, 281 Cohen, Sheldon, 823 Cohesion, groups and, 865 Cohort, 913 Collaborative relationship, 700 Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression, 248 Collective unconscious, 73, 78, 287, 649, 913 Colliculi, 144 Color, 913; sensation/perception and, 763 Columbia school of functionalism, 849 Commission on Community Interrelations, 347 Commissures, 148 Commitments, identity crises and, 418 Common traits, 402 Communal relationships, 32 Communication; friendship and, 32; groups and, 865; language and, 466; speech disorders and, 807 Community Mental Health and Retardation Act, 513 Community mental health centers, 508 Comparative psychology, 670 Compensation, 431, 913 Compensatory model of helping, 382 Competence; intelligence and, 454; motivation and, 553 Competency, 188 Complexes, 73 Complexity, groups and, 367 Composition, group, 368 Compulsions, 578, 675, 913; eating, 408 Computer modeling, animal experimentation versus, 90 Computer models of cognition, 181 Computers; intelligence testing and, 462; reasoning and, 504 Concept Assessment Kit, 175 Conceptualization, 168 Concrete operational stage, 15, 174, 257, 913 Conditional positive regard, 10 Conditioned emotional reactions (CER), 592 Conditioned response (CR), 202, 485, 589, 913 Conditioned stimulus (CS), 201, 485, 589, 913 Conditioned suppression, 202 Conditioned taste aversion, 913 Conditioning, 200-209, 721, 913; imprinting versus, 428; instincts and, 447; language acquisition and, 468; learning and, 483; motivation and, 554; Pavlovian, 589-595; phobias and, 631; psychopathology and, 676; substance abuse and, 853 Conditions of worth, 913 Conduct disorder, 605 Cone, 913 Confession, 79 Confidentiality, 642 Confirmation bias, 502 Conflict, intergroup, 347 Conformity, 232 Confounding of variables, 913 Consciousness, 210-215, 844, 913; altered states, 216-223; perception and, 760; personality and, 405; psychology and, 662; self and, 749; sleep and, 785; states, 217 Consensual validation, 30, 913 Consensus information, 914 Consequences, 711 Conservation, 174, 914 Consistency information, 914 Consolidation, 914 Consortium for Psychoanalysis, 643 Construct, 914 Construct validity, 914 Construction corollary, 597 Construction systems, 597 Constructive alternativism, 596 Constructs, 596 Consumer psychology, 670, 914 Context dependence, 914 Contiguity, conditioning and, 202 Contingency, 487, 914 Contingency management, 914 Contingency of reinforcement, 713 Continuous reinforcement, 914 Continuous theories of development, 256 Contraceptives; adolescents and, 28 Control; domestic violence and, 278; experimentation and, 339; learned helplessness and, 479 Control groups, 340, 914 Controlling variables, 713, 914 Convergent thinking, 914 Conversion disorder, 688, 914 Conversion hysteria, 684 Cooley, Charles, 752 Coping, 168, 915; depression and, 250; domestic violence and, 279; mechanisms, 803; personality and, 602; strategies, 791; stress and, 817, 820 Core beliefs, 195 Corporal punishment, learning and, 488 Corpus callosum, 148 Corrective emotional experience, 701 Correlation, 915 Correlational methods, 440 Correlational studies, 338 Cortex, 146, 915 Cortical brain centers, 915 Costs, helping and, 379 Cote, James, 417 Counseling psychology, 669 Counselors, 508 Counterconditioning model of phobias, 636 Counterregulation, 408 Countertransference, 641, 915 Courtship behaviors versus paraphilias, 778 Cousins, Norman, 839 Coyne, James, 250 CR. See Conditioned response (CR) Creativity, 915; cognitive psychology and, 179; intelligence and, 224-229, 357, 454; learning and, 490 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 243 Criminal psychology, 670 Criteria, 270 Criterion group, 915 Critical period, 915; brain injury recovery, 574; imprinting, 423; language acquisition, 470 Criticism, intelligence and, 451 Cross-dressing, 776 Cross-sectional design, 915 Crowd behavior, 230-235 Crowder, R. G., 44 Crystallized intelligence, 48, 459 CS. See Conditioned stimulus (CS) Cue-producing response, 915 Cues; learning and, 725; responses and, 727 Cultural differences, diagnosis, 274 Cultural influences, women's psychology and, 894 Culture; psychopathology and, 679; self and, 751 Curriculum content, gifted students and, 361 Cutaneous senses, 768, 915 Cycles, hormones and, 396 Cycling, 544 Cyclothymia, 137, 915 Cyclothymic disorder, 543 D D sleep, 286, 782 Daily hassles, 820, 915 Damasio, Antonio, 751 Dark adaptation, 915 Darley, John, 49, 234 Darwin, Charles, 663; emotions, 328; Fromm, Erich, and, 799; functionalism and, 847; instincts, 444; race and intelligence, 708; Skinner, B. F., and, 716 Data, 915 Data collection, 338, 869 Dating, violence and, 280 Davis, Gary, 225 Davis, Mark, 749 Dawson, Geraldine, 124 Daydreams, 219, 285 Death, 236-241, 321 Death instinct, 553, 915 Debriefing, 915 Decay, 915 Deci, Edward, 455 Decision making, cognitive psychology and, 183 Deduction, 916 Deductive reasoning, 499 Deep structure, 468 Defense mechanisms, 7, 916; death and, 236; dissociation, 559; ego and, 656; neurosis and, 803 Defensive aggression, 37 Defining Issues Test (DIT), 889 DeFries, John C., 495 Deindividuation, 231, 367, 370, 916 Deinstitutionalization, 512; schizophrenia and, 736 Delirium, 242 Delusions, 512, 916; dementia and, 242; obsessions versus, 578; schizophrenia and, 732 Dement, William, 785 Dementia, 51, 242-246, 584-916 Dementia praecox, 736, 743 Dendrite, 916 Denial, death and, 237 Density, group, 369 Denver Developmental Screening Test, 264 Dependent personality disorder, 605 Dependent variables, 339, 916 De Perczel, Maria, 861 Depersonalization disorder, 59 Depolarization, 916 Depression, 247-253, 301, 512, 698, 916; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and, 107; bulimia nervosa and, 310; children and, 158; clinical, 157-164; cognition and, 43; cognitive therapy and, 194; death and, 238; dementia and, 243; dysthymic disorder, 542; emotions and, 326; learned helplessness and, 477, 489; obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 579; personality and, 612; psychoanalysis and, 639; psychopathology and, 677; psychosomatic disorders and, 687; psychosurgery and, 693; stress and, 816, 822; suicide and, 859 Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (DMDA), 138 Depth perception, 916 Descartes, René, 210, 448, 746 Descriptive research, 338, 871 Descriptive statistics, 916 Desensitization, 593, 701, 916; phobias and, 636. See also Systematic desensitization Desire, 65; energy and, 315 Destructive personality, 796 Determinism, 916 Detterman, Douglas, 451 Development, 254-259, 916; giftedness and, 358; language and, 466; moral, 546; personality and, 602; psychoanalysis and, 640; self and, 748 Developmental disabilities, 260-269 Developmental Disabilities Act of 1984, 267 Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 1990, 260 Developmental Disabilities Services and Facilities Construction Act of 1970, 260 Developmental psychology, 670, 916 Deviancy, 916 Deviant behavior, moral development and, 549 Dewey, John, 663, 668, 848, 947 Diagnosis, 270-276, 916 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 917; diagnosis and, 270 Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 608 Diathesis, 541 Diathesis-stress model; abnormality, 12; bipolar disorder, 138; psychopathology, 679; schizophrenia, 740 Dichotomy corollary, 597 Diencephalon, 567 Diener, Ed, 367 Dieting; eating disorders and, 307; hunger and, 411 Differences, Lacan, Jacques, and, 67 Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), 671 Differential diagnosis, 272 Diffusion of responsibility, 917 Diffusion status, 419 Direct intervention, 380 Direct observations, 152 Direction, intelligence and, 451 Disabilities, giftedness and, 361 Discontinuous theories of development, 256 Discounting, 917 Discrimination, 917 Discriminative stimulus, 713, 917 Disease; learned helplessness and, 480; stress and, 836; thirst and, 878 Disease model of mental disorders, 508 Disorganized schizophrenia, 734 Dispersion, 917 Displacement, 8, 466, 917 Display, 917 Display rules, 917 Disposition, personality traits and, 403 Dispositional, 917 Dispositional variables, 190 Dissociation, 59, 559 Dissociative disorders, 8, 59, 917 Dissociative fugue, 60 Dissociative identity disorder, 59, 559 Dissonance, 557, 917 Distal stimulus, 917 Distancing, 198 Distancing behavior, 894 Distinctiveness information, 917 Diurnal enuresis, 917 Divergent thinking, 917 Dix, Dorothea Lynde, 510, 948 Dollard, John, 554, 725-730, 947 Domestic violence, 277-284, 917; learned helplessness and, 479 Dominant responses, 725 Donders, Frans C., 881 Dopamine, 301, 569, 586, 918; schizophrenia and, 740, 742 Double bind, 739, 918 Double-blind method, 918 Double depression, 542 Dovidio, John, 379 Down, John Langdon, 535 Down syndrome, 918; development and, 258; mental retardation and, 533 Downing, Leslie, 234 Dreams, 285-291; analytical psychology, 75, 80; consciousness and, 212; Freudian interpretation, 903; Horney, Karen, 804; incubation, 288; psychoanalysis, 644, 658; sleep and, 782 Drive-reduction hypothesis, 876, 918 Drives, 292-298, 726, 876, 918; learning and, 726 Drozdovitch, V., 533 Drugs; memory and, 527; neurotransmitters and, 569; side effects, 300; substance abuse and, 300, 855; suicide and, 860; therapies, 299-305; tolerance and habituation, 375 DSM. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Dunbar, Flanders, 683 Durkheim, Émile, 858 Durkin, M. S., 533 Dying, 236-241 Dynamic adaptation, 794 Dynamic psychology, 849 Dyscalculia, 494 Dysfunctional family, 918 Dysgraphia, 494 Dyslexia, 494, 918 Dysphoria, 157, 198, 918. See also Gender dysphoria Dysthymia, 137 Dysthymic disorder, 158, 542, 918 D'Zurilla, Thomas, 168 E Early recollections, 918 Ears, 767 Eating disorders, 306-313, 918; hunger and, 409 Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 457, 517, 880, 948 Ebbinghaus forgetting curve, 883 Eccles, John, 750 Echoic memory, 918 Echolalia, 124, 918 Eclectic therapy, 918 École Française de Psychanalyse, 71 École Freudienne de Paris (EFP), 71 Ecological validity, 341 ECT. See Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Education, 224; analytical psychology, 80; Piaget, Jean, and, 175; sensation/perception and, 764 Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, 268, 494 Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986, 268 Educational psychology, 669, 918 EEG. See Electroencephalogram (EEG) Egas Moniz, António, 692, 948 Ego, 7, 256, 294, 314, 617, 655-661, 747, 919; analytical psychology, 72, 78; anxiety and, 93; Lacan, Jacques, 66 Ego identity, 418 Ego psychology, 644; Erikson, Erik, 314-322 Egocentric speech, 471 Egocentric thought, 148, 471, 919 Egocentrism; adolescent, 17; Piaget, Jean, 173 Egoistic suicide, 858 Eisenberger, Robert, 484 Ekman, Paul, 814 Elaborative rehearsal, 919 Electra complex. See Oedipus complex Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 139, 159, 511, 542, 691, 919; aggression and, 38 Electroencephalogram (EEG), 919 Electroencephalography, 919 Electroshock therapy. See Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Elkind, David, 17 Ellis, Albert, 10, 165, 436, 636, 805, 948 Ellis, Thomas, 861 Elucidation, analytical psychology, 80 Embryonic hormones, 335 Embryonic phase, 919 Emergent processes, 255 Emergent systems, self and, 750 Emotional abuse, 278 Emotional disorders, 674; cognitive therapy and, 195 Emotional intensity, 325 Emotions, 323-329, 569, 919; aggression, 36; attachment and, 100; behavior and, 165; cognitions and, 550; depression and, 157, 247; dreams and, 286; habituation and, 375; memory and, 520; physiology and, 611; psychoanalysis and, 639, 658; psychopathology and, 677; stress and, 820 Empathy, 919; moral development and, 549 Empirical evidence, 919 Empiricism, 919 Encoding, 181, 919; strategies, 188 Endocrine gland, 919 Endocrine system, 330-336, 393, 919; nervous system and, 565 Endogenous behavior, 423, 919 Endorphins, 568, 841, 919; stress and, 839 Engineering psychology, 669 Engram, 525 Enkephalins, 568, 919 Enlightenment model of helping, 382 Enmeshment, 920 Entitlement, 920 Entropy, 920 Enuresis, 784, 920 Environment; abnormality and, 9; animal experimentation and, 524; attraction and, 114; behavior and, 131; dreams and, 289; giftedness and, 357; imprinting and, 423; information processing and, 45; intelligence and, 452, 454, 704; learned helplessness and, 477; life space and, 345; mental retardation and, 534; Parkinson's disease and, 586; personality and, 602; psychology and, 612; radical behaviorism and, 711; sensation and, 760, 767 Environmental psychology, 670, 920; senses and, 770 Environmental stressor, 920 Epilepsy, 920 Epinephrine, 920 Episodic memory, 180, 517, 880, 920 Epstein, Seymour, 814 Equipotentiality, 47, 526, 920 Equity theory, 114, 920 Equivalence, 920 Ergonomics, 439 Erikson, Erik, 648, 948; development, 255; ego psychology, 314-322; identity crises, 416; self, 748 Eros, 647 ERPs. See Event-related potentials (ERPs) Escape from freedom, 795 ESP. See Extrasensory perception (ESP) Esquirol, Jean-Étienne-Dominique, 457 Essence, personality and, 617 Estradiol, 920 Estrogen, Alzheimer's disease and, 53 Estrus, 334 Ethic of care, 886 Ethics; animal experimentation and, 85; industrial/organizational psychology and, 442 Ethnicity; Alzheimer's disease and, 52; domestic violence and, 280 Ethnocentrism, 920 Ethology, 372, 920; animal experimentation and, 84 Etiology, 920 Eugenics, 709 Euphoria, 852 Eustress, 817, 921 Euthanasia, 240 Evans, Gary, 823 Event-related potentials (ERPs), 470 Evoked potential, 921 Evolutionary psychology, attraction and, 117 Evolutionary theory of sleep, 783 Exchange relationships, 32 Exchange theory, groups and, 864 Excitation transfer, 921 Executive monkey study, 815 Exercise; stress and, 839; thirst and, 879 Exhibitionism, 774 Existentialism, 921 Exogenous substances, 921 Expansive behavior, 894 Expectancy confirmation bias, 921 Expectancy theory, 921 Experimental brain damage, 525 Experimental neurosis, 591 Experimental psychology, 670 Experimentation, 153, 846, 921; animal, 84-91; independent, dependent, and control variables, 337-343; industrial/organizational psychology and, 440 Experimenter bias, 921 Expert systems, 182 Explanatory style, immune system and, 480 Exposure therapy, phobias and, 635 Expressive aphasia, 921 Expressive language acquisition styles, 467 External locus of control, 614, 686 External success, neurosis and, 802 External validity, 921 Externalization, 921 Externalized speech, 471 Extinction, 590, 593, 726, 921 Extraneous variables, 151, 921 Extrasensory perception (ESP), 762 Extrinsic motivation, 455, 922 Extrinsic religion, 404, 922 Extroversion, 74, 613, 649 Eyeblink reflex, 720 Eyeblink response, 526 Eyes, 767 Eyewitness testimony, cognitive psychology and, 182 Eysenck, Hans, 405, 610, 948 F Facial expressions, stress and, 814 Facial features, 117 Factor analysis, 452, 922 Facultative homosexuality, 388 Failure, 755 Falret, Jules, 542 False negatives, 271 False positives, 271 Familiarity, affiliation and, 31 Familiarization, imprinting and, 426 Family; cultural patterns and, 802; individual psychology and, 431; support group versus, 867 Family environment, giftedness and, 357 Family interaction theories of schizophrenia, 739 Family systems theory, 278 Family therapy, 2, 278, 680, 898, 922 Farberow, Norman, 860 Father's "No," 66 Fatigue, 373 Fear, 726, 813; anxiety and, 93; conditioning and, 592; death and, 237; phobias and, 631; success and, 627, 897 Fechner, Gustav, 211, 668 Feedback, self-esteem and, 754 Feelings, analytical psychology and, 74 Female athletic triad, 309 Feminist analysis, 922 Feminist psychological theory, 278 Fenz, Walter D., 814 Festinger, Leon, 30, 34, 557 Fetal alcohol syndrome, mental retardation and, 537 Fetal phase, 922 Fetishism, 69, 775, 922 Field experimentation, 342 Field research, 922; industrial/organizational psychology and, 440 Field theory, Lewin, Kurt, 344-348 Fight-or-flight response, 398, 817, 828, 841, 922 Fixation, 648, 657, 922 Fixed role therapy, 599 Flashback, 922 Flavell, John, 16 Flexion reflex, 720 Flocking, 922 Flooding, 593, 922; obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 580 Fluency disorders, 807 Fluid intelligence, 48, 459, 922 Folie circulaire, 542 Folkman, Susan, 820 Forebrain, 922 Foreclosure status, 418 Forensic psychology, 922 Forgetting, 923; memory and, 882 Formal operational stage, 15, 174, 257, 923 Formal thought, 16 Forsyth, D. R., 864 Foulkes, David, 288 Fragile X syndrome, 535 Frame of orientation, 795 Franzoi, Stephen, 749 Free association, 638, 903, 923; dreams and, 658; Horney, Karen, 804; S-R theory and, 728 Freedom, social psychology and, 795 Freeman, Walter, 692 Fremouw, William, 861 Frequency, 923 Frequency distribution, 923 Freud, Anna, 652, 948 Freud, Sigmund, 314, 510, 647, 668, 692, 701, 949; abnormality, 7; Adler, Alfred, versus, 435; anxiety, 92; consciousness, 211, 216; development, 255; dreams, 288, 290; drives, 294; Fromm, Erich, and, 799; gender identity, 354; Gilligan, Carol, versus, 888; homosexuality, 386; Horney, Karen, and, 801, 895; Jung, Carl, and, 76; Lacan, Jacques, and, 65; moral development, 547; motivation, 553; personality, 602, 610, 617, 655-661, 833; phobias, 631; psychoanalysis, 638; psychoanalytic psychology, 655-661; psychopathology, 677; psychosomatic disorders, 684; schizophrenia, 738; self, 747; women's psychology, 900-907 Freudian slips, 8, 904 Freund, Kurt, 778 Friedman, Meyer, 837 Friesen, Wallace V., 814 Frigidity, 895 Fritsch, Gustav, 147 Fromm, Erich, 315, 554, 949; social psychological models, 801-806 Frontal lobe, 147, 923 Frontal lobe dementias, 244 Frotteurism, 776 Frustration, 923; aggression and, 36 Frustration-aggression hypothesis, 923 Fugue, 59-64, 923 Functional analysis, 192 Functional autonomy, 403, 923 Functional disorders, 923 Functional fixedness, 923 Functionalism, 663, 668, 771, 843-850, 923 Fundamental attribution error, 923 Futrell, B. A., 46 G GABA. See Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Gaertner, Samuel L., 379 Galanter, Eugene, 760 Galen, 7, 152, 674 Galton, Francis, 455, 457, 708, 847 Gambler's fallacy, 503 Gamete, 923 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 301, 568, 923 Gardner, Howard, 454, 463 Garfield, Sol, 702 Garfinkel, Barry, 860 GAS. See General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Gatekeepers, 347 Gay men. See Homosexuality Geert, Paul Van. See Van Geert, Paul Gender, 923 Gender bias, personality disorders and, 606 Gender constancy, 350 Gender differences; achievement need and, 626; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 107; attraction and, 118; depression and, 157, 247; dreams and, 288; friendship and, 35; Gilligan, Carol, 886; learning disorders and, 495; self and, 751; suicide and, 858 Gender dysphoria, 389, 776 Gender identity, 25, 923; ideals and, 25 Gender-identity disorder, 351 Gender-identity formation, 349-355 Gender role socialization, 279 Gender schema, 924 Gender-schema theory, 351 Gene, 924 Gene disorders, mental retardation and, 533 General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 817, 829, 836, 924 Generalizability, survey research and, 873 Generalization, 16, 924; case studies and, 155; conditioning and, 591 Generalized anxiety disorder, 10, 675 Generativity, 321, 924 Genetic engineering, animal experimentation and, 525 Genetic knockouts, 528 Genetic psychology, 669 Genetics, 924; Alzheimer's disease and, 53; animal experimentation and, 84; autism and, 122; behavior and, 6, 131, 711; bipolar disorder and, 137; bipolar disorders and, 541; depression and, 248; development and, 254; developmental disabilities and, 261; dyslexia and, 495; eating disorders and, 308; homosexuality and, 387; imprinting and, 423; intelligence and, 455, 704; introversion and extroversion and, 613; mental retardation and, 534; personality and, 602; personality disorders and, 607; phobias and, 631; schizophrenia and, 736, 738; substance abuse and, 851 Genital stage, 319, 657, 902, 924 Genotype, 924 Gergen, Kenneth, 752 Gestalt, 924 Gestalt school of psychology, 924 Gestalt therapy, 924 Gestalt therapy, memory and, 521 Gibson, James J., 257 Gifted education programs, 358 Giftedness, 356-363, 924 Gilbreth, Frank, 438 Gilligan, Carol, 905, 949; self, 751; women's psychology, 886-893 Global self-esteem, 756 Goal setting, 924 Goals; motivation and, 552; psychotherapy, 698 Goldfried, Marvin, 167 Goldstein, Kurt, 257, 435 Goodnow, Jacqueline J., 504 Gordon, W. J., 228 Gormezano, Isadore, 721 Gouldner, Alvin, 383 Gramling, Sandra, 821 Grammar, 465; transformational generative, 468 Grammatical semantics, 465 Grasping reflex, 723 Gray matter, 924 Gray Oral Reading Test (GORT-III), 496 Greene, David, 340 Greenwald, Anthony, 761 Gregory, Richard, 765 Grieving, 236 Grismer, B. A., 46 Group composition, 368 Group density, 369 Group discussion, 347 Group dynamics, 865, 924 Group factors, 452 Group therapy, dieting and, 412 Grouping, laws of, 762 Groups, 364-371; affiliation and, 33; twelve-step, 866 Growth, adolescent, 23 Grundman, Michael, 46 Guidano, Vittorio, 169 Guilford, J. P., 453 Gustation, 924 Gyrus, 924 H Habits, 726, 924 Habituation, 372-378, 525, 581, 612, 614, 924 Haffner, Debra W., 27 Hall, Calvin, 903 Hall, G. Stanley, 709 Hallucinations, 285, 512; aural, 561; dementia and, 242; multiple personality disorder and, 561; schizophrenia and, 732 Hallucinogens, 924 Halstead-Reitan battery, 572 Hardiness, 615, 686, 839, 925 Hare-Mustin, Rachel, 891 Harlow, Harry, 88, 104, 607 Harlow, Margaret, 104 Harré, Rom, 752 Harter, Susan, 891 Hartman, Barbara, 420 Hartmann, Heinz, 315, 553 Harvey, E. N., 785 Hawthorne effect, 925 Head injuries, 691 Health care system, death and, 239 Health psychology, 665 Healthy speech, 166 Hebb, Donald, 518, 527, 555 Hedonic, 925 Hedonistic theory of motivation, 555 Helping, 379-385 Helplessness, 925; depression and, 614 Hemispheres, brain, 149 Hemispheric dominance, 221 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 211 Heredity, 925; intelligence and, 704 Hernnstein, Richard, 704 Heuristics, 183, 925 Hibernation, sleep and, 783 Hierarchy of needs; motivation and, 556; Murray, Henry A., 625 Higher-order conditioning, 925 Hilgard, Ernest, 220 Hindbrain, 925 Hippocampus, 145, 526, 925 Hippocrates, 5, 508, 674, 832 Histrionic personality disorder, 605 Hitzig, Eduard, 147 Hobart, G. A., 785 Hoberman, Harry, 860 Hobson, J. Allan, 287 Hock, R. A., 46 Holistic language acquisition styles, 467 Hollingworth, Leta, 362 Holmes, Thomas, 825, 835 Holtgraves, Thomas M., 475 Homelessness, schizophrenia and, 736 Homeostasis, 292, 394, 830, 876, 925; hunger and, 410 Homophobia, 390, 925 Homosexuality, 386-392 Hopelessness Scale, 861 Hormones, 331, 925; behavior and, 393-401; homosexuality and, 387 Horner, Matina, 627 Horney, Karen, 315, 649, 747, 903, 949; social psychological models, 801-806; women's psychology, 894-899 Hospice care, death and, 239 Hospitalization, schizophrenia and, 735 Hostile aggression, 925 Hostility, stress and, 822 Hotlines, 861 Huarte, Juan, 462 Hubel, David, 87 Hull, Clark, 293, 554, 725, 876 Human development, identity crises and, 416 Human factors engineering, 439, 770 Human nature, personality and, 620 Humanistic moratorium, 417 Humanistic psychology, 668, 925; personality and, 610; self and, 748 Humanistic theories of personality, 617 Humanistic therapies, 699 Humanistic trait models; Allport, Gordon, 402-407 Hume, David, 746 Humoral theory, 330; madness and, 507 Hunger, 408-415 Hunt, Morton, 47 Huntington's disease, 243 Hydraulic model of motivation, 554 Hypnagogic hallucination, 925 Hypnagogic imagery, 781 Hypnagogic reverie, 286 Hypnagogic state, 218 Hypnopompic reverie, 286 Hypnopompic state, 218 Hypnosis, 219, 831, 925; fugue and, 63; multiple personality disorder and, 562 Hypnotic susceptibility, 925 Hypochondriasis, 688, 925 Hypomania, 137 Hypomanic episodes, 540 Hypothalamus, 144, 332, 394, 410, 567, 926 Hypotheses, 337, 926 Hypothetical-deductive reasoning, 16 Hypovolemic thirst, 877 Hypoxia, 529 Hysteria, 69 I I/O psychology. See Industrial/organizational psychology Iconic memory, 517, 926 Id, 7, 256, 294, 314, 617, 647-655, 900, 926 Idealized self, 926 Identification, 926 Identity, 795, 926; groups and, 370; self and, 750 Identity crises, 416-422, 926 Identity status paradigm, 418 Idiographic research, 404 Idiographic study, 926 Igumnov, S., 533 Illocutionary intent, 466 Illusions, 926 Imagery, 179, 214, 926 Imaginal realm, 318 Imaginary, the, 66 Imaginary audience, 17 Imitation, 926 Immune response, 926 Immune system; Alzheimer's disease and, 53; explanatory styles and, 480; stress and, 831, 837 Immutable characteristics, 926 Implosion therapy, 926 Impression management, 926 Imprinting, 423-429, 927 In-group, 927 In-group bias, 927 Incentive, 927 Incentive theory of motivation, 555 Incest taboo, 67 Incompetency, 927 Incongruence, 927 Indecent exposure, 774 Independent variables, 153, 339, 927 Indirect assistance, 380 Indirect reinforcement, 114 Individual Education Plan (IEP), 266, 497 Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP), 266, 497 Individual psychology, 430-437, 649, 927 Individuality, 232 Individualized education programs (IEPs), 361 Individuals, groups and, 364 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, 266, 268, 494 Induction, 927 Inductive reasoning, 499 Industrial/organizational psychology, 438-443, 669, 927 Infancy, 99-105 Infant sexuality, 900 Inferiority complex, 430, 555, 649 Inflection, 927 Information-processing, 179; aging and, 43; intelligence and, 454; motivation and, 552 Information processing model, 927 Information-processing systems, 880 Informational influence, 33 Infrasound, 769 Inhelder, Barbel, 15, 350 Inhibition; reduction, 38; social learning theory and, 790 Initial hierarchies, 725 Innate, 927 Innate behavior, 376 Innate hierarchies, 725 Innate language-acquisition device (LAD), 468 Innate reflexes, 722 Inner speech, 471 Insanity, 927 Insight, 700, 927 Insomnia, 927 Instinct theory, 444-449 Instinctive drift, 446 Instincts, 927; bonding, 100; personality and, 900 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), 90 Institutional racism, 928 Instrumental aggression, 928 Instrumental conditioning, 485, 928; learning and, 484; phobias and, 631 Instrumental responses, 727 Insulin shock therapy, 511 Integration, 928; multiple personality disorder and, 562 Integrity, 321 Intellectual giftedness, 358 Intellectual operations, 453 Intelligence, 450-456, 928; cognitive psychology and, 179; creativity and, 224-229; forms, 48; language and, 471; mental retardation and, 532; race and, 704-710; twin studies and, 705 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 450, 704, 928; giftedness and, 356; learning disorders and, 493; mental retardation and, 532 Intelligence tests, 14, 87, 227, 439, 465-476; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 107; giftedness and, 356 Intensity, 928 Interactionist theories of language, 470 Intercourse; adolescence and, 22; premarital, 22 Interest inventory, 928 Interference, 928 Intergroup conflict, 347 Intermittent reinforcement, 928 Internal locus of control, 614, 686 Internal validity, 928 International Psychoanalytic Association, 76, 643 International Psychoanalytic Societies, 643 Interneurons, 720, 928 Interpersonal attraction, 113 Interpersonal psychology, 650 Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), 251 Interpersonal relations, 434 Interpersonal skills, intelligence and, 454 Interpretation, 700; sensation and, 762 Interrater reliability, 928 Interrupted tape studies, 469 Interval schedules, 205, 928 Intervention, domestic violence and, 282 Interviews, 869; diagnostic, 271 Intimacy; adolescent, 22; isolation versus, 320 Intonation, 467 Intrapersonal pathology, 279 Intrinsic motivation, 455, 928 Intrinsic religion, 404 Introspection, 184, 845, 928 Introversion, 74, 613, 649 Intuiting, 74 Invertebrates, endocrine system, 331 IQ. See Intelligence quotient (IQ) Irradiation, 928 Irrational beliefs, 96 Isolation, intimacy versus, 320 J Jackson, Hughlings, 575 Jacobson, Lenore, 557 Jakobson, Roman, 68 James, William, 216, 435, 663, 668, 746, 754, 847, 950 Janet, Pierre, 435 Janis, Irving, 823 Jensen, Arthur R., 704 Jewell, Linda, 441 Job analysis, 441 Job design, 439 Johnson, Robert, 234 Johnson, Virginia E., 905, 950 Jones, Edward, 621 Jones, Randall, 420 Jouissance, 68 Jung, Carl, 78, 648, 950; analytical psychology, 72-77; development, 255; dreams, 287, 290; Murray, Henry A., and, 624; self, 747 Juvenile Parkinsonism, 584 K Kagan, Jerome, 750 Kahneman, Daniel, 183 Kako, Edward, 466 Kalish, Richard, 239 Kallmann, Franz J., 741 Kamen, Leslie, 480 Kamin, Leon, 709 Kandel, Eric R., 374, 484, 491, 522, 528, 724 Kanner, Leo, 121 Kant, Immanuel, 177, 211 Kastenbaum, Robert J., 239 Keller, Helen, 361 Kelley, Truman, 453 Kelly, George A., 617, 950; personal constructs, 596-601 Kendall, Philip, 109 Kety, Seymour, 741 Kin selection model of homosexuality, 387 Kindling, 138 Kinesthetic, 929 Kinnebrook, David, 884 Kinsey, Alfred, 390, 871, 950 Kitayama, Shinobu, 751 Kleitman, Nathaniel, 785 Klerman, Gerald, 251 Kline, Paul, 226 Kluckhohn, Clyde, 617 Knowledge; language and, 474; reasoning and, 502 Kobasa, Suzanne, 839 Koffka, Kurt, 668 Kohlberg, Lawrence, 177, 350, 383, 547, 888, 951 Köhler, Wolfgang, 345, 668 Kohut, Heinz, 747 Kojève, Alexandre, 70 Korsakoff syndrome, 929 Kovacs, Maria, 161 Kraepelin, Emil, 252, 510, 542, 675, 692, 736, 743, 951 Kroger, Jane, 416 Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 238 Külpe, Oswald, 214, 663, 846 L LaBerge, Stephen, 287 Lacan, Jacques, 951; analytic psychology, 65-71 Lang, Peter, 97 Langer, Ellen, 816 Language, 465-476; cognitive psychology and, 179; Lacan, Jacques, 65; Skinner, B. F., 714; social learning theory and, 789 Language acquisition; critical period, 470; developmental disabilities and, 266 Lashley, Karl, 518, 525 Latan, Bibb, 234 Latency, 929 Latency stage, 315, 657, 902 Latent content, 929 Lateral geniculate nucleus, 929 Laterality, 929 Lateralization, 148 Law, sexual variations and, 776 Law of closure, 762 Law of common fate, 762 Law of Effect, 204, 484, 716, 929 Law of good continuation, 762 Law of nearness, 762 Law of similarity, 762 Law of the Father, 66 Lazarus, Arnold, 702 Lazarus, Richard, 817, 820 Leadership, groups and, 367 Leakage, 929 Learned drives, 726 Learned helplessness, 477-482, 488, 686, 929; depression and, 159; dometic violence and, 279; learning and, 484; stress and, 815, 822 Learned variability, 491 Learning, 483-492, 569, 929; animal experimentation and, 84; cognition and, 44; conditioning and, 200, 591; gender identity and, 349; habituation and sensitization, 372; hormones and, 335; imprinting and, 423; memory and, 517; memory versus, 524; motivation and, 552; performance versus, 789; psychopathology and, 676; reflexes and, 721; S-R theory and, 725 Learning disabilities, imprinting and, 427 Learning disorders, 493-498 Learning theory, 279, 680; antisocial behavior and, 607; language and, 468; phobias and, 631; schizophrenia, 739; senses and, 771 Le Bon, Gustave, 230 Legislation, industrial/organizational psychology and, 442 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 211 Lepper, Mark, 340 Lerner, Harriet Goldhor, 897 Lesbians. See Homosexuality Lesions, 929; neuropsychology and, 571 Leucotomy, 691. See also Lobotomy Levels-of-processing model, 929 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 68 Levine, Charles, 417 Levitt, Eugene, 159 Lewin, Kurt, 435, 556, 951; field theory, 344-348 Lewinsohn, Peter, 159 Lewis, Michael, 750 Lewy body disease, 244 Lexical semantics, 465 Libido, 65, 74, 92, 256, 647, 929 Lidz, Theodore, 739 Lie detection, 325 Life cycle, identity crises and, 420 Life instinct, 553 Life space, 344 Likert, Rensis, 874 Likert scales, 874 Liking, love and, 34 Lima, Pedro A., 692 Limbic system, 145, 569, 929; psychosurgery and, 695 Lindemann, Eric, 237 Lindzey, Gardner, 404 Linehan, Marsha M., 608 Linguistic determinism, 472 Linguistic lateralization pattern, 470 Linguistic relativity, 472, 929 Linguistics, 929 Liotti, Gianni, 169 Lithium, 302 Lithium carbonate, 930 Little Hans, 635 Lobotomy, 38, 511, 691 Locke, John, 210 Locomotion, 345 Locus of control, 614, 686, 839, 930 Loewi, Otto, 289 Loftus, Elizabeth, 44, 182 Logic, 15, 43, 449-506; formal operations stage and, 174; private, 432 Long-term memory, 42, 180, 516, 880, 930 Long, Howard, 709 Longitudinal study, 930 Looking-glass self, 752 Loomis, A. L., 785 Loose associations, schizophrenia and, 734 Lorenz, Konrad, 424, 554 Loudness, 930 Lovaas, Ivar, 125 Love; attraction and, 113; liking and, 34 Low self-esteem, 755 LSD. See Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Lubin, Bernard, 159 Lucid dreams, 287 Lucy, John, 472 Lunatic asylums, 508 Luria, Aleksandr, 153, 575 Luria, S. E., 705 Luria-Nebraska battery, 572 Lyerly, J. G., 694 Lynch mobs, 233 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 212, 219, 740 M McAdams, Dan, 752 McCarley, Robert, 287 McClelland, David, 626 McClelland, J. L., 474 McDougall, William, 444 Mach, Ernst, 717 MacKinnon, Donald, 357 McVeigh, Timothy, 36 Madness, historical concepts, 507-515 Magnification, 197, 249 Magnitude estimation, 930 Mahler, Margaret, 747 Mahoney, Michael, 170 Maier, Steven F., 481, 484 Main effect, 930 Major depressive disorder, 540 Major depressive episode, 930 Maladaptive behavior, 208 Male norms, women and, 894 Malingering, 683 Malnutrition, eating disorders and, 311 Mania, 512, 930 Maniaco-melancholicus, 542 Manic-depression, 135, 302, 542 Manic episodes, 539 Manic grandiosity, 135 Manifest content, 930 Mann, Leon, 233 Manning, Maurice, 399 Manque, 66 MAOIs. See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Maratsos, Michael, 474 Marcia, James, 416, 748 Marecek, Jeanne, 891 Marital counseling, domestic violence and, 282 Markus, Hazel, 750 Marland definition of giftedness, 358 Marland, Sidney, 357 Marx, Karl, 799 Masculine protest, 432, 930 Maskelyne, Nevil, 883 Maslow, Abraham, 10, 405, 435, 556, 617, 625, 668, 748, 805, 951 Masochism, 775, 895 Mass action, 526 Mass hypnosis, 231 Masters, William H., 905, 952 Mastery, identity crises and, 420 Masturbation, 774 Matching phenomenon, 116 Maternal imprinting, 424 Mathematics disorder, 493 Matheny, Laura, 474 Mating behavior, endocrine system and, 334 Maturation, 930 Maultsby, Maxie, 166 May, Rollo, 748 Mead, George Herbert, 752, 756 Mead, Margaret, 448 Mean, 930 Meaning; consciousness and, 213; language and, 465 Measurement, intelligence, 452, 458 Mechanoreceptor, 930 Méconnaissance, 67 Medical model, 930; of helping, 382 Medical technology, death and, 240 Meditation, 212, 219, 831, 840 Medulla, 142 Medulla oblongata, 930 Meichenbaum, Donald, 10, 166 Melancholy, 248 Melanchthon, Philipp, 662 Melatonin, 395, 930; bipolar disorders and, 137 Memory, 14, 516-523, 931; amnesia and, 60; animal research, 524-531; cognitive psychology and, 179; consciousness and, 216; dementia and, 242; dreams and, 286; hormones and, 335; hypnosis and, 220; identity and, 70; interrupted tasks and, 345; learning versus, 524; mediation and, 44; reality and, 478; reflexes and, 721; repressed, 563; Shereshevskii, 153; testing, 882; thought and, 880 Meninges, 142 Mental hospitals, 508 Mental illness, 674 Mental processes, 880 Mental representations, 173 Mental retardation, 494, 532-538; developmental disabilities versus, 260 Mental states, 664 Mentalism, behaviorism versus, 712 Mentoring, gifted students and, 361 Mere exposure, 931; attraction and, 115 Mescaline, 212, 219 Mesibov, Gary, 124 Mesmer, Franz, 219 Meta-analysis, 931 Metacognition, 16 Metamemory, 181, 213, 520 Metaphor, 68 Metastasis, 931 Metonymy, 68 Midbrain, 931 Midlife crisis, 75, 82, 420, 931 Mild cognitive impairment, 48 Miller, Jean Baker, 905 Miller, Neal E., 554, 725-730, 952 Miller, Norman, 380 Miller, Suzanne, 816 Mills, Judson, 383 Mind; body and, 832; brain versus, 575; psychoanalysis and, 639; psychology and, 662; psychosomatic disorders and, 684 Mind-body problem, 931 Mineka, Susan, 94, 636 Mineralocorticoids, 931 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 55 Mini-Mental Status Test, 245 Minimization, 197, 249 Mirror stage, 65 Misattribution, 931 Mischel, Walter, 349, 618, 952; cognitive social learning, 188-193 Mixed episodes, 540 Mnemonics, 931 Modality, 316 Modeling, 9, 167, 701; groups and, 865; symbolic, 788 Models, learning and, 727 Modus ponens, 501 Modus tollens, 501 Money, John, 774 Monkeys, 104 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 301, 541, 931 Monoamines, 931 Monosynaptic reflexes, 719, 931 Montagu, Ashley, 704 Mood, helping and, 380 Mood disorders, 539-545, 931; eating disorders and, 308 Mood-stabilizing drugs, 302 Moral development, 546-551; helping and, 383 Moral Judgement Interview (MJI), 889 Moral model of helping, 382 Moral psychology; Gilligan, Carol, 886 Moratorium, identity crises and, 417 Moratorium status, 418 Morgan, C. Lloyd, 847 Morgan, Christiana, 625 Morphemes, 465, 931 Morphogenic research, 404 Morphology, 465, 931 Mortality, 321 Mothers, relationships with children, 901 Motivation, 552-558, 876, 931; biological factors, 876; drives and, 292; instincts and, 445; opponent process theory, 375; personality and, 618; testing and, 461 Motor neurons, 931 Mowrer, O. Hobart, 93 Mullen, Brian, 233, 367 Mulley, John C., 535 Multimodal behavior therapy, 702 Multiple intelligences, 454, 463 Multiple personality disorder, 8, 59, 559-564, 931; schizophrenia versus, 731 Murray, Charles, 704 Murray, Henry A., 952; personology, 624-629 Mutual exclusivity hypothesis of language, 469 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 82, 671 Myoclonias, 781 N Nakata, Mizuho, 694 Nanometer, 931 Narcissism, 70 Narcissistic personality disorder, 605 Narcolepsy, 931 Nasal mucosa, 768 National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI), 138 National Depression Survey, 159 National Society for Autistic Children, 126 Nativism, 931 Natural selection, 932 Nature-nurture debate, 254 Necrophilia, 776 Needs, 932; behavior and, 625; drives versus, 293; hunger, 408 Negative feedback homeostasis, 394 Negative identity, 418 Negative reinforcement, 932. See also Reinforcement Negative schemas, 10 Negative self-esteem cycle, 755 Nelson, Katherine, 467 Neo-Freudian, 932 Neologisms, schizophrenia and, 734 Nerve impulse, 932 Nervous system, 565-570, 932; habituation and sensitization, 373; hormones and, 394; memory and, 524; self and, 750 Neural signals, 767 Neuringer, Allen, 484, 490 Neurologic dysfunction, autism and, 122 Neurological damage, developmental disabilities and, 265 Neurological disorders, 584 Neurologist, 932 Neurons, 141, 565, 932; habituation and sensitization and, 373; learning and, 491; reflexes and, 719 Neuropeptides, 568 Neurophysiology, learning disorders and, 495 Neuropsychology, 571-576, 932; memory and, 518 Neuropsychopharmacology, 932 Neuroscience; behavioral, 208; language and, 470; neuropsychology, 571 Neurosecretory cells, 331 Neurosis, 513, 582, 932; culture and, 801; drives and, 726; women and, 902 Neurotics, 69 Neurotransmitters, 301, 373, 394, 527, 567-568, 677, 932; depression and, 249; eating disorders and, 308; obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 581; schizophrenia and, 740, 742; stress and, 839 Newborn screening programs, mental retardation and, 537 Newborns, reflexes and, 722 Newell, Allan, 505 Night terrors, 287 Nightmares, 286 Nisbett, Richard, 340, 621 Nobles, Wade, 708 Nociceptors, 769 Nocturnal emissions, 23 Nomothetic study, 932 Nonassociative learning, 525 Nonconformity, identity crises and, 418 Nonparticipant observation, 932 Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 780 Nonverbal communication, 932 Norepinephrine, 301 Normal distribution, 932 Normative influence, 33 NREM sleep. See Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep O Obesity, 306 Object little a, 67 Object permanence, 175 Obscene telephone calls, 774 Observation, industrial/organizational psychology and, 440 Observational learning, 933; psychopathology and, 676; social learning theory and, 788 Observational study, 933 Obsessional doubting, 578 Obsessional neurotics, 69 Obsessions, 577, 675, 933 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 577-583, 606, 675, 933 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 605-606 Occipital lobe, 146, 933 Oedipus complex, 65, 318, 738, 901, 933; Adler, Alfred, 435 Offensive aggression, 37 Oklahoma City bombing, 37 Olfaction, 933 Oneironmancy, 287 Operant, 933 Operant chamber, 486, 714 Operant conditioning, 9, 93, 130, 485, 933; language acquisition and, 468; learning and, 484; memory and, 525 Operant response (R), 204 Operational definition, 933 Opiates, 933 Oral stage, 315, 657, 901, 933 Organ pleasure, 900 Organic disorder, 933 Organic lamp theories of development, 257 Organic theories of schizophrenia, 740 Organizational effects, 933 Organizational psychology. See Industrial/organizational psychology Ornstein, Robert, 221 Orton, Samuel T., 495 Osmosis, 877 Other, the, 66 Out-group, 933 Outcome expectancies, 789 Overdetermination, 640 Overextension, 933 Overgeneralization, 197, 249 Overjustification effect, 933 Overmier, J. Bruce, 481, 484 Overregularization, 466 Overshadowing, 203 Oxford Group, 866 P Pain; hypnosis and, 220; substance abuse and, 852; suicide and, 859 Pallidotomy, 587 Palmer, John, 182 Panic attacks; anxiety and, 96; phobias and, 630 Panic disorder, 196; anxiety sensitivity and, 613 Papilla, 934 Paradoxical intervention, 934 Paradoxical sleep, 782 Parallel distributed processing (PDP), 934 Parallel processing, 883 Paranoia, 70, 934; dementia and, 242 Paranoid personality disorder, 603 Paranoid schizophrenia, 734 Paraphilias, 774-779 Parasympathetic nervous system, 567, 934 Parent-child relationships, inferiority and, 431 Parental manipulation model of homosexuality, 387 Parenting; gender identity and, 349; giftedness and, 357; identity crises and, 419 Parenting styles, homosexuality and, 386 Parietal lobe, 146, 934 Parkinson, James, 584 Parkinson's disease, 243, 584-588 Pathophobia, 630 Patterns, 700 Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 128, 200, 484, 524, 554, 721, 952 Pavlovian conditioning, 93, 200, 483, 589-595, 631, 721, 934 Pedophilia, 775; homosexuality versus, 390 Peer groups, adolescents and, 319 Penis envy, 318, 354, 895, 901, 934 Pennebaker, James, 822 Pennington, Bruce, 495 Percent savings, 882 Perception, 179, 512, 934; feelings and, 165; sensation and, 760-766; senses and, 767; stress and, 835 Perceptual constancy, 934 Perczel, Maria de. See De Perczel, Maria Performance, learning versus, 789 Peripheral nervous system, 567, 934 Permissiveness, 26 Person, life space and, 345 Person-situation debate, 192 Persona, 934 Persona archetype, 74 Personal constructs, 188; Kelly, George A., 596-601 Personal equation, 884 Personal fable, 17 Personal science, 170 Personal unconscious, 72, 78, 649; dreams and, 287 Personality, 512, 934; adolescent, 17; amnesia and, 59; analytical psychology, 72; brain and, 624; cognitive social learning, 188; dreams and, 288; Freud, Sigmund, 655-661; fugue and, 59; habits and, 726; helping and, 383; humanistic trait model and, 402; identity crises and, 417; individual psychology and, 430; psychophysiological measures, 610-616; psychosomatic disorders and, 684; self and, 747; social psychology and, 794; testing, 671; theory, 617-623, 699 Personality changes, dementia and, 242 Personality disorders, 602-609, 698, 934; neurotic styles and, 804 Personality psychology, 669 Personality testing, 619 Personality traits, 612, 934; psychoanalysis and, 640 Personology, 624-629 Persuasion, perception and, 761 Pervasive developmental disorders, 260, 494 Perversion, 69, 778 PET scanning. See Positron emission tomography (PET) Petersen, Ronald C., 46 Phallic stage, 315, 386, 657, 901, 934 Phallus, 68 Phases, groups and, 365 Phasic activity, 611 Phenomenology, 934 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 122, 536 Pheromones, 334, 397, 424, 935 Phobias, 133, 630-637, 701, 935; agoraphobia, 96; anxiety and, 93; cognitive therapy and, 196; emotions and, 326; learning and, 485; stress and, 815, 820 Phonemes, 465, 935 Phonology, 465, 935 Physical attractiveness; affiliation and, 31; attraction and, 116 Physical attractiveness stereotype, 116 Physical contact, imprinting and, 424 Physiological habituation, 612 Physiological patterns, personality and, 611 Physiological psychology, 669 Piaget, Jean, 14, 350, 383, 953; cognitive development, 172-178; consciousness, 212; development, 257; intelligence, 459; language, 471; moral development and, 546 Pibloqtoq, 12 Pick's disease, 243 Piliavin, Jane Allyn, 379 Pineal gland, 144, 935 Pinel, Philippe, 509, 953 Piotrowski, Zygmunt, 291 Pitch, 935 Pituitary, 935 Pituitary-adrenal axis, 829 Pituitary gland, 144, 332 PKU. See Phenylketonuria (PKU) Placebo, 935; depression and, 162 Placebo effect, 568, 935 Plaques, Alzheimer's disease and, 53 Plasticity, 935 Plato, 214, 288 Play therapy, 935 Pleasure, 853 Pleasure principle, 294, 553, 647 Pleck, Joseph, 351 Plomin, Robert, 327 Plous, S., 89 Plutchik, Robert, 324 Pneumonia, Alzheimer's disease and, 57 Polanyi, Michael, 750 Polls, survey research and, 873 Polygraphs, 325 Polysynaptic reflexes, 720 Pons, 142, 935 Population, 935 Positive reinforcement, 935. See also Reinforcement Positron emission tomography (PET), 935 Possession; fugue and, 63; madness and, 507 Postformal thought, 19 Postmodernism, self and, 752 Postpartum mood episodes, 543 Postsynaptic potential, 935 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 279, 821, 935; nightmares and, 287 Power, inferiority complex and, 432 Power law, 936 Pragmatics, 466 Pragmatism, 936; behaviorism and, 716 Pratkanis, Anthony, 761 Preconscious, 73, 216 Predatory aggression, 37 Prefrontal cortex, 526 Prefrontal leucotomy (lobotomy), 691 Pregnancy, 26; adolescence and, 28 Prejudice, 936; Allport, Gordon, 405; individual psychology and, 433 Premack, David, 206 Prenatal testing, mental retardation and, 537 Preoperational stage, 173, 257, 936 Preparedness, 94, 936; instincts and, 447 Preparedness theory, phobias and, 631 Prescription drug abuse, 300 President's Committee on Mental Retardation (PCMR), 260 Press, 625 Prevention programs, 861 Pribram, Karl, 217 Primacy effect, 936 Primal scene, 66 Primary drives, 726, 876 Primary emotions, 324 Primary Mental Abilities test, 463 Primary motives, 408, 936 Primary needs, 625 Primary process, 375 Primary reinforcer, 936 Primary sex characteristics, 23, 936 Priming, 936 Prisoner's dilemma, 936 Private logic, 432 Probability, 936 Problem solving, 14, 168; intelligence and, 226, 454 Problem-solving therapy, 168 Productive love, 795 Productive work, 795 Progesterone, 936 Prognosis, 273 Programmed instruction, 936 Progressive lateralization hypothesis of learning disorders, 495 Progressive muscle relaxation, 936 Projection, 8 Projective task, 936 Proposition, 936 Proprium, 403 Prosocial behavior, 936; crowds and, 234; helping and, 383 Prosody, 467 Prospective memory, 185 Protestant work ethic, 798 Prototypes, 936; cognitive, 189 Proxemics, 936 Proximity, attraction and, 115 Proximo-distal development, 937 Pseudodementia, 243 Psilocybin, 219 Psyche, 72 Psychoactive drugs, 219, 937 Psychoanalysis, 638-646, 903; women's psychology and, 894 Psychoanalytic psychology, 647-654; Freud, Sigmund, 655-661 Psychoanalytic psychotherapy, 642 Psychoanalytic theories, 937; domestic violence, 279; homosexuality, 386; obsessive-compulsive disorder, 579; personality, 617 Psychoanalytic therapy, depression and, 158 Psychobiology, 937 Psychodynamic theories; development, 255; schizophrenia, 738 Psychodynamic therapies, 79, 699 Psychogenic amnesia, 60 Psychogenic disorder, 937 Psychological autopsy, 860 Psychological disorders, 674 Psychological moratorium, 417 Psychologists, 508 Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PSYETA), 89 Psychology; definition, 662-666; fields of specialization, 667-673 Psychometrics, 14, 451, 937 Psychoneuroimmunology, 838 Psychopathology, 612, 674-682 Psychopharmaceuticals, 511 Psychopharmacology, 299 Psychophysics, 937 Psychophysiology, 937 Psychoses, 699 Psychosexual development; Freud, Sigmund, 315; homosexuality and, 386 Psychosexual stages, 648, 657 Psychosis, 513, 937; schizophrenia and, 732 Psychosocial adjustment, adolescent, 25 Psychosocial crisis, 937 Psychosocial development, 648; Erikson, Erik, 316 Psychosocial moratorium, 319 Psychosomatic disorders, 683-690, 815, 937; emotions and, 327 Psychosurgery, 691-697, 937 Psychotherapy, 937; goals and techniques, 698-703 Psychotic disorders, 69; bipolar II disorder and, 137 Psychotropic drugs, 299 PTSD. See Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Puberty, 22 Punishers, 487, 712 Punishment, 130, 206, 937 Q Quasi-experimental designs, 151, 937 Questionnaires, 272, 478, 869, 937; dementia and, 245 R Race; definition, 705; intelligence and, 704-710 Racial prejudice, 347 Radical behaviorism, 130; Skinner, B. F., 711-718 Rahe, Richard, 825, 835 Random assignment, 938 Range corollary, 598 Rape, domestic violence and, 278 Rapid cycling, 544 Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 143, 218, 286, 780, 938 Ratio schedules, 205, 938 Rational behavior therapy, 166 Rational-emotive therapy, 165, 938 Rayner, Rosalie, 129, 592, 635 Reaction formation, 8; neurosis and, 803 Reaction-time situations, 721 Reactivity, 611 Reading disorder, 493 Real, the, 66 Realistic conflict theory, 938 Reality, memory and, 478 Reality principle, 553, 647 Reasoning, 179, 449-506; adolescence and, 18; hypothetical-deductive, 16 Receptive aphasia, 938 Receptive field, 938 Receptors, 767, 938 Recessive gene, 938 Reciprocal determinism, 787, 938 Reciprocity, attraction and, 114 Recovery times, 373 Recruiting, 442 Reductionism, 938 Reed, Thomas, 764 Referential language acquisition styles, 467 Reflective thinking, 19 Reflex arc, 938 Reflex arc system, 373 Reflexes, 719-724, 938; learning and, 483 Regions, life space and, 345 Regression, 8, 938 Regulation mechanisms, hunger, 408 Regulators, 938 Rehabilitation, neuropsychology and, 573 Rehm, Lynn, 169 Reicher, Stephen, 233 Reinforcement, 9, 130, 726, 938; attraction and, 113; conditioning and, 594; learned helplessness and, 478; social learning theory and, 788. See also Negative reinforcement; Positive reinforcement Reinforcement-affect model, 113 Reinforcers, 204, 487, 712, 938 Reinforcing stimulus, 204, 713 Reiss, Steven, 613 Relatedness, 795 Relationships; attraction and, 113; groups and, 366 Relative deprivation, 938 Relaxation, 219, 831; phobia treatment and, 634 Relaxation response, 840 Relaxation training, 701 Reliability, 939 REM sleep. See Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep Repair and restoration theory of sleep, 783 Repetition compulsion, 68 Representativeness, 500, 939 Repressed memories, multiple personality disorder and, 563 Repression, 7, 72, 939; anxiety and, 93; dissociation and, 560; S-R theory and, 728 Reproductive behavior; endocrine system and, 334; hormones and, 395 Rescorla, Robert, 724 Rescorla-Wagner Model, 203 Research; animal, 84; cognitive psychology and, 182; experimentation versus, 338; surveys, 869 Residual schizophrenia, 734 Resistance, 698 Resistant mother, 103 Respondent conditioning, 589 Response cost, 939 Response hierarchies, 725, 939 Response-outcome expectancies, 189 Responses, 813; cues and, 725; reflexes and, 719 Responsibility, helping and, 380 Resting membrane potential, 939 Restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST), 222 Retardation, 939 Reticular formation, 142, 939 Retina, 939 Retrieval, 939 Retrograde amnesia, 939 Reuptake, 300 Reversibility, 15 Reward models, attraction and, 113 Rewards, 165, 340, 712; conditioning and, 591; helping and, 379; learning and, 484; situational variables and, 190 Rhodopsin, 939 Richardson, Frank, 752 Riecken, Henry, 34 Rimm, Sylvia, 225 Riots, 233 Ritualistic behavior, 577 Road rage, 38 Rod, 939 Rodin, Judith, 480, 816, 824 Rogers, Carl, 9, 405, 435, 556, 610, 617, 668, 702, 748, 805, 953 Role Construct Repertory Test, 598 Role-playing and moral development, 549 Roles, 939; groups and, 865 Romanes, George, 847 Rootedness, 795 Rooting reflex, 722 Rorschach, Hermann, 953 Rosario, Margaret, 27 Rosenhan, David L., 11, 513 Rosenman, Ray, 837 Rosenthal, Robert, 557 Rotter, Julian, 614, 618 Rubin, Zick, 34, 119 Rule-governed behavior, 714, 939 Rules, information processing and, 43 Runners' high, 840 Rush, Benjamin, 509, 953 Ryan, Richard, 455 S S-R theory, 725-730 S sleep, 286, 781 SAD. See Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Sadism, 775 Sadomasochism, 775 Sample, 939 Sampling, survey research and, 871 Sampling error, 939 Sampson, Edward, 752 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 472 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 214 SAT. See Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) Satiety, 939 Satiety boundary, 408 Sattler, Jerome M., 461 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 68 Scarr, Sandra, 708 Schachter, Stanley, 30, 32, 34, 327, 414 Schedules of reinforcement, 713 Schemata, 172, 195, 939; gender, 351 Schizoid personality disorder, 603 Schizophrenia, 304, 569, 675, 939; autism and, 121; background, types, and symptoms, 731-737; bipolar disorders versus, 136; personality disorders and, 604; psychosurgery and, 691; theoretical explanations, 738-745 Schizophrenia spectrum of illness, 742 Schizotypal personality disorder, 603, 742 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), 191 Schwann cell, 940 Schwartz, Hillel, 411 Schwartz, Robert, 412 Scientific method, 337; case studies and, 152; research methods and, 871 Scott, Walter Dill, 439 Screening, 271 Script, 940 Sdorow, Lester, 43 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 137, 139, 544, 940 Sechenov, Ivan, 721 Second-signal system of conditioning, 591 Secondary dispositions, 403 Secondary drives, 726, 876 Secondary emotions, 324 Secondary needs, 625 Secondary reinforcement, 940 Secondary sex characteristics, 23, 940 Seduction phase, 66 Seduction theory, 904 Selective abstraction, 197 Selective attention, 762 Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 541 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 301, 311, 541, 568 Self, 754-759, 940; analytical psychology, 72; theories, 890 Self-actualization, 9, 940 Self-analysis, Horney, Karen, 804 Self-archetype, 74 Self-characterization sketch, 599 Self-concept, 9, 940; self-esteem and, 754 Self-control, 190 Self-control therapy, 169 Self-definition, groups and, 365 Self-discovery, analytical psychology and, 82 Self-effacing behavior, 894 Self-efficacy, 788, 940 Self-efficacy theory, 790 Self-esteem, 430, 754-759, 940; learned helplessness and, 477 Self-image, 940; aggression and, 36 Self-inflated personality, 796 Self-instructional training, 166 Self-medication theories of substance use disorders, 853 Self-monitoring, 198 Self-perception, 940 Self-punishment paranoia, 70 Self-regulation, social learning theory and, 788 Self-regulatory systems, 189 Self-report measurement, 869 Self-report questionnaires; emotions, 324 Self-socialization, 350 Self-talk, 166 Self-identity, personality and, 403 Seligman, Martin E. P., 159, 436, 477, 484, 686, 815, 822 Selman, Robert, 18, 177 Selye, Hans, 331, 683, 817, 825, 829, 835, 954 Semantic memory, 180, 517, 880, 940 Semantics, 465 Sensation, 845, 940; perception and, 760-766; senses and, 767 Senses, 767-773 Sensing, analytical psychology, 74 Sensitization, 372-378, 525 Sensorimotor stage, 173, 257, 940 Sensoriperceptual changes, aging and, 45 Sensory adaptation, 373, 761 Sensory deprivation, 221 Sensory memory, 517, 940 Sensory thresholds, 760 Separation protest, 101 Serbin, Lisa, 353 Serial processing, 883, 940 Seriation, 174 Serotonin, 301, 541, 568 Set point, 940 Sex, 940 Sex hormones, 396 Sex roles, 25; transcendence, 351 Sex typing, 349, 941 Sexual abuse, 776; eating disorders and, 308 Sexual behavior, 569 Sexual instinct, 941 Sexual orientation, 388; adolescence, 27 Sexual scripts in adolescence, 26 Sexual variants, 774-779 Sexual violence, 278 Sexuality, 386; aggression and, 39 Shadow archetype, 74, 78 Shaping, 714, 941; learning and, 486 Sherrington, Charles, 723 Shneidman, Edwin, 238, 860 Shock therapy. See Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Shockley, William, 704 Shore, Cecilia, 467 Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, 245 Short-term memory, 42, 180, 516, 527, 880, 941 Sibling rivalry, 431 Side effects, drugs, 300 Siegall, Marc, 441 Sighele, Scipio, 230 Sight, 767 Sign stimuli, 373 Signal recognition, 760 Significance level, 941 Signifier and signified, 67 Signs, 270 Similarity, attraction and, 116 Simmelhag, V., 206 Simon, H. A. Simon, Herbert, 44, 505 Simon, Théodore, 227, 450, 457, 954 Simultaneous conditioning, 202 Situational variables, 188, 190, 383 Skin, 768 Skinner, B. F., 9, 130, 204, 524, 628, 849, 954; development, 256; language, 468; learning, 484; personality, 610; Piaget, Jean, versus, 177; radical behaviorism, 711-718 Skinner box, 941 Sleep, 218, 780-786; memory and, 519 Sleep mentation, 286 Slobin, Dan Isaac, 469 Smell, 768; imprinting and, 424 SNRIs. See Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Snyder, Mark, 749 Social anxiety disorder, 680 Social bonding; autism and, 122; imprinting and, 424 Social categorization, 941 Social change, 346 Social cognition, 185, 941; moral development and, 550 Social cognitive psychology, self and, 749 Social cognitive theory, 788 Social comparison, 941 Social comparison theory, 30 Social contexts, learning and, 727 Social density, 369 Social exchange theory, 114 Social facilitation, 865, 941 Social identity theory, 231, 941 Social inhibition, 865 Social interactions, case studies and, 154 Social interest, individual psychology and, 432 Social isolation, suicide and, 858 Social learning theory, 279, 941; Bandura, Albert, 787-793; groups and, 864; personality, 610, 618; phobias and, 631 Social limits, 317 Social loafing, 941 Social order, moral development and, 548 Social phobias, 630, 941 Social psychological models; Fromm, Erich, 794-800; Horney, Karen, 801-806 Social psychology, 670, 941 Social Readjustment Rating Scale, 835 Social status, race and, 705 Social support, 941; depression and, 250 Social support systems, groups and, 370 Socialization, 941; hunger and, 409; identity crises and, 417; women's psychology and, 888 Société Française de Psychanalyse (SFP), 71 Sociobiology, 942; animal experimentation and, 84; groups and, 864 SOI model. See Structure-of-intellect (SOI) model Solms, Mark, 645 Somatic therapy, 681 Somatization disorders, 942 Somatoform disorders, 683, 942 Somnambulism, 942 Soul, self versus, 746 Sound, 768 Spatial density, 369 Spearman, Charles, 452 Special education, 497; developmental disabilities and, 266 Species-specific behavior, 446 Specific phobias, 630 Speech; autism and, 122 Speech disorders, 807-812 Speech-language pathology, 811 Speech registers, 466 Spencer, Herbert, 847, 954 Sperry, Roger, 148 Spielberger, Charles, 814, 823 Spinal cord, 567, 942 Spinal reflex, 719 Spitz, Ren, 88 Split-brain studies, 148 Splitting, 605 Spongiform encephalopathy, 244 Spontaneous recovery, 942 Sports psychology, 942 Sprouting, 942 SQ3R method, 520 Sroufe, Alan, 104 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Staddon, J. E. R., 206 Stage theories of language acquisition, 466 Stage theory of development, 942 Stages of dying, 238 Stagnation, 321 Standard deviation, 942 Standardization, 942 Standardized Mental Status Tests, 244 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, 227, 356, 458 Startle response, 372 Starvation, anorexia nervosa and, 309 State-dependent memory, 520 State emotion, 324 State system, 373 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, 814 States of consciousness, 217 Static adaptation, 794 Statistical significance, 942 Status; identity crises, 418; race and, 705 Stereotypes, 942; gender, 350 Sternberg, Robert, 32, 44, 225, 451, 454 Sternberg, Saul, 883 Steroids, 397 Stimulants, 942 Stimuli; conditioning and, 589; reflexes and, 719; senses and, 771 Stimulus, 813, 942; drives and, 293; habituation and sensitization and, 372; learning cues, 725 Stimulus control, 131 Stimulus error, 845 Stimulus generalization, 727, 942 Stimulus-outcome expectancies, 189 Stokols, Daniel, 821 Stomach, hunger and, 413 Storage, 942 Storfer, Miles, 227 Stott, Clifford, 233 Strange situation, 101, 942 Straus, Murray, 488 Strentz, Thomas, 824 Stress, 813-818, 943; amnesia and, 59; behavioral and psychological responses, 819-827; depression and, 158, 250; endocrine system and, 331; group support and, 866; hormones and, 395, 398; phobias and, 631; physiological responses, 828-834; psychosomatic disorders and, 683; sleep deprivation and, 783; suicide and, 859; twin studies and, 839 Stress inoculation training, 167 Stress management, 819 Stress-related diseases, 835-842 Stressors, 813, 943 Striate cortex, 943 Stroke, 943 Structural psychotherapy, 169 Structuralism, 663, 668, 771, 843-850, 943 Structure-of-intellect (SOI) model, 453 Study of Values, 404 Stuttering, 808 Subclinical, 272 Subject-object distinctions, 67 Subject variables, 340 Subjective experience, 210 Subjective stimulus values, 189 Sublimation, 8, 943 Subliminal signals, 761 Substance abuse; death and, 300; eating disorders and, 308; identity crises and, 420; personality disorders and, 608 Substance dependance disorders, 851 Substance P, 569 Substance use disorders, 851-857 Substantia nigra, 586 Subtraction technique of thought measurement, 881 Success, 755; fear of, 627, 897 Sucking reflex, 375, 722 Suffix, 943 Suicidal gestures, 860 Suicide, 858-863; depression and, 157, 247 Suinn, Richard, 170 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 315, 650, 739, 747, 954 Superego, 7, 256, 547, 553, 617, 647, 656, 901, 943 Supernatural beliefs; dreams and, 288; madness and, 507 Superstition, 205; compulsions versus, 578 Support groups, 864-868; dementia, 246 Surgery, 691-697 Surrealism, Lacan, Jacques, and, 70 Survey methods, 272 Survey research; questionnaires and interviews, 869-875 Sutherland, Grant R., 535 Syllogism, 943 Symbiotic relationship, 943 Symbolic, the, 66 Symbolic modeling, 788 Symbols; language and, 465; social learning theory and, 788 Symonds, Alexandra, 896 Sympathetic nervous system, 567, 943; stress and, 829 Symptoms, 270 Synapses, 568, 943 Synchronized electroencephalogram, 943 Syntax, 465 System of Multi-Cultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA), 459 Systematic desensitization, 133, 485, 593, 943; phobias and, 636. See also Desensitization Systematic experimental introspection, 844 Systematic rational restructuring, 167 Systems theory, 898, 943 Szasz, Thomas, 6 T Tachistoscope, 943 Tajfel, Henri, 231 Tantrums, 37 Tardive dyskinesia, 943 Tarnow, Eugen, 232 Tart, Charles, 217 Taste aversions, 202, 485, 526; instincts and, 447 Taste buds, 768 TAT. See Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Tau proteins, 53 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 438 Teaching; adolescent students and, 16; gifted students and, 357 Technological moratorium, 417 Tectum, 144 Teenage pregnancy, 28 Teenage suicide, 859 Tegmentum, 144 Telegraphic speech, 466 Temporal lobes, 147, 943 Tensions, 346 Teratogens, mental retardation and, 537 Terman, Lewis, 356, 451, 458, 954 Terminal illnesses, stages and, 238 Territoriality, 395 Test-retest reliability, 943 Testing; intelligence, 450; personality and, 619 Testosterone, 38, 335, 397, 944 Thalamotomy, 587 Thalamus, 144, 567, 944 Thanatology, 238 Thanatos, 647 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 625, 671, 944 Theoretical models, psychotherapy and, 699 Theory, 944 Therapeutic alliance, 700 Therapeutic interviews, 871 Therapeutic relationship, analytical psychology, 79 Therapy, 944; learning and, 728 Thermoreceptors, 769, 944 Thinking; analytical psychology, 74; behaviorism and, 132; psychopathology and, 677 Thirst, 876-879 Thompson, Richard F., 722 Thorndike, Edward L., 203, 296, 463, 484, 524, 711, 849, 954 Thought; obsessions and, 577; schizophrenia and, 732; study and measurement, 880-885 Threat, stress and, 821 Threat simulation theory, 213 Threshold, 944 Thurstone, L. L., 453, 463, 874 Thyroxine, 944 Time and motion studies, 439 Time loss, multiple personality disorder and, 561 Tinbergen, Nikolaas, 424 Titchener, Edward, 663, 668, 844, 955 Token economies, 208 Tolman, Edward C., 87, 556 Tonic activity, 611 Topography, groups, 366 Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, 227 Torrance, E. Paul, 227 Touch, 768 Training, 442 Trait emotion, 324 Trait theory, 402, 944 Traits, personality, 602 Transcendence, 795 Transcendental meditation, 212 Transduction, 767, 944 Transference, 80, 641, 659, 904, 944; S-R theory and, 729 Transformation; analytical psychology, 80 Transformational generative grammar, 468 Transgenics, 528 Transsexualism, 352, 389 Transvestic fetishism, 776 Transvestites, 389, 944 Trauma; amnesia and, 62; multiple personality disorder and, 559 Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH), 125 Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program, 162 Trial and error, 486 Tricyclic antidepressants, 301, 541, 944 Triggers, 9 True negatives, 271 True positives, 271 Trust, personality disorders and, 607 Truth, logic and, 500 Tryon, Robert, 87 Tuckman, Bruce, 365 Tulving, Endel, 44 Turner, John, 231 Turner, Ralph, 756 Tversky, Amos, 183 Twelve-step groups, 866 Twin studies; intelligence and, 705; personality and, 610; psychopathology and, 678; schizophrenia and, 741; stress and, 839; temperament and, 839 Two-dimensional circumplex model of stress, 820 Two-factor model of phobias, 631 Two-factor theory, 93, 944 Type A behavior pattern, 614, 685, 837 Type A personality, 944 U Ultrasound, 769 Umwelt, 769 Uncertainty, personal constructs theory and, 596 Unconditional positive regard, 10, 944 Unconditioned response (UR), 202, 485, 589, 944 Unconditioned stimulus (US), 201, 485, 589, 944 Unconscious, 216, 647, 677, 900, 904, 945; collective, 73, 78; dreams and, 287; Lacan, Jacques, 68; personal, 72, 78; personality and, 602, 610, 655; psychoanalysis and, 638; sleep and, 780 Unconscious motivation, 8 Undifferentiated schizophrenia, 734 Unipolar depression, 248, 945 Universal grammar, 468 UR. See Unconditioned response (UR) US. See Unconditioned stimulus (US) V Valence, 323 Validity, 945; logic and, 500 Van Bourgondien, Mary, 124 Van Geert, Paul, 474 Variables, 339; controlling, 713; situational, 383 Vascular dementia, 243 Verbal behavior, 132, 468 Vernon, Philip E., 404, 453 Vicarious experiences, 790 Vicarious learning, 945 Victimization, learned helplessness and, 479 Violence; crowds and, 233; domestic, 277-284; sexual, 278 Visceral responses, 323 Visions, dreaming and, 285 Visual cortex, 945 Visual cues, imprinting and, 424 Visual dyslexia, 945 Vogel, Philip, 148 Voice disorders, 809 Voluntarism, 843 Vomiting, eating disorders and, 309 Voyeurism, 774, 945 Vygotsky, Lev, 471 W Wagnen, William van, 148 Wagner, Allan, 724 Wagner, Hugh, 37 Walker, Lawrence J., 890 Walker, Lenore, 278 Wallace, R. K., 220 Walster, Elaine Hatfield, 116 Walters, Richard H., 792 Warden, Carl J., 294 Warfare, death and, 239 Watson, John B., 9, 128, 184, 211, 256, 330, 524, 592, 628, 635, 663, 729, 849, 955 Watts, James W., 694 Wavelength, 945 Wechsler, David, 451, 458 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 357 Wechsler scales, 459 Weight, eating disorders and, 306 Werner, Heinz, 257 Wertheimer, Max, 345, 668, 762 Wetherall, Charles F., 225 White, Robert, 553 White matter, 945 Wicklund, Robert, 749 Wiesel, Torsten, 87 Wife abuse, 277 Wilcutt, E., 496 Wing, John, 157 Withdrawal reflex, 720 Withdrawn personality, 796 Within-subject design, 945 Wolpe, Joseph, 133, 593, 635, 702 Women; achievement need and, 627; eating disorders and, 307; identity crises and, 419 Women on Words and Images, 353 Women's movement, 898 Women's psychology; Freud, Sigmund, 900-907; Gilligan, Carol, 886-893; Horney, Karen, 894-899 Woodworth, Robert S., 849 Word association, 76 Work inhibition, 897 Working memory, 185 Working through, 701, 945 Written expression, disorder of, 493 Wundt, Wilhelm, 184, 211, 662, 668, 771, 843, 955 X Xenophobia, 630 Y Yamada, Jeni, 473 Yerkes, Robert, 439, 458 Yerkes-Dodson law, 822, 945 Yin, Robert, 151 Z Zajonc, Robert, 31 Zeitgeber, 945 Zoophilia, 776

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