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World Philosophers and Their Works Index A posteriori, 2054 A posteriori statement, 2054 A priori, 2054 A priori knowledge; and David Hume, 896; and Immanuel Kant, 978, 983; and C. I. Lewis, 1099, 1101, 1103; and John Locke, 1125 A priori statement, 2054 Abe, Masao, 1-7 Abelard, Peter, 8-16; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1160 Abortion; and Ronald Dworkin, 562; and Peter Singer, 1804, 1807 Absolute, 2054; and F. H. Bradley, 303; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 798; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1600, 1602; and Josiah Royce, 1660; and Herbert Spencer, 1829 Absolute idealism, 2054; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796; and Josiah Royce, 1660 Absolute maximum (Nicholas of Cusa), 1358 Absolute minimum (Nicholas of Cusa), 1358 Absolute nothingness (Nishida), 1386-1387, 1389. See also Nothingness Absolute Paradox (Kierkegaard), 1008, 1015 Absolute presuppositions (Collingwood), 381, 383 Absolutes, and Plato, 1513 Absolutism; and Nelson Goodman, 740; and Thomas Hobbes, 856, 858; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1366 Abstraction, 2054; and George Berkeley, 237, 241 Abstractive cognition (Ockham), 1423 Absurd, 2054 Absurdism, and Albert Camus, 333 Academic Skepticism, and Sextus Empiricus, 1778, 1781 Academics, and Augustine, 105 Academy (Plato), 1475 Accident, 2054; and Aristotle, 74 Accommodationism, and W. E. B. Du Bois, 530, 533 Accursed Share, The (Bataille), 194, 197 Acéphale society (Bataille), 193 Achebe, Chinua, 60 Achieving Our Country (Rorty), 1636 Act psychology, and William James, 931 Action; and Aristotle, 96; and Jeremy Bentham, 219; and Pierre Bourdieu, 293, 295; and John Dewey, 491, 493; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 657; and Alan Gewirth, 724; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1013; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1259; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1382; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1462; and Alfred Schutz, 1752; and Adam Smith, 1816; and Vivekananda, 1937 Action theory; and Donald Davidson, 436, 438; and Jürgen Habermas, 759 "Actions, Reasons, and Causes" (Davidson), 436 Activism, and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1772 Activity, and Daoism, 424, 2030 Actual entities (Whitehead), 1967 Actual occasions (Whitehead), 1968 Addresses to the German Nation (Fichte), 653 Adjudication, and H. L. A. Hart, 785 Adler, Alfred; and Viktor Frankl, 675; and Carl Jung, 969 Adorno, Theodor, 17-24; and Jürgen Habermas, 757; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1144 Advaita Vedanta, 255; and Samkara, 1701, 1704; and Vivekananda, 1934-1935 Advancement of Learning (Bacon), 164 Adventures of the Dialectic (Merleau-Ponty), 1255 Aenesidemus, 1779, 1781 Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic (Croce), 414 Aesthetic attitude, 2054 Aesthetic judgment (Kant), 995 Aesthetical stage of existence (Kierkegaard), 1001, 1006, 1014 Aesthetics, 2054; and Theodor Adorno, 18; and Aristotle, 91; and Sri Aurobindo Ghose, 117; and Martin Buber, 318; and Albert Camus, 334; and Stanley Cavell, 349-351; and Benedetto Croce, 414; defined, xiii; and John Dewey, 498; and Denis Diderot, 505; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 710; and Nelson Goodman, 736, 739; and Immanuel Kant, 992-993; and Susanne K. Langer, 1073; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1140, 1145; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1255; and G. E. Moore, 1299; and Plotinus, 1550; and Hilary Putnam, 1572, 1575; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1598, 1600; and Thomas Reid, 1624; and George Santayana, 1710, 1716; and Ferdinand de Saussure, 1737; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1740, 1742, 1744; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1789, 1792-1793; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1867; and Leo Tolstoy, 1902-1903 Affirmative action; and Ronald Dworkin, 561, 564; and Alison M. Jaggar, 921 African American middle class, and Cornel West, 1959 African American thought; and W. E. B. Du Bois, 530, 532; and Martin Luther King, Jr., 1020; and Cornel West, 1957 African philosophy, 59, 868, 1230, 1773; and Kwame Anthony Appiah, 60; and Aimé Césaire, 359; and Frantz Fanon, 636, 638; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 866, 868; and John S. Mbiti, 1230; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1771, 1773 African Philosophy (Hountondji), 866, 868 African practical philosophy (Serequeberhan), 1776 African religion, and John S. Mbiti, 1228, 1230 African Religions and Philosophy (Mbiti), 1230 Africanity (Serequeberhan), 1773 Afrocentrism; and Kwame Anthony Appiah, 57; and Aimé Césaire, 360 Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efferskrift. See Concluding Unscientific Postscript After Auschwitz (Rubenstein), 1666, 1668 After Virtue (MacIntyre), 1157-1158 Afterlife; and H. H. Price, 1563; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1921; and Zhuangzi, 2034 Against the Mathematicians (Sextus Empiricus), 1779, 1781 Agapasm (Peirce), 1465 Agape, and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1369 Age of Triage, The (Rubenstein), 1667 Agency (Davidson), 439 Agent, 2054 Aggression; and Sigmund Freud, 702-703; and Mary Midgley, 1265 Aging, and Lin Yutang, 1112 Agnostic, 2054 Agony of Christianity, The (Jugo), 1920 Ahimsa, 2054; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 717 Air and Dreams (Bachelard), 157 Akhmatova, Anna, 248 Albertus Magnus, Saint; and Thomas Aquinas, 1870; and Meister Eckhart, 568 "Aletheia" (Parmenides), 1442 Alexander the Great, 71 All Rivers Run to the Sea (Wiesel), 1976 Allah, 2054 Allegory, x, 2054; and Moses Maimonides, 1167. See also Cave allegory Allgemeine Psychopathologie. See General Psychopathology Aloneness (Heidegger), 819 Also sprach Zarathustra. See Thus Spake Zarathustra Altar Sutra, 875 Althusser, Louis, 25-32; and Michel Foucault, 667; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 865 Altizer, Thomas, 1669 Altruism, 2054; and Auguste Comte, 388; and Émile Durkheim, 554; and John Stuart Mill, 1272; and Thomas Nagel, 1333; and Henry Sidgwick, 1797 Ambiguity, 2054 American Evasion of Philosophy, The (West), 1957-1958 "American Scholar, The" (Emerson), 586 Amiable virtues (Smith), 1815 Amida, 1 Ammonius Saccas, 1545 Amoral, 2054 An princeps pro suo succursu (Ockham), 1421 Anagnorisis (Aristotle), 93 Analects (Confucius), 398, 749, 906, 1247; and Dao De Jing, 420 Analogy, argument from, 2054 Analysis; and Henri Bergson, 225; and Bertrand Russell, 1682; and John Wisdom, 1985 Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation, An (Lewis), 1099 Analytic philosophy; and Gottlob Frege, 687, 689; and W. V. O. Quine, 1586; and Richard Rorty, 1635, 1639; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1764 Analytic propositions; and A. J. Ayer, 151; and Gottlob Frege, 686 Analytic psychology (Jung), 970 Analytic statement, 2054 Analytical, 2054 Analytical hypothesis (Quine), 1589 Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Nozick), 1398, 1401 Anatman, 2054 Anaxagoras, 33-39, 454; and Parmenides, 1446 Anaximander, 40-46, 453; and Anaxagoras, 38; and Heraclitus, 825 Anaximenes of Miletus; and Anaxagoras, 38; and Anaximander, 45; and Democritus, 453; and Zeno of Elea, 2023 Andronicus, xii Angels; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1677; and Thomas Aquinas, 1881 Animal Liberation (Singer), 1804 Animals; and Hans Jonas, 964; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1064, 1066; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1087; and Lucretius, 1136; and Mary Midgley, 1262-1263; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1287; and Plato, 1542; and Mary Wollstonecraft, 2013 Animals and Why They Matter (Midgley), 1262-1263 Animism, 2054 Année sociologique (journal), 1220 Anomie (Durkheim), 554 Anonymity (Blanchot), 263 Anselm of Laon, 9 Anselm, Saint, 47-55 Answer to Job (Jung), 969 Antecedent, 2054 Anthropology, and Pierre Bourdieu, 293, 296 Anthropomorphism, 2054 Anti-Dühring (Engels), 1217 Antimetaphysics (Collingwood), 382 Antinomies (Kant), 975, 988 Antinomy, 2054 Antirealism (Dummett), 536, 538, 540 Anti-Semitism, and Hannah Arendt, 64, 66 Anti-Seneca (La Mettrie), 1064, 1067 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. See Marcus Aurelius "Anus Solaire, L'." See "Solar Anus, The" Anweisung zum seligen Leben, Die. See Way Towards the Blessed Life, The Anxiety, 2055; and Sigmund Freud, 704; and Martin Heidegger, 820; and Moses Maimonides, 1166; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1368; and Paul Tillich, 1888 Apeiron, 42-43 Apollonian spirit (Nietzsche), 1373 Apology, 2055 Apology (Plato), ix, 1488 "Apology for Raimond Sebond" (Montaigne), 1285 Apostles (Cambridge), 1010, 1292, 1965 Appearance and reality, 2055 Appearance and Reality (Bradley), 301 Appearance vs. reality; and F. H. Bradley, 301; and Parmenides, 1446; and Plato, xi, 1521, 1526; and Samkara, 1702 Apperception (Leibniz), 1080, 1087 Appetition (Leibniz), 1087 Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 56-62 Approaches to Auschwitz (Rubenstein), 1668 Appropriate trust (Baier), 173, 176 Aquinas, Saint Thomas. See Thomas Aquinas, Saint Arcesilaus, 1778, 1781 Archetype, 2055 Archetypes (Jung), 159, 969, 971 Arche-writing (Derrida), 471 Arendt, Hannah, 63-69; and Annette C. Baier, 176 Aret4, 77 Argument, 2055 Argumentation, and Stephen Toulmin, 1909, 1912 Arguments (Ockham), 1426 Argumentum ad feminen or ad hominem, 2055 Arianism, and Giordano Bruno, 306 Aristocrat, The (Eckhart), 571 Aristotelianism; and Immanuel Kant, 987; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1158, 1160; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1405 Aristotle, viii, xii, xiv, xviii, 70-100; and Peter Abelard, 13; and Anaxagoras, 35; and Averroës, 129; and Avicenna, 138, 140-141; and R. G. Collingwood, 382; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 408; and René Descartes, 478; and John Duns Scotus, 547; and Empedocles, 595; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 798; and Heraclitus, 825; and Luce Irigaray, 916; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1160; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1410; and Parmenides, 1442; and Plato, 1475; and Pythagoras, 1582; and Adam Smith, 1817; and Peter Strawson, 1851; and Thomas Aquinas, 1869, 1878; and Paul Tillich, 1887; and Zeno of Elea, 2026 Arithmetic, and Gottlob Frege, 683, 685 Arminianism, and Jonathan Edwards, 580 Arnauld, Antoine, and Nicolas Malebranche, 1173 Arouet, François-Marie. See Voltaire Arrian of Nicomedia, 600, 603 Art, theory of. See Aesthetics "Art" (Emerson), 590 Art as Experience (Dewey), 497 Artha, 116 Artificial intelligence; and Patricia Churchland, 364; and John R. Searle, 1758 Ascension, stages of (Bonaventure), 279 Ascent of Mount Carmel, The (John of the Cross), 955-956 Asceticism, 2055; and the Bhagavad Gita, 255; and Mozi, 1310; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1741; and Max Weber, 1952 Aseity (Radhakrishnan), 1598 Ash Wednesday Supper, The (Bruno), 307 Associations, and William James, 931 Astronomy; and Anaximander, 40; and Pythagoras, 1579 "At the Bottom of the Abyss" (Unamuno), 1922 Atheism, 2055; and George Berkeley, 239; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1064, 1067; and Blaise Pascal, 1454; and Sextus Empiricus, 1784; and Baruch Spinoza, 1833; and Paul Tillich, 1886 Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 1606-1607 Atman, 257, 1705-1706, 2055 Atombombe und die Zukunft des Menschen, Die. See Future of Mankind, The Atomic facts (Wittgenstein), 1993, 2002 Atomicity (Russell), 1689 Atomism; and Anaxagoras, 36; and Annette C. Baier, 172; and Giordano Bruno, 308; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 409; and Democritus, 450; and Epicurus, 612; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1086; and Lucretius, 1131, 1135; modern, 452; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1993, 1999 Atoms, and Democritus, 454 Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation (Fichte), 651 Attribute, 2055 Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften, Der. See Meaning in History Augustine, Saint, 101-112; and Anselm, 53; and Bonaventure, 279; and R. G. Collingwood, 384; and John Duns Scotus, 547; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1171; and Origen, 1431; and Plotinus, 1551; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1725; and Thomas Aquinas, 1871, 1878 Aurelius, Marcus. See Marcus Aurelius Aurobindo Ghose, Sri, 113-119 Austin, J. L., 120-127; and Stanley Cavell, 348, 350; and Patricia Churchland, 362; and H. L. A. Hart, 781; and John R. Searle, 1756 Authenticity and inauthenticity (Heidegger), 823 Autobiography, An (Collingwood), 379 Autobiography, An (Gandhi), 716 Autobiography (Mill, J. S.), 1268 Autobiography, and Wilhelm Dilthey, 518 Autonomy; and Thomas Nagel, 1336; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1438 Avataravada, 259 Avenir dure longtemps, L'. See Future Lasts Forever, The Averroës; and Avicenna, 144; and Thomas Aquinas, 1871 Avicenna, 137-145; and Averroës, 132-133, 144; and Meister Eckhart, 572 Avidya, 1706, 2055 Avowals (Habermas), 758 Axiology, 1630 Axiom, 2055 Ayer, A. J., 146-154; and R. G. Collingwood, 383 Bachelard, Gaston, 155-162 Background (Searle), 1757 Bacon, Francis, 163-170; and Giambattista Vico, 1928 Bad faith, 2055; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1725 Badarayana, 1701, 1704 Baier, Annette C., 171-177 Baier, Kurt Erich Maria, 171 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 178-183; and Julia Kristeva, 1040; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1895 Baladeva, 1705 Balance, and The Doctrine of the Mean, 524 Banking system of education (Freire), 695-696 Bantu Philosophy (Tempels), 869 Barth, Karl, 284, 288 Barthes, Roland, 184-188, 190-191; and Julia Kristeva, 1040 Basho no ronri (Nishida), 1386 Basic Laws of Arithmetic, The (Frege), 683 Bataille, Georges, 192-198; and Maurice Blanchot, 262, 264 Baudrillard, Jean, 1222 Bayle, Pierre, 199-206; and David Hume, 884; and Sextus Empiricus, 1785 Beast and Man (Midgley), 1264 Beauty; and Benedetto Croce, 416; and Immanuel Kant, 995; and G. E. Moore, 1299; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1376; and Plato, 1499, 1508, 1540; and Plotinus, 1550; and Thomas Reid, 1624; and George Santayana, 1710-1711; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1740, 1745; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1792-1793; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1922. See also Aesthetics Beauvoir, Simone de, xvi, 207-213; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1721 Beckett, Samuel, 19 Becoming (Kierkegaard), 1012 Beggar in Jerusalem, A (Wiesel), 1975 Begging the question, 2055 Begriff (Hegel), 805 Behaviorism, 664, 2055; and Donald Davidson, 438; and Daniel Dennett, 462; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1254; psychological (Watson), 1238, 1240; and Gilbert Ryle, 1699; social (Mead), 1238-1239 Behavitives (Austin), 126 Behemoth (Hobbes), 858 Being, 2055; doctrine of (Hegel), 803; four modes of (Nicholas of Cusa), 1360; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1091, 1094; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1724. See also Ontology, Reality Being and Nothingness (Sartre), 1723 Being and Time (Heidegger), 814, 816 Being-for-itself (Sartre), 1724 Being-in-itself; and Karl Jaspers, 948; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1724 Being-in-the-world (Heidegger), 817, 820 Being-which-we-are (Jaspers), 948 Belief, 2055; and Joseph Butler, 323; and René Descartes, 481; and David Hume, 886; and William James, 936, 940; and Saul Kripke, 1026; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1462; and Alvin Plantinga, 1471; and Plato, 1524; and H. H. Price, 1564, 1566; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 2004 Belief (Price), 1564 Belonging to (Price), 1563, 1565, 1568 Benedictines, 845 Benevolence; and Joseph Butler, 327; and David Hume, 889; and Henry Sidgwick, 1801; and Adam Smith, 1817 Bentham, Jeremy, 214-221; and Michel Foucault, 672; and H. L. A. Hart, 781; and James Mill, 1268; and John Stuart Mill, 1272, 1277; and G. E. Moore, 1297; and Henry Sidgwick, 1797, 1799 Benthamites, 216 Bergson, Henri, xvi, 222-233; and Benedetto Croce, 415; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1090; and C. I. Lewis, 1102; and Gabriel Marcel, 1194; and Kitaro Nishida, 1385; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1600; and Bertrand Russell, 1682; and Alfred Schutz, 1748 Berkeley, George, 234-246; and Pierre Bayle, 201; and David Hume, 880, 884; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1173; and H. H. Price, 1562; and Thomas Reid, 1621; and Sextus Empiricus, 1781; and Peter Strawson, 1851-1852 Berlin, Isaiah, 247-253; and A. J. Ayer, 146; and H. L. A. Hart, 783 Bernard of Clairvaux; and Peter Abelard, 11; and Bonaventure, 280 Bernstein, Eduard, and Antonio Gramsci, 747 Best of all possible worlds (Leibniz), 1088 Bestimmung des Menschen, Die. See Vocation of Man, The Between Past and Future (Arendt), 64 Beyle, Marie-Henri. See Stendhal Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche), 1378 Beyond Tragedy (Niebuhr), 1365 Beyond Violence (Krishnamurti), 1034 Bhagavad Gita, 254-260; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 717; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1596; and Samkara, 1701, 1704; and Vivekananda, 1937 Bhakti, 257 Bianshi, 1311 Bible; and Martin Buber, 315; and Meister Eckhart, 572; and Desiderius Erasmus, 617; and Abraham Joshua Heschel, 837-838; and Origen, 1430-1431; and Leo Strauss, 1845; and Thomas Aquinas, 1873; and Paul Tillich, 1886 Bill of Rights, 771 Bingen, Hildegard von. See Hildegard von Bingen Bioethics, and Peter Singer, 1804 Biography, and Wilhelm Dilthey, 517 Biology; and Empedocles, 594; and Mary Midgley, 1264 Birdcage analogy (Plato), 1524 Birth control, and Thomas Robert Malthus, 1183 Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music, The (Nietzsche), 1373 Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912 (Kuhn), 1049 Black rage, and Cornel West, 1957 Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon), 636 Blackstone, William, 214 Blanchot, Maurice, 261-267 Bloch, Ernst, 633 Bloom, Allan, 1842 Blüchner, Heinrich, 64 Body; and Joseph Butler, 324; and René Descartes, 479; and Hinduism, 255; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1066; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1084, 1088; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1171, 1175, 1177; and Gabriel Marcel, 1195, 1198; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1257; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1375; and Plato, 1476, 1482, 1513, 1536, 1541, 1543; and Plotinus, 1548; and Samkara, 1706; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1728; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1743-1744. See also Mind, philosophy of; Mind-body connection; Mind-body dualism; Mind-body problem Boethius, 268-274; and Meister Eckhart, 572; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 624 Bohm, David, 1033 Bonaventure, Saint, 275-283 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 284-290 Book of Change. See I Ching Book of Deliverance, The (Avicenna), 139-140 Book of Divine Consolation, The (Eckhart), 571 Book of Divine Works with Letters and Songs (Hildegard von Bingen), 845 Book of Documents, 1244 Book of Odes, 1244 Book of Rites; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 521, 524, 750; and The Great Learning, 752 Book of the Rewards of Life, The (Hildegard von Bingen), 845 Bookchin, Murray, 1327 Boredom (Kierkegaard), 1002 Boundlessness (Anaximander), 42-43 Bounds of Sense, The (Strawson), 1849 Bourdieu, Pierre, 291-297 Boyle, Robert, 1117 Bracketing (Husserl), 900, 903 Bradley, F. H., 298-305; and R. G. Collingwood, 383; and Michael Oakeshott, 1413; and Bertrand Russell, 1682 Brahmacharya (Gandhi), 717-718 Brahman, 255, 257, 2055; and the Bhagavad Gita, 260; and Samkara, 1702, 1705 Brahmaswtrabhasya. See Vedanta Swtras of Badarayana with the Commentary of Samkara, The Brain; and Patricia Churchland, 364; and Paul M. Churchland, 374. See also Mind-body Brainstorms (Dennett), 459, 461 Branden, Nathaniel, 1606 Breakthrough (Eckhart), 571 Brecht, Bertolt, 19 Brentano, Franz; and Daniel Dennett, 458; and Edmund Husserl, 899, 903 Breton, André; and Georges Bataille, 193; and Simone de Beauvoir, 212 Breuer, Josef, 700 Breviary of Aesthetic, The (Croce), 415 Bruno, Giordano, 306-312; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1358 Brute facts (Searle), 1759 Buber, Martin, 313-321; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 632; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 645; and Abraham Joshua Heschel, 834; and Gabriel Marcel, 1195-1196 Buch der göttlichen Tröstung, Das. See Book of Divine Consolation, The Buch für freie Geister, Ein. See Human, All Too Human Buddha, xvi Buddha-nature, 2055 Buddhi, 1706 Buddhism, xviii, 2055; and Masao Abe, 1, 3; and the Bhagavad Gita, 257; Buddha-nature, 4; and Chinese philosophy, 729; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 408; and Daoism, 425; and Meister Eckhart, 573; and Charles Hartshorne, 787; and Huineng, 873, 876; Mahayana, 4; and Iris Murdoch, 1318, 1320; negativity, 5; and Kitaro Nishida, 1385, 1387; and Keiji Nishitani, 1392, 1394; practice and enlightenment, 5; Pure Land school, 1; and Samkara, 1704-1705; and D. T. Suzuki, 1853, 1855; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1922; Zen, 1, 3, 873, 876, 1318, 1320, 1387, 1392, 1394, 1853, 1856, 2036; and Zhuangzi, 2033, 2036 Buddhism and Interfaith Dialogue (Abe), 3 Bultmann, Rudolf; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 288; and Hans Jonas, 960 Burge, Tyler, 665 Burke, Edmund; and Leo Strauss, 1846; and Mary Wollstonecraft, 2008, 2010 Butler, Joseph, 322-329; and David Hume, 888 Cabral, Amilcar, 1772, 1776 Cahier d'un retour au pays natal. See Return to My Native Land Cai, 1248 Calculus; and Aristotle, 86; and Gilles Deleuze, 446 Calling (Protestant ethic), 1951 Calvin, John, 576 Calvinism, 2055; and Jonathan Edwards, 579; and John Stuart Mill, 1276; and Max Weber, 1949, 1952 Camus, Albert, 330-337 Candide (Voltaire), 1942 Can't We Make Moral Judgements? (Midgley), 1263 Cántico espiritual. See Spiritual Canticle of the Soul, A Capital. See Kapital, Das Capitalism, 2055; and Theodor Adorno, 20; and Aimé Césaire, 359; and Karl Marx, 1211, 1215; and John Stuart Mill, 1271; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1367; and Ayn Rand, 1607; and Adam Smith, 1812-1813, 1819-1820; and Max Weber, 1949, 1951 Careful and Strict Enquiry into the Modern Prevailing Notions of That Freedom of Will, A. See Freedom of the Will Carlyle, Thomas, and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 717 Carmelites, 954, 956 Carnap, Rudolf, 338-346; and Joseph Butler, 323; and Hilary Putnam, 1572; and W. V. O. Quine, 1586; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1764 Carneades, 1778, 1781 Carson, Rachel, 1326 Cartesian philosophy; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 643; and Jerry A. Fodor, 664; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1171, 1174 Cartesianism, 2055 Cassirer, Ernst; and Susanne K. Langer, 1072, 1075; and Giambattista Vico, 1927 Caste system in India, 716 Categorical imperative, 2055; and Alan Gewirth, 724; and Immanuel Kant, 976, 985, 989 Categories; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1742; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1967 Categories (Aristotle), 85 Categories of human understanding; and Immanuel Kant, 979; and C. I. Lewis, 1101 Category, 2055 Category mistake (Ryle), 1694, 1696 Catharsis, 2056; and Aristotle, 92 Catholicism; and Henri Bergson, 224; and Auguste Comte, 388; and Meister Eckhart, 569; and Hildegard von Bingen, 844; and John of the Cross, 955; and Gabriel Marcel, 1193, 1196; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1287; and Thomas More, 1304; and John Henry Newman, 1340, 1342; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1355, 1358; and Thomas Aquinas, 1870, 1877; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1920, 1922-1923; and Max Weber, 1951 Causae et Curae (Hildegard von Bingen), 846 Causal theory of reference (Kripke), 1030 Causality; and Donald Davidson, 438-439; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 656; and Immanuel Kant, 979; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1172, 1177; and H. H. Price, 1565, 1567. See also Causation Causation; and Anselm, 51; and Aristotle, 73, 81, 89; and Averroës, 132; and George Berkeley, 240, 243; and Democritus, 454; and John Duns Scotus, 547; and Jonathan Edwards, 581; and Epicurus, 612; and Charles Hartshorne, 789; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 803; and David Hume, 881, 885; and I Ching, 909; and Mozi, 1314; and Plato, 1516, 1541; and Plotinus, 1550; and Bertrand Russell, 1686, 1688; and Gilbert Ryle, 1697; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1739, 1742-1743; and John R. Searle, 1761; and Baruch Spinoza, 1835. See also Causality Causation in the Law (Hart and Honoré), 782 Cause, 2056 Cave allegory (Plato), x, 1505; and Iris Murdoch, 1320 Cavell, Stanley, 347-353; and Thomas S. Kuhn, 1048; and Hilary Putnam, 1574 Ce que parler veut dire. See Language and Symbolic Power Celebi, Husameddin, 1675 Célébration hassidique. See Souls on Fire Céline, Louis-Ferdinand, 1041 Cena de le Ceneri, La. See Ash Wednesday Supper, The Censorship; and John Stuart Mill, 1277; and Plato, 1503, 1535 Centrality, and The Doctrine of the Mean, 524 Certainty, 2056; and Joseph Butler, 323; and René Descartes, 482; and John Dewey, 493; and John Locke, 1129; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 2002 Certitude. See Certainty Cervantes, Miguel de, 1923 Césaire, Aimé, 354-355, 357-361 Chan Buddhism. See Zen Buddhism Chance, 2056; and David Hume, 896; and William James, 938; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1409; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1464 Change; and Democritus, 451; and Gongsun Long, 731; and Heraclitus, 825; and I Ching, 906-913; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1087; and Mao Zedong, 1189; and Parmenides, 449, 453, 1445-1446; and Zeno of Elea, 2024; and Zhuangzi, 2033 Chant des Morts, Le. See Legends of Our Time Chaos, and Gilles Deleuze, 446 Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (Shaftesbury), 1788-1789 Cheng-ming. See Xhengming Ch'i. See Qi Chiang Kai-shek, 1109, 1187 Chicago School, 1237 Ch'ien. See Qian Chih. See Zhi Chih-wu. See Zhi wu Child (infans, Blanchot), 266 Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, The (Niebuhr), 1367 Chin. See Qin China. See Nationalist China Chinese civil war, 1187 Chinese language, 733 Chinese philosophy, 398, 523, 729, 751, 775, 876, 909, 1110, 1311, 2017, 2032 Chinese room experiment; and Daniel Dennett, 460; and John R. Searle, 373, 1758 Choice, 2056; and Aristotle, 78; and Jonathan Edwards, 580; and Charles Hartshorne, 789; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1000, 1002, 1004-1005, 1007, 1013; and John Locke, 1121; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1409; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1439. See also Choice theory; Free will; Freedom; Will Choice theory; and H. L. A. Hart, 782; and John Rawls, 1615; and Thomas Reid, 1621 Chomsky, Noam, 293, 660 Chou, duke of. See Zhou, duke of Chou I. See Zhou Yi Chou Tun-i. See Zhou Dunyi Christian Realism (Niebuhr), 1365 Christianity; and Anselm, 50; and Augustine, 101, 103; and Averroës, 132; and Pierre Bayle, 201, 204; and Henri Bergson, 224, 231; and Boethius, 268; and Bonaventure, 276, 280; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 285, 287; and Martin Buber, 316, 319; and Buddhism, 5-6; and Joseph Butler, 322; and R. G. Collingwood, 384; and Auguste Comte, 388; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 409; and W. E. B. Du Bois, 534; and John Duns Scotus, 547; and Meister Eckhart, 569, 572; and Jonathan Edwards, 576; and Epictetus, 602; and Epicureanism, 609; and Desiderius Erasmus, 616-617; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 621; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 657; and Michel Foucault, 673; and Charles Hartshorne, 789; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 794, 797, 800-801; and Hildegard von Bingen, 845; and Thomas Hobbes, 857, 862; and the Holocaust, 1668; and David Hume, 897; and John of the Cross, 954; and Hans Jonas, 960; and Carl Jung, 971-972; and Søren Kierkegaard, 999, 1006-1007, 1015; and Julia Kristeva, 1043; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1064; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1082, 1085; and Lin Yutang, 1107, 1112; and John Locke, 1117; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1155; and Gabriel Marcel, 1193; and Marcus Aurelius, 1204; and John S. Mbiti, 1227, 1232; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1286-1287; and Iris Murdoch, 1318, 1320; and John Henry Newman, 1340, 1342; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1360; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1365-1367, 1369; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1380; and Kitaro Nishida, 1389; and Keiji Nishitani, 1395; and William of Ockham, 1423; and Origen, 1428, 1432; and Blaise Pascal, 1450, 1452; and Nicholas Rescher, 1628-1629; and George Santayana, 1709, 1716; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1775; and Sextus Empiricus, 1780; and Henry Sidgwick, 1796; and D. T. Suzuki, 1855; and Thomas Aquinas, 1870, 1874; and Paul Tillich, 1886; and Leo Tolstoy, 1902, 1904; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1919, 1923; and Vivekananda, 1935; and Voltaire, 1944; and Max Weber, 1951; and Cornel West, 1956, 1959; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1971. See also Jesus Christ Christology, and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1369 Chronotypes (Bakhtin), 181 Chto takoye iskusstvo? See What Is Art? Chu Hsi. See Zi Si Chu Tzu. See Zhu zi Chuang Tzu. See Zhuangzi Chun Qiu (Confucius), 397, 521 Chün-tzu. See Junzi Chung. See Zhong Church and state, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 286 Churchland, Patricia Smith, 362-363, 365-369 Churchland, Paul M., 362, 370-377 Cicero; and David Hume, 894; and Lucretius, 1131 "Circles" (Emerson), 590 Citizen, 2056; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 808 Citta, 1706 City of God, The (Augustine), 102, 107 Civil association (Oakeshott), 1416 Civil disobedience, 2056 Civil Philosophy (Hobbes), 859 Civil Rights movement; and Abraham Joshua Heschel, 835; and Martin Luther King, Jr., 1019-1020 Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud), 702 Claim of Reason, The (Cavell), 348 Clarke, Samuel, 1081 Class, 2056 Claudel, Paul, 211 Closed societies (Bergson), 231 Cluster theory of reference (Kripke), 1029 Cogito (Merleau-Ponty), 1259 Cogito, ergo sum (Descartes), 475, 479 Cognition, 2056; and Patricia Churchland, 363; and Paul M. Churchland, 375; and Immanuel Kant, 975; and William of Ockham, 1423; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1767 Cognitive science, and Jerry A. Fodor, 662 Cognitivism, and Nelson Goodman, 735 Coherence theory of truth, 2056 Coherence Theory of Truth, The (Rescher), 1628 Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Peirce), 1461 Collective delimitation theory (Price), 1568 Collective identification (Tillich), 1890 Collective morality, and Émile Durkheim, 557 Collective representations (Durkheim), 553, 555 Collective unconscious (Jung), 969, 971 Collingwood, R. G., 378-385; and Stephen Toulmin, 1909; and Giambattista Vico, 1927 Colloquies of Erasmus, The (Erasmus), 617 Colonialism; and Aimé Césaire, 356, 358-359; and Frantz Fanon, 637-638; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 869; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1772, 1774 Color Conscious (Appiah and Gutmann), 58 Color line, and W. E. B. Du Bois, 532 Command theory of law, and H. L. A. Hart, 783 Commentaire philosophique sur ces paroles de Jésus-Christ "Contrain-les d'entrer." See Philosophical Commentary on These Words in the Gospel, Luke XIV, 23 Commentaria Oxoniensia ad IV libros magistri Sententiarum. See Ordinatio Commentaries on Living (Krishnamurti), 1033 Commissives (Austin), 126 Common sense; and Avicenna, 141; and William James, 938, 942; and Thomas Reid, 1620, 1622, 1626; and George Santayana, 1715 Communication; and Karl Jaspers, 950; and George Herbert Mead, 1236, 1238, 1240; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1259 "Communication and Convention" (Davidson), 436 Communicative action (Habermas), 758-759, 761 Communism, 2056; and Louis Althusser, 30-31; and Albert Camus, 330; and Aimé Césaire, 356, 358; and Michel Foucault, 668; and Antonio Gramsci, 742, 743, 745; and Lin Yutang, 1107; and Mao Zedong, 1185; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1255; and John Stuart Mill, 1271. See also Marxism; Socialism Community of Rights, The (Gewirth), 722 Companion to Feminist Philosophy, A (Jaggar), 921 Competence (Chomsky), 293 "Completeness Theorem in Modal Logic, A" (Kripke), 1025 Computational Brain, The (Churchland and Sejnowski), 364 Computer, mind as (Dennett), 462 Comte, Auguste, 386-394; and Émile Durkheim, 552; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 633; and John Stuart Mill, 1275 Conant, James, 1575 Concept, 2056; and Gottlob Frege, 688 "Concept and Object" (Frege), 688 Concept of Law, The (Hart), 781, 783 Concept of Mind, The (Ryle), 146, 1694-1695 Conception; and C. I. Lewis, 1101, 1103; and Thomas Reid, 1619 Concepts (Fodor), 662 Conceptual evolution (Toulmin), 1910 Conceptual Notation (Frege), 682 Conceptual relativity (Putnam), 1573 Conceptual schemes (Davidson), 436 Conceptualism, 2056; and H. H. Price, 1563 Conceptualism (Abelard), 8 Conceptualistic pragmatism (Lewis), 1099, 1101 Concerning the Cause, Principle, and One (Bruno), 309 Concluding Unscientific Postscript (Kierkegaard), 1010 Concrescence (Whitehead), 1969 Concrete philosophy (Marcel), 1195, 1197 Condition postmoderne, La. See Postmodern Condition, The Conditional statement, 2056 Condorcet, Marquis de; and Thomas Robert Malthus, 1180, 1182 Conduct, and Michael Oakeshott, 1416 Conduct of Life, The (Emerson), 587 Confessions (Augustine), 102-103 Confessions of J.-J. Rousseau, The (Rousseau), 1652 Conflicts of interest, and Ayn Rand, 1608 Conformity, and John Dewey, 490 Confucianism, 395-403, 1247; and Daoism, 400, 423; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 521-527; and Gongsun Long, 733; and The Great Learning, 749-756; and Han Feizi, 773; and I Ching, 906; and Mao Zedong, 774, 1188; and Mencius, 1244-1252; and Mozi, 1309, 1312; and Xunxi, 2016; and Zhuangzi, 2033 Confucius, 395-403, 419, 755; and Daoism, 423; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 521; and I Ching, 908; and Lin Yutang, 1111; and Mencius, 1244; and Zi Si, 521 Congress of the United States, 770 Connectionism; and Patricia Churchland, 364, 368; and Jerry A. Fodor, 662 Connotation, 2056 Conscience; and Henri Bergson, 230; and Joseph Butler, 324, 326, 328; and John Dewey, 491; and Martin Heidegger, 821; and John Stuart Mill, 1279; and Thomas Reid, 1624-1625; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1792; and Henry Sidgwick, 1800 Conscience collective (Durkheim), 553 Conscientization (Freire), 696 Consciousness; and Paul M. Churchland, 376; and Daniel Dennett, 460; and Empedocles, 593; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 804; and Edmund Husserl, 900; and William James, 932; and Karl Jaspers, 949, 951; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1034; and Lucretius, 1136; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1256; and Kitaro Nishida, 1388; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1464; and H. H. Price, 1565; and Thomas Reid, 1623; and Richard Rorty, 1640; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1725; and John R. Searle, 1757, 1759 Consciousness Explained (Dennett), 460 Consent (Locke), 1123 Consequences of Pragmatism (Rorty), 1636 Consequent, 2056 Consequentialism (Nagel), 1336 Conservatism; and Robert Nozick, 1403; and Michael Oakeshott, 1414-1415; and Leo Strauss, 1843, 1846; and Cornel West, 1958 Consistency, 2056 Consolation of Philosophy, The (Boethius), 270, 572 Constative speech acts; and J. L. Austin, 124, 1756; and Jürgen Habermas, 758 Constitutional law, 767-768; and Aristotle, 98; and Ronald Dworkin, 563 Constitutive rules (Searle), 1756, 1760 Constructible sense-data (Price), 1567 Construction of Social Reality, The (Searle), 1757, 1759 Constructivism, and Nelson Goodman, 735 Consultatio de causa matrimoniali (Ockham), 1421 Contemplation; and Aristotle, 79, 99; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1743, 1745 Content and Consciousness (Dennett), 458 Content of consciousness, 2056 Continental philosophy; and Ronald Dworkin, 562; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 630; and Søren Kierkegaard, 998; and Gilbert Ryle, 1692; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1320 Contingency, 2056; and John Duns Scotus, 549; proof from (Averroes), 133; and Richard Rorty, 1636 Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Rorty), 1636 Contingent propositions (Leibniz), 1079 Contingent truths (Reid), 1623 Continuity, and Bertrand Russell, 1684 Contradiction, 2056; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1079, 1087; and Mao Zedong, 1189; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1995 Contrasts (Whitehead), 1968 Conventionalism, and Ronald Dworkin, 561 Cooley, Charles Horton, 1237 Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish, 404-410 Cooper, Anthony Ashley. See Shaftesbury, third earl of Copernican Revolution, The (Kuhn), 1048 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 307 Corpus Hippocraticum, 848, 851 Correspondence theory of truth, 2056 Cosmogony, 2056 Cosmological argument, 2056 Cosmology, 2056; and Anaxagoras, 34-35; and Anaximander, 40, 43; and Averroës, 134; and Avicenna, 140; and Giordano Bruno, 307; and Heraclitus, 827, 830; and I Ching, 906; and Immanuel Kant, 975; and Isaac Newton, 1350; and Parmenides, 1446; and Plato, 1541; and Pythagoras, 1582 Cosmopolis (Toulmin), 1910 Cost of Discipleship, The (Bonhoeffer), 285 Courage; and Plato, 1480; and Paul Tillich, 1887, 1890 Courage to Be, The (Tillich), 1887 Cours de philosophie poisitive. See Positive Philosophy of August Comte, The Course in General Linguistics (Saussure), 1734-1735 Covenant, 2056 Creation; and Anaxagoras, 34, 37; and Anaximander, 41, 43-44; and Anselm, 52; and Averroës, 133; and Avicenna, 141; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1086, 1088; and Lucretius, 1137; and Milesians, 453; and Isaac Newton, 1351; and Plato, 1541; and Thomas Aquinas, 1875 Creative Evolution (Bergson), 223, 229 Creativity, and Alfred North Whitehead, 1967 Crest Jewel of Wisdom, The (Samkara), 1703 Crime. See also Law, philosophy of; Punishment Crime, and Plato, 1536 Crisis, The (journal), 530 Critical humanism (Todorov), 1896 Critical philosophy, and Paulin J. Hountondji, 865, 867-868 Critical realism, 2056 Critical theory, 757; and Theodor Adorno, 18; and Jürgen Habermas, 759-760, 762 Criticism; and John Dewey, 500; and Leo Tolstoy, 1905 Critique (Bataille), 194 Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (Marx), 1213 Critique of Judgment, The (Kant), 988, 992 Critique of Practical Reason, The (Kant), 987 Critique of Pure Reason, The (Kant), 723, 974, 977, 987, 1644, 1850 Crito (Plato), 1492 Croce, Benedetto, 411-418; and Antonio Gramsci, 745; and Giambattista Vico, 1927 Cruelty, and Niccolò Machiavelli, 1151 Crummell, Alexander, 59 Cultivating Humanity (Nussbaum), 1406 Cultural capital (Bourdieu), 292 Cultural Revolution, 1187 Cultural revolutions, and Paulo Freire, 697 Culture industry (Adorno), 21 Culture of silence (Freire), 696 Culture, and Sri Aurobindo Ghose, 116 Cunning of History, The (Rubenstein), 1667 Curiosity, and Thomas Reid, 1624 Cusa, Nicholas of. See Nicholas of Cusa Cynicism, and Epictetus, 604 Cyrenaics, and Epicurus, 610 Da Xue. See Great Learning, The Dada movement, 196 Dalalat al-Ha'irin. See Guide of the Perplexed, The Dama, 1706 Damned, The. See Wretched of the Earth, The Damnés de la terre, Les. See Wretched of the Earth, The "Dance of Siva, The" (Coomaraswamy), 405 Dao, 396, 400, 402, 2056, 2033 Dao De Jing, 419-426, 777, 2029, 2032. See also Daoism Dao tong (Zhu Xi), 523 Daoism, 419-426, 1205; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 522; and Gongsun Long, 729; and Han Feizi, 777; and Huineng, 875; and I Ching, 909, 912; and Lin Yutang, 1111; and Mencius, 1251; and political philosophy, 2030; and Xunxi, 2018; and Zhuangzi, 2029, 2032. See also Dao De Jing Dark Night of the Soul (John of the Cross), 956 Darwin, Charles, 427-434; and Henri Bergson, 223; and Daniel Dennett, 460; and John Dewey, 487; and William James, 931; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1378; and Herbert Spencer, 1825 Darwin's Dangerous Idea (Dennett), 460 Dasein (Heidegger), 814, 817, 820 Dasein, and Karl Jaspers, 948 Daseinsanalytik (Heidegger), 817 Datum, 2057 Davidson, Donald, 435-441; and Hilary Putnam, 1575; and Richard Rorty, 1636 Davies, Martin, and Hilary Putnam, 1570 Daydreams, and Gaston Bachelard, 157-158, 160 De, 396, 402, 419, 2030, 2033 De anima. See On the Soul De Antiquissima Italorum Sapientia. See On the Most Ancient Wisdom of the Italians De Augmentis Scientiarum. See Advancement of Learning De Cive (Hobbes), 856 De civitate Dei. See City of God, The De concordantia catholica (Nicholas of Cusa), 1355 De coniecturis (Nicholas of Cusa), 1357 De consolatione philosophiae. See Consolation of Philosophy, The De Corpore Politico (Hobbes), 856 De divisione naturae. See On the Division of Nature De docta ignorantia. See Of Learned Ignorance De la causa, principio e uno. See Concerning the Cause, Principle, and One De la division du travail social. See Division of Labor in Society, The De la grammatologie. See Of Grammatology De Libero Arbitrio. See On the Freedom of the Will De l'infinitio universo e modi. See On the Infinite Universe and Worlds De Man, Paul, 349 De Optimo Reipublicae Statu, deque Nova Insula Utopia. See Utopia De poetica. See Poetics De primo principio. See Treatise on God as First Principle, A De rerum natura. See On the Nature of Things De Servo Arbitrio. See On the Bondage of the Will De Trinitate. See On the Trinity Death; and Maurice Blanchot, 266; and Joseph Butler, 324; and Daoism, 2031; and Democritus, 451; and Epicurus, 612; and Sigmund Freud, 703; and Martin Heidegger, 821; and Hans Jonas, 965; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1013; and Lucretius, 1132, 1136; and Marcus Aurelius, 1207; and Thomas Nagel, 1333; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1376; and Plato, 1513, 1516; and Franz Rosenzweig, 1646; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1667; and Socrates, 1492, 1494; and Leo Tolstoy, 1903; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1917, 1921; and Zhuangzi, 2031, 2034. See also Mortality Death of God (Nietzsche), 1377 Death of God theology, 1666; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1669 Death of Ivan Ilyich, The (Tolstoy), 1902 Decision Making (Davidson and Suppes), 435 Decision theory, and Robert Nozick, 1398 Decolonization (Fanon), 637-638 Deconstruction; and Maurice Blanchot, 264, 266; and Jacques Derrida, 466, 469; and Michel Foucault, 669; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 709; and Martin Heidegger, 816; and Iris Murdoch, 1321; and Nicholas Rescher, 1633; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1776; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1895 Deduction, 2057; and Democritus, 455; and René Descartes, 474, 478; and Thomas Hobbes, 861; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1078; and Parmenides, 449, 1446; and Karl Popper, 1558; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1967 Deep ecology (Naess), 1326, 1328 Definiendum (Ayer), 151 Definition, 2057 Degré zéro de l'écriture, Le. See Writing Degree Zero Dehumanization; and Paulo Freire, 696; and Keiji Nishitani, 1393-1395 Deism, 2057; and Joseph Butler, 322, 325; and Jonathan Edwards, 576; and Blaise Pascal, 1454; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1788 Deity. See God Del sentimiento trágico de la vida en los hombres y en los pueblos. See Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Peoples, The Deleuze, Gilles, 442-444, 446-448 Delphic Oracle, viii, xiv Demarcation (Popper), 1559 Demerit (Smith), 1816 Democracy, 2057; and Aristotle, 97; and Henri Bergson, 231; and Democritus, 456; and John Dewey, 490; and Karl Marx, 1215; and Mencius, 1251; and John Stuart Mill, 1276; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1366; and Plato, 1531, 1534; and John Rawls, 1611; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1656; and Peter Singer, 1803 Democracy and Disobedience (Singer), 1803 Democritus, 449-457; and Epicurus, 607, 611; and Lucretius, 1132 Dennett, Daniel C., 458-464; and Charles Darwin, 433; and Jerry A. Fodor, 665 Denotation, 2057 Denotational meaning (Lewis), 1099 Deontological ethics, 2057; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 801 Der Stern der Erlösung. See Star of Redemption, The Derrida, Jacques, 266, 465-472; and Theodor Adorno, 21; and Georges Bataille, 198; and Maurice Blanchot, 264; and Stanley Cavell, 349; and Gilles Deleuze, 443; and Michel Foucault, 669; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 707; and Julia Kristeva, 1041; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1095; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1142-1143 Descartes, René, 473-485; and Anselm, 50; and Avicenna, 142; and George Berkeley, 239; and Paul M. Churchland, 370, 373; and Daniel Dennett, 461; and Denis Diderot, 507; and Michael Dummett, 537; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 643; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 655; and Jerry A. Fodor, 664; and Alan Gewirth, 720; and Martin Heidegger, 817; and Edmund Husserl, 902; and Luce Irigaray, 916; and Hans Jonas, 963; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1011; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1064, 1068; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1092; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1171, 1174; and Gabriel Marcel, 1194, 1198; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1259; and William of Ockham, 1424; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1438; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1462; and rationalism, 1078; and Thomas Reid, 1620, 1622; and Gilbert Ryle, 1695; and Sextus Empiricus, 1780; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1790; and Baruch Spinoza, 1832-1833; and Peter Strawson, 1851; and Giambattista Vico, 1928 Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, The (Darwin), 429 Descriptive generalization (Whitehead), 1967 Descriptivist theory, and Saul Kripke, 1028 Design, argument from; and Joseph Butler, 322; and David Hume, 894; and William James, 941 Desire; and Joseph Butler, 326; and John Dewey, 492; and Epictetus, 603; and Epicurus, 610; and Sigmund Freud, 703; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1094; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1141; and Samkara, 1706; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1745; and Xunxi, 2016, 2019 Desire in Language (Kristeva), 1041 Despair, and Søren Kierkegaard, 1002 Detachment; and the Bhagavad Gita, 258; and Meister Eckhart, 571; and Viktor Frankl, 680; and Lin Yutang, 1111 Determination of the will, and Jonathan Edwards, 580 Determinism, 2057; and Isaiah Berlin, 251; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 651, 656; and Han Feizi, 776; and Charles Hartshorne, 789; and William James, 930, 937; and Mary Midgley, 1267; and Thomas Nagel, 1336; and Bertrand Russell, 1686 Deus ex machina (Aristotle), 93 Deutsche Ideologie, Die. See German Ideology, The Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion, Les. See Two Sources of Morality and Religion, The Deuxième Sexe, Le. See Second Sex, The Devlin, Patrick, 781 Dewey, John, xviii, 486-502; and Charles Darwin, 433; and George Herbert Mead, 1237; and Richard Rorty, 1635; and Cornel West, 1960 Dhammapada, and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1596 Dharma, 116, 259, 877, 2057 Diachrony (Saussure), 1734, 1737 Diacritic writing (Barthes), 187 Dialectic, 2057; and Theodor Adorno, 18; and Gaston Bachelard, 156; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796, 802, 806; and Immanuel Kant, 980; and Mao Zedong, 1188; and Mozi, 1314; and Plato, 1505, 1508; and George Santayana, 1717; and Socrates, ix; and Giambattista Vico, 1931 "Dialectic and Dialogue" (Davidson), 437 Dialectic of Enlightenment (Adorno and Horkheimer), 20 Dialectical materialism; and Charles Darwin, 433; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 867; and Mao Zedong, 1189; and Karl Marx, 1211 Dialectics of Nature (Engels), 1217 Dialogic Imagination, The (Bakhtin), 179-180 Dialogical education (Freire), 696 Dialogism; and Mikhail Bakhtin, 180, 182; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1895 Dialogue, and Aristotle, 70 Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian (Abelard), 12 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Hume), 882, 893 Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion (Malebranche), 1174 Dialogus (Ockham), 1421 Diamond Sutra, 873, 876 Diatribai. See Discourses (Epictetus) Dictionnaire historique et critique. See Historical and Critical Dictionary, An Dictionnaire philosophique portatif. See Philosophical Dictionary Dictum de omni et nullo (Aristotle), 87 Diderot, Denis, 503-511 Différance (Derrida), 21, 467, 470 Difference (Deleuze), 445 Difference and Repetition (Deleuze), 445 Difference principle (Rawls), 1615 Différend (Lyotard), 1141 Differend, The (Lyotard), 1142 Difficulties in Christian Belief (MacIntyre), 1156 Dilemmas (Ryle), 1694 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 512-520; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 707; and George Herbert Mead, 1236 Ding an sich, 2057. See also Thing-in-itself Diogenes Laërtius, 607, 610, 825, 1441, 1583, 1778, 2026 Diogenes the Cynic, 606 Dionysian spirit (Nietzsche), 1373 Disaster (Blanchot), 265 Discalced reformers, 956 Discipline and Punish (Foucault), 668, 670 Discontent (Krishnamurti), 1036 Discours de la méthode. See Discourse on Method Discours sur les sciences et les arts. See Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, A Discours sur l'inégalité. See Discourse on Inequality, A Discours, figure (Lyotard), 1140 Discourse; and Mikhail Bakhtin, 182; and Michel Foucault, 668, 670; and Jürgen Habermas, 758; and Jacques Lacan, 1059; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1894 Discourse on Colonialism (Césaire), 358 Discourse on Inequality, A (Rousseau), 1652 Discourse on Method (Descartes), 474, 476, 481 Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, A (Rousseau), 1651 Discourses (Epictetus), 603 Discourses in Verse on Man (Voltaire), 1941 Discourses of Rumi (Rwmi), 1674 Discourses on the Scope and Nature of University Education. See Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated, The Discursive symbols (Langer), 1072 Disposition (Bentham), 220 Dispositional theory of belief (Price), 1564 Dissent (Toulmin), 1911 Dissimilarity (Eckhart), 571 Dissolution (Spencer), 1827 Distributive justice; and Aristotle, 78; and Robert Nozick, 1402; and John Rawls, 1614; and Peter Singer, 1808; and Cornel West, 1958 Divan-e Shams-e Tabriz. See Sufi Path of Love, The Diversity issues in philosophy, xiv, 360 Divine Relativity, The (Hartshorne), 790 "Divinity School Address" (Emerson), 587 Division of Labor in Society, The (Durkheim), 554 Division of orders (Duns Scotus), 547 Divisions (Abelard), 13 Doctrine of the Mean, The, 521-527, 749 Dogen Zenji, 2, 4 Dogmatism; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 652; and Sextus Empiricus, 1782 Dominicans, and Meister Eckhart, 569 Doubt, 2057; and René Descartes, 474, 477, 481; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 656; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1288; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1462; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 2004 "Doxa" (Parmenides), 1442 Dramatization (Bataille), 196 Dreams; and Sigmund Freud, 700; and Carl Jung, 969-970, 972; and Jacques Lacan, 1059 Du contrat social. See Treatise on the Social Contract, A Dualism, 2057; and Bonaventure, 279; and Martin Buber, 317; Cartesian, 370, 461; and Paul M. Churchland, 371, 374; and Daoism, 424; and Democritus, 451; and John Dewey, 486; and Michael Dummett, 536; and Hans Jonas, 961, 963; Manichean, 105, 108; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1379; and Kitaro Nishida, 1387; and Vivekananda, 1937. See also Mind-body dualism Du Bois, W. E. B., 528-535; and Kwame Anthony Appiah, 58-59, 61 Dummett, Michael, 536-542 Duns Scotus, John, 543-551 Duration (Bergson), 227 Durkheim, Émile, 552-559; and Jürgen Habermas, 762; and Marcel Mauss, 1219 Duty, 2057; and Émile Durkheim, 557; and Epictetus, 604; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 651; and Immanuel Kant, 976, 983; and John Stuart Mill, 1279, 1281; and G. E. Moore, 1298; and Thomas Reid, 1624; and Vivekananda, 1937 Dvaita Vedanta, 255, 1702, 1705 Dworkin, Ronald, 560-567; and H. L. A. Hart, 782, 785 Dynamic religion (Bergson), 231 East and West in Religion (Radhakrishnan), 1595 Eastern culture, and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 405 Eastern Religions and Western Thought (Radhakrishnan), 1596 Eckhart, Meister, 568-574; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 623; and Keiji Nishitani, 1395 Ecology, and Arne Naess, 1326, 1328 Ecology, Community, and Lifestyle (Naess), 1328 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Marx), 1215 Economics, philosophy of; and Benedetto Croce, 416; and Émile Durkheim, 554; and John Locke, 1122; and Thomas Robert Malthus, 1180, 1182; and Karl Marx, 1210; and Marcel Mauss, 1222; and John Stuart Mill, 1271; and Thomas More, 1307; and Adam Smith, 1812, 1819; and Max Weber, 1949, 1951-1952 Economy and Society (Weber), 1949 Ecophilosophy (Naess), 1328 Ecosophy (Naess), 1328 Écrits (Lacan), 1056 Écriture du désastre, L'. See Writing of the Disaster, The Écriture et la différence, L'. See Writing and Difference Ecstasy, and Georges Bataille, 196 Ecumenical movement, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 285 Ecumenism, and John S. Mbiti, 1229 Edification (Rorty), 1641 Education, philosophy of; and Aristotle, 96, 99; and Pierre Bourdieu, 292; and Confucius, 401; and John Dewey, 488, 490, 492, 1237; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 653; and Paulo Freire, 692, 694, 695; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1032, 1036; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1144; and Mencius, 1250; and John Stuart Mill, 1271, 1279; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1285; and John Henry Newman, 1341-1342; and Michael Oakeshott, 1415; and Plato, 1533, 1535; and Richard Rorty, 1641; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1652; utilitarian, 1268; and Max Weber, 1948; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1965; and Mary Wollstonecraft, 2013; and Xunxi, 2016, 2018 Education of a Christian Prince, The (Erasmus), 616 Edwards, Jonathan, 575-583 Egalitarianism; and Nicholas Rescher, 1630-1631. See also Equality; Inequality Ego; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 652, 655; and Sigmund Freud, 701, 704 Egocentric predicament, 2057 Egoism; and Joseph Butler, 324, 326; and Émile Durkheim, 554; and Thomas Hobbes, 858; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1677; and Samkara, 1706-1707; and Henry Sidgwick, 1797, 1799. See also Egotism; Self-interest; Selfishness; Self-love Egoism, ethical, 2057 Egoism, psychological, 2057 Egotism; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1036; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1793. See also Egoism; Self-interest; Selfishness; Self-love Egotistical hedonism (Sidgwick), 1799 Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt), 64 Eideia (Husserl), 904 Eidetic aptitude (Jonas), 965 Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften. See Introduction to the Human Sciences Either/Or (Kierkegaard), 1001 Élan vital, 2057; and Henri Bergson, 223, 229 Elbow Room (Dennett), 459 Eleatics; and Democritus, 449; and Parmenides, 1443 Elementary Logic (Quine), 1587 Elements; and Anaximenes, 453; and Gongsun Long, 732; and Parmenides, 453 Elements, the four; and Anaximander, 43; and Gaston Bachelard, 157, 161; and Empedocles, 592, 596; and Heraclitus, 825, 830; and Milesians, 1581; and Plato, 1541-1542 Elements of Law, Natural and Politic, The (Hobbes), 856 Eliminative materialism, 367, 371 Ellis, John McTaggert, 1291 Emanation, 2057 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 584-591; and Cornel West, 1960 Emilius and Sophia (Rousseau), 1652 Emotion; and Aristotle, 92; and Henri Bergson, 223; and Joseph Butler, 326; and Democritus, 451; and René Descartes, 475; and John Dewey, 499; and Denis Diderot, 504; and The Great Learning, 753; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 807; and David Hume, 892; and William James, 932; and John Stuart Mill, 1270; and Arne Naess, 1329; and Thomas Reid, 1623-1624; and Adam Smith, 1815-1816; and Baruch Spinoza, 1838; and Thomas Aquinas, 1882; and Xunxi, 2016, 2019; and Zhuangzi, 2035. See also Passions Emotive meaning, 2057 Emotivism (MacIntyre), 1159 Empathy, 2057; and Adam Smith, 1815 Empedocles, 454, 592-599; and Anaxagoras, 38; and Lucretius, 1133; and Parmenides, 1443, 1446; and Zeno of Elea, 2023 Empedocles complex (Bachelard), 160 Empirical statement, 2057 Empiricism, 1078, 2057; and Henri Bergson, 226; and George Berkeley, 236-237; and F. H. Bradley, 299; and Martin Buber, 317; and John Dewey, 495; and Gottlob Frege, 685; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 795, 803; and Edmund Husserl, 902; and William James, 930, 934, 939; and Immanuel Kant, 977, 987; and C. I. Lewis, 1099; and John Locke, 1118, 1124, 1126, 1130; and Karl Marx, 1214; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1258; and G. E. Moore, 1298; and William of Ockham, 1423; and Karl Popper, 1559; and W. V. O. Quine, 1588; and Bertrand Russell, 1687, 1689; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1766-1767 Empiricism and Subjectivity (Deleuze), 443 "Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind" (Sellars), 1639, 1764, 1767 Emptiness. See Nothingness Emptying God, The (Abe), 2 Encheridion (Epictetus), 603 Encompassing (Jaspers), 948 Encounter (Marcel), 1199 Encyclopedia (Diderot), 505 End, 2057 Ending of Time, The (Krishnamurti), 1035 Enforcement of Morals, The (Devlin), 781 Engels, Friedrich; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 644; and Alison M. Jaggar, 924; and Karl Marx, 1210, 1213 Engine of Reason, the Seat of the Soul, The (Churchland, Paul), 373 English Civil War (1642), 856 Enlightenment, 2057; and Pierre Bayle, 202; and Isaac Newton, 1352; in Eastern philosophies, 2028 Enneads, The (Plotinus), 1547 Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, An (Hume), 881, 889 Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, An (Hume), 882, 888 Ensemble of relations (Gramsci), 746 Enten-Eller. See Either/Or Enthusiasm (Shaftesbury), 1788 Entitlement theory for property acquisitions (Nozick), 1403 Entretiens sur la métaphysique et sur la religion. See Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion Environmentalism; and Hans Jonas, 966; and Arne Naess, 1324, 1327-1328 Envy, and John Rawls, 1617 Epic; and Aristotle, 94; and Mikhail Bakhtin, 181 Epictetus, 600-606 Epicureanism, 608, 1205, 2057; and Lucretius, 1131-1132, 1134; and John Stuart Mill, 1278; and Thomas More, 1307 Epicurus, 607-613; and Democritus, 451; and David Hume, 895; and Lucretius, 1132; and Adam Smith, 1818 Epiphenomenalism, 371, 2058; and Émile Durkheim, 556 Epistem4, 1409 Epistemological dualism, 2058 Epistemological language (Russell), 1688 Epistemological monism, 2058 Epistemology, 2058; and Louis Althusser, 27; and Aristotle, 89; and Avicenna, 140; and Gaston Bachelard, 156, 158-159; and Francis Bacon, 167; and Annette C. Baier, 175; and Georges Bataille, 196; and George Berkeley, 239; and F. H. Bradley, 299; and Martin Buber, 317; and Joseph Butler, 323; and Rudolf Carnap, 343; and Chinese philosophy, 728; and Benedetto Croce, 415; and Donald Davidson, 437; defined, xii, xv; and Democritus, 456; and René Descartes, 481; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 514, 516; and W. E. B. Du Bois, 534; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 654; and Michel Foucault, 671; and Alan Gewirth, 720; and Nelson Goodman, 737; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 799; and David Hume, 884; and Immanuel Kant, 974, 977, 988; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1067; and C. I. Lewis, 1099, 1101; and John Locke, 1118, 1124, 1128; and Gabriel Marcel, 1200; and William of Ockham, 1424; and Alvin Plantinga, 1471; and W. V. O. Quine, 1586-1587; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1598; and Thomas Reid, 1619-1620, 1622-1623; and Nicholas Rescher, 1632; and Richard Rorty, 1640; and Josiah Royce, 1662; and Bertrand Russell, 1683, 1686; and Gilbert Ryle, 1696; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1767; and Sextus Empiricus, 1783; and Baruch Spinoza, 1836; and Stephen Toulmin, 1909; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1967; and John Wisdom, 1985; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 2002; and Xunxi, 2016, 2020; and Zhuangzi, 2031 Epoch4, 903 Equal consideration (Singer), 1807 Equality; and Aristotle, 78; democratic (Rawls), 1612, 1615; and Ronald Dworkin, 564; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1037; and Mozi, 1313; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1376; and Plotinus, 1551; and Cornel West, 1959; and Xunxi, 2019; and Zhuangzi, 2033. See also Egalitarianism; Inequality Equality and Partiality (Nagel), 1333 Erasmus, Desiderius, 614-620; and Thomas More, 1303 Erigena, Johannes Scotus, 621-627 Erinnerungen. See Memories, Dreams, Reflections Erkenntnis und Interesse. See Knowledge and Human Interests Error; and F. H. Bradley, 303; and Josiah Royce, 1661 Eschatology, 2058; and John S. Mbiti, 1228 Éscriture du désastre, The. See Writing of the Disaster, The Esoteric philosophy (Strauss), 1842 Españainvertebrada. See Invertebrate Spain Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique. See Outline of a Theory of Practice "Essai sur le don, forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques." See Gift, The Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et l'origine du mal. See Theodicy Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An (Locke), 323, 1118, 1124 Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent, An (Newman), 1341 Essay on Metaphysics, An (Collingwood), 381 Essay on the Principle of Population, An (Malthus), 1180-1181 Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision, An (Berkeley), 234 Essays (Emerson), 586, 588 Essays, The (Montaigne), 1283 Essays in National Idealism (Coomaraswamy), 405 Essays in the Philosophy of Religion (Price), 1563 Essays on Actions and Events (Davidson), 438 Essays on Philosophical Subjects (Smith), 1813 Essays on the Active Powers of Man (Reid), 1620-1621 Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (Reid), 1620-1621 Esse es percipi (Berkeley), 236, 238, 1293 Essence, 2058; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 805; and John Locke, 1128 Essence, Doctrine of (Hegel), 803 Essence and existence; and Anselm, 53; and Averroës, 135; and John Duns Scotus, 546 "Essence of Catholicism, The" (Unamuno), 1922 Essence of Christianity, The (Feuerbach), 643 Essence of Faith According to Luther, The (Feuerbach), 644 Essences, and Plato, 1513 Essential Tension, The (Kuhn), 1049 Essentialism, and Charles Darwin, 433 Estetica come scienza dell'espressione e linguistica generale. See Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic Eternal now, 409, 1395 Eternal recurrence (Nietzsche), 1377 Eternal return (Nietzsche), 265 Eternity, 2058 Eternity, and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 407 Ethica Nicomachea. See Nicomachean Ethics Ethical Dimensions of Marxist Thought, The (West), 1957 Ethical hedonism, 2058 Ethical relativism, 2058 Ethical stage of existence (Kierkegaard), 1001, 1004, 1006, 1014 Ethical Writings (Abelard), 11 Ethics, 2058; and Aristotle, 76, 96; and Annette C. Baier, 174; and Jeremy Bentham, 218, 220; and Henri Bergson, 229; and Joseph Butler, 324; and Rudolf Carnap, 342; defined, xii, xv; and Democritus, 456; and John Dewey, 489, 492; and Émile Durkheim, 556; and Desiderius Erasmus, 616; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 652, 654; and Alan Gewirth, 721; and Charles Hartshorne, 790; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796, 801; and Hippocrates, 850, 852; and David Hume, 889; and I Ching, 912; and Hans Jonas, 963; and Immanuel Kant, 983, 990; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1092, 1094; and C. I. Lewis, 1100; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1158; and John Stuart Mill, 1277; and G. E. Moore, 1293, 1295; and Thomas Nagel, 1336; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1366, 1369; and Kitaro Nishida, 1389; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1406, 1408; and Hilary Putnam, 1572, 1575; and Ayn Rand, 1610; and Nicholas Rescher, 1632; and George Santayana, 1717; and Sextus Empiricus, 1785; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1788, 1790; and Henry Sidgwick, 1797-1798; and Peter Singer, 1806; and Adam Smith, 1814; and Baruch Spinoza, 1835; and Stoicism, 1206; and Stephen Toulmin, 1910, 1912; and Vivekananda, 1936; and Zhuangzi, 2033. See also Moral philosophy; Morality; Religion; Values Ethics (Bonhoeffer), 286 Ethics (Spinoza), 1833-1834 Ethics of Ambiguity, The (Beauvoir), 208 Ethics of Sexual Difference, An (Irigaray), 915 Ethique de la différence sexuelle. See Ethics of Sexual Difference, An Ethnic cleansing, and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1670 Ethnophilosophy; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 866, 869; and John S. Mbiti, 1230; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1771, 1773, 1775 Ethnoscience (Hountondji), 866 Étranger, L'. See Stranger, The Étrangers à nous-mêmes. See Strangers to Ourselves Être et le néant, L'. See Being and Nothingness Etymology, and Giambattista Vico, 1927 Euclid, and Pythagoras, 1579 Eudaemonism, 2058 Euthanasia; and Ronald Dworkin, 562; and Peter Singer, 1804, 1808 Euthyphro (Plato), 1484 Events, and Donald Davidson, 440 Evil, 2058; African concept, 1232; banality of (Arendt), 64; and Martin Buber, 316; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 626; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 810; and Heraclitus, 831; and Immanuel Kant, 991; and Mencius, 1248; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1377, 1380; and Origen, 1433; and Plato, 1482, 1535; and Josiah Royce, 1660, 1663; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1674, 1677; and George Santayana, 1713; and Baruch Spinoza, 1838; and Thomas Aquinas, 1874-1875, 1880; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1923; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1969. See also Evil, problem of Evil, problem of; and Augustine, 105, 108-109; and Pierre Bayle, 203; and Boethius, 271-272; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 629; and Charles Hartshorne, 789; and David Hume, 896; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1081, 1083; and Gabriel Marcel, 1200; and Marcus Aurelius, 1207; and Mary Midgley, 1263, 1265; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1369; and Alvin Plantinga, 1468; and Plotinus, 1549; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1670; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1793; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1897; and Voltaire, 1945; and Xunxi, 2016, 2018. See also Evil Evolution, 2058; and Anaximander, 44; and Henri Bergson, 223, 231; and Auguste Comte, 391; and Charles Darwin, 431; and Daniel Dennett, 458, 460; and Denis Diderot, 509; and Empedocles, 594, 597; and Hans Jonas, 963; and Mary Midgley, 1262; and Herbert Spencer, 1825-1826; and Giambattista Vico, 1926, 1929 Evolution as a Religion (Midgley), 1262 Évolution créatrice, L'. See Creative Evolution Evolutionary epistemology (Toulmin), 1910 Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics, An (Toulmin), 1911 Examined Life, The (Nozick), 1399 Excess, philosophy of (Bataille), 194 Excluded middle, law of, 1690 Excluded middle, principle of, 2058 Exegesis, and Tzvetan Todorov, 1895 Exercitives (Austin), 126 Existence, 2058 Existence and Existents (Lévinas), 1091 Existential anxiety (Tillich), 1889 Existential frustration (Frankl), 679 Existentialism, xviii, 2058; and Theodor Adorno, 22; and Hannah Arendt, 65; and Simone de Beauvoir, 210, 212; and Martin Buber, 317; and Albert Camus, 333; and Ralph Waldo Emerson, 591; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 658; and Martin Heidegger, 816-817, 901; and Edmund Husserl, 904; and Karl Jaspers, 945, 947; and Hans Jonas, 961; and Søren Kierkegaard, 999, 1001, 1006, 1010, 1012; and Gabriel Marcel, 1195, 1197; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1254; and Iris Murdoch, 1317, 1320; and Keiji Nishitani, 1394; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1437; and Richard Rorty, 1635-1636; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1722; and Alfred Schutz, 1750; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1771; and Paul Tillich, 1891; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1920, 1923; and Zen Buddhism, 1860 Existenz (Jaspers), 947, 950 Existenzphilosophie. See Philosophy of Existence Exoteric philosophy (Strauss), 1842 Experience; and John Dewey, 498; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 651, 654; and Edmund Husserl, 900; and William James, 931; and C. I. Lewis, 1101; and Kitaro Nishida, 1387; and Bertrand Russell, 1689 Experience and Its Modes (Oakeshott), 1413-1415 Expérience intérieure, L'. See Inner Experience Experiment, 2058 Experimentalism, and John Dewey, 496 Explication, philosophical (Quine), 1592 Expositives (Austin), 126 Expression, freedom of, and John Stuart Mill, 1271 Expression (Croce), 415 Expression (Santayana), 1713 Expression and Meaning (Searle), 1757 Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, The (Darwin), 1238 Expressive forms (Langer), 1073 Extension, and Baruch Spinoza, 1837 Extensionality (Russell), 1689 External meaning, 1662 External objects (Whitehead), 1967 External realism (Searle), 1761 External relationships (Hartshorne), 791 Externalism; and Alvin Plantinga, 1471; and Hilary Putnam, 1571 Fa, 750, 773 Fa jia. See Legalism Face of the other (Lévinas), 1094 Facing the Extreme (Todorov), 1896 Fackenheim, Emil L., 628-634 Fact, Fiction, and Forecast (Goodman), 735 Fact-value dichotomy, and Hilary Putnam, 1572, 1575 Fact-value distinction, and Hilary Putnam, 1573 Facticity (Sartre), 1726 Facts; and John Stuart Mill, 1270; and Alvin Plantinga, 1468; and H. H. Price, 1565; and Hilary Putnam, 1572, 1575; and W. V. O. Quine, 1591; and Josiah Royce, 1662; and John R. Searle, 1759; and John Wisdom, 1985; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1993 Fairness, and John Rawls, 1612, 1614 Faith, 2058; and Anselm, 50; and Augustine, 108; and Pierre Bayle, 201-202, 204-205; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 287; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 657; and Abraham Joshua Heschel, 838; and William James, 942; and Karl Jaspers, 951; and Hans Jonas, 962; and Immanuel Kant, 976, 988, 991; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1007; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1083; and Moses Maimonides, 1167; and Gabriel Marcel, 1201; and Marcus Aurelius, 1208; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1286; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1381; and Blaise Pascal, 1452, 1455; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1596, 1599; and reason, 723; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1677; and Thomas Aquinas, 1871-1874, 1876, 1878, 1880; and Paul Tillich, 1891; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1922 Fall of Man, and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1368 Fallacies; and Aristotle, 85; and Xunxi, 2021 Fallacy, 2058 Fallacy of misplaced concreteness (Whitehead), 1967 Fallibilism, 2058 False judgments, and Plato, 1529 Falsification, 1560 Family, and Lin Yutang, 1108, 1111 "Famine, Affluence, and Morality" (Singer), 1804 Fancy (Croce), 415 Fanon, Frantz, 635-641; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1772, 1775 Fascism; and Maurice Blanchot, 261; and Benedetto Croce, 413; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1742 Fatalism, 2058; and Mary Midgley, 1267 Fate, and Confucius, 401 Fear; and Mary Midgley, 1265; and Paul Tillich, 1888; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1921 Fear and Trembling (Kierkegaard), 1007 Federalist, The (Hamilton, Madison, and Jay), 767, 859 Feeling and Form (Langer), 1073 Feelings; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1176; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1970 Feminine Sexuality (Lacan), 1057 Feminism; and Annette C. Baier, 171, 173-174; and Simone de Beauvoir, 209-210, 212; and Auguste Comte, 388; and Alison M. Jaggar, 921-922; and Jacques Lacan, 1058; liberal, 922-923; Marxist, 922, 924; and John Stuart Mill, 1272; and Plato, 1477; radical, 922, 925; socialist, 923, 925; and Mary Wollstonecraft, 2009, 2011. See also Women; Women's movement Feminist Politics and Human Nature (Jaggar), 921-922 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 642-649; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 633; and Karl Marx, 1210, 1214 Feyerabend, Paul; and Patricia Churchland, 367; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1144 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 650-659; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 646; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 798 Ficino, Marsilio, 615 Fideism, and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1286 Field (Bourdieu), 293 Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (Butler), 325 Fihi ma fihi. See Discourses of Rumi Filial piety; and Confucius, 401; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 521; and Zengzi, 749 Film, and Stanley Cavell, 349 Final cause, 2058 Finite, 2058 Fire, and Gaston Bachelard, 159 First Cause; and Averroës, 132; and Giordano Bruno, 310 First Mover, 2058; and Aristotle, 75, 90 First Principle, 2058; and Giordano Bruno, 310; and John Duns Scotus, 547 First Principles (Spencer), 1825-1826 Five elements school (Chinese philosophy), 732 Flux, doctrine of (Whithead), 1969 Fodor, Jerry A., 660-666; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1768 Folie du jour, La. See Madness of the Day, The Folk psychology; and Patricia Churchland, 366; and Jerry A. Fodor, 661, 665; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1769 "Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage en psychanalyse." See Language of the Self, The Foot, Philippa, 171 For-itself (Sartre), 1726 For Marx (Althusser), 26 For Self-Examination (Kierkegaard), 1000 Force, persistence of (Spencer), 1826 Foreigners (Kristeva), 1042 Form, 2058; and Aristotle, 76, 89; and Roland Barthes, 189; and Giordano Bruno, 311; and John Duns Scotus, 547; and George Santayana, 1712; and Thomas Aquinas, 1880 Formation de l'esprit scientifique, La (Bachelard), 156 Forms, 2058; and Aristotle, 75; and Francis Bacon, 168; and Gongsun Long, 728; and I Ching, 911; and Hans Jonas, 964; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1516; and Plato, 1476, 1501, 1513, 1517; and Plotinus, 1552; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1744. See also Cave allegory Fortune, and Boethius, 272 Foucault, Michel, 667-674; and Louis Althusser, 28; and Georges Bataille, 197; and Gilles Deleuze, 443; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1143; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1776 Foundationalism, and Richard Rorty, 1640 Foundations of Arithmetic, The (Frege), 683-685 Foundations of Indian Culture, The (Aurobindo), 115 Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy (Marx), 1217 Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (Kant), 982 Fountainhead, The (Rand), 1605 Four Books of Confucianism, 521, 524, 749, 752 Four Essays on Liberty (Berlin), 250 Fragility of Goodness, The (Nussbaum), 1407-1408 Francis, Saint, 277, 279 Franciscans; and John Duns Scotus, 543; and Meister Eckhart, 569; and William of Ockham, 1420 Frankfurt School for Social Research, 18, 20, 757, 762 Frankl, Viktor Emil, 675-681 Franklin, Benjamin, 1951 Free will, 2058; and Theodor Adorno, 23; and Augustine, 108-109; and Daniel Dennett, 459; and Jonathan Edwards, 576, 579; and Desiderius Erasmus, 618; and Immanuel Kant, 986; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1084; and John Locke, 1121; and Kitaro Nishida, 1385; and Origen, 1432; and Thomas Reid, 1620; and Bertrand Russell, 1686. See also Choice; Freedom; Will Freedom, 2058; and Theodor Adorno, 22; and Henri Bergson, 231; and Isaiah Berlin, 251; and Boethius, 273; and John Dewey, 492; and John Duns Scotus, 549; and Jonathan Edwards, 579; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 652, 656; and Alan Gewirth, 724; and Charles Hartshorne, 789; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796, 801, 806, 809, 811; and Hans Jonas, 963; and Immanuel Kant, 986, 989; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1004; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1036; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1094; and Gabriel Marcel, 1200; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1260; and Mary Midgley, 1266; and John Stuart Mill, 1271, 1273; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1439; and Alvin Plantinga, 1469; and Plotinus, 1550; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1601; and John Rawls, 1612; and Thomas Reid, 1625; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1729; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1746; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1774; and Baruch Spinoza, 1836, 1839; and Stoicism, 1206; and Vivekananda, 1937-1938; and Zhuangzi, 2035. See also Choice; Free will; Will Freedom from the Known (Krishnamurti), 1034 Freedom from value-judgment (Weber), 1948 Freedom, Love, and Action (Krishnamurti), 1034 Freedom of expression, and John Stuart Mill, 1271, 1275 Freedom of the Will (Edwards), 577-578 Freedom's Law (Dworkin), 562 Frege, Gottlob, 682-691; and Rudolf Carnap, 338; and Michael Dummett, 537; and reference, 1028; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1990 Frege: Philosophy of Language (Dummett), 537 Freire, Paulo, 692-698 French Revolution; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 795; and Thomas Robert Malthus, 1182; and Mary Wollstonecraft, 2008, 2010 Freud, Sigmund, 699-705; and Louis Althusser, 28; and Gaston Bachelard, 159; and R. G. Collingwood, 383; and Michel Foucault, 672; and Viktor Frankl, 675; and Carl Jung, 968, 971; and Julia Kristeva, 1045; and Jacques Lacan, 28, 1055, 1059; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1140; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1258; and Mary Midgley, 1265; and Arne Naess, 1324; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1745 Friendship; and Aristotle, 78; and Annette C. Baier, 174; and Epicurus, 609 From Death-Camp to Existentialism. See Man's Search for Meaning "From God to God" (Unamuno), 1922 From Pagan to Christian (Lin Yutang), 1109 Fromm, Erich, 1855 Frygt og Bœven. See Fear and Trembling Fu Hsi. See Fu Xi Fu Xi, 906, 910 Function (Aristotle), 81 Function (Frege), 688 "Function and Concept" (Frege), 688 Functionalism, 371; and Patricia Churchland, 363; and John Dewey, 488, 496; and Émile Durkheim, 554; and Jerry A. Fodor, 664; and Hilary Putnam, 1570; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1765, 1768 Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics. See Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals Future Is Now, The (Krishnamurti), 1035 Future Lasts Forever, The (Althusser), 28 Future of Germany, The (Jaspers), 946 Future of Mankind, The (Jaspers), 946 Gaarder, Jostein, vii Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 706-713, 1771; and Richard Rorty, 1641; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1774 Galen; and Empedocles, 595; and Hippocrates, 853 Games, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1999 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 714-719; and Martin Luther King, Jr., 1018 Garden School, and Epicurus, 608 Gassendi, Pierre, 609 Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Kwame Anthony Appiah, 58 Gaunilo, and Anselm, 51 "Gaze of Orpheus, The" (Blanchot), 263 Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik, Die. See Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music, The Genealogy (Foucault), 670 General Psychopathology (Jaspers), 945 General will (Rousseau), 1655 Generalization, 2058 Generation of 1898, 1919 Generic consistency, principle of (Gewirth), 724 Genocide, 2059; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1667 Genre theory, and Tzvetan Todorov, 1894 German Ideology, The (Marx), 1216 German nationalism, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 797 Gestalt, 2059 Gestalt psychology; and Rudolf Carnap, 339; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1254 Gestalt thinking, and Arne Naess, 1329 Gewirth, Alan, 720-726 Ghazzali, al-, 131-132 Ghose, Aurobindo. See Aurobindo Ghose, Sri Ghost in the machine (Ryle), 1694, 1696 Gibbon, Edward, 384 Gift, The (Mauss), 1221-1222 Gift giving, and Marcel Mauss, 1222 Given; and C. I. Lewis, 1101; and H. H. Price, 1565; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1767 Globalization, and Masao Abe, 2 Glosses on Porphyry (Abelard), 12 Glossulae in Porphyrium. See Glosses on Porphyry Gnostic Religion, The (Jonas), 961 Gnosticism; and Hans Jonas, 961; and Origen, 1428 God, 2059; and Anselm, 51; and Averroës, 130, 133; and Avicenna, 140; and A. J. Ayer, 152; and Pierre Bayle, 204; and Henri Bergson, 224, 231; and George Berkeley, 240-241; and the Bhagavad Gita, 259; and Bonaventure, 279-280, 282; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 287; and F. H. Bradley, 304; and Giordano Bruno, 310; and Martin Buber, 316, 320; and Joseph Butler, 324, 326; and René Descartes, 478, 483; and John Duns Scotus, 547; and Émile Durkheim, 557; and Meister Eckhart, 572; and Jonathan Edwards, 576; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 625; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 631; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 652, 657; and Sigmund Freud, 704; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 718; and Charles Hartshorne, 789-790; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796, 807; and Heraclitus, 831; and Abraham Joshua Heschel, 838; and Hinduism, 257; and David Hume, 894, 896; and Luce Irigaray, 917; and William James, 936; and Hans Jonas, 963, 965; and Carl Jung, 971; and Immanuel Kant, 980-981, 991; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1008; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1067; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1082, 1087; and Moses Maimonides, 1168; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1172, 1175; and John Stuart Mill, 1279; and Isaac Newton, 1351; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1354, 1356, 1358; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1368; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1376; and Kitaro Nishida, 1389; and William of Ockham, 1424; and Origen, 1431; and Blaise Pascal, 1452; and Alvin Plantinga, 1467; and Plotinus, 1549; and Pythagoras, 1582; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1602; and Thomas Reid, 1620; and Josiah Royce, 1662-1663; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1667, 1669; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1673, 1676; and Samkara, 1702; and Sextus Empiricus, 1784; and Herbert Spencer, 1829; and Baruch Spinoza, 1833, 1835; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1866; and Thomas Aquinas, 1873-1874, 1879; and Paul Tillich, 1886; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1918, 1921-1922; and Voltaire, 1945; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1968, 1971; and Elie Wiesel, 1976 Godin, Guillaume Pierre, 544 "Gods" (Wisdom), 1983 God's Presence in History (Fackenheim), 631 Godwin, William, 1180, 1182 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 653 Golden Rule; and Confucius, 525; and Alan Gewirth, 724; and Thomas Hobbes, 861; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1064, 1068; and John Stuart Mill, 1272; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1367 Golden Sentences of Democrates, The (Democritus), 452 Gongsun Long, 727-734 Gongsun Longzi (Gongsun Long), 729 Good, 2059 Good will, and Immanuel Kant, 983 Goodman, Nelson, 735-741; and Hilary Putnam, 1575 Goodness and the Good; and Anselm, 51; and Aristotle, 76; and Bonaventure, 281; and F. H. Bradley, 304; and John Dewey, 492; and Jonathan Edwards, 580; and Epictetus, 605; and Alan Gewirth, 724; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 810; and Immanuel Kant, 976; and John Stuart Mill, 1277; and G. E. Moore, 1293, 1295; and Mozi, 1312; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1377, 1380; and Kitaro Nishida, 1389; and Plato, 1480, 1482, 1501, 1504, 1537, 1539; and Plotinus, 1549; and George Santayana, 1711, 1713, 1715; and Henry Sidgwick, 1798; and Baruch Spinoza, 1838; and Thomas Aquinas, 1876, 1880; and Stephen Toulmin, 1912 Gorgias (Plato), 1481 Government, central, 769 Government, philosophy of. See Political philosophy Government obligations, and John Locke, 1123 Govinda Bhasya (Baladeva), 1705 Grace; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 285; and Desiderius Erasmus, 618; and Thomas Aquinas, 1876 Grammaire du Décaméron (Todorov), 1894 Grammar, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1994 Grammatology (Derrida), 469 Gramsci, Antonio, 742-748 Gravity, and Isaac Newton, 1349, 1351 Great Ape Project, The (Singer), 1805 Great Awakening, 577; and Jonathan Edwards, 579 Great Commentary (Confucius?), 908, 911 Great Instauration, The (Bacon), 164-165 Great Leap Forward, 1187 Great Learning, The, 749-756; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 521, 524 Greek civilization, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 810 Groundlessness, and Gilles Deleuze, 446 Grüber, Heinrich, and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1666 Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre. See Science of Knowledge, The Grundlagen der Arithmetik, Die. See Foundations of Arithmetic, The Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten. See Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. See Philosophy of Right, The Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. See Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft. See Principles of the Philosophy of the Future Guattari, Félix, 444-445 Guide of the Perplexed, The (Maimonides), 1165 Guilt; and Augustine, 104; and Sigmund Freud, 704; and Martin Heidegger, 822; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1015 Guo Xiang, 2032 Guomindang, and Mao Zedong, 1185, 1188 Gurus; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 718; and Samkara, 1706 Gutmann, Amy, 58 Habermas, Jürgen, 21, 757-764; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1143 Habits; and John Dewey, 489; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1462, 1464 Habitus (Bourdieu), 293, 295 Haecceitas, 544 Halley, Edmond, 1348, 1350 Hamartia (Aristotle), 93 Hamilton, Alexander, 765-771 Hamilton, William, 1669 Han Fei Tzu. See Han Feizi Han Feizi, 772-779, 2015, 2018 Handiness and unhandiness (Marcel), 1200 Happiness; and Aristotle, 76, 79, 99; and Jeremy Bentham, 218; and Daoism, 2030; and Democritus, 451; and Epicureanism, 1205; and Epicurus, 609; and Sigmund Freud, 703; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1064, 1067; and Lin Yutang, 1111; and John Locke, 1122; and Moses Maimonides, 1165; and Marcus Aurelius, 1204; and John Stuart Mill, 1270, 1276, 1278; and G. E. Moore, 1297; and Thomas More, 1307; and Plato, 1483; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1677; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1740; and Henry Sidgwick, 1799; and Peter Singer, 1808; and Adam Smith, 1817; and Thomas Aquinas, 1876, 1882; and Zhuangzi, 2030, 2035 Harmony; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 524; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1084, 1088; and Plato, 1484, 1515, 1538; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1969 Hart, H. L. A., 780-782, 784-786 Hartmann, Eduard von, 1741 Hartmann, Nicolai, 904 Hartshorne, Charles, 787-790, 792-793 Hasidism; and Martin Buber, 315-316; and Elie Wiesel, 1975 Heart and Mind (Midgley), 1262 Hecuba (Euripides), 1411 Hedonism, 2059; and Benedetto Croce, 417; and Immanuel Kant, 989; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1001; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1067; and G. E. Moore, 1297; and Henry Sidgwick, 1797, 1799 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, xviii, 794-812; and Theodor Adorno, 22; and Georges Bataille, 197; and Maurice Blanchot, 262; and Confucianism, 2032; and Benedetto Croce, 412; and Daoism, 2032; and John Dewey, 487; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 629; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 642, 645, 647; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 653-654; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 708; and Karl Jaspers, 948-949; and Immanuel Kant, 982; and Søren Kierkegaard, 999, 1005, 1011; and Julia Kristeva, 1044; and Jacques Lacan, 1055; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1157; and Mao Zedong, 1189; and Karl Marx, 1210, 1214, 1216; and G. E. Moore, 1292; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1379; and Michael Oakeshott, 1413; and Karl Popper, 1556; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1600; and Franz Rosenzweig, 1644, 1646; and Bertrand Russell, 1683; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1724; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1741 Heidegger, Martin, 813-824; and Theodor Adorno, 22; and Maurice Blanchot, 262-263, 265; and Jacques Derrida, 469; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 628; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 645; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 706, 708, 710-711; and Edmund Husserl, 901, 904; and Hans Jonas, 960; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1090, 1093; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1140, 1142; and Gabriel Marcel, 1196, 1198; and Keiji Nishitani, 1392; and Michael Oakeshott, 1413; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1723; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1771, 1774; and Leo Strauss, 1841 Helmholtz, Hermann von, and Patricia Churchland, 366 Heraclitus, 825-833, 2023; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1093; and Plato, 1523, 1527 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, and Julia Kristeva, 1045 Heresy, 2059; and Meister Eckhart, 570 Héritiers, Les. See Inheritors, The Hermarchus, and Epicurus, 607 Hermeneutic circle; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 515, 517; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 708 Hermeneutics; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 515-517; and Ronald Dworkin, 563, 565; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 707, 709; and Jürgen Habermas, 758; and Martin Heidegger, 816; and Richard Rorty, 1641; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1771, 1774; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1895 Hermeneutics of African Philosophy, The (Serequeberhan), 1773 Heroism; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 808; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1897 Herzen, Alexander, 249 Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 834-840 Hildegard von Bingen, 841-847 Hindu View of Life, The (Radhakrishnan), 1595 Hinduism; and Sri Aurobindo Ghose, 116; and the Bhagavad Gita, 254, 256-257; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 405, 408; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 717; and Iris Murdoch, 1320; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1595, 1598, 1600; and Samkara, 1701, 1704; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1865; and Vivekananda, 1934, 1936 Hippocrates, 848-854 Hippocratic oath, 850-851 Hippolytus, and Pythagoras, 1582 Hisamatsu, Shin'ichi, 2 Historia calamitatum. See Story of My Misfortune, The Historical and Critical Dictionary, An (Bayle), 200-201 Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution, An (Wollstonecraft), 2009 Historical bloc (Gramsci), 746 Historical reason (Dilthey), 516 Historicism; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1158; and Karl Popper, 1555; and Richard Rorty, 1639; and Leo Strauss, 1843-1844 Historicity; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 708; and Martin Heidegger, 708; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1775 History, 2059 History, philosophy of; and Augustine, 109-110; and Isaiah Berlin, 248, 250; and R. G. Collingwood, 379-380; and Auguste Comte, 387, 390; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 516; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796, 806, 809; and Michael Oakeshott, 1414; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1671; and George Santayana, 1714; and Leo Strauss, 1845; and Stephen Toulmin, 1910; and Giambattista Vico, 1926, 1928, 1931 "History" (Emerson), 588 History of England, The (Hume), 882 History of My Religious Opinions (Newman), 1341 History of philosophy, xv; and Thomas Reid, 1622 History of science. See Science, history of History of Sexuality, The (Foucault), 671 History, Theology, and Contemporary Judaism (Rubenstein), 1666 Hobbes, Thomas, 855-864; and Hannah Arendt, 67; and Joseph Butler, 327; and Sigmund Freud, 702; and David Hume, 888; and John Locke, 1116; and Mary Midgley, 1266; and Michael Oakeshott, 1414, 1416; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1654; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1788; and Leo Strauss, 1845; and Peter Strawson, 1851; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1897 Hoffman complex (Bachelard), 160 Hofstadter, Douglas, and Daniel Dennett, 464 Holocaust; and Hannah Arendt, 64, 68; and Henri Bergson, 224; and Maurice Blanchot, 265; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 286; and Émile Durkheim, 630; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 631; and Viktor Frankl, 676; and Martin Heidegger, 816; and Abraham Joshua Heschel, 834, 837; and Karl Jaspers, 946; and Hans Jonas, 961, 965; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1091, 1093; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1141; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1665-1666, 1668; and Peter Singer, 1803; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1896; and Elie Wiesel, 1973, 1976 Holy Nothingness (Rubenstein), 1670 Homer, and Giambattista Vico, 1929 Homme-machine, L'. See Man a Machine Homme révolté, L'. See Rebel, The Hommes contre l'humain, Les. See Men Against Humanity Homo Viator (Marcel), 1194 Honest to God controversy, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 289 Hooke, Robert, 1348 Hope, 2059 Horkheimer, Max, 18; and Theodor Adorno, 20 Hountondji, Paulin J., 865-872 How to Do Things with Words (Austin), 123, 348 Hsi Tz'u Chuan. See Xi Ci Zhuan Hsiang Hsiu. See Xiang Xiu Hsiao. See Xiao Hsüan. See Xuan Hsün-tzu. See Xunzi Huai Nan Tzu. See Huainanzi Huainanzi, 1309 Hubert, Henri, 1220 Hui Shi, 727 Huineng, 873-879, 1857 Human, All Too Human (Nietzsche), 1373 Human Condition, The (Arendt), 64 Human nature; and Aristotle, 99; and Joseph Butler, 326; and Albert Camus, 334, 336; and Confucianism, 755; and Charles Darwin, 429; and John Dewey, 489, 491; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 524; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 624; and Sigmund Freud, 702; and Han Feizi, 775; and Thomas Hobbes, 858; and David Hume, 565, 883; and Alison M. Jaggar, 922; and Hans Jonas, 964; and John Locke, 1118; and Niccolò Machiavelli, 1152; and Mencius, 1246, 1248; and Mary Midgley, 1264; and John Stuart Mill, 1280; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1367; and Michael Oakeshott, 1416; and Blaise Pascal, 1453; and Ayn Rand, 1609; and Thomas Reid, 1619; and Richard Rorty, 1636; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1846; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1775; and Adam Smith, 1812; and Thomas Aquinas, 1882; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1896; and Giambattista Vico, 1927, 1929-1930; and Xunxi, 2016, 2018-2019 Human Nature (Hobbes), 856 Human Nature and Conduct (Dewey), 488 Human needs, and Epicurus, 610 Human rights, and Robert Nozick, 1402 Human Understanding (Toulmin), 1910 Humanism, 2059; and Giordano Bruno, 309; and Desiderius Erasmus, 617; and Thomas More, 1303; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1599; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1896. See also Pragmatism Humanism and Terror (Merleau-Ponty), 1254 Humanistic psychology, 705 Humanization (Freire), 696 Hume, David, xvi, 880-898, 987; and Annette C. Baier, 171-172, 174; and Pierre Bayle, 201; and George Berkeley, 236, 242; and Immanuel Kant, 979, 989; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1159; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1173; and Karl Popper, 1558; and John Rawls, 1619; and Thomas Reid, 1623; and Nicholas Rescher, 1632; and George Santayana, 1711; and Sextus Empiricus, 1780; and Adam Smith, 1814; and Peter Strawson, 1850, 1852 Hume's Theory of the External World (Price), 1563 Humility, and Meister Eckhart, 572 Humor, and Søren Kierkegaard, 1014 Humors, the four, and Hippocrates, 852-853 "Hunger of Immortality, The" (Unamuno), 1921 Husserl, Edmund, 899-905; and Jacques Derrida, 467; and Jerry A. Fodor, 813; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 708, 711; and Martin Heidegger, 817; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 865; and Karl Jaspers, 945; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1090, 1093; and Gabriel Marcel, 1196; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1254-1256; and Keiji Nishitani, 1392; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1723; and Alfred Schutz, 1748, 1751; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1771; and Leo Strauss, 1841 Hutcheson, Francis; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1789; and Adam Smith, 1818 Huxley, Thomas H.; and Charles Darwin, 429; and Émile Durkheim, 556 Hvad Christus dømmer om officiel Christendom. See What Christ's Judgment Is About Official Christianity Hyperspirituality (Durkheim), 556 Hypothesis, 2059 Hypothetical imperative, 2059 I. See Yi I and Thou (Buber), 315-316 I Ching, 397, 906-913; and Dao De Jing, 420; and Zhuangzi, 2029 I-Thou (Buber), 316-317 Ibn Rushd. See Averroës Ibn Sina. See Avicenna Ich und Du. See I and Thou Id (Freud), 701 Idea, 2059 Idea, Doctrine of (Hegel), 803 Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated, The (Newman), 1341-1342 Idea of History, The (Collingwood), 379 Idea of the University, The (Jaspers), 946 Ideal, 2059 Ideal utilitarianism (Moore), 1293 Idealism, 2059; and Theodor Adorno, 21; and George Berkeley, 237, 242; and F. H. Bradley, 303; and Benedetto Croce, 412, 414; and John Dewey, 486-487; and Émile Durkheim, 553; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 625; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 629; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 643, 645; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 652, 654; and Charles Hartshorne, 788; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796, 802; and Edmund Husserl, 904; and William James, 930; and Hans Jonas, 963; and Gabriel Marcel, 1197; and Karl Marx, 1210, 1214; and G. E. Moore, 1292-1293; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1438; and Parmenides, 1447; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1461; and Plato, 1527; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1598; and Nicholas Rescher, 1629; and Franz Rosenzweig, 1647; and Josiah Royce, 1660; and Peter Strawson, 1850, 1852 Idealist View of Life, An (Radhakrishnan), 1595, 1597 Ideas; and George Berkeley, 238; and René Descartes, 481; and Thomas Hobbes, 860; and David Hume, 881, 884, 1619; and I Ching, 911; and Karl Jaspers, 949; and Hans Jonas, 964; and Susanne K. Langer, 1074; and John Locke, 1125; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1175-1176; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1464; and Plato, 1476, 1513, 1518, 1541; and Thomas Reid, 1622-1623; and Josiah Royce, 1661; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1742, 1744; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1790; and Leo Strauss, 1841 Ideas (Husserl), 901 Idee der Universität, Die. See Idea of a University, The Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie. See Ideas Identity, principle of, 2059 Identity of indiscernibles, 2059, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1079 Identity politics, and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1406 Identity theory, 371, 664 Identity vs. identification, and Saul Kripke, 1029-1030 Ideological hegemony (Gramsci), 746 Ideology, 2059 "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses" (Althusser), 27 Idiosyncrasy Platitude (Wisdom), 1987 Idols, doctrine of (Bacon), 166, 902 Illocutionary speech acts, and J. L. Austin, 125, 1756 Images, and Hans Jonas, 964 Imaginary (Lacan), 1057 Imagination; and Aristotle, 83; and Gaston Bachelard, 157; and R. G. Collingwood, 380; and Benedetto Croce, 415; and Jonathan Edwards, 577; and Thomas Hobbes, 860; and David Hume, 884; and Immanuel Kant, 993; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1067; and Gilbert Ryle, 1699; and George Santayana, 1713 Imaginative universals (Vico), 1927 Immaculate Conception, and John Duns Scotus, 545 Immanent, 2059 Immaterialism, 2059 Immortality; and Plato, 1512, 1514; and Zhuangzi, 2034 Imperative, 2059 Imperatives, and Immanuel Kant, 984-985, 989 Imperativism, and Stephen Toulmin, 1913 Imperialism, and Hannah Arendt, 67 Implicate order, theory of (Bohm), 1034 Implication, 2059 Importance of Living, The (Lin Yutang), 1109-1110 Importance of Understanding, The (Lin Yutang), 1110 Impossible Question, The (Krishnamurti), 1034 Impressions (Hume), 884 Impulses, and John Dewey, 490 In Behalf of the Fool (Gaunilo), 51 In-der-Welt-Sein (Heidegger), 814 In My Father's House (Appiah), 56, 59 Incoherence of the Incoherence, The (Averroës), 132 Incoherent, 2059 Indeterminacy of translation (Quine), 1588 Indeterminism, 2059; and William James, 937 India and the Future (Archer), 115 Indian independence movement, 715 Indian philosophy, 115, 407, 716, 1035, 1597, 1703, 1865, 1936; and Henri Bergson, 231; and the Bhagavad Gita, 254, 256; and Samkara, 1701, 1704 Indian Philosophy (Radhakrishnan), 1594 Indifference, and Jonathan Edwards, 581 Indirect communication (Kierkegaard), 1007 Indiscernibles, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1079 Individual (Kierkegaard), 1012 Individual and society; and Pierre Bourdieu, 294; and Émile Durkheim, 555; and John Stuart Mill, 1274, 1276; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1376; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1653 Individual vs. state, and Plato, 1529 Individualism, 2059; and John Dewey, 488; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 513; and Émile Durkheim, 554; and Ralph Waldo Emerson, 591; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 809; and Thomas Hobbes, 858; and John Stuart Mill, 1271, 1273; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1375; and Richard Rorty, 1636; and Josiah Royce, 1660 Individualization (Tillich), 1890 Individuals (Strawson), 1849-1850 Individuation (Jung), 969 Individuation, and John Duns Scotus, 544 Induction, 2059; and Aristotle, 88; and Francis Bacon, 165, 169; and Gottlob Frege, 685; and Nelson Goodman, 735; and Karl Popper, 1558; and Bertrand Russell, 1688; and Sextus Empiricus, 1784; and Peter Strawson, 1849-1850 Induction, new riddle of (Goodman), 736 Ineffable (Heschel), 837 Inequality; and John Rawls, 1616; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1652 Infanticide, and Peter Singer, 1804 Inference, 2059; and William of Ockham, 1426; and H. H. Price, 1565; and Bertrand Russell, 1688 Infinite, 2059 Infinite regress, 2059 Infinity; and Aristotle, 90; and Democritus, 450; and John Duns Scotus, 549; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 625; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1359; and Parmenides, 1446; and Plato, 1538; and Josiah Royce, 1661; and Baruch Spinoza, 1836; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1867; and Thomas Aquinas, 1875, 1880 Inheritors, The (Bourdieu), 292 Injustice. See also Justice Injustice, and Plato, 1483 Innate ideas, 2059 Inner Experience (Bataille), 194-195 Inner sense, and Adam Smith, 1818 Inner speech (Sellars), 1767 Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (Davidson), 441 Inquiry Concerning Virtue, An (Shaftesbury), 1787 Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, An (Russell), 1686 Inquiry into the Good, An (Nishida), 1385-1386 Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense, An (Reid), 1619 Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, An. See Wealth of Nations, The Inquisition, and Giordano Bruno, 308-309 Instauratio Magna. See Great Instauration, The Instinct; and William James, 931; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1381 Institute for Social Research, 18, 20 Institutional facts, and John R. Searle, 1760 Instrumentalism; and Charles Darwin, 433; and John Dewey, 488, 496, 1237; and C. I. Lewis, 1100; and Richard Rorty, 1638 Intellect; and Aristotle, 78; and Avicenna, 144; and Giordano Bruno, 310; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1676; and Gilbert Ryle, 1699; and Thomas Aquinas, 1875 "Intellect" (Emerson), 590 Intellectual ecology (Toulmin), 1910 Intelligence, and John Dewey, 491, 495 Intelligences, and Avicenna, 140, 144 Intelligible extension (Malebranche), 1172, 1175 Intensional meaning (Lewis), 1099 Intention; and Jeremy Bentham, 219; and Donald Davidson, 439 Intentional stance; and Daniel C. Dennett, 463, 665; and Jerry A. Fodor, 665 Intentional Stance, The (Dennett), 459 Intentional states (Sellars), 1765 Intentionalism, and Daniel C. Dennett, 458, 462 Intentionality; and Paul M. Churchland, 372; and John R. Searle, 1757, 1759 Intentionality (Searle), 1757 Interactionism, 2059 Interactionist property dualism, 371 Interest groups, and John Stuart Mill, 1274 Interfaith dialogue, and Masao Abe, 2 Internal meaning (Royce), 1662 Internal realism (Putnam), 1572-1574 Internal relationships (Hartshorne), 791 Internalism (Plantinga), 1471 Interpretation, 2059; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 515, 518; and Plato, 1524; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1895 Interpretation of Christian Ethics, An (Niebuhr), 1366 Interpretation of Dreams, The (Freud), 700, 1056 Interpsychology (Tarde), 555 Intersubjectivity; and Gabriel Marcel, 1199; and Alfred Schutz, 1752 Intertextuality (Kristeva), 1041 Intrinsic property, 2059 Introduction to Logical Theory (Strawson), 1849 Introduction to Metaphysics, An (Bergson), 224 Introduction to Symbolic Logic, An (Langer), 1072 Introduction to the Human Sciences (Dilthey), 514 Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, An (Bentham), 216-217 Introspection, and Paul M. Churchland, 372 Intuition, 2060; and Aristotle, 88; and Henri Bergson, 223, 225; and Benedetto Croce, 414; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1035; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1598; and D. T. Suzuki, 1859 Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness (Nishida), 1385 Intuitionism; and John Stuart Mill, 1270, 1278; and G. E. Moore, 1296-1297; and Henry Sidgwick, 1797, 1800 Intuitive cognition (Ockham), 1423 Intuitive reason (Aristotle), 79 Invalid, 2060 Invertebrate Spain (Ortega y Gasset), 1436 Invisible, and Nicholas of Cusa, 1359 Invisible hand, and Robert Nozick, 1402 Inwardness (Kierkegaard), 1005, 1007, 1011 Irigaray, Luce, 914-919 Irony (Rorty), 1636 Irrational, 2060 Irrationality, and D. T. Suzuki, 1859 Irrealism (Goodman), 738 Islamic, and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 409 Islamic philosophy, 132, 139, 1675; and Averroës, 131; and Avicenna, 139-140; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1673, 1675 Itinerarium mentis in Deum. See Journey of the Mind to God, The Jaggar, Alison M., 920-926 Jakobson, Roman, 1737 Jalal al-Din Rwmi. See Rwmi, Jalal al-Din James, William, xix, 927-943; and Émile Durkheim, 556; and George Herbert Mead, 1236; and Kitaro Nishida, 1385; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1463; and Hilary Putnam, 1572; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1601; and George Santayana, 1714; and D. T. Suzuki, 1855; and Cornel West, 1960; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1999 Janik, Allan, 1910 Jansenism; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1062; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1173; and Blaise Pascal, 1449, 1450, 1452 Japanese philosophy, 3, 1386, 1393, 1856 Jaspers, Karl, 944-952; and Hannah Arendt, 63; and Gabriel Marcel, 1198 Jay, John, 765-771 Jefferson, Thomas; and Pierre Bayle, 201; and Epicureanism, 609; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1654 Jenseits von Gut und Böse. See Beyond Good and Evil Jesus Christ; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 289; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1008, 1015; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1360. See also Christianity Jew as Pariah, The (Arendt), 65 Jew Today, A (Wiesel), 1975 Jewish philosophy, 316, 631, 837, 1165, 1646, 1976 Jews of Silence, The (Wiesel), 1975 Jihad, and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1677 Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 715 Jivanmukta, 1705, 1707 John of the Cross, Saint, 953-959 Jonas, Hans, 960-966 Journey of the Mind to God, The (Bonaventure), 278 Joyce, James, 1928 Judaism; and Hannah Arendt, 66; and Martin Buber, 315-316; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 629, 631; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 810; and Abraham Joshua Heschel, 834, 837, 839; and Hans Jonas, 960, 965; and Julia Kristeva, 1043; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1091; and Moses Maimonides, 1163, 1166; and Franz Rosenzweig, 1643; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1665, 1668; and George Santayana, 1716; and Baruch Spinoza, 1831; and Elie Wiesel, 1975, 1977 Judgment, 2060; and René Descartes, 484; and Émile Durkheim, 557; and Immanuel Kant, 992-993; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1141; and Blaise Pascal, 1454 Judicial branch of the United States, 770 Juif aujourd'hui, Un. See Jew Today, A Juifs du silence, Les. See Jews of Silence, The Jung, Carl, 967-973; and Gaston Bachelard, 158-159; and Sigmund Freud, 701; and I Ching, 906, 909 Junzi, 397, 400, 525, 908, 912, 1251, 1312, 2018 Jurieu, Pierre, 200 Jurisprudence; and Jeremy Bentham, 220; and H. L. A. Hart, 783. See also Law, philosophy of Justice, 2060; and Anaximander, 45; and Aristotle, 77; and Annette C. Baier, 174; and Henri Bergson, 230; and Boethius, 271; and Epicurus, 611; and Heraclitus, 830; and David Hume, 889; and Martin Luther King, Jr., 1022; and Mencius, 1247, 1249; and John Stuart Mill, 1280; and Plato, 1486, 1501; and John Rawls, 1611, 1614; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1676; and Henry Sidgwick, 1801; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1898 Justification, 2060 Justification of moral systems, and Alan Gewirth, 723 Kabbalah, 2060 Kafka, Franz, 19 Kalki (Radhakrishnan), 1595 Kama, 116 Kant, Immanuel, xv, 974-997; and Theodor Adorno, 23; and Louis Althusser, 27; and Annette C. Baier, 171, 175; and Pierre Bayle, 201; and Martin Buber, 320; and R. G. Collingwood, 382; and Émile Durkheim, 552, 557; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 650, 654; and Alan Gewirth, 722-723; and Gongsun Long, 728; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 795, 802; and Edmund Husserl, 904; and Karl Jaspers, 948; and Julia Kristeva, 1045; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1081; and C. I. Lewis, 1099; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1159; and Mao Zedong, 1188; and John Stuart Mill, 1278; and G. E. Moore, 1292; and Iris Murdoch, 1319; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1379; and Kitaro Nishida, 1385; and Robert Nozick, 1400, 1402; and Hilary Putnam, 1572, 1575; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1600; and John Rawls, 1616; and Richard Rorty, 1639; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1723; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1741-1742; and Peter Strawson, 1849, 1851; and Transcendentalism, 586; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1963, 1966 Kapital, Das (Marx), 26, 1217 Karl Marx (Berlin), 248 Karma, 1704, 1707, 2060; and the Bhagavad Gita, 254; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1601; and Vivekananda, 1936 Karma Yoga (Vivekananda), 1936 Kata Kelsou. See Origen Against Celsus Katharmoi. See Purifications Katharsis (Aristotle), 92 Keynes, John Maynard, and Joseph Butler, 323 Kierkegaard, Søren, 998-1016; and Martin Buber, 317; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 809; and Karl Jaspers, 945, 948; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1159; and Gabriel Marcel, 1198; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1368; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1918 Killing, and Peter Singer, 1807 Kinds of Minds (Dennett), 460 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1017-1024; and Abraham Joshua Heschel, 835 Kitab al-Najat (Avicenna), 140. See also Book of Deliverance, The Kitab al-Shifa' (Avicenna), 140 Kitab al-Siraj (Maimonides), 1164 Knowledge, 2060; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1143; and Blaise Pascal, 1454; and Plato, 1481, 1521, 1539. See also Epistemology Knowledge, theory of. See Epistemology Knowledge and Human Interests (Habermas), 758 Knowledge, God's, and Thomas Aquinas, 1881 Koan, 2060 Koan exercise, 1860 Kojève, Alexander, 262; and Jacques Lacan, 1055 Kong Ji, and The Doctrine of the Mean, 521 Koran. See Qu'ran Kosa, 1706 Kreutzer Sonata, The (Tolstoy), 1902 Kripke, Saul, 1025-1031 Krishnamurti to Himself (Krishnamurti), 1035 Krishnamurti, Jiddu, 1032-1039 Krishnamurti's Notebook (Krishnamurti), 1033 Kristeva, Julia, 1040-1046 Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. See Critique of Practical Reason, The Kritik der reinen Vernunft. See Critique of Pure Reason, The Kritik der Urteilskraft. See Critique of Judgment, The Kriton. See Crito Kuhn, Thomas, and Jean-François Lyotard, 1144 Kuhn, Thomas S., 1047-1054; and Richard Rorty, 1639 Kun, 911 K'ung Chi. See Kong Ji Kung-sun Lung. See Gongsun Long Kuo Hsiang. See Guo Xiang Kuomindang. See Guomindang Kyoto School, 1, 3, 1385, 1391-1392 Kyriai doxai. See Principal Doctrines La Boétie, Étienne de, 1283 Lacan, Jacques, 1055-1061; and Louis Althusser, 27, 29; and Luce Irigaray, 914 Laissez-faire, and Herbert Spencer, 1824 Laissez-faire capitalism; and John Stuart Mill, 1271; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1367; and Adam Smith, 1812-1813, 1819 Lamas, 2060 La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de, 1062-1070 Landauer, Gustav, 314 Langer, Susanne K., 1071-1077 Language; and Aristotle, 94; and J. L. Austin, 121, 123; and A. J. Ayer, 149; and Mikhail Bakhtin, 181; and Roland Barthes, 186-187; and Maurice Blanchot, 265; and Pierre Bourdieu, 293; and F. H. Bradley, 299; and Rudolf Carnap, 339-340, 1586; and Stanley Cavell, 350; and Paul M. Churchland, 372; and Benedetto Croce, 417; and Donald Davidson, 436; and Jacques Derrida, 467, 469; and John Dewey, 499; and Michael Dummett, 537; and Epictetus, 605; and Michel Foucault, 668; and Gottlob Frege, 683, 688; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 709-711; and Gongsun Long, 728; and Jürgen Habermas, 758; and H. L. A. Hart, 780; and Luce Irigaray, 916-917; and Alison M. Jaggar, 920; and Saul Kripke, 1026; and Jacques Lacan, 1057-1058; and Susanne K. Langer, 1073, 1075-1076; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1079; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1095; and John Locke, 1118, 1128; and Moses Maimonides, 1168; and George Herbert Mead, 1241; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1259; and Arne Naess, 1326; and William of Ockham, 1425; and W. V. O. Quine, 436, 1588, 1591; and Richard Rorty, 1640; and Bertrand Russell, 1687-1688; and Gilbert Ryle, 1692, 1696; and Ferdinand de Saussure, 1732, 1735; and John R. Searle, 1756, 1761; and Peter Strawson, 1849, 1852; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1894; and Stephen Toulmin, 1913; and Giambattista Vico, 1927, 1930; and Vienna Circle, 342; and John Wisdom, 1983, 1985; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, xviii, 347, 1991, 1993-1994, 1997, 2003; and Xunxi, 2020; and Zhuangzi, 2031. See also Linguistic philosophy Language acquisition, and W. V. O. Quine, 1590 Language and Symbolic Power (Bourdieu), 293 Language games, 2060 Language of the Self, The (Lacan), 1058 Language of thought, 660 Language of Thought, The (Fodor), 660 Language, philosophy of. See Language; Literary theory; Semiotics Language, Truth, and Logic (Ayer), 146, 149 Language-games (Wittgenstein), 1998, 2003 Languages of Art (Goodman), 736 Langue (Saussure), 293, 1734, 1736 Lao Tzu. See Laozi Laozi, 419, 422; and Zhuangzi, 2032, 2035 Laski, Harold, 1414 Last Word, The (Nagel), 1333 Lautman, Albert, 446 Law, 2060 Law as integrity (Dworkin), 561 Law of the three stages (Comte), 387, 390 Law, philosophy of; and Jeremy Bentham, 215, 217-218; and Ronald Dworkin, 560, 563; and Han Feizi, 773, 775; and H. L. A. Hart, 780, 783; and Martin Luther King, Jr., 1022; and John Stuart Mill, 1276, 1280; and Thomas More, 1305; and Michael Oakeshott, 1417; and Plato, 1494, 1531, 1533; and John Rawls, 1613; and Thomas Aquinas, 1882; and Xunxi, 2017 Law's Empire (Dworkin), 561 Lawrence, D. H., 211 Laws (Plato), 96, 1532 Leadership; and Confucius, 526; and The Great Learning, 754; and Han Feizi, 774, 776; and Mencius, 1249; and Mozi, 1312-1313; and Plato, 1484, 1530; and Xunxi, 2018 Leaves from the Notebook of a Tamed Cynic (Niebuhr), 1363 Lebenswelt (Schutz), 1750 Lectures on the Philosophy of History (Hegel), 805 Legal philosophy. See Law, philosophy of Legal positivism; and Ronald Dworkin, 561, 564, 785; and H. L. A. Hart, 781, 785 Legalism; and Daoism, 421, 423; and The Great Learning, 750; and Han Feizi, 773, 775, 778 Legends of Our Time (Wiesel), 1975 Legitimation (Lyotard), 1143 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 1078-1089; and Pierre Bayle, 201-202; and Gilles Deleuze, 446; and Denis Diderot, 509; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 643; and I Ching, 906; and Isaac Newton, 1349; and Nicholas Rescher, 1628; and Peter Strawson, 1851; and Voltaire, 1942 Leibniz's law, 1079 Leiris, Michel, 193 Lenin, Vlaidmir Ilich, 747 "Lenin and Philosophy" (Althusser), 27 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 651; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1000 Lessing's ditch, 1000 Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, A (Shaftesbury), 1788 Letter Concerning Toleration, A (Locke), 1117 "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" (King), 1019, 1022 Letter to Maurice Thorez (Césaire), 356 Letter to Menoeceus (Epicurus), 609, 610 Letters (Rwmi), 1674 Letters and Papers from Prison (Bonhoeffer), 286 Leucippus, 452; and Democritus, 449; and Lucretius, 1132; and Parmenides, 454, 1443 Lévi-Strauss, Claude; and Jacques Derrida, 466, 471; and Jacques Lacan, 1057; and Marcel Mauss, 1222 Leviathan (Hobbes), 857, 859 Lévinas, Emmanuel, 261, 1090-1096; and Maurice Blanchot, 263-264; and Luce Irigaray, 918 Lewis, C. I., 1097-1106 Li, 396, 399, 909, 1249, 2016, 2060 Li Ji. See Book of Rites Li Si, 778 Li Ssu. See Li Si Liar paradox, 1026 Liber pro insipiente. See In Behalf of the Fool Liberal theology, and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1369 Liberalism; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1157; and John Stuart Mill, 1273; and Ayn Rand, 1607; and Richard Rorty, 1635-1636; and Cornel West, 1958 Liberation, and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1775 Libertarianism; and Albert Camus, 336; and Robert Nozick, 1398, 1402-1403; and Ayn Rand, 1607 Liberty; and Isaiah Berlin, 249-251; and Ronald Dworkin, 564; and Jonathan Edwards, 579; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 809; and John Stuart Mill, 1271, 1273; and John Rawls, 1612, 1616; and Thomas Reid, 1625 Libidinal Economy (Lyotard), 1141-1142 Life, meaning of; and Lin Yutang, 1111; and Thomas Nagel, 1333, 1337 Life of Reason, The (Santayana), 1709, 1714 Life of the Mind, The (Arendt), 65 Life's Dominion (Dworkin), 562 Lifeworld (Habermas), 759, 761-762 Lin Biao, 1188 Lin Yutang, 1107-1114 Linguistic analysis, 2060; and H. L. A. Hart, 783 Linguistic phenomenology (Austin), 122 Linguistic philosophy; and Jerry A. Fodor, 660; and H. L. A. Hart, 780; and Ferdinand de Saussure, 1734-1735. See also Language Linguistic Turn (Gadamer), 710-711 Lipps, Theodor, 904 Lire le Capital. See Reading Capital Literacy education, and Paulo Freire, 693-695 Literary theory; and Theodor Adorno, 18; and Gaston Bachelard, 161; and Mikhail Bakhtin, 180; and Roland Barthes, 185, 187; and Maurice Blanchot, 262, 266; and Michel Foucault, 670; and Julia Kristeva, 1040; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1143; and Karl Marx, 1213; and John Henry Newman, 1344; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1894. See also Literature Literature; and Theodor Adorno, 18; and Sri Aurobindo Ghose, 117; and Gaston Bachelard, 157, 161; and Mikhail Bakhtin, 181; and Roland Barthes, 185; and Stanley Cavell, 349; and Jacques Derrida, 468; and Julia Kristeva, 1041; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1405, 1407; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1789; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1894; and Leo Tolstoy, 1902. See also Literary theory Literature and Its Theorists (Todorov), 1895 Liuzu tan jing. See Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, The Living with Contradictions (Jaggar), 921-922 Locke, John, 1115-1130; and Annette C. Baier, 172; and George Berkeley, 236; and F. H. Bradley, 299; and Joseph Butler, 323; and Jonathan Edwards, 577, 579; and David Hume, 880; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1173; and Robert Nozick, 1400, 1402; and H. H. Price, 1562; and Thomas Reid, 1621; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1654; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1786, 1790; and Adam Smith, 1819 Locutionary act (Austin), 125 Logic, 2060; and Aristotle, 85; and Avicenna, 138; and A. J. Ayer, 150; and Rudolf Carnap, 344; and Benedetto Croce, 416; and Epictetus, 605; and Gottlob Frege, 683, 685; and Nelson Goodman, 736; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 802; and Edmund Husserl, 904; and Karl Jaspers, 951; and C. I. Lewis, 1098; and John Stuart Mill, 1270; modal, 1025; and William of Ockham, 1424; and Parmenides, 1446; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1462; and Alvin Plantinga, 1467; and Plato, 1512, 1520; and Karl Popper, 1559; and W. V. O. Quine, 1587; and Bertrand Russell, 1682-1683, 1689; and Sextus Empiricus, 1784; and Peter Strawson, 1849; and Stephen Toulmin, 1913; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1964; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1992-1993, 1996; and Xunxi, 2020 Logic of place (Nishida), 1386 Logic of Scientific Discovery, The (Popper), 1555, 1557 Logic of Sense, The (Deleuze), 444 Logical-analytic method (Russell), 1682-1683 Logical atomism (Russell), 1682 Logical Basis of Metaphysics, The (Dummett), 539 Logical empiricism; and A. J. Ayer, 149; and Rudolf Carnap, 339 Logical Foundations of Probability (Carnap), 341 Logical Investigations (Husserl), 901 Logical language (Wittgenstein), 1994 Logical operations (Wittgenstein), 1996 Logical positivism; and A. J. Ayer, 147, 149; and Rudolf Carnap, 339, 341; and Thomas S. Kuhn, 1051; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1462; and Karl Popper, 1554, 1560; and Richard Rorty, 1638; and Gilbert Ryle, 1696; and John Wisdom, 1984 Logical principles, 2060 Logical Structure of the World, The (Carnap), 339 Logical syntax, and Rudolf Carnap, 341, 344 Logical Syntax of Language, The (Carnap), 340 Logicism (Frege), 686, 688 Logik der Forschung. See Logic of Scientific Discovery, The "Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung." See Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus Logische Aufbau der Welt, Der. See Logical Structure of the World, The Logische Syntax der Sprache. See Logical Syntax of Language, The Logische Untersuchungen. See Logical Investigations Logocentrism, 267; and Jacques Derrida, 466, 469 Logos, and Heraclitus, 826, 829 Logotherapy (Frankl), 677, 679 Love, x; and Annette C. Baier, 174; and Roland Barthes, 186; and Simone de Beauvoir, 212; and Martin Buber, 319; and Meister Eckhart, 572; and Empedocles, 592, 597; and Sigmund Freud, 703; and Charles Hartshorne, 792; and Luce Irigaray, 916; and John of the Cross, 955; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1004, 1006; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1034, 1036; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1095; and G. E. Moore, 1299; and Mozi, 1312; and Iris Murdoch, 1321; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1365, 1368-1369; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1376; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1407; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1465; and Plato, 1496, 1506, 1535; and Plotinus, 1551; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1673, 1675; and George Santayana, 1715; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1729; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1866; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1971 "Love, Suffering, Pity, and Personality" (Unamuno), 1922 Lover's Discourse, A (Barthes), 186 Lucretius, 1131-1139; and Democritus, 452; and Epicurus, 608 Lukács, Georg, 22 Luminous room argument (Churchland, Paul), 373 Lunyu. See Analects Luther, Martin; and Desiderius Erasmus, 618; and Max Weber, 1952 Luxemburg, Rosa; and Antonio Gramsci, 747 Luxury (Bataille), 194 Lyceum (Aristotle), 71 Lyell, Charles, 431 Lyotard, Jean-François, 1140-1145 Mach, Ernst, 902 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 1146-1154; and Louis Althusser, 30; and Antonio Gramsci, 744; and Plato, 1535; and Leo Strauss, 1843, 1845 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 1155-1162 Madhva, 1702, 1705 Madison, James, 765-771 Madness of the Day, The (Blanchot), 263 Mahabharata, 254, 256 Mahayana Buddhism, 4 Maimonides, Moses, 1163-1170 Majales-e Sab'a. See Seven Sessions Maktubat. See Letters (Rumi) Malebranche, Nicolas, 1171-1178; and George Berkeley, 235; and David Hume, 886 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 1179-1184; and Charles Darwin, 431; and John Stuart Mill, 1271 Man a Machine (La Mettrie), 1065 Man Is Not Alone (Heschel), 837 "Man of Flesh and Bone" (Unamuno), 1921 Manas, 1706 Mandalas, and Carl Jung, 972 Mandate of Heaven; and I Ching, 908; and Mencius, 1245 Mandeville, Bernard, and Adam Smith, 1818 Manicheanism, 105, 108 Manifest image (Sellars), 1765, 1767 Mannheim, Karl, 904 Man's Search for Meaning (Frankl), 677 Mansel, H. L., 1829 Mantras, 1706 Manusmriti, and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 717 Mao dun lun. See On Contradiction Mao Zedong, 1185-1192; and Han Feizi, 774 Maoism, 1186 Marcel, Gabriel, 1193-1201 Marcus Aurelius, 1202-1209 Marcuse, Herbert, 21 Marriage, and Leo Tolstoy, 1902 Marriage and Morals (Russell), 1681 Marsilius of Padua; and Alan Gewirth, 720; and William of Ockham, 1421 Marx, Karl, 26, 1210-1218; and Charles Darwin, 433; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 633; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 644; and Alison M. Jaggar, 924; and Karl Popper, 1556; and Max Weber, 1949 Marxism; and Theodor Adorno, 18, 20; and Louis Althusser, 26, 30; and Roland Barthes, 185; and Simone de Beauvoir, 211; and Isaiah Berlin, 248, 251; and Pierre Bourdieu, 294; and Aimé Césaire, 358-359; and Benedetto Croce, 412; and Michel Foucault, 668; and Antonio Gramsci, 743, 746; and Jürgen Habermas, 758; and Martin Heidegger, 816; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 866, 869; and Julia Kristeva, 1042; and Lin Yutang, 1109; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1140; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1155; and Mao Zedong, 1185, 1189; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1254; and Iris Murdoch, 1322; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1365-1366; and Karl Popper, 1557; and Richard Rorty, 1637; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1763; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1770, 1775; and Max Weber, 1951; and Cornel West, 1956. See also Communism; Socialism Marxism and Christianity (MacIntyre), 1155 Masnavi-ye Ma'navi. See Mathnavi of Jalalu'ddin Rwmi, The Material implication (Russell), 1098 Materialism, 2060; and Theodor Adorno, 22; and George Berkeley, 236-237, 242; and Paul M. Churchland, 371, 374; and Democritus, 451, 456; and Daniel Dennett, 463; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 643; and Charles Hartshorne, 788; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1065, 1068; and Lin Yutang, 1111; and Lucretius, 1134; and Karl Marx, 1210; and Mencius, 1250; and Plato, 1527. See also Matter Mathematical logic, and W. V. O. Quine, 1586-1587 Mathematics; and Aristotle, 74, 89; and Auguste Comte, 392; and René Descartes, 473, 476, 481; and John Dewey, 495; and Denis Diderot, 507; and Susanne K. Langer, 1075; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1080; and Isaac Newton, 1347; and Hilary Putnam, 1570; and Pythagoras, 1577-1578; and Sextus Empiricus, 1784; and Baruch Spinoza, 1835; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1964. See also Calculus; Mathematics, philosophy of Mathematics, philosophy of; and Rudolf Carnap, 340; and Gottlob Frege, 683, 685; and David Hume, 884; and Blaise Pascal, 1453; and Pythagoras, 1581; and Bertrand Russell, 1683; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1680. See also Mathematics Mathnavi of Jalalu'ddin Rwmi, The (Rwmi), 1674 Matter, 2060; and Anaxagoras, 36; and Anaximander, 41; and Aristotle, 76, 89; and Avicenna, 141; and George Berkeley, 236, 238, 240; and Giordano Bruno, 311; and René Descartes, 484; and Hans Jonas, 964; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1464; and Plotinus, 1551. See also Materialism Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de, 509 Mauss, Marcel, 1219-1226 Maximin solution (Rawls), 1615 Maximus the Confessor, 622 Maya, 1705, 2060 Mbiti, John S., 1227-1234 Mead, George Herbert, 1235-1243; and Jürgen Habermas, 762 Mean; and Aristotle, 77; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 524 Meaning, theory of; and A. J. Ayer, 149; and Roland Barthes, 189; and F. H. Bradley, 299; and Paul M. Churchland, 372; and Donald Davidson, 436; and Jacques Derrida, 466, 469; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 517; and Michael Dummett, 537, 539-540; and Viktor Frankl, 678-680; and Gottlob Frege, 683; and Edmund Husserl, 904; and William James, 941; and Saul Kripke, 1027; and Susanne K. Langer, 1074, 1076; and Keiji Nishitani, 1394; and Hilary Putnam, 1571; and W. V. O. Quine, 1589; and Nicholas Rescher, 1633; and Josiah Royce, 1661; and Bertrand Russell, 1688; and Alfred Schutz, 1752; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1768; and John Wisdom, 1982; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1027, 1991, 1997, 1999 Meaning and Necessity (Carnap), 341 "Meaning and Truth" (Strawson), 436 Meaning in History (Dilthey), 516 Meaningful language (Vienna Circle), 342 Means, 2060 Measure (Plato), 1540 Mechanical model (Hobbes), 859 Mechanics, and Isaac Newton, 1349, 1351 Mechanism; and Democritus, 454; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1062, 1065-1066 Medical ethics, and Stephen Toulmin, 1910 Medicine; and Avicenna, 139; and Hildegard von Bingen, 846; and Hippocrates, 848, 851; and Moses Maimonides, 1165 Medieval Sinhalese Art (Coomaraswamy), 405 Meditation, and Huineng, 878 Meditationes de prima philosophia. See Meditations on First Philosophy Meditations (Marcus Aurelius), 1204-1205 Meditations on First Philosophy (Descartes), 475, 480, 1620 Meditations on Quixote (Ortega y Gasset), 1435 Meeting Life (Krishnamurti), 1035 Meinecke, Friedrich, 1644 Melancholy, and Søren Kierkegaard, 1003 Meliorism; and William James, 941; and Richard Rorty, 1636; and Voltaire, 1942 Melissus of Samos, 1443, 1445-1446 Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes (Saussure), 1732 Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Jung), 970 Memory; and Augustine, 106; and Avicenna, 142; and Bonaventure, 280; and Émile Durkheim, 556; and David Hume, 884; and William James, 933; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1036; and Thomas Reid, 1623; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1745; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 2001 Men Against Humanity (Marcel), 1195, 1198 Men, and Annette C. Baier, 174 Men in Dark Times (Arendt), 65 Mencius, 521, 727, 749, 755, 1244-1252; and Confucius, 402; and Daoism, 423; and Han Feizi, 775; and Mozi, 1312; and Xunxi, 2016, 2018; and Zhuangzi, 2035 Mendel, Gregor, and Charles Darwin, 429 Mendiant de Jérusalem, Le. See Beggar in Jerusalem, A Mengzi (Mencius), 749, 1244, 1247; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 524 Meno (Plato), 1508 Mentalese (Sellars), 1768 Mercantilism (Smith), 1819 Mercy; and Meister Eckhart, 572; and Niccolò Machiavelli, 1152 Mereology (Gongsun Long), 729 Merit (Smith), 1816 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 636, 1253-1261; and Louis Althusser, 30; and Gilles Deleuze, 442; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 797; and Luce Irigaray, 917; and Gabriel Marcel, 1196 Message to the Planet, The (Murdoch), 1319 Metabolism (Jonas), 964 Metalanguage, 2060; and Roland Barthes, 187; and Rudolf Carnap, 343; and Saul Kripke, 1026 Metaphor; and Donald Davidson, 437; and Moses Maimonides, 1166 Metaphysical Club, 1458, 1461 Metaphysical ethics (Moore), 1298 Metaphysical idealism (Royce), 1660 Metaphysical realism (Putnam), 1574 Metaphysical stage, 390 Metaphysics, 2060; and Aristotle, 72-73, 89; and A. J. Ayer, 150; and Henri Bergson, 225-226; and F. H. Bradley, 301; and Martin Buber, 318; and Rudolf Carnap, 342; and R. G. Collingwood, 381, 383-384; defined, xii, xvi; and René Descartes, 478; and Michael Dummett, 539; and John Duns Scotus, 545, 548; and Ralph Waldo Emerson, 591; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796, 798; and Karl Jaspers, 948; and Hans Jonas, 962; and Immanuel Kant, 974, 978, 981; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1177; and Thomas Nagel, 1336; and Hilary Putnam, 1574; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1599; and Sextus Empiricus, 1784; and Peter Strawson, 1849, 1851; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1966; and John Wisdom, 1984 Metaphysics (Aristotle), xii, 72 Metaphysics and Historicity (Fackenheim), 628 Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals (Murdoch), 1319 Metaphysics of presence (Derrida), 470 Metempsychosis; and Lucretius, 1136; and Plato, 1507; and Pythagoras, 1578, 1583 Methodenstreit, 1950 Methodological solipsism (Putnam), 663 Methods of Ethics, The (Sidgwick), 1797 Methods of Logic (Quine), 1587 Mevlevi Sufism, 1675, 1678 Michelet (Barthes), 185 Midgley, Mary, 1262-1267 Milesian philosophers; and Anaxagoras, 38; and Democritus, 453; and Heraclitus, 40; and Pythagoras, 1581 Mill, James, 1268, and Jeremy Bentham, 216 Mill, John Stuart, 1268-1282; and Jeremy Bentham, 216; and Isaiah Berlin, 252; and R. G. Collingwood, 383; and Auguste Comte, 392; and Gottlob Frege, 685; and David Hume, 883; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1159; and the philosophy of psychology, 902; and H. H. Price, 1562; and reference, 1029; and Henry Sidgwick, 1796 Mimesis (Aristotle), 92 Mind; and Anaxagoras, 34, 36; and Augustine, 106; and Joseph Butler, 324; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 625; individualistic theory, 1242; and Lucretius, 1136; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1171, 1176; and George Herbert Mead, 1239-1240; social theories, 1242; and Baruch Spinoza, 1837; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1866. See also Body; Mind, philosophy of; Mind-body connection; Mind-body dualism; Mind-body problem Mind, philosophy of; and Aristotle, 83; and Avicenna, 140; and Bonaventure, 279; and Patricia Churchland, 362; and Paul M. Churchland, 370; and Donald Davidson, 440; and Daniel Dennett, 459, 461; and Jerry A. Fodor, 661; and I Ching, 909; and Hans Jonas, 963; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1034, 1036; and Susanne K. Langer, 1073; and Thomas Nagel, 1333, 1335; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1438; and Hilary Putnam, 1570; and Thomas Reid, 1622; and Gilbert Ryle, 1695-1696; and John R. Searle, 1757; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1765, 1768; and John Wisdom, 1983; and Xunxi, 2020. See also Body; Mind; Mind-body connection; Mind-body dualism; Mind-body problem Mind (journal), 1294, 1694 Mind (Langer), 1073 Mind and the World-Order (Lewis), 1098, 1100 Mind-body connection; and Auguste Comte, 392; and John Dewey, 495; and Émile Durkheim, 558; and William James, 929, 931; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1064; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1257. See also Mind, philosphy of; Mind-body dualism; Mind-body problem Mind-body dualism; and Charles Hartshorne, 787; and Gabriel Marcel, 1198; and Gilbert Ryle, 1694; and Samkara, 1702; and Peter Strawson, 1851. See also Mind, philosphy of; Mind-body connection; Mind-body problem Mind-body problem, 2060; and Paul M. Churchland, 370, 374; and Donald Davidson, 438; and Daniel Dennett, 460-461; and René Descartes, 480; and George Herbert Mead, 1239; and Richard Rorty, 1640. See also Body; Mind, philosophy of; Mind-body connection; Mind-body dualism Mind, Self, and Society (Mead), 1238-1239 Mind's I, The (Dennett and Hofstadter), 459 Ming, 401 Minima (Bruno), 308 Miracle, 2060 Mirror state (Lacan), 1056 Mishnah, 1164 Mishneh Torah (Maimonides), 1165 Mitwelt (Heidegger), 819 Mo Tzu. See Mozi Modal logic (Lewis), 1098 Modern Theme, The (Ortega y Gasset), 1436 Modernism; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1145; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1159 Modernity (Weber), 1953 Mohism, 1309, 1311-1312; and Gongsun Long, 729. See also Mozi Moksha, 116, 258, 717, 1936; and Madhva, 1703; and Ramanuja, 1703; and Samkara, 1703 Monadism; and Giordano Bruno, 309; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1080 Monadology (Leibniz), 1085 Monadology, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 447, 1085 Monarchy; and Aristotle, 97; and Confucius, 397; and Han Feizi, 774, 776; and Thomas Hobbes, 862; and Mencius, 1245, 1249; and Mozi, 1312-1313; and Plato, 1531, 1534; and Giambattista Vico, 1931; and Xunxi, 2018 Monism, 2061; anomalous (Davidson), 440; and Isaiah Berlin, 250, 252; and Empedocles, 596; and The Great Learning, 753; and William James, 942; and Parmenides, 453, 1442, 1445; and Samkara, 1702, 1705; and Zeno of Elea, 2026 Monistic Hinduism, 255, 257 Monologion (Anselm), 50 Monologism (Bakhtin), 180-181 Monotheism, 2061; and Samkara, 1702; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1922 Monothelitism (Erigena), 622 Monsieur Pascal's Thoughts, Meditations, and Prayers. See Pensées Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 1283-1290; and Michael Oakeshott, 1415; and Blaise Pascal, 1454; and Sextus Empiricus, 1780 Montesquieu: La Politique et l'histoire. See Politics and History Montgomery bus boycott, 1019 Montherlant, Henri de, and Simone de Beauvoir, 211 Moore, G. E., 1291-1300; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1159; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1679; and John Wisdom, 1981; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 2002 Moral anxiety (Tillich), 1888 Moral conduct, and John Dewey, 492 Moral judgment, and David Hume, 891, 893 Moral law, and Immanuel Kant, 989, 996 Moral Man and Immoral Society (Niebuhr), 1366 Moral philosophy, xii, 2061; and Annette C. Baier, 174; and Jeremy Bentham, 218; and Joseph Butler, 325; and John Dewey, 489; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 652; and Alan Gewirth, 723; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 801; and Thomas Hobbes, 861; and David Hume, 880, 889; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1159, 1161; and Marcus Aurelius, 1207; and John Stuart Mill, 1277; and Thomas More, 1307; and Iris Murdoch, 1317, 1320; and Thomas Nagel, 1332; and Nicholas Rescher, 1632; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1790-1791; and Henry Sidgwick, 1799; and Peter Singer, 1804; and Adam Smith, 1812, 1814. See also Ethics; Morality Moral Prejudices (Baier), 173-174 Moral reasoning, and Stephen Toulmin, 1912, 1914 Moral relativism; and Hannah Arendt, 64; and Mary Midgley, 1263; and Sextus Empiricus, 1785 Moral restraint (Malthus), 1181 Moral rules (Durkheim), 556 Moral sense theory (Shaftesbury), 1788 Moral sentiment (Smith), 1812, 1814 Moral theory; and John Rawls, 1613, 1616; and Thomas Reid, 1623-1625 Moralists, The (Shaftesbury), 1788 Morality, 2061; Augustine's definition of, 108; and Henri Bergson, 229; and Sigmund Freud, 704; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 801; and Mary Midgley, 1263; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1381; and George Santayana, 1711; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1895; and Giambattista Vico, 1930; and Vivekananda, 1937; and Mary Wollstonecraft, 2012. See also Ethics; Moral philosophy More, Thomas, 1301-1308 Mortal Questions (Nagel), 1333 Mortality; and Maurice Blanchot, 266; and Hans Jonas, 964-965; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1013; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1917, 1921; and Zhuangzi, 2034. See also Death Mortality and Morality (Jonas), 962-963 Moses ben Maimon. See Maimonides, Moses Motion; and Aristotle, 90; and Averroës, 134; and Henri Bergson, 227-228; and Democritus, 454; and Empedocles, 596; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1080; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1171; and Isaac Newton, 1348, 1351; and Kitaro Nishida, 1388; and Parmenides, 453, 596, 1445-1446; and Plato, 1528, 1536; and Bertrand Russell, 1684; and Zeno of Elea, 2024, 2026 Motivation; and Jeremy Bentham, 218-219; and Mary Midgley, 1266; and Thomas Reid, 1624; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1740; and Alfred Schutz, 1749, 1752 Motive, 2061 Mots et les choses, Les. See Order of Things, The Mozi, 754, 1309-1315; , and Dao De Jing, 420; and Daoism, 423; and Han Feizi, 776, 778; and Mencius, 1246; and Xunxi, 2020 Muhammad, and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1675 Muktananda, Swami, 1669 Multiculturalism, and Kwame Anthony Appiah, 58 Multiplicities (Whitehead), 1968 Mumuksuta, 1706 Murdoch, Iris, 1316-1323 Music; and Martin Buber, 318; and Stanley Cavell, 351; and Susanne K. Langer, 1075-1076; and Pythagoras, 1578, 1581; and Xunxi, 2020 Music of the spheres (Pythagoras), 1580, 1582 Muslim philosophy. See Islamic philosophy Must We Mean What We Say? (Cavell), 348, 350 Mutual protection associations, and Robert Nozick, 1402 My Brother Paul (Rubenstein), 1667 My Country and My People (Lin Yutang), 1108 Mystery; and Gabriel Marcel, 1200; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1677 Mystery of Being, The (Marcel), 1196 Mysticism, 2061; and Georges Bataille, 196; and Henri Bergson, 230, 232; and Bonaventure, 277-278; and Martin Buber, 315; and Daoism, 425; and Hildegard von Bingen, 842; and John of the Cross, 953, 955; and Mencius, 1250; and Kitaro Nishida, 1386; and Plotinus, 1547, 1550; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1598; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1675; and Samkara, 1705; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1865; and Vivekananda, 1934; and Zhuangzi, 2034 Mysticism: Christian and Buddhist (Suzuki), 1855 Myth, 2061; and Roland Barthes, 187; and Henri Bergson, 230; and Susanne K. Langer, 1076 Myth of Sisyphus, The (Camus), 331, 333 Mythe de Sisyphe, Le. See Myth of Sisyphus, The Mythologies (Barthes), 185, 187 Mythology; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1143; and Plato, 1530, 1542; and Giambattista Vico, 1927, 1929 NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Nachfolge. See Cost of Discipleship, The Naess, Arne, 1324-1331 Nagel, Thomas, 1332-1338; and Paul M. Churchland, 376 Naive realism, 2061; and H. H. Price, 1565 Names, rectification of, 396, 402; and Confucius, 2020; and Han Feizi, 776; and Xunxi, 2020 Names, School of; and Daoism, 424; and Gongsun Long, 727, 730, 733; and Han Feizi, 776; and Xunxi, 2020; and Zhuangzi, 2033 Names, and Saul Kripke, 1026, 1028 Naming and Necessity (Kripke), 1026, 1028 Narrative, and Jean-François Lyotard, 1143 Natili, Abu 'Abd Allah al, 138 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 530, 534 National consciousness (Fanon), 637, 639 Nationalist China; and Lin Yutang, 1107; and Mao Zedong, 1185, 1188 Natural law, 2061; and H. L. A. Hart, 781, 785; and Thomas Hobbes, 861; and Immanuel Kant, 986, 991; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1064, 1067; and John Locke, 1116, 1119, 1121; and Thomas Robert Malthus, 1180; and Leo Strauss, 1844; and Thomas Aquinas, 1882; and Voltaire, 1943 Natural Philosophy (Hobbes), 859 Natural Right and History (Strauss), 1844 Natural right, and Leo Strauss, 1844 Natural selection, and Charles Darwin, 431 Natural theology, 2061 Naturalism, 2061; and John Dewey, 487; and Edmund Husserl, 902; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1599, 1602; and George Santayana, 1710; and Paul Tillich, 1890 Naturalistic ethics, 2061 Naturalistic fallacy, 2061; and G. E. Moore, 1293, 1295-1296 Naturalized epistemology (Quine), 1588 Nature, 2061; and Anaximander, 41; and Aristotle, 89; and Daoism, 424-425; and Thomas Hobbes, 857; and Hans Jonas, 963; and Marcus Aurelius, 1208; and George Santayana, 1715; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1791; and Xunxi, 2017, 2019 Nature (Emerson), 585 Nature and Destiny of Man, The (Niebuhr), 1365-1366 Nature of Rationality, The (Nozick), 1399 Nazism; and Hannah Arendt, 64, 66; and Henri Bergson, 224; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 285, 287; and Aimé Césaire, 359; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 628; and Sigmund Freud, 701-702; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 706; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 809; and Martin Heidegger, 815-816; and Karl Jaspers, 901, 946; and Hans Jonas, 961; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1141; and Hilary Putnam, 1572; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1666; and Alfred Schutz, 1749; and Paul Tillich, 1885; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1896; and Elie Wiesel, 1977 Necessary propositions (Leibniz), 1079 Necessary truth, 2061 Necessary truths (Reid), 1623 Necessity; and Aristotle, 74; and John Duns Scotus, 549; and Jonathan Edwards, 581; and David Hume, 987; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1083-1084 Negation; and Georges Bataille, 262; and Maurice Blanchot, 262, 264 Negative Dialectics (Adorno), 20 Negative theology (Maimonides), 1168 Negative vs. positive liberty (Berlin), 250-252 Negative way; and John of the Cross, 958; and Vivekananda, 1938 Negritude (Césaire), 356 Neocolonialism, and Paulin J. Hountondji, 869 Neo-Confucianism, 751 Neoorthodox Protestantism, and Martin Buber, 316 Neoorthodoxy, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 284, 1365 Neoplatonism, 2061; and Peter Abelard, 14; and Thomas Aquinas, 1871; and Augustine, 101, 108; and Bonaventure, 279, 281; and Giordano Bruno, 306; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 621, 623-624; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1171; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1354; and Origen, 1432; and Plotinus, 1547-1548; and Baruch Spinoza, 1837; and Thomas Aquinas, 1878-1879 Neopositivism, and Alfred Schutz, 1749 Network of Thought, The (Krishnamurti), 1034 Neue Gemeinschaft, and Martin Buber, 314 Neurophilosophy (Churchland, Patricia), 365 Neuroscience; and Patricia Churchland, 362, 365; and Paul M. Churchland, 371, 374; and Daniel Dennett, 460 Neurosis; and Sigmund Freud, 700; and Paul Tillich, 1889 Neutral, the (Blanchot), 264 New Atlantis (Bacon), 164 New classical monotheism, 793 New Essays Concerning Human Understanding (Leibniz), 1081 New Novel, and Maurice Blanchot, 266 New Science, The (Vico), 1926, 1928 New scientific mind (Bachelard), 156, 159 New Scientific Spirit, The (Bachelard), 156 New Testament Eschatology in an African Background (Mbiti), 1228 Newman, John Henry, 1339-1346 Newton, Isaac, 1347-1353; and George Berkeley, 235; and David Hume, 883, 894; and Immanuel Kant, 975, 980; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1080-1081; and Adam Smith, 1813; and Giambattista Vico, 1928 Nexus (Whitehead), 1967 Niagara Movement, and W. E. B. Du Bois, 530, 534 "Nice Derangement of Epitaphs, A" (Davidson), 436 Nicholas of Cusa, 1354-1362; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 623 Nicod, Jean, 662 Nicodemo el fariseo (Unamuno), 1919 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 75, 1582 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 1363-1370; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 286 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1371-1383; and Buddhism, 5; and Gilles Deleuze, 443; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 633; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 709; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 800; and Martin Heidegger, 815; and Karl Jaspers, 948; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1144; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1159; and Keiji Nishitani, 1392; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1741; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1771; and Paul Tillich, 1888 Nietzsche and Philosophy (Deleuze), 443 Night (Wiesel), 1974, 1976 Nihilism; and Buddhism, 3; and Albert Camus, 333, 335; and Nelson Goodman, 740; and Hans Jonas, 962; and Iris Murdoch, 1320; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1374; and Keiji Nishitani, 1392, 1394 Nihility (Nishitani), 1394 Nirvana, 2061, and Samkara, 1702, 1704 Nirvikalpa samadhi, 1707 Nishida, Kitaro, 1384-1390, 1392 Nishitani, Keiji, 2, 1389, 1391-1397 Nivedita, Sister, 1935 Nivritti (Vivekananda), 1938 No-mind (Suzuki), 1860 No-thought (Huineng), 878 Noche escura del alma. See Dark Night of the Soul Noema (Husserl), 903 Noesis (Husserl), 903 Nominalism, 2061; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 623; and Nelson Goodman, 735; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1354; and William of Ockham, 1419, 1423 Nomoi. See Laws Nonactivity; and Daoism, 424, 2030; and Han Feizi, 778; and Laozi, 2035; and Zhuangzi, 2035 Nonattachment (Vivekananda), 1937-1938 Nondiscursive symbols (Langer), 1072 Nonnaturalistic ethics, 2061 Nonviolent resistance, 2061; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 715, 717; and Martin Luther King, Jr., 1019, 1021; and Leo Tolstoy, 1903 Normative, 2061 Norms, and Arne Naess, 1329 Not-being (Plato), 1526 Nothingness; and Masao Abe, 4; and Kitaro Nishida, 1386-1387, 1389; and Keiji Nishitani, 1392, 1394-1395; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1724. See also Absolute nothingness Notion, Doctrine of (Hegel), 803 Noumenon, 2061; and Martin Buber, 320; and Immanuel Kant, 988-989 Nous, and Anaxagoras, 34, 36 Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain. See New Essays Concerning Human Understanding Novalis complex (Bachelard), 160 Novels, and Mikhail Bakhtin, 181 Novum Organum (Bacon), 164-165 Nozick, Robert, 1398-1404 Nuit, La. See Night Number; and Pythagoras, 1578, 1581; and Bertrand Russell, 1685 Numbers, and Gottlob Frege, 683, 685 Nussbaum, Martha Craven, 1405-1412 Oakeshott, Michael, 1413-1418 Oath, The (Wiesel), 1975 Object language; and Rudolf Carnap, 343; and Saul Kripke, 1026; and Bertrand Russell, 1687 Objective mind (Dilthey), 518 Objective truth, 2061 Objectivism; and Pierre Bourdieu, 293, 295; and Ayn Rand, 1606-1607; and Stephen Toulmin, 1912 Objectivity; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 652; and Thomas Nagel, 1335; and Nicholas Rescher, 1630; and Peter Strawson, 1850 Objectivity (Rescher), 1630 Objects; and Gottlob Frege, 688; and W. V. O. Quine, 1588, 1591 Objects of knowledge (Berkeley), 238, 241 Obligation (Mauss), 1223 Observation-statement (Ayer), 153 Occasionalism, 2061; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1172, 1176 Occasions, and Alfred North Whitehead, 1968 Occurrence theory of belief (Price), 1564 Ockham, William of, 1419-1427; and John Duns Scotus, 547; and Meister Eckhart, 570 Ockham's razor, 1424, 2061; and Gilbert Ryle, 1693 Octo quaestiones de potestate papae (Ockham), 1421 Odyssey (Homer), 1443 Oedipus complex (Freud), 701 Of Civil Government (Locke), 1119-1120 Of Grammatology (Derrida), 466-467, 469 Of Learned Ignorance (Nicholas of Cusa), 1356-1357 Of Mind and Other Matters (Goodman), 737 Økologi, samfunn og livsstil. See Ecology, Community, and Lifestyle Ökonomische und philosophische Manuskripte. See Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 "Old and New Politics" (Ortega y Gasset), 1435 Oligarchy; and Aristotle, 97; and Plato, 1531 Omnipotence, 2061 Omniscience, 2061 On Certainty (Wittgenstein), 2002 On Contradiction (Mao Zedong), 1188 On Detachment (Eckhart), 571 On First Principles (Origen), 1430-1431 On Human Conduct (Oakeshott), 1415 On Interpretation (Aristotle), 84 On Liberty (Mill, J. S.), 1271, 1273 "On Nature" (Anaxagoras), 34 On Nature (Anaximander), 43 On Nature (Empedocles), 592, 596 On Nature (Heraclitus). See Peri physeos (Heraclitus) On Nature (Parmenides), 1442, 2026 On Racine (Barthes), 185 On Revolution (Arendt), 65 "On Sense and Reference" (Frege), 689 On Sophistical Refutations (Aristotle), 85 On the Bondage of the Will (Luther), 618-619 On the Division of Nature (Erigena), 622-623 On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (Schopenhauer), 1739 On the Freedom of the Will (Erasmus), 617 On the Geneaology of Morals (Nietzsche), 1380 On the Infinite Universe and Worlds (Bruno), 308 "On the Jewish Question" (Marx), 1215 On the Most Ancient Wisdom of the Italians (Vico), 1925 On the Nature of the Gods (Cicero), 894 On the Nature of Things (Lucretius), 608, 1131, 1134 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 429-430, 1825 On the Soul (Aristotle), 80, 141 On the Trinity (Boethius), 268 "On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme" (Davidson), 436 One, the, 2062; and Plotinus, 1549 One-many problem; and Parmenides, 1446, 2023; and Plato, 1537; and Plotinus, 622, 1548; and Zeno of Elea, 2024 Ontic anxiety (Tillich), 1888 Ontological argument, 2062; and Saint Anselm, 51, 279 Ontological exigence (Marcel), 1195 Ontological Relativity and Other Essays (Quine), 1588 Ontology, 2062; and Theodor Adorno, 21; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 409; and Donald Davidson, 438-439; and René Descartes, 479; and Martin Heidegger, 814, 817; and Edmund Husserl, 904; and Hans Jonas, 962; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1091, 1094; and John S. Mbiti, 1228, 1231; and Iris Murdoch, 1322; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1439; and Parmenides, 1442, 1444; and Alvin Plantinga, 1470; and W. V. O. Quine, 1586, 1588; and Nicholas Rescher, 1632; and Josiah Royce, 1661; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1723; and Stephen Toulmin, 1909. See also Being; Reality Open societies (Bergson), 231 Open Society and Its Enemies, The (Popper), 1556 Operationalism, and John Dewey, 495 Opinion; and John Stuart Mill, 1275; and Plato, 1524 Opposing principles (Empedocles), 592 Opposites; and Giordano Bruno, 308; and Heraclitus, 827, 829; and Mao Zedong, 1189; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1357; and Kitaro Nishida, 1385-1386; and Plato, 1483, 1514; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1867; and Vivekananda, 1938 Optics, and Isaac Newton, 1347 Optimism, 2062; and Denis Diderot, 510; and William James, 938; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1081-1082; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1367; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1789; and Voltaire, 1941-1942 Order in the universe; and Anaxagoras, 37; and Anaximander, 40; and Giordano Bruno, 311; and Heraclitus, 827, 832; and David Hume, 895, 897; and William James, 941; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1080; and C. I. Lewis, 1105; and Isaac Newton, 1350; and Plato, 1541; and Pythagoras, 1580, 1582; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1602; and George Santayana, 1714; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1969 Order of Things, The (Foucault), 670 Ordinary language, 2062 Ordinary language philosophy; and J. L. Austin, 350, 536; and Stanley Cavell, 350; and Patricia Churchland, 362; and H. L. A. Hart, 780; and Alison M. Jaggar, 920; and Nicholas Rescher, 1632; and Bertrand Russell, 1687; and Gilbert Ryle, 1692; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1992, 2003 Ordinary vices (Todorov), 1898 Ordinary virtues (Todorov), 1897 Ordinatio (Duns Scotus), 544 Organic unities, principle of (Moore), 1296 Organism, philosophy of (Whitehead), xviii, 1966 Organon (Aristotle), 84, 165 Origen, 1428-1434 Origen Against Celsus (Alexandria), 1431 Origin and Goal of History, The (Jaspers), 946 Origins of Totalitarianism, The (Arendt), 64, 66 Orphism, and Pythagoras, 1583 Ortega y Gasset, José, xx, 1435-1440; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1919 Oslo group, 1326 Ostentation (Wisdom), 1987 Other, and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1727 Other Minds (Nagel), 1334 Otherness, and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1093 Otherwise than Being (Lévinas), 1092 Otto, Rudolph, 904 Our Knowledge of the External World (Russell), 1681 Outline of a Theory of Practice (Bourdieu), 293-294 "Outline of a Theory of Truth" (Kripke), 1026 Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Sextus Empiricus), 1779, 1781 Overman (Nietzsche), 1373, 1375 Over-soul (Emerson), 590 Oxford Movement, 1339 Oxford philosophy, and J. L. Austin, 120 Oya-sama (Suzuki), 1854 Paganism, and Lin Yutang, 1112 Pain; and Jeremy Bentham, 218; and Plato, 1538; and Hilary Putnam, 1571 Paine, Thomas, 1045 Paley, William, 1797 Pan-Africanism; and Kwame Anthony Appiah, 57, 59, 61; and W. E. B. Du Bois, 530 Panpsychism, 2062 Panpsychistic idealism (Leibniz), 1080 Pantheism, 2062; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 646; and Charles Hartshorne, 792; and Baruch Spinoza, 1836 Pantonomy (Ortega y Gasset), 1438 Paracelsus, 853 Paradigms (Kuhn), 1048, 1052 Paradox, 2062; and Gongsun Long, 727, 732; and Hui Shi, 727; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1009; and Moses Maimonides, 1167; and Kitaro Nishida, 1389; and Bertrand Russell, 1685; and Sextus Empiricus, 1784; and D. T. Suzuki, 1859; and truth, 1026; and Vivekananda, 1938; and Xunxi, 2021; and Zeno of Elea, 732, 2024, 2026 Paradoxes of Zeno, The (Zeno of Elea), 2025 Paradoxical intention (Frankl), 680 Parallelism, 2062 Paramatman, 1706 Parerga and Paralipomena (Schopenhauer), 1741 Parks, Rosa, and Martin Luther King, Jr., 1018 Parmenides, 453, 1441-1448, 1517; and Anaxagoras, 33; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 408; and Democritus, 449; and Empedocles, 592, 595; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 798; and Heraclitus, 832; and Plato, 1526; and Zeno of Elea, 2023, 2026 Parmenides (Plato), 1517, 2023 Parole (Saussure), 293, 1734, 1736 Parsons, Talcott, 762 Part du feu, La. See Work of Fire, The Part maudite, La. See Accursed Share, The Participation (Marcel), 1199 Particular, 2062 Particulars vs. universals, and Gongsun Long, 731 Pascal, Blaise, 1449-1456; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1381 Pascal's wager, 2062 Passions; and René Descartes, 475; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 807; and Thomas Hobbes, 860; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1376; and Plato, 1476; and Adam Smith, 1816; and Baruch Spinoza, 1839. See also Desire; Emotion Passions de l'âme, Les. See Passions of the Soul, The Passions of the Soul, The (Descartes), 475 Peau noire, masques blancs. See Black Skin, White Masks Pedagogía del oprimido. See Pedagogy of the Oppressed Pedagogy. See Education, philosophy of Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Freire), 694-695 Peirce, Charles Sanders, 1457-1466; and William James, 929; and George Herbert Mead, 1238; and Thomas Reid, 1621; and Cornel West, 1960 Pensées (Pascal), 1450-1451 Pensées philosophiques (Diderot), 504 Pensées sur l'interprétation de la nature. See Thoughts on the Interpretation of Nature Penultimate (Bonhoeffer), 287 Penumbra of facts (Wisdom), 1985 Percept, 2062 Perception; and Anaxagoras, 38; and Aristotle, 83; and Avicenna, 142; and A. J. Ayer, 150; and Pierre Bayle, 203; and George Berkeley, 238-239, 242-243; and Nelson Goodman, 740; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 799; and David Hume, 881; and Edmund Husserl, 903; and William James, 932, 941; and Immanuel Kant, 978; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1081, 1087; and C. I. Lewis, 1102-1103; and Lucretius, 1137; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1254-1256, 1258; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1289; and G. E. Moore, 1293; and Kitaro Nishida, 1388; and Plato, 1521; and Plotinus, 1548; and H. H. Price, 1562, 1565; and Thomas Reid, 1619, 1623; and Bertrand Russell, 1688; and Gilbert Ryle, 1698; and George Santayana, 1710-1711; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1740, 1743; and Baruch Spinoza, 1837; and Peter Strawson, 1850. See also Sensation; Sense-data Perception (Price), 1562, 1564 Perceptual acceptance (Price), 1566 Perceptual assurance (Price), 1566 Perceptual consciousness (Price), 1566 Perennial philosophy; and Louis Althusser, 30; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 405-407; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 405 Perfection, and Charles Hartshorne, 792 Performance (Chomsky), 293 Performative speech acts; and J. L. Austin, 123, 1756; explicit (Austin), 124 Peri archon. See On First Principles Peri physeos. See On Nature (Empedocles); Way of Truth, The Peri physeos (Heraclitus), 825, 828 Peripeteia (Aristotle), 93 Perlocutionary act (Austin), 125 Permanence, doctrine of (Whitehead), 1969 Perplexity (Maimonides), 1166 Person (Strawson), 1851 Person bites (Butler), 325 Personalism, 2062 Personality (Tagore), 1867 Persons (Hegel), 808 Persons and Places (Santayana), 1709 Persuasion, and Plato, 1482 Pessimism, 2062; and William James, 938 Peste, La. See Plague, The Phaedo (Plato), 1512 Phaedrus (Plato), 1506, 1552 Phänomenologie des Geistes, Die. See Phenomenology of Spirit, The Phantasms (Hobbes), 860 Phatic act (Austin), 125 Phenomenalism; and Rudolf Carnap, 339; and C. I. Lewis, 1099; and Parmenides, 1446; vs. phenomenology, 902; and H. H. Price, 1565, 1567; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1768 Phenomenological ontology; and Martin Heidegger, 817; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1724 Phénoménologie de la perception. See Phenomenology of Perception, The Phenomenology, 2062; and Louis Althusser, 30; and J. L. Austin, 122; and George Berkeley, 237; and Jacques Derrida, 467; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 711; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 798; and Martin Heidegger, 817; and Edmund Husserl, 899, 901; and Karl Jaspers, 945; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1090, 1093; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1140; and Gabriel Marcel, 1196-1197; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1254, 1256; and Alfred Schutz, 1748, 1751; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1771; and Leo Strauss, 1841 Phenomenology (Lyotard), 1140 Phenomenology of Mind, The (Hegel), 629 Phenomenology of Mind, The (Marx), 1216 Phenomenology of Perception, The (Merleau-Ponty), 1254-1255 Phenomenology of Spirit, The (Hegel), 795, 797 Phenomenology of the Social World, The (Schutz), 1751 Phenomenon, 2062; and Immanuel Kant, 988-989 Phenomenon of Life, The (Jonas), 962 Philebus (Plato), 1536 Philosopher-king (Plato), 1476, 1504 Philosophes, 1943 Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. See Principia Philosophic wisdom (Aristotle), 79 Philosophical Commentary on These Words in the Gospel, Luke XIV, 23, A (Bayle), 200 Philosophical Dictionary (Voltaire), 1943 Philosophical Explanations (Nozick), 1399 Philosophical faith (Jaspers), 951 Philosophical Faith and Revelation (Jaspers), 946 Philosophical Fragments (Kierkegaard), 1006 Philosophical hermeneutics, and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 707 Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein), 1027, 1639, 1991, 1997 Philosophical Letters (Voltaire), 1941 Philosophical logic (Jaspers), 951 Philosophical Radicalism; and Jeremy Bentham, 216; and John Stuart Mill, 1270 Philosophical theology, and Franz Rosenzweig, 1648 Philosophie. See Philosophy Philosophie bantu-rwandaise de l'être, La (Hountondji), 869 Philosophische Glaube angesichts der Offenbarung, Der. See Philosophical Faith and Revelation Philosophiske Smuler. See Philosophical Fragments Philosophy, 2062; defined, vii-viii Philosophy (Jaspers), 945 Philosophy and Logical Syntax (Carnap), 340-341 Philosophy and Psycho-Analysis (Wisdom), 1984 Philosophy and Public Affairs (journal), 1332 Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Rorty), 1635-1636, 1638 "Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the Scientists" (Althusser), 27 Philosophy in a New Key (Langer), 1072, 1074 Philosophy of Existence (Jaspers), 946 Philosophy of Leibniz, The (Rescher), 1629 Philosophy of No, The (Bachelard), 156 Philosophy of philosophy; and John Dewey, 494; and Epicurus, 612; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 869; and William James, 935, 939; and Karl Jaspers, 945; and C. I. Lewis, 1101; and Moses Maimonides, 1166; and Mary Midgley, 1264; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1437; and Hilary Putnam, 1572; and Herbert Spencer, 1826; and Leo Strauss, 1844-1845; and Thomas Aquinas, 1878; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1921; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1967; and John Wisdom, 1982, 1984; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1996, 1998 Philosophy of Right (Hegel), 796 Philosophy of the Present, The (Mead), 1238 Phonetic act (Austin), 125 Phonocentrism, 467 Phrases (Lyotard), 1141 Physica (Hildegard von Bingen), 846 Physics; and Aristotle, 74, 89; and Thomas S. Kuhn, 1047; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1080; and Isaac Newton, 1352; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1438; and Bertrand Russell, 1684; and George Santayana, 1717; and Stephen Toulmin, 1911 Physics (Aristotle), 73, 88, 1582 Physiological psychology (La Mettrie), 1066 Physis, 41 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 1780; and Thomas More, 1304 Pien Shih. See Bianshi Pierre Bayle (Feuerbach), 643 Piety, and Plato, 1485 Place (Aristotle), 90 Place (Nishida), 1386, 1388 Plague, The (Camus), 332, 334 Plantinga, Alvin, 1467-1473 Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, The (Huineng), 876 Plato, vii, xiv, xviii, 1474-1544; and Aristotle, 70, 75-76, 96; and Averroës, 130; and Boethius, 268; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 408; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 624; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 707; and Luce Irigaray, 916; and Karl Jaspers, 949; and Immanuel Kant, 988; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1092; and Thomas More, 1306; and Iris Murdoch, 1319-1320; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1382; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1408-1409; and Parmenides, 1441-1442; and Karl Popper, 1556; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1742, 1744; and Adam Smith, 1817; and Leo Strauss, 1843; and Paul Tillich, 1887; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1966; and Zeno of Elea, 2023. See also Socrates Platonic dialogues, 1475 Platonic forms, 1476 Platonic realism, 2062 Platonism; and Augustine, 107; and Bonaventure, 280; and Buddhism, 5; and Michael Dummett, 540; and Origen, 1430, 1432; and Plotinus, 1548; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1677 Play, and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 709 Pleasure; and Aristotle, 79; and Jeremy Bentham, 218; and Joseph Butler, 326; and Benedetto Croce, 417; and John Dewey, 491; and Epicureanism, 1205; and Epicurus, 609-610; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1002; and John Stuart Mill, 1272, 1278; and G. E. Moore, 1296-1297, 1299; and Thomas More, 1308; and Plato, 1480, 1483, 1537-1538; and George Santayana, 1711; and Henry Sidgwick, 1799; and Thomas Aquinas, 1876 Pleasure of the Text, The (Barthes), 186 Plot (Aristotle), 92 Plotinus, 1545-1553; and Augustine, 101; and Giordano Bruno, 311; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 409; and Origen, 1432; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1600 Pluralism, 2062; and Isaiah Berlin, 249; and William James, 942; and Arne Naess, 1329; and Stoicism, 602 Plurality; and Averroës, 134; and Samkara, 1702; and Zeno of Elea, 2026 Plutarch, 409 Poetics (Aristotle), 91 Poetics, and Tzvetan Todorov, 1893 Poetics of Reverie, The (Bachelard), 158 Poetics of Space, The (Bachelard), 158 Poetry; and Aristotle, 91, 94; and Giambattista Vico, 1930 Polar structure of being (Tillich), 1890 Politeia. See Republic Political economy; and Georges Bataille, 197; and Thomas Robert Malthus, 1181; and Karl Marx, 1211; and John Stuart Mill, 1269; and Adam Smith, 1819 Political Liberalism (Rawls), 1613 Political philosophy; and Hannah Arendt, 65-66; and Aristotle, 95; and Jeremy Bentham, 216; and Isaiah Berlin, 248, 252; and Aimé Césaire, 358; and Confucius, 395, 402, 526; and Benedetto Croce, 413; and Daoism, 423, 2030; defined, xiii; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 526; and Desiderius Erasmus, 616; and The Federalist, 768; and feminism, 922-923; and Michel Foucault, 671; and Antonio Gramsci, 743, 745; and The Great Learning, 754; and Han Feizi, 773, 775; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796, 809; and Thomas Hobbes, 856, 859; and John Locke, 1121; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1141-1142; and Niccolò Machiavelli, 1151; and Mao Zedong, 1186; and Karl Marx, 1214; and Mencius, 1245, 1249; and John Stuart Mill, 1273; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1285; and Thomas More, 1305, 1307; and Mozi, 1310, 1312-1313; and Robert Nozick, 1401; and Michael Oakeshott, 1414-1415; and William of Ockham, 1421; and Plato, 1501, 1529, 1533, 1540; and Karl Popper, 1556; and Richard Rorty, 1636; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1652-1653; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1770, 1773; and Leo Strauss, 1842-1844; and Giambattista Vico, 1931; and Xunxi, 2018 Political science, and Leo Strauss, 1845 Politics (Aristotle), 95 Politics and History (Althusser), 25 Politikos. See Statesman Polity (Aristotle), 97 Polytheism, 2062 Popper, Karl Raimund, 1554-1561 Popular dualism, 371 Population growth; and Thomas Robert Malthus, 1180, 1182; and John Stuart Mill, 1271; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1667 Porphyry, 13; and Pythagoras, 1583 Positive liberty. See Negative vs. positive liberty Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, The (Comte), 388-389 Positive stage (Comte), 390 Positive way; and John of the Cross, 958; and Vivekananda, 1938 Positivism; and A. J. Ayer, 149; and R. G. Collingwood, 383; and Auguste Comte, 388; and Benedetto Croce, 412; and Jürgen Habermas, 758; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1461; and Hilary Putnam, 1571. See also Legal positivism; Logical positivism Possibility of Altruism, The (Nagel), 1333 "Possibility of Error, The" (Royce), 1661 Possible worlds; and Saul Kripke, 1029; and Alvin Plantinga, 1467 Postcolonialism; and Kwame Anthony Appiah, 60; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1771, 1774 Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 85-86 Postmodern Condition, The (Lyotard), 1141-1142 Postmodernism, 2062; and Louis Althusser, 28; and Kwame Anthony Appiah, 60; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 710, 712; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1141-1142; and Nicholas Rescher, 1630 Poststructuralism; and Roland Barthes, 186; and Georges Bataille, 194; and Maurice Blanchot, 266; and Stanley Cavell, 349; and Jacques Derrida, 466, 469; and Julia Kristeva, 1040; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1142-1143; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1895 Postures of the Mind (Baier), 171-172 Potency (Bruno), 311 Potentiality, 2062 Pour la révolution africaine. See Toward the African Revolution Pour Marx. See For Marx Pour un morale de l'ambiguïté. See Ethics of Ambiguity, The Poverty of Historicism, The (Popper), 1555 Poverty, and Cornel West, 1958 Power, 2062; and Michel Foucault, 667, 670-671; and Niccolò Machiavelli, 1151; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1375 Power Struggle (Rubenstein), 1667 Power/Knowledge (Foucault), 670 Powers of Horror (Kristeva), 1042 Practical Ethics (Singer), 1804, 1806 "Practical Problem, The" (Unamuno), 1922 Practical theology (Mbiti), 1229 Practical wisdom (Aristotle), 78 Practice (Bourdieu), 295 Practice and Theory of Bolshevism, The (Russell), 1681 Pragmatic idealism (Rescher), 1629 Pragmaticism (Peirce), 1463 Pragmatics; and Rudolf Carnap, 343; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1764 Pragmatism, xviii, 2062; and Charles Darwin, 433; and John Dewey, 488; and Ronald Dworkin, 561; and William James, 929, 936, 939; and C. I. Lewis, 1099-1100; and George Herbert Mead, 1237-1238; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1458, 1461, 1463; and Hilary Putnam, 1572-1573, 1575; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1600; and Nicholas Rescher, 1629, 1631; and Richard Rorty, 1635-1636, 1638; and Cornel West, 1960; and Zen Buddhism, 1860 Pragmatism (James), 938, 1238 Prajna intuition, and D. T. Suzuki, 1854 Pratitya samutpada, 2062 Praxis; and Theodor Adorno, 18; and Aristotle, 92 Praxis (Jaggar), 924 Prayer, and John of the Cross, 957 Pre-Socratics, 73 Predestination, 2062; and Jonathan Edwards, 576; and Desiderius Erasmus, 618; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1084; and Mozi, 1313; and Max Weber, 1952 Preestablished harmony, 2063; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1084, 1088 Prehensions (Whitehead), 1967 Prejudices, and John Stuart Mill, 1270 Premise, 2063 President of the United States, 770 Prestation (Mauss), 1221, 1223 Presuppositions, and R. G. Collingwood, 381, 383 Price, H. H., 1562-1569 Pride; and Aristotle, 78; and Thomas More, 1308; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1368 Primary goods, and John Rawls, 1612 Primary qualities, 2063 Prime Mover (Aristotle), 75 Primitive Classification (Mauss and Durkheim), 1219 Prince, The (Machiavelli), 1149 Principal Doctrines (Epicurus), 609 Principe, Il. See Prince, The Principes de la nature et la grâce fondés en raison. See Principles of Nature and of Grace, The Principi di scienza nuova d'intorno alla natura delle nazioni per la quale si ritruovano i principi di altro sistema. See New Science, The Principia (Newton), 1349-1350 Principia Ethica (Moore), 1293, 1295 Principia Mathematica (Russell and Whitehead), 1680, 1964 Principle of noncontradiction, 2063 Principle of sufficient reason, 2063 Principles of Descartes' Philosophy (Spinoza), 1833 Principles of Ethics, The (Spencer), 1825 Principles of Mathematics, The (Russell), 1680, 1964 Principles of Nature and of Grace, The (Leibniz), 1080 Principles of Political Economy (Mill, J. S.), 1269, 1271 Principles of Psychology, The (James), 929-930, 1236 Principles of Social Reconstruction (Russell), 1680 Principles of Sociology, The (Spencer), 1825 Principles of the Philosophy of the Future (Feuerbach), 644-645 Prior Analytics (Aristotle), 85-86 Prison Notebooks (Gramsci), 743, 745 Prisons, and Michel Foucault, 671 Probabilistic automaton (Putnam), 1571 Probability; and Joseph Butler, 323; and Rudolf Carnap, 341 Problem (Marcel), 1200 Problem of evil, 2063 Problems and Projects (Goodman), 737 Problems of Art (Langer), 1073 Problems of Philosophy, The (Russell), 1680 Process and Reality (Whitehead), xviii, 1965-1966 Process philosophy; and Charles Hartshorne, 787, 790; and Heraclitus, 825, 830, 832 Proclus, 1583 Productivity, and Karl Marx, 1216 Professional philosophy (Serequeberhan), 1776 Progress, 2063 Progress of Sentiments, A (Baier), 173 Progressive adjunction (Price), 1567 Promenade du sceptique, La (Diderot), 504 Prometheus complex (Bachelard), 159 Proof, 2063 Properties of things. See Qualities of things Property, 2063; and John Locke, 1122; and Karl Marx, 1215 Prophesy Deliverance! (West), 1956 Prophetic Fragments (West), 1957 Proposition, 2063 Propositional functions (Aristotle), 85 Propositions; and Aristotle, 85; and A. J. Ayer, 151; and Gottlob Frege, 686; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1079; and William of Ockham, 1425-1426; and Alvin Plantinga, 1467; and Bertrand Russell, 1687; and Peter Strawson, 1849; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1967; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1993 Propriety (Smith), 1817 Pros Math4matikous. See Against the Mathematicians Proslogion (Anselm), 50 Protagoras, 1521 Protagoras (Plato), 1477 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 1949-1950 Protestantism; and Martin Buber, 316; and Jonathan Edwards, 576; and Desiderius Erasmus, 618; and Charles Hartshorne, 790; and Thomas More, 1303; and George Santayana, 1716; and Max Weber, 1949, 1951 Proust and Signs (Deleuze), 443 Providence, 2063; and Augustine, 109; and Giambattista Vico, 1929 Provincial Letters, The (Pascal), 1450 Prudence; and Epicurus, 611; and Henry Sidgwick, 1801; and Adam Smith, 1817 Prudential philosophy (More), 1306 Pseudo-Dionysius, 622, 624 Pseudo-object sentences, and Rudolf Carnap, 345 Psychanalyse du feu, La. See Psychoanalysis of Fire, The Psych4 (Aristotle), 80 Psychiatry, and Karl Jaspers, 945 Psychoanalysis; and Louis Althusser, 28-29; and Gaston Bachelard, 156, 159; and Georges Bataille, 193; and Simone de Beauvoir, 211; and R. G. Collingwood, 383; and Gilles Deleuze, 444, 447; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 645; and Michel Foucault, 673; and Viktor Frankl, 675, 677, 679; and Sigmund Freud, 700, 702; and Jürgen Habermas, 758; and Martin Heidegger, 816; and Carl Jung, 968; and Julia Kristeva, 1042, 1045; and Jacques Lacan, 1056, 1058; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1156; and Arne Naess, 1324; and Karl Popper, 1555; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1669; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1729; and Stoicism, 602; and D. T. Suzuki, 1855; and John Wisdom, 1982, 1988 Psychoanalysis of Fire, The (Bachelard), 157-158 Psycholinguistics, and Jerry A. Fodor, 660 Psycholog erlebt das Konzentrationslager, Ein. See Man's Search for Meaning Psychological behaviorism (Watson), 1238, 1240 Psychological egoism, and Joseph Butler, 324, 326 Psychologie der Weltanschauungen (Jaspers), 945 Psychologism; and Gottlob Frege, 685; and Edmund Husserl, 902 Psychology; and Rudolf Carnap, 343; and R. G. Collingwood, 383; and Auguste Comte, 392; and Sigmund Freud, 700, 702. See also Mind, philosophy of; Psychoanalysis; Psychology, philosophy of Psychology (Dewey), 487 Psychology, philosophy of; and Aristotle, 83; and Donald Davidson, 440; and Daniel Dennett, 462; and René Descartes, 475; and John Dewey, 488, 490, 1237; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 514; and Jerry A. Fodor, 664; and Viktor Frankl, 678; and William James, 929, 931, 1236; and Carl Jung, 969-970; and Jacques Lacan, 1056, 1058; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1254, 1256; and G. E. Moore, 1294; and Plotinus, 1548; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1601; and Gilbert Ryle, 1699; and Wilhelm Wundt, 1236. See also Mind, philosophy of; Psychoanalysis; Psychology Psychology of the Unconscious, The (Jung), 969 Psychosemantics (Fodor), 661 Punishment; and Jeremy Bentham, 220; and Michel Foucault, 671; and Han Feizi, 773, 777; and H. L. A. Hart, 782; and Plato, 1483, 1535-1536 Punishment and Responsibility (Hart), 782 Pure experience (Nishida), 1385, 1387 Pure Land school of Buddhism, 1 Pure rational faith (Kant), 991 Purifications (Empedocles), 594, 598 Puritanism; and Jonathan Edwards, 576; and C. I. Lewis, 863, 1116 Purposiveness (Kant), 993, 995 Pursuits of Happiness (Cavell), 349 Putnam, Hilary, 1570-1576; and Jerry A. Fodor, 662-663 "Puzzle About Belief, A" (Kripke), 1026 Pyrrho of Elis, 1778, 1781 Pyrrhonism; and Pierre Bayle, 201, 204; and David Hume, 883, 889; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1286-1287; and Blaise Pascal, 1454; and Sextus Empiricus, 1778, 1781 Pyrroneion Hypotyposeon . See Outlines of Pyrrhonism Pythagoras, viii, 1577-1584; and Parmenides, 1441; and Plato, 1540 Pythagorean theorem, 1579 Pythagoreans, and Empedocles, 594 Qi, 424, 909, 1251 Qian, 911 Qin, and Han Feizi, 778 Quaderni del carcere. See Prison Notebooks Quaestiones Quodlibetales. See Quodlibetal Questions, The Qualia; and Daniel Dennett, 460; and C. I. Lewis, 1102; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1464 Qualities of things; and Anaximander, 42; and Pierre Bayle, 203; and George Berkeley, 238, 242; and F. H. Bradley, 299, 301; and Democritus, 450, 454-455; and Daniel Dennett, 460; and Gongsun Long, 728, 730; in early Greek thought, 453; and Edmund Husserl, 904; and C. I. Lewis, 1102; and John Locke, 1126; and Lucretius, 1135; and Arne Naess, 1329; and Kitaro Nishida, 1388; and Parmenides, 595, 1447; and H. H. Price, 1562; and Thomas Reid, 1623; and Stephen Toulmin, 1912 Quality, 2063 Quantum theory, and Thomas S. Kuhn, 1049 Qu'est-ce que la littérature? See What Is Literature? ¿Qué es filosofia? See What Is Philosophy? Querist, The (Berkeley), 236 Quest for Certainty, The (Dewey), 493 Quest for Past and Future (Fackenheim), 629 Question of German Guilt, The (Jaspers), 946 Quietism; and Daoism, 424; and Zhuangzi, 2030, 2036 Quine, W. V. O., 1585-1593; and Rudolf Carnap, 341; and Donald Davidson, 436; and Daniel Dennett, 458; and Hilary Putnam, 1575; and Richard Rorty, 1639 Quodlibetal Questions, The (Duns Scotus), 544 Qur'an, 2063; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1674-1675 Race and racism; and Kwame Anthony Appiah, 57-59; and Hannah Arendt, 66-67; and Aimé Césaire, 356; and W. E. B. Du Bois, 530, 532; and Ronald Dworkin, 564; and Frantz Fanon, 636; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 716; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 869; and Martin Luther King, Jr., 1021; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1667; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1775; and Cornel West, 1957, 1959 Race Matters (West), 1957 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 1594-1603; and Samkara, 1703; and Vivekananda, 1936 Radical behaviorism (Watson), 1238 Radical empiricism, 2063; and William James, 930, 934; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1465 Radical theology, and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1667 Radical translation (Quine), 1589 Rajchandra (Raychand), and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 718 Ramakrishna; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1597; and Vivekananda, 1933 Ramanuja, 1702, 1705 Rand, Ayn, 1604-1610 Rational, 2063 "Rational Animals" (Davidson), 437 Rational philosophy, 13 Rational principle (Lewis), 1100 Rationalism, 2063; and Anaxagoras, 38; and Anaximander, 40, 45; and Henri Bergson, 226; and Denis Diderot, 507; and Alan Gewirth, 723; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 795; and William James, 939; and Immanuel Kant, 977; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1078, 1082; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1258; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1767; and Baruch Spinoza, 1835; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1922 Rationalism in Politics, and Other Essays (Oakeshott), 1415 "Rationalist Disillusion, The" (Unamuno), 1922 Rationality, 2063; and Frankfurt School, 758; and Jürgen Habermas, 761; and Robert Nozick, 1399; and Ayn Rand, 1607; and Stephen Toulmin, 1910 Rawls, John, 1401, 1611-1617; and Ronald Dworkin, 565; and Thomas Nagel, 1332; and Robert Nozick, 1398 Reading Capital (Althusser), 26 Real (Lacan), 1057 Realism, 2063; and Michael Dummett, 536, 539-540; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1176; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1439; and Hilary Putnam, 1572-1573; and John R. Searle, 1761. See also Reality Realism with a Human Face (Putnam), 1573 Reality, 2063; and Henri Bergson, 228; and George Berkeley, 239, 245; and F. H. Bradley, 300-301, 303; and René Descartes, 481; and Empedocles, 592; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 652; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796, 802, 806; and John Locke, 1127; and G. E. Moore, 1298; and Parmenides, 595; and Plato, 1526; and Protagoras, 1521; and W. V. O. Quine, 1586; and Baruch Spinoza, 1837; and Stephen Toulmin, 1914; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1993, 1996. See also Being; Ontology; Realism Reason, 2063; and Theodor Adorno, 18; and Avicenna, 142; and Pierre Bayle, 205; and Epictetus, 603; and Alan Gewirth, 721; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 800, 806; and David Hume, 880, 892; and Karl Jaspers, 950-951; and Immanuel Kant, 976, 981, 983, 987, 992; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1083; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1286; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1356; and Parmenides, 450, 1446; and Blaise Pascal, 1453; and Plato, 1476; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1599; and Thomas Reid, 1625; and Nicholas Rescher, 1631; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1677; and George Santayana, 1714; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1743; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1791; and Baruch Spinoza, 1833, 1835; and Thomas Aquinas, 1871-1873; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1918. See also Reasoning Reason, practical (Kant), 988 Reason, pure (Kant), 988 Reason and Existenz (Jaspers), 946-947 Reason and Morality (Gewirth), 722 Reason in Art (Santayana), 1716 Reason in Common Sense (Santayana), 1715 Reason in Religion (Santayana), 1716 Reason in Science (Santayana), 1716 Reason in Society (Santayana), 1715 Reason, Truth, and History (Putnam), 1572 Reasoning; and Thomas Hobbes, 860; and David Hume, 885; and William James, 933; and Stephen Toulmin, 1913. See also Reason Reasons, 2063 Rebel, The (Camus), 332-333 Rebelión de las masas, La. See Revolt of the Masses, The Rebellion (Camus), 333-334 Recollection, theory of (Plato), 1510 Reconceptions in Philosophy and Other Arts and Sciences (Goodman), 737 Reconstruction (Serequeberhan), 1776 Records of the Grand Historian of China (Sima Qian), 1310, 2015, 2017, 2029 Rectification of names, 396, 402; and Confucius, 2020; and Gongsun Long, 733; and Han Feizi, 776; and Xunxi, 2020 Redemption, 2063 Reden an die deutsche Nation. See Addresses to the German Nation Reden der Untensweisung. See Talks of Instruction, The Reductio ad absurdum arguments, and Gilbert Ryle, 1694, 2063 Reduction; and Aristotle, 87; and A. J. Ayer, 151 Reductive materialism, 371 Reference; and Gottlob Frege, 689-690; and Gongsun Long, 731; and Nelson Goodman, 736; and Saul Kripke, 1027-1028 Reflection; and John Locke, 1126; and Gabriel Marcel, 1195, 1198 Reflective equilibrium (Goodman), 736 "Reflex Arc in Psychology, The," (Dewey), 1237 Reformation (Protestant); and Desiderius Erasmus, 618; and Thomas More, 1303 Refute, 2063 Regulae ad directionem ingeni. See Rules for the Direction of Mind Regulative speech acts, and Jürgen Habermas, 758 Reichenbach, Hans, 1572 Reid, Thomas, 1618-1626; and David Hume, 883; and Henry Sidgwick, 1797 Reification, and Theodor Adorno, 22 Reincarnation; and the Bhagavad Gita, 254; and Samkara, 1704 Relation, 2063 Relational characteristic, 2063 Relations, principle of the internality of, 2063 Relationships; and Charles Hartshorne, 791; and I Ching, 913; and Luce Irigaray, 916; and Alfred Schutz, 1753 Relativism, 2064; and Theodor Adorno, 22; and Hannah Arendt, 64; and Nelson Goodman, 735-736, 738; and Hilary Putnam, 1573; and Nicholas Rescher, 1630-1631; and John R. Searle, 1761; and Leo Strauss, 1843-1844. See also Moral relativism Religion, 2064; and Sri Aurobindo Ghose, 116; and A. J. Ayer, 152; and Annette C. Baier, 172; and Pierre Bayle, 201, 205; and Henri Bergson, 223, 229-230; and George Berkeley, 236; and Bonaventure, 278; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 287; and F. H. Bradley, 304; and Martin Buber, 316, 320; and Joseph Butler, 322, 325; and Auguste Comte, 390; and Confucius, 396, 400; and René Descartes, 478; and John Dewey, 486; and Denis Diderot, 504; and Émile Durkheim, 553, 557; and Desiderius Erasmus, 617; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 629, 631; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 644; and Sigmund Freud, 704; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 717; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 794, 797, 801; and Heraclitus, 831; and Abraham Joshua Heschel, 837-838; and Thomas Hobbes, 857, 860; and David Hume, 882, 894, 897; and William James, 928, 936; and Hans Jonas, 965; and Carl Jung, 969; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1006-1007; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1035, 1037; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1067; and Lin Yutang, 1112; and Lucretius, 1132, 1134; and Moses Maimonides, 1164, 1166; and Karl Marx, 1214; and John Stuart Mill, 1274; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1285-1286; and Thomas More, 1304, 1308; and Mozi, 1313; and Iris Murdoch, 1320-1321; and John Henry Newman, 1339, 1342; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1381; and Kitaro Nishida, 1386, 1389; and Keiji Nishitani, 1394; and Blaise Pascal, 1449, 1452; and Alvin Plantinga, 1467; and Plato, 1536; and H. H. Price, 1563; and Pythagoras, 1583; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1595, 1598-1599; and Nicholas Rescher, 1628; and Richard Rorty, 1639; and George Santayana, 1716; and Sextus Empiricus, 1784; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1788, 1792; and Herbert Spencer, 1829; and Baruch Spinoza, 1833, 1835; and D. T. Suzuki, 1853, 1855; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1865; and Thomas Aquinas, 1870; and Paul Tillich, 1886; and Leo Tolstoy, 1903-1904; and Stephen Toulmin, 1915; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1920-1921; and Giambattista Vico, 1926, 1930; and Vivekananda, 1934; and Max Weber, 1949, 1951; and John Wisdom, 1983 Religion and Nothingness (Nishitani), 1393 Religion and Society (Radhakrishnan), 1596 Religion of Man, The (Tagore), 1865 "Religion, the Mythology of the Beyond and the Apocatastasis" (Unamuno), 1922 Religious Aspect of Philosophy, The (Royce), 1661 Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought, The (Fackenheim), 629 Religious Imagination, The (Rubenstein), 1667 Religious stage of existence (Kierkegaard), 1007, 1015 Ren, 397, 399, 749, 1246, 1248, 2064 Renati des Cartes principia philosophiae. See Principles of Descartes' Philosophy Renewing Philosophy (Putnam), 1572 Renouvier, Charles, 552 Renunciation (Schopenhauer), 1741, 1745 Representation, paradox of (Nishitani), 1395 Representational theory of mind, 660, 665 RePresentations (Fodor), 663 Representations, and Émile Durkheim, 555 Republic (Plato), x, xiv, 96, 1501; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1410 Republicanism, 769 Rescher, Nicholas, 1627-1633 Resolution (Heidegger), 822 Respectable virtues (Smith), 1815 Responsibility, 2064; and Annette C. Baier, 175; and Isaiah Berlin, 251; and H. L. A. Hart, 782 Return to My Native Land (Césaire), 355 Revelation, 2064; and Thomas Aquinas, 1878 Revenge, and Tzvetan Todorov, 1898 Reverie (Bachelard), 157, 160 Revolt of the Masses, The (Ortega y Gasset), xx, 1436 Revolution; and Hannah Arendt, 68; and Aristotle, 97; and Antonio Gramsci, 743, 746; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 866; and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1036; and Niccolò Machiavelli, 1151; and Mao Zedong, 1190. See also Rebellion Rhetic act (Austin), 125 Rhetoric; and Aristotle, 93; and Plato, 1481, 1508 Ricardo, David, 1183, 1269 Right, 2064; and G. E. Moore, 1298 Right thinking, and Epictetus, 605 Right to Dream, The (Bachelard), 158 Rights; and Annette C. Baier, 175; and The Federalist, 770; and Alan Gewirth, 722, 724; and John Stuart Mill, 1274-1275 Ritual, and Susanne K. Langer, 1076 Robinson, Julia, 1570 Rogers, Carl, 705 Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes (Barthes), 186 Romanticism; and Auguste Comte, 389; and Ralph Waldo Emerson, 588; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 653, 657; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 708; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 795; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1652; and George Santayana, 1716; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1789; and Baruch Spinoza, 1835; and Paul Tillich, 1890 Roots, four (Empedocles), 592, 596 Rorty, Richard, 1634-1642; and Hilary Putnam, 1574; and Cornel West, 1955, 1960 Rosenzweig, Franz, 1643-1649; and Martin Buber, 315; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 630 Roth, John K., 1668 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 1650-1657; and Louis Althusser, 29; and Jacques Derrida, 467, 471; and Julia Kristeva, 1045; and Plato, 1535-1536; and Leo Strauss, 1846; and Voltaire, 1942; and Mary Wollstonecraft, 2009, 2011-2012 Royce, Josiah, 1658-1664; and Susanne K. Langer, 1097; and George Herbert Mead, 1236; and Nicholas Rescher, 1630 RTM. See Representational theory of mind Rubenstein, Richard L., 1665-1672 Rule, 2064 Rules; and Pierre Bourdieu, 295; and Émile Durkheim, 556; and H. L. A. Hart, 784; and John Stuart Mill, 1274; and John R. Searle, 1756, 1760; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1027 Rules for the Direction of the Mind (Descartes), 474 Rwmi, Jalal al-Din, 1673-1678 Ruskin, John, and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 718 Russell Paradox, 684 Russell, Bertrand, 1679-1691; and Henri Bergson, 224; and Rudolf Carnap, 338; and Gottlob Frege, 684, 687; and G. E. Moore, 1292; and W. V. O. Quine, 1585; and Peter Strawson, 1849; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1964; and John Wisdom, 1981; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1990, 1993; and Zeno of Elea, 2025-2026 Ryle, Gilbert, 1692-1700; and A. J. Ayer, 146; and Daniel Dennett, 458 Rytman, Hélène, 29 S/Z (Barthes), 185-186 Sacrifice (Hubert and Mauss), 1220 Saint-Simon, comte de (Claude-Henri Rouvroy), 386, 391 S'ama, 1706 Samadhana, 1706 Samadhi, 877, 2064 Sameness (Lévinas), 1094 Samkara, 1701-1707; and the Bhagavad Gita, 254 Samsara, 1704, 2064; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1601 Santayana, George, 1708-1719 Sartre, Jean-Paul, xviii, 1720-1731; and Louis Althusser, 30; and Roland Barthes, 185; and Georges Bataille, 197; and Simone de Beauvoir, 207; and Albert Camus, 332; and Aimé Césaire, 356; and Frantz Fanon, 636; and Martin Heidegger, 816; and Edmund Husserl, 904; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1159; and Gabriel Marcel, 1196, 1200; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1254, 1256; and Iris Murdoch, 1318-1319; and Keiji Nishitani, 1396 Sartre: Romantic Rationalist (Murdoch), 1317 Satori, 2064; and D. T. Suzuki, 1854, 1858 Satyagraha, 715, 718 Satyana prayogo, athava, Atmakatha. See Autobiography, An Saussure, Ferdinand de, 1732-1738; and Roland Barthes, 186-187; and Pierre Bourdieu, 293; and Jacques Derrida, 467, 470; and Iris Murdoch, 1321 Savonarola, Girolamo, 1146 Scheler, Max, 904 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 653; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 795, 798 Schlegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 653 Schleiermacher, Friedrich; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 512; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 653; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 708 Schlick, Moritz, 338, 341 Scholasticism, 139, 142, 1354; and Peter Abelard, 12; and Anselm, 50; and Averroës, 131-132; and Bonaventure, 276; and René Descartes, 483; and John Duns Scotus, 543; and Meister Eckhart, 570; and Desiderius Erasmus, 614; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 623; and Baruch Spinoza, 1833; and Thomas Aquinas, 1872 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 1739-1747; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1372 Schutz, Alfred, 1748-1755 Science; and Louis Althusser, 30; and Anaximander, 42; and Avicenna, 139; and A. J. Ayer, 152; and Francis Bacon, 167; and George Berkeley, 236; and F. H. Bradley, 300; and Giordano Bruno, 309; and Auguste Comte, 387, 391; and René Descartes, 474; and John Dewey, 488, 494; and Denis Diderot, 507; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 707, 710; and Paulin J. Hountondji, 866, 870; and Karl Jaspers, 945; and Immanuel Kant, 977; and John Stuart Mill, 1277; and Kitaro Nishida, 1388; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1438; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1599; and Richard Rorty, 1639; and George Santayana, 1716; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1767; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1866; and Stephen Toulmin, 1910; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1922; and Giambattista Vico, 1930. See also Science, history of; Science, philosophy of Science, history of; and Thomas S. Kuhn, 1047, 1051; and Stephen Toulmin, 1910. See also Science; Science, philosophy of Science, philosophy of; and Gaston Bachelard, 156, 159; and Henri Bergson, 223, 226, 229; and Rudolf Carnap, 338; and Paul M. Churchland, 370; and Empedocles, 595; and Thomas S. Kuhn, 1047, 1051; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1144; and John Henry Newman, 1344; and Isaac Newton, 1348; and Karl Popper, 1555, 1558; and W. V. O. Quine, 1586; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1764; and Stephen Toulmin, 1908, 1914; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1965. See also Science; Science, history of Science as Salvation (Midgley), 1262 Science of Knowledge, The (Fichte), 655 Science of Logic (Hegel), 801, 1012 Science, Perception, and Reality (Sellars), 1766 Scientific image (Sellars), 1765, 1767 Scientific knowledge (Aristotle), 79 Scientific method, 2064; and Anaximander, 44; and Aristotle, 72, 87; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1463; and Karl Popper, 1555, 1559 Scientific rationalism, and Keiji Nishitani, 1394 Scientific revolution; and Thomas S. Kuhn, 1048, 1052; and Iris Murdoch, 1322 Scienza nuova. See New Science, The Scivias (Hildegard von Bingen), 845 Scotism, 546 Scotus, John Duns. See Duns Scotus, John Search After Truth, The (Malebranche), 1171 Searle, John R., 1756-1762; and Paul M. Churchland, 372; and Daniel Dennett, 460-461; and reference, 1029 Season in the Congo, A (Césaire), 357 Sebond, Raimond, 1286 Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), 209-210 Secondary qualities, 2064 Secrets of God (Hildegard von Bingen), 844 Secularization and Moral Change (MacIntyre), 1156 Sein und Zeit. See Being and Time Sejnowski, Terrence, 364 Self, 2064; and A. J. Ayer, 152; and Henri Bergson, 226; and F. H. Bradley, 302; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 655; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 806; and William James, 932; and Hans Jonas, 964; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1004; and Gabriel Marcel, 1197; and George Herbert Mead, 1239-1241; and Josiah Royce, 1663; and Samkara, 1706; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1727; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1867 SELF. See Society for Ethical and Legal Philosophy Self-abnegation, and Vivekananda, 1938 Self-affirmation, and Paul Tillich, 1887, 1890 Self-Assertion of the German University, The (Heidegger), 815 Self-consciousness; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 625; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 799, 806 Self-contradictory, 2064 Self-evident, 2064 Self-Fulfillment (Gewirth), 722 Self-interest, 2064; and Hannah Arendt, 67; and Jeremy Bentham, 220; and Joseph Butler, 324; and Han Feizi, 773, 775; and Thomas Hobbes, 858; and David Hume, 890; and Mary Midgley, 1266; and John Stuart Mill, 1278; and Ayn Rand, 1607. See also Self-love; Selfishness Self-knowledge; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1259; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1439 Self-love; and Aristotle, 78; and Joseph Butler, 326; and David Hume, 882, 890; and Luce Irigaray, 916; and Immanuel Kant, 991. See also Egoism; Egotism; Self-interest; Selfishness Self-Overcoming of Nihilism, The (Empedocles), 1392 Self-realization; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 718; and Arne Naess, 1327, 1329 "Self-Reliance" (Emerson), 586 Self-understanding, and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 711 Selfishness; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1377; and Ayn Rand, 1607 Sellars, Wilfrid S., 1763-1769; and Richard Rorty, 1639 Semantic externalism (Putnam), 1571 "Semantical Considerations in Modal Logic" (Kripke), 1025 Semantics; and Rudolf Carnap, 343; and Donald Davidson, 436-437, 440; and Jacques Derrida, 467; empirical, 1326; and Gottlob Frege, 688; and Saul Kripke, 1026; and Arne Naess, 1326 Semiotics, 2064; and Roland Barthes, 185, 187; and Rudolf Carnap, 343; and Julia Kristeva, 1040-1041; and Ferdinand de Saussure, 1734; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1894 Senghor, Léopold; and Aimé Césaire, 354; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1775 Sensation; and Aristotle, 82; and atomism, 1135; and Avicenna, 141; and A. J. Ayer, 150-151; and George Berkeley, 236, 238, 243-244; and Bonaventure, 280; and Democritus, 455; and René Descartes, 481, 484; and Jonathan Edwards, 577; and Empedocles, 596; and empiricism, 1078; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 656; and Gongsun Long, 731; and Charles Hartshorne, 788; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 799; and Thomas Hobbes, 860; and David Hume, 881, 887; and John of the Cross, 957; and Immanuel Kant, 975; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1064, 1069; and C. I. Lewis, 1103; and John Locke, 1126, 1562; and Lucretius, 1137; and Nicolas Malebranche, 1176; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1256, 1258; and John Stuart Mill, 1562; and William of Ockham, 1424; and Parmenides, 595, 1444, 1446; and Plato, 1514, 1521, 1543; and Plotinus, 1548; and H. H. Price, 1562, 1565; and Thomas Reid, 1619, 1623; and Gilbert Ryle, 1698; and George Santayana, 1712; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1743; and Wilfrid S. Sellars, 1765; and Sextus Empiricus, 1780, 1782; and Peter Strawson, 1850; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 2000; and Xunxi, 2020. See also Perception; Sense-data Sense, and Gottlob Frege, 689-690 Sense and Non-Sense (Merleau-Ponty), 1255 Sense of Beauty, The (Santayana), 1710 Sense-data; and George Berkeley, 1562; and F. H. Bradley, 299; and Edmund Husserl, 902; and John Locke, 1562; and John Stuart Mill, 1562; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1289; and Plato, 1514; and H. H. Price, 1562, 1565; and W. V. O. Quine, 1591; and Bertrand Russell, 1683; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1743; and Thomas Aquinas, 1873 Sense-datum, 2064 Sense-fields (Price), 1566 Sense-perception (Whitehead), 1970 Sense-reception (Whitehead), 1970 Sensuality, and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1368 Sensus Communis (Shaftesbury), 1788 Sentences (Lombard), 544 Sentiment, and David Hume, 892 Separation of powers, 770 Serenity prayer (Niebuhr), 1365 Serequeberhan, Tsenay, 1770-1777 Serment de Kolvillàg, Le. See Oath, The Set theory, and Gottlob Frege, 684, 687 Seven Sessions (Rwmi), 1674 Sexism, and Luce Irigaray, 917 Sextus Empiricus, 1778-1785; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1286 "Sexual Difference" (Irigaray), 916 Sexual ethics (Foucault), 672 Sexual selection, and Charles Darwin, 432 Sexuality; and Gaston Bachelard, 160; and Georges Bataille, 195; and Simone de Beauvoir, 211; and Michel Foucault, 671-672; and Sigmund Freud, 700, 703; and Luce Irigaray, 916; and Alison M. Jaggar, 925; and Jacques Lacan, 1058; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1258; and Thomas More, 1308; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1376; and Giambattista Vico, 1930; and Mary Wollstonecraft, 2012 Shaftesbury, third earl of (Anthony Ashley Cooper), 1786-1794; and Denis Diderot, 504; and John Locke, 1117, 1125 Shakespeare, William, 352 Shakyamuni (Buddha), 875 Shams of Tabriz, 1673, 1676 Shankara. See Samkara Shen-hsiu. See Shenxiu Shenxiu; and Han Feizi, 777; and Huineng, 876 Shi, 773 Shi-ji (Qian), 419. See also Records of the Grand Historian of China Shi Jing (Confucius), 397 Shih. See Shi Shih Chi. See Shi-ji Shih Ching. See Shi Jing Shklovsky, Viktor, and Mikhail Bakhtin, 180 Short History of Ethics, A (MacIntyre), 1156 Shu, 397, 773-774 Shu Ching. See Shu Jing Shu Jing (Confucius), 397 Shwkyo to wa nani ka. See Religion and Nothingness Shuldfrage, Die. See Question of German Guilt, The Shunyata. See Nothingness Sic et Non (Abelard), 11 Siddhi, 1704 Sidgwick, Henry, 1795-1802; and G. E. Moore, 1297 Siger of Brabant, 1871 Significance (Russell), 1688 Significant symbols (Mead), 1240 Signs; and Roland Barthes, 187; and Gottlob Frege, 689-690; and Jacques Lacan, 1059; and Susanne K. Langer, 1075; and William of Ockham, 1425; and Ferdinand de Saussure, 1734, 1736; and Sextus Empiricus, 1784; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1994 Signs (Merleau-Ponty), 1255 Similarity (Eckhart), 571 Sin; and Peter Abelard, 11; and Augustine, 110; and Jonathan Edwards, 576; and Empedocles, 594; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 626; and Abraham Joshua Heschel, 837; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1008, 1015; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1083; and Thomas More, 1308; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1366, 1368; and Blaise Pascal, 1455; and Thomas Aquinas, 1876, 1882. See also Vice Sincerity, and The Great Learning, 754 Singer, Peter, 1803-1810 Sinn (Weber), 1748 "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (Edwards), 576 Sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt, Der. See Phenomenology of the Social World, The Siris (Berkeley), 236 614th Commandment (Fackenheim), 630 Skepticism, 2064; and Pierre Bayle, 200, 202, 204; and George Berkeley, 239, 242, 245; and Stanley Cavell, 348, 352; and René Descartes, 477; and Denis Diderot, 505; and Alan Gewirth, 722; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 800; and David Hume, xvii, 883, 887, 889, 897; and Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1286-1287; and William of Ockham, 1424; and Hilary Putnam, 1574; and Thomas Reid, 1619, 1624; and Sextus Empiricus, 1778, 1781-1782; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1790; and Peter Strawson, 1850; and Giambattista Vico, 1931 Skepticism and Naturalism (Strawson), 1850 Slavery, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 809 Smert' Ivana Il'icha. See Death of Ivan Ilyich, The Smith, Adam, 1811-1819, 1821-1822 Social action; and Pierre Bourdieu, 295; and Alfred Schutz, 1749; and Max Weber, 1752 Social and Political Doctrines of Contemporary Europe, The (Oakeshott), 1414 Social behaviorism (Mead), 1238-1239, 1242 Social contract, 2064; and Thomas Hobbes, 856, 861; and Lucretius, 1133; and Robert Nozick, 1402; and John Rawls, 1611, 1614; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1652, 1654 Social Darwinism; and Charles Darwin, 429, 433; and Thomas Robert Malthus, 1181; and Herbert Spencer, 1825, 1828 Social dynamics (Comte), 390 Social ecology (Bookchin), 1327 Social institutions, and Pierre Bourdieu, 292 Social justice (Bergson), 230 Social life, and Henri Bergson, 229 Social movements, and Richard Rorty, 1636 Social philosophy, xiii Social psychology, and George Herbert Mead, 1237 Social realism, and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1366 Social sciences, and Alfred Schutz, 1748, 1751, 1754 Social world, and Alfred Schutz, 1753 Socialism; and Karl Marx, 1216; and Marcel Mauss, 1221; and Reinhold Niebuhr, 1367; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1918. See also Communism; Marxism Socialist feminism (Jaggar), 925 Societies, types of (Santayana), 1715 Society for Ethical and Legal Philosophy (SELF), 1332 Sociological phenomenology, and Alfred Schutz, 1748 Sociologie et philosophie. See Sociology and Philosophy Sociology; and Pierre Bourdieu, 293; and Auguste Comte, 390-391; and Émile Durkheim, 552, 558, 1220; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1156; and Marcel Mauss, 1220; and George Herbert Mead, 1237; and Leo Strauss, 1845; and Max Weber, 1949-1950 Sociology, College of (Bataille), 193 Sociology and Philosophy (Durkheim), 555 Socrates, vii, ix, xiv, 1409, 1474, 1478, 1481, 1484, 1492, 1496, 1501, 1506, 1509, 1513, 1517, 1520, 1526, 1531, 1533, 1537, 1540; and Anaxagoras, 34-35; and Epictetus, 600, 606; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1007, 1011; and Gabriel Marcel, 1196; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1382; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1790; trial of, 1488; and Zeno of Elea, 2023. See also Plato Socratic dialogues, 1475 Socratic method, ix, 1485; and Aristotle, 72 Socratic principle, 1483 Socratic Puzzles (Nozick), 1400, 1403 "Solar Anus, The" (Bataille), 193 Solidarity (Rorty), 1636 Soliloquy (Shaftesbury), 1788 Solipsism, 2064; and F. H. Bradley, 303 Solitude, and Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1038 Somme athéologique, La. See Inner Experience Sophie's World (Gaarder), vii, xv Sophism, 2064; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 623 Sophist, 2064 Sophist (Plato), 1525, 2024 Sophistry, ix Sophists, ix, 1481, 1526; and Plato, 1477 Soul, 2064; and Aristotle, 77, 80, 99; and Augustine, 106; and Averroës, 1871; and Avicenna, 140-141; and Bonaventure, 279; and Giordano Bruno, 310; and Democritus, 451; and René Descartes, 478, 1172; and Meister Eckhart, 571; and Empedocles, 594, 598; and Heraclitus, 827, 831; and John of the Cross, 955, 957; and Immanuel Kant, 980; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1066, 1068; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1084, 1087-1088; and Lucretius, 1136; and Nicholas of Cusa, 1360; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1375; and Plato, 1477, 1482, 1506-1507, 1511, 1514, 1536, 1541, 1543; and Plotinus, 1548; and Pythagoras, 1583; and Samkara, 1705; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1791; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1867; and Thomas Aquinas, 1875, 1881; and John Wisdom, 1983 Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 531 Souls on Fire (Wiesel), 1975 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1019 Sovereignty; and Thomas Hobbes, 857, 861; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1652, 1654 Soyinka, Wole, 60 Space; and Gaston Bachelard, 158; and F. H. Bradley, 302; and Immanuel Kant, 978; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1081 Space of Literature, The (Blanchot), 263 Spanish Civil War, xx; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1436; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1920 Speciesism, and Peter Singer, 1804 Speculative philosophy; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 646; and Hans Jonas, 962; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1002 Speculum de l'autre femme. See Speculum of the Other Woman Speculum of the Other Woman (Irigaray), 914 Speech; and Roland Barthes, 188; and Jacques Derrida, 469; and Jacques Lacan, 1058; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1258 Speech, freedom of, and John Stuart Mill, 1271, 1275 Speech act theory, 348; and J. L. Austin, 123; and Jürgen Habermas, 758; and John R. Searle, 1756 Speech Acts (Searle), 1756 "Speech and Phenomena" (Derrida), 467 Spencer, Herbert, 1823-1830; and social Darwinism, 429, 433 Spinoza, Baruch, 1831-1840; and Louis Althusser, 27, 31; and Pierre Bayle, 203; and Ludwig Feuerbach, 643, 646; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 654-655; and Luce Irigaray, 916; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1086; and Arne Naess, 1326, 1328; and George Santayana, 1711; and Paul Tillich, 1888; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1922; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1968 Spirit; and George Berkeley, 240, 246; and Benedetto Croce, 416; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 796, 800, 806; and Karl Jaspers, 949; and George Santayana, 1715 Spiritual anxiety (Tillich), 1889 Spiritual Canticle of the Soul, A (John of the Cross), 955 Spiritualism; and William James, 929; and Carl Jung, 971 Spirituality; and Sri Aurobindo Ghose, 116-117; and Émile Durkheim, 556 S'raddha, 1706 Stages of ascension (Bonaventure), 279 Star of Redemption, The (Rosenzweig), 1645-1646 State (political unit); and Aristotle, 96; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 809; and Plato, 1503, 1535, 1540 State of nature, 2064 Statements (Austin), 126 Statesman (Plato), 1526, 1529 Static religion (Bergson), 230 Stendhal, 212 Stoicism, 2064; and Aristotle, 85; and René Descartes, 475; and Epictetus, 601-603; and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 800; and Heraclitus, 832; and Julia Kristeva, 1043; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1160; and Marcus Aurelius, 1205; and the third earl of Shaftesbury, 1789, 1793; and Adam Smith, 1817; and Paul Tillich, 1887 Story of My Misfortune, The (Abelard), 11 Stranger, The (Camus), 331 Stranger Loop (Russell), 684 Strangers to Ourselves (Kristeva), 1042 Strauss, Leo, 1841-1847 Strawson, Peter, 436, 1848-1852 Stream of consciousness; and Edmund Husserl, 900; and William James, 1236 Strict implication (Lewis), 1098 Strife (Empedocles), 592, 597 Structuralism; and Louis Althusser, 29; and Roland Barthes, 186; and Pierre Bourdieu, 293-294; and Jacques Derrida, 466, 470; and Émile Durkheim, 555; and Michel Foucault, 670; and Jean-François Lyotard, 1140; and Iris Murdoch, 1321; and Ferdinand de Saussure, 1734, 1737; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1894 Structure of Appearance, The (Goodman), 738 Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn), 1048, 1050, 1639 Studies in a Dying Colonialism (Fanon), 637 Style, and Nelson Goodman, 739 Subida del Monte Carmelo, La. See Ascent of Mount Carmel, The Subject (Radhakrishnan), 1601 Subject-object dualism, and Kitaro Nishida, 1388 Subjection of Women, The (Mill, J. S.), 1272 Subjective forms (Whitehead), 1967 Subjective idealism, 2064; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 656 Subjective meaning (Schutz), 1752 Subjective truth, 2064 Subjectivism, 2064; and Pierre Bourdieu, 293; and William James, 938; and Stephen Toulmin, 1913. See also Subjectivity Subjectivity; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 652, 656; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1260; and Thomas Nagel, 1335; and Alfred Schutz, 1749; and Peter Strawson, 1850. See also Subjectivism Subjugated knowledges (Foucault), 671 Sublime (Kant), 994 Subsistence, 2065 Substance, 2065; and Aristotle, 73-74, 85; and F. H. Bradley, 299; and Charles Hartshorne, 788, 790; and Immanuel Kant, 979; and John Locke, 1127; and Baruch Spinoza, 1835 Substance dualism (Descartes), 371 Substance theory of reality, 788 Suffering, and Søren Kierkegaard, 1015 Sufficient reason, principle of (Leibniz), 1079, 1087 Sufi Path of Love, The (Rwmi), 1673, 1675 Sufism; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 409; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1673 Suicide; and Émile Durkheim, 554; and Viktor Frankl, 677; and Plato, 1513, 1516 Suicide (Durkheim), 554 Summa Contra Gentiles (Thomas Aquinas), 1871-1872 Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 1873, 1877 Summum bonum, 2065 Sumner, William Graham, 433 Sun Yat-sen, 1188 Superego (Freud), 701, 704 Superman. See Overman Supersensible reality (Moore), 1298 Supervenience (Churchland, Paul), 371 Sur la philosophie africaine. See African Philosophy Sur Racine. See On Racine Surplus (Tagore), 1866 Surrealism; and Georges Bataille, 193, 196; and Aimé Césaire, 356, 359; and Jacques Lacan, 1055 Surveiller et punir. See Discipline and Punish Survey of Symbolic Logic, A (Lewis), 1101 Survival of the fittest; and Charles Darwin, 431; and Herbert Spencer, 1825 Suzuki, D. T., 1853-1861; and Huineng, 875 Swammerdam, Jan, and Patricia Churchland, 366 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 928 Syllogism, 2065; and Aristotle, 85, 88 Symbol, 2065 Symbolic (Lacan), 1057 Symbolic capital (Bourdieu), 292 Symbolic Logic (Lewis and Langford), 1098 Symbolic power (Bourdieu), 297 Symbolism; and Nelson Goodman, 736-737, 740; and Jacques Lacan, 1059; and Susanne K. Langer, 1072, 1075; and C. I. Lewis, 1099; and George Herbert Mead, 1240; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1994 Symbolism and Interpretation (Todorov), 1895 Symmetry (Plato), 1540 Sympathy (Smith), 1815 Symposium (Plato), x, 1496; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1410 Synchism (Peirce), 1464 Synchrony (Saussure), 1734, 1736 Syntax, and Rudolf Carnap, 343-344, 1586 Synthetic Philosophy, The (Spencer), 1825 Synthetic propositions; and A. J. Ayer, 151; and Gottlob Frege, 686 Synthetic statement, 2065 System of Logic, A (Mill, J. S.), 1270 System of Positive Polity (Comte), 388 System of Pragmatic Idealism, A (Rescher), 1629 Tables of investigation (Bacon), 169 Tabula rasa, 2065; and John Locke, 1126 Tagore, Rabindranath, 1862-1868 Tahafut al-tahafut. See Incoherence of the Incoherence, The T'ai chi. See Tai ji Tai ji, 909, 912 Taking Rights Seriously (Dworkin), 561, 563 Talented Tenth (Du Bois), 534 Talks of Instruction, The (Eckhart), 569, 571 Talks with American Students, 1968 (Krishnamurti), 1034 Tanabe, Hajime, 1392 Tao. See Dao Tao Te Ching. See Dao De Jing Tao T'ung. See Dao tong Taste, and Immanuel Kant, 993, 995 Tautology, 344, 2065; and A. J. Ayer, 151; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1995 Taxes, and John Rawls, 1616 Te. See De Tech4, 1409 Technology, and Sigmund Freud, 703 Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 317, 909 Teleological argument, 2065 Teleology, 2065; and Aristotle, 76; and Immanuel Kant, 996; and Baruch Spinoza, 1837 Tema de nuestro tiempo, El. See Modern Theme, The Tempest, The (Césaire), 357 Temporal, 2065 Temporality; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1259; and Leo Strauss, 1841. See also Time Ten Wings text (Confucius?), 908, 910-911 Tensor network theory (Churchland, Patricia), 367 Teresa of Avila, Saint, 954, 956 Terminating judgment (Lewis), 1099 Termites of the state (Han Feizi), 778 Terrorism, and Annette C. Baier, 175 Texts; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 710; and Nicholas Rescher, 1633 Thales of Miletus, 2023; and Anaximander, 40, 43; and Pythagoras, 1577 Theaetetus (Plato), vii, 1520, 1525 Theism, 2065; and Charles Hartshorne, 793; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1971 Theistic Hinduism, 255, 257 Theodicy, 2065 Theodicy (Leibniz), 1081-1082, 1086 Theological stage (Comte), 390 Theologico-Political Treatise, A (Spinoza), 1833 Theology, 2065; and Augustine, 108; and Averroës, 132; and Pierre Bayle, 204; and Bonaventure, 276, 279, 281; and Martin Buber, 320; and John Duns Scotus, 547; and Charles Hartshorne, 790; and Hans Jonas, 965; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1082; and John S. Mbiti, 1229; and John Henry Newman, 1343; and Franz Rosenzweig, 1648; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1669; and Thomas Aquinas, 1873, 1878; and Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo, 1922 Theophrastus, 825 Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. See Theory of Communicative Action, The Theorie und Praxis. See Theory and Practice Theory, 2065 Theory and Practice (Goodman), 758 Theory of Communicative Action, The (Habermas), 759-760 Theory of Justice, A (Rawls), 1332, 1401, 1611, 1613 Theory of Legislation (Bentham), 1269 Theory of Moral Sentiments, The (Smith), 1812, 1814 Theosophy, and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 717 Thing-in-itself; and F. H. Bradley, 302; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 651, 654; and Edmund Husserl, 900; and Immanuel Kant, 976, 1724; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1379; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1740, 1743 Thingification (Fanon), 1775 Think on These Things (Krishnamurti), 1033, 1035 Thinking and Experience (Price), 1563 This-worldliness (Bonhoeffer), 287 Thomas à Kempis, and Meister Eckhart, 573 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 1869-1883; and Anselm, 50; and Aristotelian empiricism, 107; and Averroës, 132; and Bonaventure, 276, 281; and John Duns Scotus, 547; and Meister Eckhart, 568; and Charles Hartshorne, 791; and Paul Tillich, 1887 Thou. See I-Thou Thought; and Aristotle, 83; and Gottlob Frege, 690; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1438; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1462; and Baruch Spinoza, 1837 "Thought, The" (Frege), 690 Thought, language of (Fodor), 660 Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (Wollstonecraft), 2007 Thoughts on the Interpretation of Nature (Diderot), 506 Thousand Teachings, A (Samkara), 1705 Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous (Berkeley), 234, 239, 242 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (Freud), 701 Thus Spake Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 1373-1374, 1382 Tian, 396, 420 T'ien. See Tian Til Selvprøvelse. See For Self-Examination Tillich, Paul, 1884-1892; and Buddhism, 2, 6 Timaeus (Plato), 1540 Time; African concept, 1231; and Anaximander, 42; and Aristotle, 90; and Augustine, 106; and Henri Bergson, 223, 1748; and George Berkeley, 240; and F. H. Bradley, 302; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 407; and Martin Heidegger, 822; and Immanuel Kant, 978; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1013; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1081; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1092; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1259; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1377; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1440; and Plato, 1542; and Plotinus, 1551; and Bertrand Russell, 1684; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1726; and Alfred Schutz, 1753; and Baruch Spinoza, 1836; and Thomas Aquinas, 1875; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1969. See also Temporality Time and Eternity (Coomaraswamy), 406-407 Titiksa, 1706 To Mend the World (Fackenheim), 633 Todorov, Tzvetan, 1893-1899 Tolerance; and Sri Aurobindo Ghose, 117; and Pierre Bayle, 200; and the Bhagavad Gita, 259; and Rudolf Carnap, 340; and John Locke, 1116-1117; and John Stuart Mill, 1275; and Thomas More, 1303; and John Rawls, 1616; and Stephen Toulmin, 1911; and Vivekananda, 1934 Tolstoy, Leo, 1900-1907; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 718 Ton eis heauton. See Meditations Topics (Aristotle), 85 Totalitarianism; and Hannah Arendt, 64, 66; and Isaiah Berlin, 250-251; and Karl Popper, 1556 Totalité et Infini. See Totality and Infinity Totality and Infinity (Lévinas), 1091-1092 Touch, and Luce Irigaray, 918 Toulmin, Stephen, 1908-1916 Tous les fleuves vont à la mer. See All Rivers Run to the Sea Toward the African Revolution (Fanon), 637 Town Beyond the Wall, The (Wiesel), 1975 Tractarians, and John Henry Newman, 1340 Tractatus de unitate et trinitate divina (Abelard), 11 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Wittgenstein), 1908, 1910, 1991-1992 Tractatus theologico-politicus. See Theologico-Political Treatise, A Tracts for the Times (Newman), 1340 Tragedy; and Aristotle, 92; and Martha Craven Nussbaum, 1406, 1409; and George Santayana, 1713; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1745 Tragedy of King Christopher, The (Césaire), 357 Tragic flaw (Aristotle), 93 Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Peoples, The (Unamuno y Jugo), 1920 Transcendence; and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 287; and Karl Jaspers, 949, 952; and Gabriel Marcel, 1201 Transcendent, 2065 Transcendental Club, 586 Transcendental Dialectic (Kant), 980 Transcendental ego (Fichte), 652 Transcendental philosophy, 2065 Transcendentalism; and Stanley Cavell, 349; and Ralph Waldo Emerson, 585, 588; and Immanuel Kant, 586 Transformation of Nature in Art, The (Coomaraswamy), 406 Transgression (Bataille), 104, 194 Translation (Quine), 1588 Transmigration of souls; and Lucretius, 1136; and Plato, 1507; and Pythagoras, 1578, 1583 Transubstantiation, 2065 Transworld depravity (Plantinga), 1469 Treatise Concerning Religious Affections, A (Edwards), 577 Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, A (Berkeley), 234, 237 Treatise of Human Nature, A (Hume), 880, 883, 1619 Treatise on God as First Principle, A (Duns Scotus), 547 Treatise on the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna, A (Avicenna), 139 Treatise on the Social Contract, A (Rousseau), 1652-1653 Treatise on the Soul (La Mettrie), 1063 Trinity, and Nicholas of Cusa, 1359 Trust, and Annette C. Baier, 174-175 Truth, ix, 2065; and Augustine, 108; and A. J. Ayer, 151; and F. H. Bradley, 303; and Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, 407; and Donald Davidson, 440; and Jacques Derrida, 468; and René Descartes, 481-482; and Michael Dummett, 537; and Gottlob Frege, 688; and Hans-Georg Gadamer, 708; and Mohandas K. Gandhi, 717; and Nelson Goodman, 739; and Martin Heidegger, 816; and Thomas Hobbes, 860; and William James, 930, 940; and Karl Jaspers, 950; and Søren Kierkegaard, 1007, 1011; and Saul Kripke, 1026; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1079; and John Stuart Mill, 1270; and Iris Murdoch, 1322; and Arne Naess, 1326; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1376, 1379; and Robert Nozick, 1400; and Hilary Putnam, 1575; and Bertrand Russell, 1688, 1690; and Sextus Empiricus, 1779; and Leo Strauss, 1843; and Thomas Aquinas, 1873 Truth and Actuality (Krishnamurti), 1034 "Truth and Meaning" (Davidson), 436 Truth and Method (Gadamer), 708-709 Truth and Other Enigmas (Dummett), 536 Truth-conditional theory of meaning; and Donald Davidson, 436; and Michael Dummett, 537, 539-540 Truth-functional conditional; and C. I. Lewis, 1098; and Bertrand Russell, 1098 Truth-functions, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1995 Truth paradoxes, 1026 Truth-values, and Gottlob Frege, 684, 688 Ts'ai. See Cai Tsang Tse. See Zengzi T'uan. See Tuan texts Tuan texts, 907 Tuch4, 1409 Turing machine functionalism; and Daniel C. Dennett, 462; and Hilary Putnam, 1571 Twin Earth experiment (Putnam), 663, 1571 "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" (Quine), 1639 Two Sources of Morality and Religion, The (Bergson), 228 Two Treatises of Government. See Of Civil Government Tychism, 2065; and Charles Sanders Peirce, 1464 Type identity theory (Dennett), 462 Typifications (Schutz), 1749 Tyranny; and John Stuart Mill, 1274; and Plato, 1532, 1534 Tyranny of the majority (Mill, J. S.), 1271 Tzu Ssu. See Zi Si Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde. See On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason Über Gewißheit. See On Certainty Übermensch. See Overman Ultimate premises (Aristotle), 88 Umgreifende (Jaspers), 948 Umwelt (Heidegger), 818 Um-zu-Motiv (Schutz), 1752 Unalienable rights, and John Locke, 1120 Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de, 1917-1924; and José Ortega y Gasset, 1436 Unbehagen in der Kultur, Das. See Civilization and Its Discontents Unconscious; and Gaston Bachelard, 159; and Carl Jung, 972; and Jacques Lacan, 1057 Unconscious, The (MacIntyre), 1156 Under the Net (Murdoch), 1318 Understanding; and Daniel Dennett, 460; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 514, 516, 518; and Jonathan Edwards, 577; and Johannes Scotus Erigena, 626; and Nelson Goodman, 737; and Immanuel Kant, 979, 992; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1743; and Alfred Schutz, 1750, 1752; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, 2001 Unification Church, and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1667 Uniformitarianism (Lyell), 431 Uniformity of law (Spencer), 1826 Uniformity of nature, 2065; and David Hume, 886; and C. I. Lewis, 1105 Unitarianism, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, 586 Unity; and Kitaro Nishida, 1387; and Plotinus, 1549 Unity of science (Carnap), 339 Unity-plurality problem. See One-many problem Universal, 2065 Universal-particular (Gongsun Long), 731 Universal words (Abelard), 14 Universalizability, 2065 Universals; and Peter Abelard, 13; and Boethius, 273; and Gottlob Frege, 683; and Gongsun Long, 730; and The Great Learning, 753; and William of Ockham, 1425 Universe, 2065; and Giordano Bruno, 311 University education, and John Henry Newman, 1343 Unknowable (Spencer), 1829 Unmoved mover, 2065 Upadesasahasri. See Thousand Teachings, A Upanishads, 257, 2065; and Sri Aurobindo Ghose, 117; and the Bhagavad Gita, 259; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1596; and Samkara, 1701, 1704; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1742 Uparati, 1706 Uses of Argument, The (Toulmin), 1908-1909 Utilitarianism, 2066; and Jeremy Bentham, 216, 218; and F. H. Bradley, 299; and John Dewey, 491; and Émile Durkheim, 553; and Ronald Dworkin, 561, 564; and C. I. Lewis, 1100; and John Stuart Mill, 1277; and James Mill, 1268; and G. E. Moore, 1293; and Mozi, 1312; and Robert Nozick, 1402; and John Rawls, 1614; and Henry Sidgwick, 1797, 1801; and Peter Singer, 1806 Utilitarianism (Mill, J. S.), 1272, 1277 Utility, and David Hume, 889-890 Utopia, 2066; and Auguste Comte, 388; and Thomas More, 1302, 1304; and Robert Nozick, 1403 Utopias, Dolphins, and Computers (Midgley), 1264 Validity, 2066 Validity claims (Habermas), 758 Value, 2066 Value, immediate, 2066 Value, instrumental, 2066 Value, intrinsic, 2066 Value judgments; and Rudolf Carnap, 340; and Émile Durkheim, 557; and C. I. Lewis, 1100; and Max Weber, 1948 Value theory; and Edmund Husserl, 903; and Nicholas Rescher, 1632 Values; and A. J. Ayer, 152; and Benedetto Croce, 416; and John Dewey, 496; and Hans Jonas, 965; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1380; and Hilary Putnam, 1572, 1575; and George Santayana, 1710, 1713; and Stephen Toulmin, 1912 Van Buren, Paul, 1669 Variability, and Alan Gewirth, 724 Varieties of Religious Experience, The (James), 929 Vatican II, 835 Vedanta, 2066 Vedanta Swtras of Badarayana with the Commentary of Samkara, The (Samkara), 1701, 1704 Vedantas; and the Bhagavad Gita, 255; and Samkara, 1701; and Vivekananda, 1934-1935 Vedas, 2066; and Sri Aurobindo Ghose, 117; and the Bhagavad Gita, 254, 256, 259 Vegetarianism, and Peter Singer, 1803 Verdictives (Austin), 126 Verifiability theory of meaning, and Rudolf Carnap, 342 Verification, 2066; and A. J. Ayer, 147, 149; and Martin Buber, 317; and Karl Popper, 1560; and Bertrand Russell, 1688 Verification Principle (Wisdom), 1987 Vernunft; and Theodor Adorno, 18; and Immanuel Kant, 950 Vernunft und Existenz. See Reason and Existenz Verständigung (Gadamer), 707 Verstehen; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 514, 516; and Alfred Schutz, 1750, 1752; and Max Weber, 1748 Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung. See Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation Verum ipsum factum (Vico), 1927 Via negativa, 2066. See also Negative way Vice; and Aristotle, 77; and John Dewey, 489; and Hildegard von Bingen, 845; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1898; and Giambattista Vico, 1930. See also Sin Vico, Giambattista, 1925-1932; and Wilhelm Dilthey, 518 Victims, 808 Vienna Circle, 146, 338, 341, 1324, 1554 View from Nowhere, The (Nagel), 1333-1334 Vigil of a Nation, The (Lin Yutang), 1109 Ville de la change, La. See Town Beyond the Wall, The Vindication of the Rights of Man, A (Wollstonecraft), 2008, 2010 Vindication of the Rights of Woman, A (Wollstonecraft), 2008, 2010 Violence; and Hannah Arendt, 67; and Annette C. Baier, 175; and Daoism, 423; and Richard L. Rubenstein, 1668; and Tsenay Serequeberhan, 1775 Virtue, 2066; and Aristotle, 76-77, 96-97; and Confucius, 397; and John Dewey, 489; and Jonathan Edwards, 578, 581; and Epicurus, 611; and The Great Learning, 752; and Hildegard von Bingen, 845; and David Hume, 889, 892; and I Ching, 912; and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1160; and Marcus Aurelius, 1205; and G. E. Moore, 1298; and Plato, 1479, 1502, 1509; and Pythagoras, 1582; and Ayn Rand, 1608; and Adam Smith, 1815; and Baruch Spinoza, 1838; and Stoicism, 1205; and Thomas Aquinas, 1882; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1896; and Giambattista Vico, 1930; and Xunxi, 2018 Virtue ethics, and Alasdair MacIntyre, 1158 Virtue of Selfishness, The (Rand), 1606-1607 Vitalism; and Georges Bataille, 196; and Patricia Churchland, 366 Vivekachudamani. See Crest Jewel of Wisdom, The Vivekananda, 1933-1939; and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 1597 Vocation of Man, The (Fichte), 653 Void, and Democritus, 450, 454 Volition, 2066; and Jonathan Edwards, 581 Voltaire, 1940-1946; and Denis Diderot, 510; and Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1065; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1081 Voluntarism, 2066; and John Duns Scotus, 549 Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte. See Origin and Goal of History, The Von Abgeschiedenheit. See On Detachment Von dem edlen Menschen. See Aristocrat, The Voprosy literatury i estetiki. See Dialogic Imagination, The Vorhandensein (Heidegger), 818 Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Geschichte. See Lectures on the Philosophy of History Vsistadvaita Vedanta, 255, 1705 Vsistadvaita Vendenta, 1702 Wager argument (Pascal), 1452 Wahrheit und Methode. See Truth and Method Wang Bi, 421; and I Ching, 909 War; and Emmanuel Lévinas, 1093; and John Locke, 1121; and Mozi, 1314 Warrant and Proper Function (Plantinga), 1470 Warrant: The Current Debate (Plantinga), 1471 Warranted Christian Belief (Plantinga), 1471 Was ist Metaphysik? (Heidegger), 815 Watson, John B., and George Herbert Mead, 1240 Wax tablet analogy (Plato), 1524 Way, the (dao), 400, 421, 423. See also Dao Way of Opinion, The (Parmenides), 1443 Way of Truth, The (Parmenides), 1443 Way Towards the Blessed Life, The (Fichte), 653 Ways of Worldmaking (Goodman), 737-738 We the Living (Rand), 1605 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 1812, 1818 Weber, Max, 1947-1954; and Jürgen Habermas, 761; and Alfred Schutz, 1748, 1751 Weil-Motiv (Schutz), 1752 Weiwuwei. See Activity Welfare state; and Robert Nozick, 1401; and John Rawls, 1401 Well-being (Gewirth), 724 Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, Die. See World as Will and Idea, The Wen, 402 Wen, King, 907, 910 Wesen des Christentums, Das. See Essence of Christianity, The Wesen des Glaubens im Sinne Luthers, Das. See Essence of Faith According to Luther, The West, Cornel, 1955-1961 What Christ's Judgment Is About Official Christianity (Kierkegaard), 1000 What Does It All Mean? (Nagel), 1334 What Is Art? (Tolstoy), 1902-1903 "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" (Nagel), 376, 1333 What Is Literature? (Sartre), 185 What Is Philosophy? (Ortega y Gasset), xx, 1437 "What Is Postmodernism?" (Lyotard), 1145 "What Metaphors Mean" (Davidson), 437 Whewell, William, 1797 "White Horse Dialogue, The" (Gongsun Long), 728, 730 Whitefield, George, 577 Whitehead, Alfred North, xviii, 1962-1972; and Buddhism, 6; and I Ching, 909; and Susanne K. Langer, 1075; and W. V. O. Quine, 1585 Whitman, Walt, 1636 Whole (Strauss), 1841 Wholeness of Life, The (Krishnamurti), 1034 "Whose Justice? Which Rationality?" (MacIntyre), 1157 Why Exhibit Works of Art? (Coomaraswamy), 406 Why We Can't Wait (King), 1020 Wickedness (Midgley), 1263, 1265 Widerstand und Ergebung. See Letters and Papers from Prison Wiesel, Elie, 1973-1980; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 631 Will, 2066; and Jeremy Bentham, 219; and René Descartes, 484; and John Duns Scotus, 548; and Jonathan Edwards, 577, 579-580; and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 658; indeterminism of, 580; and Immanuel Kant, 983-984, 986, 988, 992; and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1084; and John Locke, 1121; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1376, 1379, 1888; and Blaise Pascal, 1453; and Plato, 1482; and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1655; and Jean-Paul Sartre, 1729; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1740, 1743; and Baruch Spinoza, 1837; and Thomas Aquinas, 1882; and Tzvetan Todorov, 1897; and Vivekananda, 1938. See also Choice; Free will; Freedom Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy, The (James), 934 Will to power, 2066; and Friedrich Nietzsche, 1375-1376, 1379 Will to Power, The (Nietzsche), 1374, 1382 Wille zur Macht, Der. See Will to Power, The William of Champeaux, 8 William of Ockham. See Ockham, William of Windelband, Wilhelm, 514 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. See Economy and Society Wisdom, vii-viii, x, 2066; and Aristotle, 78; and Huineng, 877; and Plato, 1480, 1537; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1675; and Thomas Aquinas, 1878 Wisdom, John, 1981-1989 Wisdom, Information, and Wonder (Midgley), 1263 Wissenschaft der Logik. See Science of Logic Wissenschaftslehre (Fichte), 651 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, xviii, 1990-2006; and A. J. Ayer, 146; and Annette C. Baier, 171; and Rudolf Carnap, 339; and Stanley Cavell, 347, 351; and Patricia Churchland, 362; and Michael Dummett, 536; and Gottlob Frege, 684; and Gongsun Long, 728; and Martin Heidegger, 816; and Saul Kripke, 1027; and Susanne K. Langer, 1075; and G. E. Moore, 1294; and Iris Murdoch, 1317, 1320; and Hilary Putnam, 1572; and Richard Rorty, 1636, 1639; and Arthur Schopenhauer, 1742; and Peter Strawson, 1850; and Stephen Toulmin, 1908; and Alfred North Whitehead, 1680; and John Wisdom, 1981-1982, 1984 Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (Kripke), 1027 Wohin treibt die Bundersrepublik?. See Future of Germany, The Wolfenden Committee Report, 781 Wolff, Christian von, 1081 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 2007-2014 Woman, myth of (Beauvoir), 211 Women; and Annette C. Baier, 174; and Simone de Beauvoir, 209-210; and Hildegard von Bingen, 844; and Luce Irigaray, 916; and Lin Yutang, 1108; and John Stuart Mill, 1272; in philosophy, xiv; and Jalal al-Din Rwmi, 1678; and Henry Sidgwick, 1797; and Mary Wollstonecraft, 2007, 2011. See also Feminism; Women's movement Women's Choices (Midgley), 1263 Women's movement; and Simone de Beauvoir, 209, 212; and Luce Irigaray, 915; and Alison M. Jaggar, 922; and Julia Kristeva, 1045. See also Feminism; Women Wonder, vii Word and Object (Quine), 1588 Word Child, A (Murdoch), 1318 Words; and Peter Abelard, 14; and Jacques Lacan, 1059; and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1258. See also Language Words and Life (Putnam), 1572 Work ethic, and Max Weber, 1952 Work of Fire, The (Blanchot), 262 Work of Ninety Days, The (Ockham), 1421 World, 2066; and Immanuel Kant, 980 World, The (Descartes), 479 World and the Individual, The (Royce), 1660 World as Will and Idea, The (Schopenhauer), 1740, 1742 World ground, 2066 World of Peace, The (Krishnamurti), 1035 World philosophy (Jaspers), 946 World soul, 2066 World Viewed, The (Cavell), 349 Worldview, 2066 Worship, 2066 Wretched of the Earth, The (Fanon), 637-638 Writing; and Maurice Blanchot, 265; and Jacques Derrida, 467, 469 Writing and Difference (Derrida), 467 Writing Degree Zero (Barthes), 184 Writing of the Disaster, The (Blanchot), 264 Wu-wei, 2066. See also Nonactivity Wundt, Wilhelm, 1236 Xenophanes, 1441 Xi Ci Zhuan (Confucius?), 908, 911 Xiang Xiu, 2032 Xiao, 397 Xuan, 909 Xunzi, 755, 2015-2022; and Confucius, 398; and The Great Learning, 750; and Han Feizi, 775 Yang Chu. See Yang Zhu Yang Hsiung. See Yang Xiong Yang Xiong, 909 Yang Zhu; and Daoism, 425; and Mencius, 1246 Yao texts, 907 Yepes y Álvarez, Juan de. See John of the Cross, Saint Yi, 397, 749, 1247, 1249, 2066 Yi Jing. See I Ching Yin and yang, 2066 Yin-yang, 424, 909, 911 Yoga, 259, 2066; and Daoism, 425; and Rabindranath Tagore, 1866; and Vivekananda, 1936 Yogi, Mahesh, 1936 Yong, 524 Young Hegelians, 645 Yung. See Yong Yusuf, Abu Ya'qub, 129 Zarathustra, 1866 Zazen, 2066 Zen (defined), 1858 Zen and Comparative Studies (Abe), 3 Zen and Western Thought (Abe), 2-3 Zen Buddhism; and Masao Abe, 1, 3; and Huineng, 873, 876; and Iris Murdoch, 1318, 1320; and Kitaro Nishida, 1387; and Keiji Nishitani, 1392, 1394; and D. T. Suzuki, 1853; and Zhuangzi, 2036 Zen Buddhism (Suzuki), 1856 Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis (Suzuki and Fromm), 1855 Zen no kenkyw. See Inquiry into the Good, An Zengzi; and The Great Learning, 749; and Zi Si, 521 Zeno of Citium, 1043, 1205 Zeno of Elea, 2023-2028; and Pierre Bayle, 203; and Parmenides, 1443; and Plato, 1526; and Bertrand Russell, 1684-1685; and Sextus Empiricus, 1784 Zhengming. See Rectification of names Zhi, 397 Zhi wu (Gongsun Long), 731 Zhong, 397, 524 Zhong Yong. See Doctrine of the Mean, The Zhou, duke of, 397, 907, 910 Zhou Dunyi, 909 Zhou Yi, 907 Zhu Xi; and Confucianism, 752; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 522, 524; and The Great Learning, 751; and I Ching, 909 Zhu zi, 1311 Zhuangzi, xvii, 419, 1310, 2029-2037; and Dao De Jing, 420; and Gongsun Long, 728; and Lin Yutang, 1111 Zi Si, 524; and The Doctrine of the Mean, 521; and Zengzi, 749 Zionism; and Hannah Arendt, 65; and Martin Buber, 315, 317; and Emil L. Fackenheim, 630 Zuhandensein (Heidegger), 818 Zur Genealogie der Moral. See On the Geneaology of Morals "Zur Kritik der hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie." See Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right |
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