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The U.S. Legal System Index  A ABA. See American Bar Association Abortion, 273, 578, 616, 640 Abstention, 687 Abuse of discretion, 24, 687 Abuse of process, 687 Accessories to crimes, 530-531, 687 Accomplice liability, 687 Accomplices, 531 Accused persons, 1, 30; and amnesty, 15; and arraignment, 30, 558; and bail system, 77; definition of, 687; and diplomatic immunity, 256; and grand juries, 327; and legal counsel, 467, 637-638; in military courts, 202-204; and presumption of innocence, 529-530; and reasonsable doubt, 614; rights of, 99, 135, 235, 318, 326, 534, 599, 657; and speedy trial requirement, 612-613 ACLU. See American Civil Liberty Union Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 238, 443 Acquittal, 1-2, 257, 580, 677, 687; and double jeopardy, 266-270; and jury nullification, 400-401 Actionable, 687; and torts, 653 Actus reus, 450 Administrative law, 2-3 Adoption, 65, 296 ADR. See Alternative dispute resolution Adversary system, 3-7, 230, 358, 568-569, 687; and criminal justice, 275; judges in, 4; and public interest law, 573 Adverse possession, 687 Advisory opinions, 7-8, 382, 615 Affidavits, 9-10, 545; definition of, 687; vs. depositions, 9; and perjury, 509; and probate, 550; and testimony, 650 Affirmative action, 147, 168, 433 Affirmative defense, 112, 635, 680, 687 African Americans, 142-145, 279, 439, 538, 643; and affirmative action, 140; and citizenship, 141; and death penalty, 118-120 Age of majority, 10-11, 184, 687 Aggravation, 687 AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Air Force, U.S.; courts-martial, 201; military police, 475 Alabama; bar association, 670; Scottsboro case, 189, 350 Alaska; and Exxon oil spill, 154; and sheriffs, 608; state police, 629 Alcohol, 503, 506, 552, 555; and incompetency, 184; and legal drinking age, 11, 560, 678; prohibited sale of, 424 Alias, 687 Alien and Sedition Acts, 378 Alien residents, 227, 338, 493, 641; fingerprinting of, 227; undocumented, 340-341, 343 Alimony and maintenance, 20, 87, 179, 198, 298, 324, 687 Alternative dispute resolution, 26, 37, 152, 440, 462, 538. See also Arbitration; Conciliation; Mediation Ambulance chasers, 511, 513, 611; definition of, 687; prohibition against, 611 Amercements, 579 American Arbitration Association, 27, 152, 440, 463 American Association of Law Schools, 687 American Bar Association (ABA), 12-14, 36, 66, 89-90, 301, 364, 431, 447, 499, 688; and legal education, 61; and legal ethics, 43, 57, 72, 368, 375, 488, 668; and legal fees, 49; Litigation and Business Law Sections, 151; and military tribunals, 478; and pro bono legal work, 539-540; and uniform laws, 671 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 64, 115, 643, 649, 688 American Inns of Court, 688 American Intellectual Property Law Association, 89 American Law Institute, 487 American Patriot Network, 159 American Revolution, 365, 607 American Telephone and Telegraph, breakup of, 406 Americans United for Life, 578 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 147, 406 Amicus curiae briefs, 15, 578, 688; compared to other briefs, 642 Amnesty, 15-17, 501, 688 Annotated codes, 17-19, 675, 688 Annulment, 19-20, 688 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (1996), 332 Antitrust Division, Department of Justice, 405 Antitrust law, 75, 149, 151, 242, 306, 404-406, 492, 526, 633 Appeal, 20-21, 133-134, 188, 217, 225, 252, 518, 661, 688; and amicus curiae briefs, 15; and appellate practice, 22-25; courts of appeals, 63, 207-209; and death penalty, 215, 246-247; and Eighth Amendment, 238; and execution of judgment, 293; and habeas corpus, 330; and judicial bias, 372; and military justice, 472, 478; and objection, 495; and state courts, 621; and Supreme Court, U.S., 641; and trial transcripts, 659; and writ of certiorari, 124-128. See also Courts of appeals Appellants, 22, 25, 688 Appellate courts, 196, 199, 207-209, 225, 312-314, 361, 364, 659 Appellate practice, 22-25, 134, 661 Appellees, 22-23, 688 Appleseed Centers for Law and Justice, 577-578 Arbitration, 26-29, 37, 152, 440, 688; and family law, 301; vs. litigation, 440; vs. mediation, 462-463 Arizona; Asian American Bar Association, 538; Miranda case, 165-167 Arkansas, school integration in, 406 Armed Forces Police, 476 Army, U.S.; courts-martial, 201, 471; legal terminology, 469; military police, 475 Army Criminal Investigation Division, 475 Arraignment, 30, 252, 486, 688; and pleas, 517-518 Arrest, 30-33, 167, 688; vs. attachment, 34; and bail system, 77, 82; and bench warrants, 92; citizen's, 130-131; and exclusionary rule, 596; "house arrest," 335; immunity from, 255, 446; juvenile procedures, 413; of juveniles, 560; and law enforcement, 419, 423; in military, 467, 471; and Miranda rights, 479-484; and police, 523; and presumption of innocence, 529; and private investigators, 533; and probable cause, 543, 545, 647; procedures, 221-222, 228, 252, 318, 564; and state police, 628-629; statistics, 211, 215, 310, 458; warrantless, 647 Arrest record, 80. See also Criminal records Arson, 317 Articles of Confederation, 169 Asbestos product liability defendants, 362 Assessment, property, 688 Assignment of error, 21-22, 134, 188, 225, 495, 659, 661, 688 Association of American Law Schools, 431 Asylum, political, 338 Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 304 Attachment, 34, 294, 688 Attempt to commit a crime, 450, 688 Attorney-client privilege, 534-535 Attorney-client relationship, 35-42, 73 Attorney confidentiality, 42-45 Attorney discipline, 329-330 Attorney general of the United States, 51-54, 403-404, 436 Attorney trust accounts, 57-60, 688 Attorneys, 66-67; court-appointed, 68-71; death row, 246-247; fees, 46-50, 453, 611; and judges, 69, 570-571; salaries, 54-57; types, 60-66 Attorneys, United States, 72 Attorneys as fiduciaries, 72-74 Attorneys general, state, 63, 74-75 Augustus, John, 552 Australia, common law in, 156 B Bail, definition of, 689 Bail bond, 689 Bail bond agents, 76 Bail Reform Act of 1966, 79 Bail Reform Act of 1984, 80; challenge to, 80 Bail system, 77-83, 221, 235, 278, 508, 514, 572 Bailiffs, 83-84, 250, 689; and juries, 402 Baker & McKenzie, 55, 429 Baldwin, Simeon E., 12 Bankruptcy, 84-88, 362, 582, 689; and litigation, 153; and judgment proof, 362; and product liability, 362 Bankruptcy Act of 1898, 84 Bankruptcy courts, 86, 199, 313, 362 Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, 84 Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994, 87 Bar associations, 36, 66, 88-90, 689, 751-759; and attorney-client disputes, 36-37, 49; codes of ethics, 537; and ethics, 667-668; grievance committees, 74, 329-330; and judicial appointments, 366; and legal clinics, 442; and pro bono work, 537-538, 540-541; and trust accounts, 59 Bar examinations, 61, 90-92, 159, 430-431, 665, 689; California, 433; and disbarred lawyers, 668; and paralegals, 500; qualifications for, 432 Barristers, 61 Bell, Griffin, 52-53 Bench trials, 188, 214, 224, 276, 663-664 Bench warrants, 92; definition of, 689 Bentham, Jeremy, 347 "Beyond a reasonable doubt." See Reasonable doubt Bill of particulars, 349 Bill of Rights, English, 157, 278 Bill of Rights, U.S., 64, 93-102, 140-141, 171, 317, 327, 689 Billable hours, 103-104, 689 Billing rates, 103-104, 428 Bills of attainder, 105; definition of, 689 Birth control, 172, 649 Black, Henry Campbell, 105 Black, Hugo L., 172, 190, 272 Blackmun, Harry A., 116-117 Black's Law Dictionary, 105-106, 689, 105 Blackstone, William, 157, 286 Bonaparte, Charles Joseph, 306, 310 Bonds, 34, 77, 81, 106-107, 513, 605; definition of, 689 Border Patrol, U.S., 339 Bounty hunters, 82 Brandeis, Louis, 158 Breach of contract, 36, 40, 108-111, 136, 186, 240, 243, 436, 635 Breach of the peace, 689 Brennan, William J., Jr., 116, 331 Briefs, 22, 578, 642-643; appellate, 23-24; definition of, 689. See also Amicus curiae briefs Broadhead, James O., 13 Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison L.L.P., 55 Brougham, Lord Henry Peter, 496 Brownell, Herbert, 53 Burden of proof, 111-112, 134-136, 580, 651, 689; and directed verdicts, 256-257; and due process, 272; and evidence, 283-284; levels of, 263 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), 217, 424 Bureau of Professional Responsibility (Pennsylvania), 631 Burger, Warren E., 116-117, 331, 623; appointment of, 234 Burglary, 210-211, 562; and sentencing, 516; statistics, 211, 214, 216; and trespassing, 450 Bush, George W., 306, 478 Bushel's case, 400 Business, Transportation, and Housing Agency, 628 C California; Highway Patrol, 628-629, 631; judges, 385; judicial system, 198-199; juvenile justice system, 415; law schools, 433; probate in, 548; Proposition 187, 341; Rodney King trial, 410; State Bar Association, 540; supreme court justices, 360; trusts in, 550 Camden, Charles Pratt, 157 Canada; common law, 156; inquests in, 356 Capital crimes; and bail, 80; definition of, 689; and desertion, 473; statistics, 118 Capital punishment, 113-121, 189, 215-216, 234, 238; and Burger court, 624; and children, 412; constitutional debate, 113-115, 234, 278; convictions, 360; and courts-martial, 202, 204, 472-473, 478; death row attorneys, 246-247; definition of, 689; forms of execution, 293; and habeas corpus, 331; and judicial elections, 367; and rape, 238; sentencing, 225, 601; and trials, 662 Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan, 272 Caroline, queen of England, 496 Carter, Jimmy, 52-53, 170 Case law, 121-123, 158, 180, 297, 325; definition of, 689 Cause of action, 123-124, 133, 152, 490-491, 604; definition of, 689; and release, 581-582 Cert pool, 126, 374 Certiorari, writ of, 21, 124-128, 374, 641; definition of, 690 Chain of custody, 128-129; definition of, 690 Chambers, 360, 690 Chancery courts, 149, 196, 546; definition of, 690 Change of venue, 129; definition of, 690 Chase, Samuel, 346 Checks and balances, 381-382, 619 Child custody and support, 20, 49, 87, 179, 198, 296-298, 301, 324 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 342 Circuit courts, 124, 207, 247, 690 Circuit courts of appeals, 207 Circuit riding, 207 Circumstantial evidence, 690 Citations, 126, 690; and clerks, 374; traffic, 197, 523 Cite, 690 Citizen's arrest, 32, 130-131; and private investigators, 533 Citizenship; and Fourteenth Amendment, 141, 340, 589; laws regarding, 423; and legal standing, 493; and states, 266 Civil actions, 9, 41, 131-135, 436; definition of, 690; and directed verdicts, 256; and double jeopardy, 268; government immunity from, 446; and habeas corpus, 330; and lawyer negligence, 276; and pleas, 492; and summary judgments, 638 Civil Division, Department of Justice, 408 Civil law, 135-138, 250-251; and contracts, 180; definition of, 690; and discovery, 258; European, 156, 633; and immunity, 451; legal codes, 121; in Louisiana, 156, 455-457; and Roman law, 158 Civil liberties, 138-148, 328, 468; and Bill of Rights, 93-102, 140-142; and Supreme Court, U.S., 623; and terrorism, 311 Civil rights, 138-148, 279, 304, 404, 406-407, 409; legislation, 592; and Supreme Court, U.S., 623 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 145-146, 592 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 593 Civil Rights Division, Department of Justice, 406 Civil service, 690; and FBI, 404 Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, 466 Civil War, 140, 174, 460-461, 649 Civil War Amendments, 174 Claiborne, Harry, 345 Class action, 149-150; definition of, 690 Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914, 242, 405 Clear and convincing evidence, 112, 272, 436, 614 Clemency, 17; definition of, 690; vs. parole, 503 Cleric-penitent privilege, 536 Clerks of the court, 63, 150-151, 690; and court calendars, 193 Clinton, Bill, 39, 52, 425 Coast Guard, U.S., 204; courts-martial, 201; military police, 475 Code of Professional Responsibility, 73, 329, 690 Code pleading, 123 Cohabitation, 296 Collateral estoppel, 690 Collins, Robert, 346 Collusion, 690 Colorado state police, 627 COMA. See Court of military appeals Comity, 622-623 Comity clause, 170 Commercial litigation, 151-155 Common law, 123-124, 156-161, 510, 530; and case law, 121; definition of, 690; and torts, 653 Common-law marriage, 690 Community-oriented policing, 211, 522 Community property, 296, 298 Community service, 161, 215; and amnesty, 15 Comparative negligence, 691 Compensatory damages, 162; definition of, 691 Competency, 163-164; definition of, 691 Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, 79 Compulsory process, 100, 637, 691 Conciliation, 198, 440 Concurrent jurisdiction, 691 Concurring opinions, 498, 644; definition of, 691 Confessions, 164-168, 691; coerced, 510, 592, 598; and Miranda rights, 479, 600; and Nolo contendere plea, 30; and torture, 33 Confidentiality, 6, 27, 38-40, 152, 497, 541, 682 Congress, U.S.; amendment powers of, 588; and amnesty, 16; and Bill of Rights, 93-95, 233; and civil rights, 145-146; and courts, 170, 199-200, 312; and FBI, 306, 311; and habeas corpus, 332, 459; impeachment powers of, 345-346, 364, 640; investigative powers of, 592; and judicial appointments, 205, 376, 640; and judicial review, 124, 382; Judiciary Acts, 51, 207, 265, 582; laws, 18, 84, 489-490, 562, 675; powers of, 169, 175, 220-221, 380, 382, 422; reversals of Supreme Court decisions, 590-594; staffs, 449; and United States Code, 675. See also individual acts Connecticut; Bar Association, 12; birth control statute, 649; state police, 629 Consent decree, 168-169, 691 Consequential damages, 242; definition of, 691 Consideration, 183 Conspiracy, 489, 531, 684; definition of, 691 Constitution, U.S., 1, 10, 16, 140, 169-177, 196, 199, 274, 312, 363, 376, 422, 454, 459, 504, 640; First Amendment, 94, 140-141, 526, 611; Second Amendment, 94, 157; Third Amendment, 95, 271; Fourth Amendment, 95, 130, 157, 220, 288-291, 332, 542, 544, 595-596; Fifth Amendment, 59, 97-98, 157, 165, 220, 266-270, 317-319, 326-327, 344, 415, 445, 450, 481, 680; Sixth Amendment, 47, 63, 68, 99-100, 129, 189-191, 220, 224, 234, 351, 393, 515, 568-569, 612, 637, 657, 662; Seventh Amendment, 30, 100, 157, 384, 393, 663; Eighth Amendment, 78, 101, 116, 119-120, 172, 220, 232-237, 278, 580, 652; Ninth Amendment, 93, 101; Tenth Amendment, 102, 418, 618; Eleventh Amendment, 589; Thirteenth Amendment, 174, 589; Fourteenth Amendment, 94, 98-99, 113-114, 140-143, 145-147, 174-175, 220, 279-280, 415, 445, 589; Fifteenth Amendment, 174; Sixteenth Amendment, 589; Twenty-first Amendment, 11; Twenty-sixth Amendment, 11, 589; and bills of attainder, 105; and diversity jurisdiction, 265; equal protection clause, 280; and ex post facto laws, 286-287; supremacy clause, 379 Constitutional amendment process, 170, 588 Constitutional amendments. See individual amendments Constitutional interpretation, 172, 377-383 Consumer Credit Protection Act (Truth in Lending Act), 324 Contempt of court, 177-178; and attachment, 34; and bench warrants, 92; definition of, 691; and immunity, 344; and jury duty, 393; and subpoenas, 637 Contingency fees, 178-179; definition of, 691 Continuance, 691 Contract counsel system, 571 Contracts, 152, 159, 163-164, 180-188; bilateral, 180; capacity, 184; consideration, 183; enforceability, 185-186; expressed, 180; and fraud, 185; implied, 180; legality of, 184; mailbox rule, 183; mirror-image rule, 183; option, 182; reasonableness of, 182, 185; and remedy, 186; rescission of, 185; statute of limitations, 186; unilateral, 180 Contribution, 282 Conversion, 36 Convictions, 188-189; and acquittal, 257; and appeal, 205; and criminal records, 227-229; and death penalty, 115, 120; definition of, 691; and double jeopardy, 97; and effectiveness of counsel, 277; and FBI, 308, 310; felony, 214, 216; military, 204, 472, 478; misdemeanor, 214; murder, 215; and nolo contendere pleas, 519; and plea bargaining, 70, 214, 264, 514, 516; statistics, 216; and three-strikes laws, 651-653; unlawful, 288 Copyright, 154, 391, 583; Wheaton v. Peters, 583 Coroners; autopsies, 356; definition of, 691; inquests, 356; vs. medical examiners, 464 Corporal punishment, 691; and Eighth Amendment, 114; in schools, 238; in Middle Ages, 557; in schools, 237 Corporate general counsel, 691 Corporations, 605; attorneys for, 64, 67, 73, 296, 301; and bankruptcy, 362; definition of, 691; law firms, 429; lawsuits by, 321; lawsuits against, 63; and shareholder suits, 604-605; standing of, 266 Corpus delicti, 691 Counsel, effective, 274-278 Counsel, right to, 32, 68, 100, 189-191, 222, 225, 351, 568; capital cases, 100; and due process, 271, 290, 351; and grand juries, 213; and military courts, 202; and Miranda rights, 166 Counterclaim, 692 Counterfeiting, 217, 303, 422, 562 Court-awarded fees, 192-193; definition of, 692 Court calendars, 133, 193 Court costs, 81, 87, 194, 251, 692 Court of Claims, 408, 610 Court of International Trade, U.S., 199 Court of military appeals (COMA), 472 Court reporters, 195, 253-254, 334, 454, 471, 582, 588, 650, 692; and trial transcripts, 658-659 Courts, 196-201; appeals courts, 124, 196, 199, 312-314, 364; bankruptcy courts, 199; chancery courts, 196; Claims Court, U.S., 315; claims courts, 408, 610; Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, 205-206; Court of Federal Claims, U.S., 200; Court of International Trade, U.S., 315; Court of Military Appeals, U.S., 200, 315, 478; Court of Veterans Appeals, 200; courts of appeal, 361; courts of record, 197; criminal courts, 197; district courts, 199, 312; equity courts, 196; family law courts, 198; Trials; and judicial chambers, 360; juvenile courts, 198, 412-413, 415; municipal courts, 197, 312; night courts, 197, 491-492; probate courts, 132, 196, 198, 295, 391; state supreme courts, 21, 36, 59, 61, 197, 199, 221, 225, 247, 314, 488, 620, 623, 625, 642, 668; superior courts, 197; Tax Courts, U.S., 200. See also Judges Courts-martial, 201-206, 471-473; definition of, 692 Courts of appeals, 207-209 Covington & Burling, 428 Cox, Archibald, 410, 625 Cravath Swain & Moore, 428 Crime of passion, 692 Criminal Division, Department of Justice, 404 Criminal intent, 692 Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS), 227 Criminal justice system, 167, 210-218, 220 Criminal law, 159, 250, 258, 451, 500 Criminal procedure, 219-227 Criminal records, 227-229, 553; and court-martial, 202; and FBI, 630; and military, 471 Crofton, Sir Walter, 504 Cross-claims, 692 Cross-examination, 28, 133, 152, 230-231, 250, 650-651, 680; and affidavits, 9-10; and confrontation of witnesses, 683-684; definition of, 692; and grand juries, 327; in hearings, 334; and hearsay, 283; in military trials, 203; permissible scope of, 681; and trial transcripts, 658 Cruel and unusual punishment, 101, 232-240, 278, 652; and death penalty, 115-116; definition of, 692; and Eighth Amendment, 114, 172, 225, 232, 278, 580 Culpable, 692 Customs Office, U.S., 315 D Dalkon Shield, 154 Dallas, Alexander J., 583 Damages, 136, 162, 240-246, 359; compensatory, 136; definition of, 692; liquidated, 136; mitigation of, 187, 242-243, 697; nominal, 136 Darwin, Charles, 649 De minimus, 692 DEA. See Drug Enforcement Administration Death certificate, 692 Death penalty. See Capital punishment Death row attorneys, 246-247; definition of, 692 Declaratory judgments, 248; definition of, 692 Default, 692 Default judgments, 132, 692 Defendant self-representation, 249-250 Defendants, 213, 221, 223, 250-251; and acquittal, 1-2, 400-401; and affirmative defense, 112, 635, 680; and attorneys, 35-42, 252-253; and bail system, 76-83, 106; and burden of proof, 111-112; and cause of action, 123; and civil actions, 131-135; competency of, 163-164; confessions of, 164-168; and consent decrees, 168; convictions of, 188-189, 580-581; and court costs, 194; definition of, 692; and double jeopardy, 486; and ignorance of the law, 336-337; indictments of, 263; indigent, 35, 47-48, 59, 68, 70-71, 82, 101, 166, 222, 251, 271, 350-353, 538-539, 568-572, 659; and jury trials, 662, 676; juvenile, 411, 413, 416; and long-arm statutes, 454; in military trials, 202-203, 477-478; and personal recognizance, 513-514; pleas of, 214, 222, 224, 264, 492-493, 514-520; and preliminary hearings, 528; and presumption of innocence, 529-530; and probable cause, 542-545; and prosecutors, 562-566; and public defenders, 567-573; right to counsel, 189-191; right to jury trials, 384-389; rights of, 175, 220, 222, 267, 272, 276, 288-289, 323, 384, 485, 598-600, 612-613, 622, 625, 634, 664, 676, 683-684; sentencing of, 225, 601-604; shareholder suits, 604-605; standing, 615-620; and summonses, 639; in tort cases, 653 Defense attorneys, 133, 223-224, 252-253; and grand juries, 326; and indigent defendants, 68; and plea bargaining, 516, 564, 572, 662; and private investigators, 532 Deficiency judgment, 692 Delaware, use of whipping post, 237 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 686; and evidence, 128, 523 Deportation, 18, 227, 236; definition of, 692 Depositions, 10, 195, 253-254, 258, 454, 637; vs. affidavits, 9; costs of, 453; definition of, 693; and discovery, 133 Derivative actions, 604-605, 693 Deserters, military, 202, 233, 473, 476 Detectives, police, 254-255, 419, 523, 532 Dictum, 693 Dilatory tactics, 693 Diplomatic immunity, 255-256; definition of, 693 Direct examination, 693 Directed verdicts, 134, 256-257; definition of, 693 Disbarment, 59, 66, 329-330, 512, 612, 667-668 Discovery, 5, 9, 258-261; definition of, 693; and depositions, 133 Discrimination, 147, 168, 356, 369, 376, 406, 693; employment, 64, 192, 443; racial, 79, 100, 118, 140, 143-144, 174-175, 190, 279, 566, 616; sexual, 146, 149, 260, 308, 428, 592 Dismissal, 123-124, 188, 261-262, 351; and acquittal, 1; and courts-martial, 204; definition of, 693; and depositions, 259; and double jeopardy, 267; and grand juries, 264, 326; statistics, 528, 572 Disorderly conduct, 210, 316, 469, 485; definition of, 693 Dispositions; definition of, 693; and juvenile cases, 415-416 Dissenting opinions, 24, 322, 498, 644; definition of, 693; legal significance of, 645 District attorneys, 56, 212, 262-265; definition of, 693 Diversity jurisdiction, 265-266; definition of, 693 Divorce, 19-20, 65, 198, 296, 298-299, 301, 693 DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid Dockets, 193, 199; definition of, 693; juvenile court, 415-416 Doctor of jurisprudence, 693 Domicile, 693 Double jeopardy, 1, 97, 266-270, 318, 410; definition of, 693 Douglas, William O., 116, 346 Driving under the influence. See Drunk driving Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 217, 409, 423 DRUGFIRE, 310 Drugs, illegal, 40, 80, 82, 120, 210, 212, 214, 216-217, 268-269, 506, 551, 562; and DEA, 424; and FBI, 309-311; in inner cities, 560; and sentencing, 321; statutes, 489; testing for, 508; trafficking, 489; and U.S. Marshals, 459 Drunk driving; arrests, 212, 481; convictions, 161, 485 Dual sovereignty, 269 Due process of law, 98, 270-274, 279, 318, 454, 622; and burden of proof, 111; definition of, 693; and juvenile justice, 415, 445; and night courts, 491; and obstruction of justice, 495-496; and parole, 504, 508; and presumption of innocence, 529-530; and reasonable doubt, 580-581; and speedy trial requirement, 613; and three-strikes laws, 652 Duress, 19, 137; definition of, 694; as a legal defense, 185 E Effective counsel, 274-278, 350 Eighth Amendment, 101, 116, 119, 232, 236-237, 278; and cruel and unusual punishment, 116, 172, 232-233, 652; and death penalty, 120, 234; and excessive bail, 78, 220, 232, 580; and excessive fines, 235 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 364 Electronic eavesdropping, 97 Electronic monitoring, 215, 335, 555, 558 Eleventh Amendment, 589 Elizabeth I, queen of England, 606 Emergencies; and exclusionary rule, 288; and martial law, 459-462; 911 calling system, 524; and police, 420, 523, 647; and sheriffs, 607; and U.S. Marshals, 458 Eminent domain, 98; definition of, 694 Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 152 En banc hearings, 209, 313; definition of, 694 England, 34, 328, 546; court system, 77; juries, 510; parole system, 504; policing in, 606; trials in, 384, 411, 660 Enjoin, 694 Environment and Natural Resources Division, Department of Justice, 407 Environmental protection, 18, 64, 577; animals, 636; and class action, 149; and Justice Department, 407; legislation, 319, 466; and pollution, 62, 216, 336; and Reagan administration, 576 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 62 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 168 Equal protection of the law, 64, 279-280; definition of, 694 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 146 Equitable remedies, 281-282; definition of, 694 Equity, 137, 282, 614; definition of, 694 Equity courts, 196, 281, 377, 546 Equity law, 124, 137, 614 Escrow, 588 Estates; and attachment, 34; and attorney trust accounts, 57, 65, 73-74; and executors, 294-295; liens on, 362; planning, 391, 500; and probate, 546-551 Estoppel, 282, 690 Ethics, 37-38, 44, 49, 299, 667-670 Euthanasia, 578 Eviction, 87, 442, 694 Evidence, rules of, 213, 249, 282-286, 661, 664; in arbitration hearings, 28; in bench trials, 664; and FBI, 305; federal, 282, 677, 679; and grand juries, 213; and juries, 661; and verdicts, 661 Evolution, theory of, 649 Ex parte, 694 Ex post facto laws, 105, 286-287 Excessive bail, 78, 80, 101, 140, 220, 232-233, 235, 271, 278, 580 Excessive fines, 225, 233, 235-236, 238, 271 Exclusionary rule, 283, 288-292, 596; definition of, 694 Execution of judgment, 293-294; definition of, 694 Executors, 73, 294-295, 546, 548; definition of, 694 Exemplary damages, 136, 240, 436, 579; definition of, 694. See Punitive damages Expert witness. See Witnesses, expert Exxon oil spill, 154 F Fair Housing Act of 1968, 406 Family law practice, 296-303, 500 Fathers' rights, 301 Faubus, Orval, 406 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Bar Association, 89 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 227, 303-312, 353, 364, 423, 489, 630 Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 199 Federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986, 489 Federal Crimes Act of 1790, 189 Federal criminal justice system, 216 Federal Equity Rules, 149 Federal judicial system, 312-316 Federal Maternity Act of 1921, 618 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), 124, 194, 322 Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE), 282, 677, 679 Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946, 466 Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, 405 Federalist Papers, 93, 378 Felonies, 210, 229, 316-317; and citizen's arrests, 130; convictions, 214, 216; and criminal courts, 197, 223; and criminal records, 227-229, 651; definition of, 694; and grand juries, 213, 328; and juries, 224; vs. misdemeanors, 485, 553; perjury, 510; and preliminary hearings, 528; and probation, 553; sentencing, 214, 324; statistics, 214; and trials, 224 Feminist movement, 301 Fiduciaries, 39, 72-74, 152 Field, Steven J., 233 Fifteenth Amendment, 174 Fifth Amendment, 97, 317-319, 344; and double jeopardy, 266-270, 450; due process clause, 98, 114, 270-274, 415, 529, 580-581; and grand juries, 220, 326, 349; and self-incrimination, 97, 157, 165, 191, 318, 327, 344, 445, 481, 598-600, 638, 680; takings clause, 59 Fingerprinting, 221, 228, 599; of aliens, 227; and FBI, 227, 305; invention of, 523 First Amendment, 94, 141; establishment clause, 94, 140, 618; and free speech, 526, 611 Flag burning, 643 Florida; bankruptcy in, 86; bureau of investigation, 629; private investigators in, 532 Ford, Gerald R., 17, 52, 346, 502 Ford Foundation, 576 Foreclosure, 87, 319-320, 612; definition of, 694 Forfeiture, civil and criminal, 321 Forum non conveniens, 391; definition of, 694 Fourteenth Amendment, 140-143, 145-147, 174, 220, 589; due process clause, 94, 98-99, 113-114, 175, 220, 237, 267, 270-273, 279, 288-289, 317, 344, 349, 380, 415, 529, 580-581; equal protection clause, 114, 119, 142, 175, 279-280, 340, 613; and incorporation doctrine, 94, 141, 175, 237, 267, 271-272, 289, 380, 599; privileges and immunities clause, 445; and right to counsel, 189 Fourth Amendment, 95, 289-291; and exclusionary rule, 288; and habeas corpus, 332; incorporation of, 289; and probable cause, 130; and search and seizure, 157, 220, 288, 542, 544, 595-596France; judicial system, 158, 196, 633; and Louisiana, 456 Frankfurter, Felix, 237, 272 Fraud, 153, 614; consumer, 212, 563; and contracts, 185; definition of, 694; and Justice Department, U.S., 404; statute of, 185; and tort litigation, 244 FRCP. See Federal Rules of Civil Procedure FRE. See Federal Rules of Evidence Free press, 141; and gag orders, 322 Free speech, 122, 140-141, 145, 171, 526, 611, 640, 643; and military, 468 Freedman's Bureau, 538 Freeh, Louis J., 306 Frivolous lawsuits, 321-322 Fugitive Slave Act, 457 G Gag orders, 322-323, 658; definition of, 694 Garner, Bryan A., 105 Garnishment, 87, 293, 323-324; definition of, 694 Gaulton, Francis, 523 General verdicts, 400 Georgia; homicide statistics, 118; probation system, 554 German Legal Aid Society, 538 Germany, judicial system, 158 Gilmore, Gary, 118 Goldman, Ron, 451 Good faith exception, 291 Good time, 214, 324-325, 505-506, 602 Grand juries, 97, 213, 223, 325-329, 650; and attorneys, 252; definition of, 694; and evidence, 128, 213; and indictments, 220, 263, 271, 349, 357, 436; and prosecutors, 264; secret testimony, 650 Grant, Ulysses S., 52 Gray, Horace, 374 Gray, L. Patrick, III, 306, 308 Grievance committees for attorney discipline, 329-330 Groome, John C., 627 Guam, 72, 200 H Habeas corpus, 188, 206, 225, 277, 330-333, 459; definition of, 695 Hamilton, Alexander, 93, 378 Hammurabi, Code of, 241 Hand, Learned, 452 Harmless errors, 333-334, 486 Hart-Celler Act of 1965, 342 Hastings, Alcee, 345 Hawaii; martial law in, 461; police, 628 Hearings, 334; definition of, 695; en banc, 209, 313. See also Arraignment; Inquests; Preliminary hearings; Trials Hearsay, 283-284, 327, 594, 677, 683 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 645, 653 Homicide; and death penalty, 120; and juries, 385; prosecution of, 564; statistics, 118. See also Murder Hoover, J. Edgar, 305, 307-309, 311 House arrest, 335, 603; electronic monitoring of, 215, 555 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 443 Hung jury, 695 Husband-wife privilege, 284, 299, 535, 682 Hyatt Legal Plans, 447 I Idaho state police, 628 Ignorance of the law, 335-337 Illinois; juvenile courts, 412; recidivism statutes, 652 Immigration, 337-343, 557; illegal, 53 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 342 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 52-53, 217, 409, 423 Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1985, 343 Immunity, 695 Immunity from prosecution, 344, 354, 446, 599; and amnesty, 15; and informants, 523; in military trials, 203 Impanel, 695 Impeachment, definition of, 695 Impeachment of judges, 344-346, 364, 640 Impeachment of witnesses, 259 In forma pauperis, 352; definition of, 695 Inalienable, 695 Incapacitation, 114, 347-348; definition of, 695 Income tax, 589 Incorporation doctrine, 94, 175, 237, 267, 271-272, 289, 380, 599 Incorrigible, 695 Incriminate, 695 Incumbrance, 695 Indemnity, 348-349; definition of, 695 Independent and adequate state grounds doctrine, 621 Indeterminate sentence, 602 Indiana, courts, 194 Indictments, 97, 100, 220, 223, 271, 326-328, 349, 650; definition of, 695 Indigent, 695 Indigent criminal defendants, 35, 47-48, 59, 68, 70-71, 82, 101, 166, 222, 251, 271, 350-353, 538-539, 568-572, 659; and public defenders, 572 Industrial Revolution, 557 Informants, 353-354 Information, 695 Injunctions, 110, 137, 196, 281, 355-356, 586; definition of, 695 Innocent III, 660 Inquests, 356-357; definition of, 695; See also Hearings; Preliminary hearings; Trials INS. See Immigration and Naturalization Service Insolvency, 84, 695 Intellectual property, 153, 575 Interest on Lawyers Trust Account programs (IOLTA), 59 Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 62, 200, 408, 424, 479, 617, 633 Interpol, 409, 424 Interrogatories, 133, 258-259 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 422 Iowa; bankruptcy in, 86; Department of Public Safety, 628 Ireland, parole system, 504 IRS. See Internal Revenue Service Italy, judicial system, 633 J JAG. See Judge advocate generals Japanese Americans, internment of, 461, 538 Japanese court system, 196 Jay, John, 7 JD. See Juris doctor Jefferson, Thomas, 346 Jehovah's Witnesses, 649 Johnson, Andrew, 16 Johnson, Lyndon B., 539 Joint and several liability, 357-358; definition of, 695 Jones, Day, Reavis, and Pogue, 429 Judge advocate generals, 203, 205, 465 Judges, 196, 198, 208, 213, 358-361; and adversary system, 3-5, 648; advisory opinions of, 7-8; and amicus curiae briefs, 15; and appeals, 20-21, 23-24; appellate, 198, 205, 313; appointments and elections of, 363-368; and arrest warrants, 31; and attorneys, 69, 570-571; and bail, 78-79, 222; and bench trials, 188, 214, 276; bias of, 368-373; and case law, 121-122; and civil law, 158; confirmation hearings for, 376-377; district court, 313; in England, 77; family law court, 198, 297; federal, 53, 199; and gag orders, 323; impeachment of, 344-346, 364; and judicial conduct code, 375-376; and judicial review, 173, 377-383; and juries, 385-386, 400-402; juvenile court, 413, 415; in military trials, 471-472, 477-478; opinions of, 497-498; and plea bargaining, 516; and precedent, 526, 623; and preliminary hearings, 528; and probation, 552, 554; selection of, 63; and sentencing, 215, 228, 555, 566, 601-602, 610; tenure of, 200; and witnesses, 658, 685; workloads, 207. See also Courts; Trials Judgment proof, 362-363; definition of, 696 Judicial appointments and elections, 363-368 Judicial bias, 368-373 Judicial clerks, 373-375 Judicial conduct code, 375-376 Judicial confirmation hearings, 376-377 Judicial conservativism, 175 Judicial federalism, 621 Judicial Improvements Act of 1990, 505 Judicial notice, 285 Judicial powers, 169 Judicial review, 3, 173, 377-383; definition of, 696 Judiciary Act of 1789, 51, 78, 207, 265, 457, 582, 624 Judiciary Act of 1801, 207 Judiciary Act of 1891, 124, 127, 207 Judiciary Act of 1925, 125 Juries, 219, 384-389, 393-402, 660, 664; and appeals courts, 313; and death penalty, 115, 117, 119, 225, 235; definition of, 696; federal, 224; felony cases, 224; military, 477; and sentencing, 225, 235; and verdicts, 601. See also Grand juries Juris doctor (JD), 54, 695 Jurisdiction, 389-392; definition of, 696 Jurisprudence, 156, 158, 696; and American Bar Association, 13 Jury duty, 393-399 Jury nullification, 400-401; definition of, 696 Jury sequestration, 401-402; definition of, 696 Jury system, 224, 510; and racial discrimination, 100 Just compensation, 98-99, 271 "Just deserts," 553, 555, 603 Justice Department, U.S., 217, 403-411, 423, 436, 633; attorney general, 51-54, 423, 562; attorneys, 63, 67, 72; Bankruptcy Court, 86; Federal Bureau of Investigation, 303-312, 423; Marshall Service, 457-459; pardon attorneys, 501; and Supreme Court, 643 Justices. See Supreme Court, U.S. Juvenile criminal proceedings, 411-417 Juvenile delinquents, 198, 412-415, 696 K Kansas, bankruptcy in, 86 Kelley, Clarence, 306 Kennedy, John F., 52 Kennedy, Robert F., 52 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 309 King, Rodney, case and aftermath, 409-410 Korean War, 379, 475 Kronman, Anthony, 429 Ku Klux Klan, 143 L Labor strikes, 109, 457, 526, 627; and shareholder suits, 605 Labor unions; and antitrust law, 526; and attorneys, 64; and collective bargaining agreements, 26; and legal service plans, 48, 447 La Guardia, Fiorello, 550 Langdell, Dean Christopher, 431 Larceny, 316, 485, 551, 563 Law enforcement, 418-426 Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), 425 Law Enforcement Training Center, 425 Law firms, 62, 64-65, 67, 428-430; billing of, 103; commercial litigation, 151; and corporations, 67; and legal clinics, 442; paralegals, 499-500; partners and associates, 427-428; and pre-paid legal services, 447; and pro bono legal work, 541; and public interest law, 574; salaries, 54-56 Law School Admission Test (LSAT), 432, 696 Law schools, 430-434 LawPhone, 447 Lawsuits, 434-442; and attorney fees, 47; and cause of action, 123-124; and civil action, 131-133; class action, 149-150; and court-awarded fees, 192-193; defendants in, 250-251; and execution of judgment, 293; frivolous, 321-322; harmless errors, 333; and injunctions, 355, 586; and jurisdiction, 389-391; and litigation, 452; and litigation expenses, 452-454; shareholders', 604-605; and standing, 615; and statutes of limitations, 634; and summary judgments, 638; and trials, 662, 667 Lawyers. See Attorneys Leading questions, 651, 680, 696 Legal assistance organizations, 717-732 Legal clinics, 442-443 Legal Defense Fund, NAACP, 115 Legal guardians, 444-445 Legal immunity, 445-446 Legal resources, 733-750 Legal Services Corporation (LSC), 538-539 Legal services plans, 447-448 Legal Services Program (LSP), 539 Legalese, 696 Legislative counsel, 448-449 Lesser included offense, 450; definition of, 696 Levi, Edward, 52 Liability, civil and criminal, 451 Libel, 400; definition of, 696; and judges, 446 License, 696 Licensing of lawyers, 90-92 Liens, 110, 293, 362; definition of, 696 Lincoln, Abraham, 460 Litigation, 67, 452; and attorneys general, state, 74-75; in bankruptcy courts, 87; and civil rights, 138, 147; commercial, 151-155; and conditional bonds, 107; and consent decrees, 168; and damages, 244; definition of, 696; expenses, 452-454; of Justice Department, U.S., 403-404, 409-410; and lawsuits, 434-442; and paralegals, 499-500; and personal injury lawyers, 512-513, 536; and public interest law, 576-577; and release, 581; and test cases, 648; unfair practices, 5-6 Little Rock, Arkansas, school integration crisis, 406 Living trusts, 548-550 Living wills, 696 LLM, 696 Long-arm statutes, 84, 454-455; definition of, 696 Louisiana; death penalty, 117; law, 156, 455-457; slavery in, 622 Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber (1947), 237 LSC. See Legal Services Corporation M Macon B. Allen Civil Rights Clinic (Boston), 538 Maconochie, Alexander, 504 Madison, James, 93, 270 Magistrate judges, 9, 150, 164, 199 Magistrates, 697 Magna Carta, 270 Maine attorney general, 75 Malpractice, legal, 36, 40-41, 74, 276, 371, 667, 697 Malpractice, medical, 179, 451 Mandamus, 697 Mandatory sentencing laws, 235 Marine Corps, U.S.; courts-martial, 201; military police, 475 Marital separation, 296 Maritime law, 697 Maritime Law Association, 89 Marriage, 19, 296 Marshall, John, 265, 379 Marshall, Thurgood, 116-117, 645 Marshals Service, U.S., 423, 457-459 Martial law, 459-462; definition of, 697 Massachusetts; Black Lawyers Association, 538; probation, 552; recidivism statutes, 652; state constabulary, 626 Mediation, 37, 152, 198, 440, 462-463; vs. arbitration, 26; definition of, 697; and family law, 301 Medicaid, 538 Medical examiners, 464-465; definition of, 697 Mexico; border with United States, 339; economic opportunities, 340; smuggling, 340 Michigan, 316 Military attorneys, 465-466 Military justice, 467-474 Military police, 471, 475-476 Military tribunals, 477-478 Minnesota; bankruptcy in, 86; probate, 548 Minors, 297-298, 635; and contracts, 184; custody of, 298; definition of, 697; and guardians, 444, 547; rights of, 11; trials of, 413-414 Miranda rights, 318, 479-484, 697 Misdemeanors, 210, 224, 316-317, 485-486; definition of, 697; and probation, 553 Missouri Compromise, 648 Missouri Plan, 366 Mistrials, 97, 486-487, 661; definition of, 697 Mitchell, John, 52 Mitigating circumstances, 117, 225, 247, 330, 601, 652, 697 Mitigation of damages, 187, 242-243; definition of, 697 Model Code of Judicial Conduct, 368-369, 371-372, 375 Model Code of Professional Conduct, 539 Model Code of Professional Responsibility, 488, 668 Model Penal Code, 106, 487 Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 43-44, 57, 73, 488, 497, 541, 668-669 Modus operandi, 697 "Monkey" trial, 648-649 Mortgages, 107, 319; and foreclosure, 319-320 Motion, 697 MPs. See Military police Mueller, Robert S., III, 306 Multiple jurisdiction offenses, 489-490 Murder, 114, 120, 210-211, 385, 473, 562, 564, 601, 635; and death penalty, 120, 215; statistics, 211, 214-216. See also Homicide N NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Nader, Ralph, 574, 577-578 Napoleonic Code, 156, 158 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 643, 650 National Bankruptcy Review Commission, 87 National Conference of Bar Examiners, 91 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, 671, 673-674 National Crime Information Center, 630 National Crime Victimization Survey, 211 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 466 National Guard, 459; courts-martial, 201 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 199 National Origins Act, 342 National Resource Center for Consumers of Legal Services, 447 National Sheriff's Institute (NSI), 608 National Sheriffs' Association (NSA), 608 National Wildlife Federation, 577 Naturalization, 697 Naval Investigation Service, 475 Navy, U.S., 204; courts-martial, 201; military police, 475 Negligence, 110, 184, 490-491, 564, 636, 691; and damages, 579; definition of, 697; and restitution, 585; and statutes of limitations, 635 Nevada, state police, 627 New Jersey; judicial system, 199; police, 629; and sheriffs, 608 New York; arbitration law, 26; attorneys, 329; bar association, 12; Court of Appeals, 199; courts, 329; Lawyers' Fund for Client Protection, 329; Legal Aid Society, 538; legal service plans, 448; recidivism statutes, 652; sheriffs, 607; and uniform laws, 671 New York City; Criminal Court of, 492; police department, 521, 629 New York Stock Exchange, 440 New Zealand, common law in, 156 Night courts, 491-492 911 emergency calling system, 524 Ninth Amendment, 101; and enumerated rights, 93 Nixon, Richard M., 17, 52, 234, 328, 410; pardon of, 502 Nixon, Walter, 345 Nolo contendere pleas, 30, 492-493, 517-518; definition of, 697 Nominal damages; definition of, 697 North Carolina, 613; death penalty, 117 North Dakota bureau of investigation, 629 Northern Mariana Islands, 200 Notary publics, 493-494; and affidavits, 9; definition of, 697; and wills, 546 O Objection, 494-495; definition of, 697 Obstruction of justice, 495-496; definition of, 697 Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 539 Officers of the court, 496-497 Ohio, Mapp v. Ohio case, 289 Oklahoma, bombing trials, 679 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 592 Opinions, 497-498; definition of, 697; Supreme Court, 643-645 Ordinances, 698 Original jurisdiction, 126; definition of, 698 Orphans, 338, 444 "Orphans' courts," 546 Otto, William Tod, 584 Overrule, 698 P Pacific Legal Foundation, 578 Pacific Reporter, 497 Paralegals, 427, 442, 499-500; definition of, 698 Pardoning power, 500-502; definition of, 698 Parens patriae, 412, 416 Parole, 215-216, 325, 501-509, 554-555, 602; definition of, 698; early, 603; and good time, 325; and incapacitation, 347; and military justice, 473; revocation of, 554; violations of, 458 Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996, 505 Patents, 154, 391, 465 Penal codes, 106, 487; definition of, 698; and punishments, 601 Penn, William, 400 Pennsylvania; state police, 627-628, 631 Pennypacker, Samuel W., 627 Pennzoil, 154 Pentagon, terrorist attack on, 311, 338, 478 Peremptory challenge, 698 Perjury, 44, 509-511; definition of, 698 Permanent injunctions, 355 Personal injury attorneys, 65, 511-513 Personal property, 698 Personal recognizance, 513-514; definition of, 698 Peters, Richard, 583 Philippine Constabulary, 627 Physician-patient privilege, 535-536 Pinkertons, 532 Plain error rule, 698 Plain view doctrine, 698 Plaintiffs, definition of, 698 Planned Parenthood, 649 Plea bargaining, 223, 514-517, 572, 660; definition of, 698; indigent defendants and, 572 Pleadings, 698 Pleas, 214, 517-520; definition of, 698; nolo contendere, 492-493, 518, 520 Poindexter, Joseph, 460 Police, 210-211, 219, 354, 520-525; and arrests, 30-32, 165-166, 221; and automobile searches, 544, 596; and bench warrants, 92; and citizen's arrests, 130-131; and criminal records, 227; detectives, 254-255, 419; and informants, 353-354; and King, Rodney, 409; local forces, 420; and Miranda warning, 165-166, 191, 222, 479-484, 592, 599; misconduct, 290; municipal, 420; as officers of the court, 495; powers of, 418-420, 435; and private investigators, 532-533; and probable cause, 543-545, 647; and prosecutors, 562-563, 568, 571-572; specialized, 421-422; and suspects, 646-647. See also Military police; Sheriffs; State police Polling a jury, 698 Polygraph, 685, 698 Positive law, 122; definition of, 698 Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, 476 Possession, 698 Post mortem, 699 Postal Service, U.S., 422 Post-trial proceedings, criminal, 225 Powell, Lewis F., Jr., 116 Power of attorney, 494; definition of, 699 Precedent, 122, 159, 526-527; definition of, 699 Preemption, 699 Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, 592 Preliminary hearings, 69, 213, 222-223, 528, 564, 650; definition of, 699; municipal courts, 197; and parolees, 508; testimony, 650 Preliminary injunctions, 355, 586; definition of, 699 Prenuptial agreements, 186, 296, 299 Pre-Paid Legal Services, 447 Preponderance of the evidence, 135, 613, 699 Presentments, 97, 327-328, 349 Presidential powers, 169 Presumption of innocence, 80, 135, 236, 251, 272, 529-530, 699 Pretrial conference, 699 Pretrial proceedings, criminal, 221 Preventive detention, 79, 236 Prima facie cases, 119, 134; definition of, 699 Principals (criminal), 530-531 Privacy; notion of, 101; and probate, 549; right to, 172, 258, 542, 544-545, 638, 640, 649, 657 Private investigators, 532-533 "Private law," 135 Privileged communications, 533-537; definition of, 699 Pro bono legal work, 103, 537-542, 699 Pro Bono Project, 541 Pro se, 249-250; definition of, 699 Probable cause, 130, 542-545, 647; definition of, 699 Probate, 546-551; definition of, 699 Probate courts, 132, 151, 196, 198, 294-295, 391, 546-551; and executors, 294-295 Probation, 601; adult, 551-556; definition of, 699; electronic monitoring of, 215, 335, 555, 558; historical roots of, 557; juvenile, 556-561 Procedural due process, 272 Process, 699 Product liability law, 154, 636 Progressive Era, 365 Prohibition, 11, 544 Proof. See Burden of proof; Standards of proof Prosecutor, public, 212-213 Prosecutors, 56, 63, 518, 528, 562-567; definition of, 699 Proximate cause, 699 Public defenders, 47, 567-573; definition of, 699 Public interest law, 573-579 Puerto Rico, 72, 200, 671, 673 Punitive damages, 136, 162, 187, 238, 436, 451, 579-580; definition of, 699 Q Qaeda, al-, 478 Quebec, common law in, 156 R Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO), 153, 424 "Rambo litigation tactics," 5 Randolph, Edmund, 51 Real estate, 58, 180, 390, 663; attorneys, 57; and contracts, 187; foreclosure, 612; law, 500; liens, 293; mortgages, 107; and probate, 549 Real property, 700 Reasonable doubt, 111, 135, 165, 213, 224, 272, 566, 580-581, 614, 664; definition of, 689, 700; and directed verdicts, 256; and presumption of innocence, 529 Recess, 700 Recidivism, 216, 508, 652; definition of, 700; and three-strikes laws, 651 Recognizance, own, 221 Recusal, 700 Reformation, 159, 281 Refugee Act of 1980, 342 Refugees, 338, 475 Rehabilitation of offenders, 114, 229, 347, 411, 435, 552, 555, 602-603; juveniles, 413-415; and probation, 556 Rehnquist, William H., 116-117, 267, 331, 592, 624, 643 Release, 581-582; definition of, 700 Religion, freedom of, 94, 140, 625 Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, 593 Remand, 313; definition of, 700 Remittitur, 700 Removal, 129; definition of, 700 Reno, Janet, 52 Reporters, Supreme Court, 582-585 Repossession, 700 Reprieve, 700 Res gestae, 283 Respondents, 22-23 Restatements of the Law, 106 Restitution, 110, 194, 215, 228, 558, 585-586, 601, 603, 609; and community service, 161; and contract damages, 241; definition of, 700 Restraining orders, 355; definition of, 700; temporary, 355, 586-587 Restrictive orders, 322-323 Retainers, 587-588; definition of, 700 Retribution for crimes, 114, 116, 553, 557, 602-603 Reversals of Supreme Court decisions; amendment, 588-590; Congress, 590-594 Reversible errors, 594; definition of, 700 Rhode Island, state police, 629 RICO. See Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Right to counsel. See Counsel, right to Risk assessment, 503, 506 Robbery, 210-211, 304, 562; armed, 316, 485, 531; and principals, 531; statistics, 214, 216 Roman Catholic Church, 20 Roman law, 34 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 382, 404, 408, 461, 478 Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), 627 Rule of four, 127 Rules of evidence. See Evidence, rules of Rules of Professional Conduct, 72-73 S "Saturday night massacre," 410 Scalia, Antonin, 634 Scopes, John T., 648-649 Scott, Scott, 648 "Scottsboro boys," 189, 271, 350, 352 Search and seizure, 92, 95, 288; constraints on, 533, 542, 595 Search warrant requirement, 95, 288, 564, 595-597, 647; definition of, 700 Second Amendment, 94; and right to bear arms, 157 Securities Act of 1934, 152 Segregation, 64, 143, 279 Self-defense, 700 Self-incrimination; definition of, 700; immunity and, 344; privilege against, 97, 318, 327, 479, 598-600, 680 Sentencing, 214-215, 601-604; definition of, 700; three-strikes laws, 348, 360, 508, 651-653 Sentencing Commission, U.S., 603 Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, 505 Separation of powers, 590 September 11, 2001, attacks, 311, 338, 478 Service of process, 132, 701 Sessions, William, 306 Seventh Amendment, 30, 100, 157, 384; and juries, 393, 663 Sexual battery, 562 Sexual harassment, 146-147 Shareholder suits, 152, 604-605 Sheriffs, 210, 293, 521, 606-609; and bailiffs, 84; in England, 77; and foreclosure, 320; functions of, 421 Sherley, J. Swagar, 310 Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, 405, 526 Side bar, 701 Silver platter doctrine, 289 Simpson, O. J., 451 Sixteenth Amendment, 589 Sixth Amendment, 99, 683; and death penalty, 234; and juries, 129, 224, 393, 662; and right to counsel, 47, 63, 68, 189-191, 351, 568-569; speedy trial requirement, 220, 515, 612, 657; and witnesses, 637 Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher, and Flom, 429 Skip tracers, 82 Slavery; abolition of, 589; and citizenship, 648; and Civil War amendments, 174; and Fifth Amendment, 273; and Fugitive Slave Act, 457; and Missouri Compromise, 648 Small-claims courts, 198, 391, 609-611; and juries, 610; definition of, 701 Smuggling, 255 Solicitation of legal clients, 611-612 Solicitor general of the United States, 52, 403, 701 Solicitors, 60 South Dakota; bureau of investigation, 629; probate, 548 Sovereign immunity, 653, 701 Spain, judicial system, 158 Special damages, 162 Special Operations Group (SOG), 458 Special verdicts, 400, 676, 701 Specific performance, 281, 701 Speedy Trial Act of 1974, 613 Speedy trial requirement, 99-100, 220, 612-613; definition of, 701 Spooner, Lysander, 401 Spousal abuse, 296 Standards of proof, 135-136, 610, 613-614, 664; and probable cause, 542-545 Standing, 615-620; definition of, 701 Star Chamber (Great Britain), 157 Stare decisis, doctrine of, 18, 122, 158, 313, 701 State bar associations, 751-759. See also Bar associations State courts, 620-626 State police, 421-422, 626-632 State supreme courts, 21, 36, 221, 620; and appeals, 199, 225, 247; and attorney conduct, 59; and law schools, 61; and Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 668; and Model Rules of Professional Responsibility, 488; and Supreme Court, U.S., 197, 314, 623, 625, 642 State's attorneys, 263, 563 Statute of frauds, 701 Statutes, 633-634; definition of, 701 Statutes of limitations, 186, 634-635; definition of, 701 Statutes of repose, 634 Stewart, Potter, 114, 116 Stone, Ferdinand, 455 Stone, Harlan Fiske, 527 Stop and frisk rule, 597 Strict liability, 636-637; definition of, 701 Strikebreaking, 457 Strikes. See Labor strikes Subornation of perjury, 701 Subpoena duces tecum, 701 Subpoenas, 10, 92, 100, 637-639, 681; definition of, 701; and grand juries, 327 Subrogation, 701 Substantive due process, 273 Summary judgments, 133, 249, 638-639; definition of, 701 Summons, 639; definition of, 702 Supremacy, federal, 170 Supreme Court, U.S., 7, 314, 640-646; and appeals, 21, 197, 200, 206-208, 217; appointments to, 364; and Bill of Rights, 94-95, 98-99, 101, 220, 222, 224; and capital punishment, 114-120, 215, 234-235, 246; cert pool, 374; and civil rights, 64, 141, 144, 279; clerks of, 374; and Constitution, U.S., 169-170, 312; and cruel and unusual punishment, 233; and diversity jurisdiction, 266; and due process, 270-273, 529-530; and effective counsel, 276-277; and excessive bail, 78; and exclusionary rule, 288; and habeas corpus, 331; and indigent defendants, 350-352, 538, 571, 659; and judicial review, 21, 24, 377-383; and juries, 396; and juvenile justice system, 415-416; and the military, 461, 472; and military tribunals, 478; opinions of, 497; and plea bargaining, 515; and probable cause, 544; and Washington, George, 7; and writs of certiorari, 124-125. See also individual court cases and individual justices "Surrogate courts," 546 Suspects, 646-648 Sutherland, George, 190 T Taney, Roger, 649 Tax law, 65, 324, 633 Temporary restraining orders. See Restraining orders, temporary Ten Commandments, and lying, 509 Tennessee; attorney general, 75; Scopes trial, 648-649 Tenth Amendment, 102, 418, 618 Terrorism, 311, 339, 458; attacks on Pentagon and World Trade Center, 311, 338, 478; and military tribunals, 478 Test cases, 574, 578, 648-650; definition of, 702 Testator, 702 Testimony, 283, 650-651; definition of, 702; and immunity, 344 Texas; bankruptcy in, 86; courts, 194; death penalty, 294; felony convictions, 652; recidivism statute, 652; Texas Rangers, 626 Third Amendment, 95, 271 Thirteenth Amendment, 174, 589 Thomas, Clarence, 172 Three-strikes laws, 348, 508, 651-653; definition of, 702 Title, 702 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 363, 393 Tort Claims Act of 1946, 653 Torts, 152, 154, 159, 451, 455, 466, 581, 653-656; definition of, 702 Trade secrets, 154, 586 Trademarks, 154, 391, 465 Traffic law, 419 Transcripts. See Trial transcripts Treason, 120, 304, 345, 422, 486; definition of, 702 Treasury Department, U.S., 424, 449; and terrorist assets, 311 Trespass, 450 Trial, appeal cases, 20-22, 24 Trial lists, 193 Trial publicity, 657-658 Trial transcripts, 351, 658-659; definition of, 702 Trials, 452, 660-665; and adversary system, 3-7; and attorneys, 63, 65, 70; and bail system, 77-82; and bailiffs, 83; convictions, 188-189; and court calendars, 193; and court reporters, 195; and depositions, 253-254; and directed verdicts, 256-257; and discovery, 257-261; and dismissal, 261-262; and due process, 272-274; errors in, 333, 594; evidence in, 111, 128, 283, 285, 288-292; federal, 313, 317; and grand juries, 325-327; and judges, 358-360, 368, 372; and juries, 384-389, 393-402; of juveniles, 413-414, 416; and mistrials, 486-487; objections during, 494-495; and obstruction of justice, 495-496; and pleas, 514-520; procedures, 133-134; and prosecutors, 564-566; and public defenders, 572; publicity, 657-658; Rambo litigation tactics, 5; and speedy trial requirement, 612-613; termination of, 1; testimony in, 650; trial by ambush, 5, 253, 453; and types of courts, 196-201; venues of, 129; witnesses in, 678-681. See also Courts; Courts-martial; Hearings; Inquests; Judges; Lawsuits; Litigation; Military tribunals; Preliminary hearings Truman, Harry S., 379 Trust accounts, attorney. See Attorney trust accounts Trustees, 73, 152, 319; definition of, 702; and living trusts, 550 Trustees in bankruptcy, 702 Trusts, 282, 500, 549 Tulane Law School, 539 Twenty-first Amendment, 11 Twenty-sixth Amendment, 11, 589 U UCC. See Uniform Commercial Code Unauthorized practice of law, 665-666 Unethical conduct of attorneys, 667-670 Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 202-204, 465-466, 469-470, 477-478 Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 151, 153, 180, 451, 673 Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act, 672 Uniform laws, 670-674 Uniform Partnership Act (UPA), 672 Uniform Probate Code, 672 Unions. See Labor unions United States Code, 18, 675 United States Code Annotated, 18, 675 United States Reports, 582 United States Statutes at Large, 675 United States Trustee network, 86 UPA. See Uniform Partnership Act USCA. See United States Code Annotated Utah, death penalty, 118 V Vacate, 702 Vandalism, 210, 348, 560 Vehicle identification numbers (VINs), 524 Venire, 702 Venue, 129 Vera Foundation, 514 Verdicts, 676-677, 702 Vermont attorneys, 665 Vested, 702 Vicarious liability, 656, 702 Vietnam War, 11, 17, 468, 473, 623 Virgin Islands, 72, 200, 671, 673 Virginia; judicial system, 199; and U.S. Supreme Court, 624 Void, 702 Voir dire, 224, 398; definition of, 702 W Wales, 156 Wallace, George, 407 "War on Drugs," 40 "War on Poverty," 539 Wards of the court, 702 Warrant, 702, arrest, 31, 82, 409 Warrantless arrest, 222 Warren, Earl, 172, 236, 331, 623; cases decided, 234; retirement of, 234 Washington; bankruptcy in, 86; trusts, 550 Washington, George, 7, 16; and attorney general, 51-52 Watergate scandal, 52, 306, 308, 328, 502 Webster, William, 306 Wheaton, Henry, 583 Whipping, 233, 237 Whiskey Rebellion, 16 White, Byron R., 116-117 White-collar crime, 562, 703 Wickersham, George, 307 William the Conqueror, 606 Wills, 65, 163-164, 196, 294, 391; definition of, 703 Winchester, Statutes of, 130 Wiretapping, 97; definition of, 703 Wisconsin; and law schools, 433; probate, 548 Witness Security Program, 458 Witnesses, 253-254, 284, 344, 677-683; confrontation of, 683-684; cross-examination of, 230, 651, 661; definition of, 703; and direct examination, 230; expert, 163, 284, 454, 685-686, 703; impeachment of, 259 Workers' compensation, 64, 86, 159, 532, 536, 636; definition of, 703 World Trade Center, terrorist attack on, 311, 338, 478 World War II; and internment of Japanese Americans, 538; and military courts, 477 Writs. See Certiorari, writ of; definition of, 703 Wyoming; Highway Patrol, 629 X Y Z Zenger, John Peter, 400 |
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