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Immigration in US History Index AAJF. See American Arab and Jewish Friends AALDF. See Asian American Legal Defense Fund AAUG. See Association of Arab American University Graduates Abbott, Edith, 646 Abourezk, James, 44 Abraham, Spencer, 44, 47 Acadia, 508 Accent discrimination, 1-3 ACCESS. See Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services Acculturation, 221, 530; of Arabs, 48; and assimilation, 80; of Cubans, 630; of Dominicans, 209, 211; and ethnic enclaves, 273; generational, 273-276 Achick, Tong K., 154 ACJ. See American Council on Judaism Act to Protect Free White Labor Against Competition from Chinese Coolie Labor of 1862 (California), 61 Adamic, Louis, 229 Adams, John, 16-17 ADC. See American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee Addams, Jane, 332-334, 646 AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children Affirmative action, 121, 123, 206, 600-601; and immigrants, 9; and Latinos, 181; white resentment of, 552 AFL. See American Federation of Labor African Americans; and Cuban immigrants, 180-184; and Irish immigrants, 400-401; and Korean immigrants, 469-472; stereotypes, 691 African immigrants, 3-11 Afro-Caribbean immigrants, 6, 9, 11-15, 181; and Santería, 629-630 Afroyim v. Rusk, 568 Agricultural Labor Relations Act, 251 Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, 251-252 Agriculture, 243, 384, 605; and British immigrants, 107; European, 241, 281, 316, 410, 445; and European immigrants, 235, 281; and Filipino immigrants, 260; and Irish immigrants, 403; and Jamaican immigrants, 417; and Japanese immigrants, 19, 433, 439, 517; and Mexican immigrants, 99, 101, 103-107, 191, 251-257, 572-573; and World War II, 103-107 Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 698 AJC. See American Jewish Committee Alabama; Clotilde slave ship, 168-171; and Ku Klux Klan, 479-480 Alaska; Filipino immigrants, 280; gold rush, 708; Native Americans, 123-124; Russian immigrants, 622-623; and U.S. Census, 123-124 Alianza Federal de Mercedes, La, 128 Alien Act of 1798, 257-258, 319 Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, 15-18, 257-258 Alien Enemies Act of 1798, 257-258 Alien Land Law of 1913 (California), 19, 204, 433, 441, 576, 710; repeal of, 435 Alien Land Law of 1920 (California), 21, 710 Alien land laws, 19-22, 578; in California, 204, 433, 435, 441, 576, 710 Alien Registration Act of 1940, 728 Alien Registration Receipt (green) Cards, 293-295 Almeida-Sanchez v. United States, 566 ALRA. See Agricultural Labor Relations Act Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 271 Ambach v. Norwick, 564 Amerasian Homecoming Act, 24 Amerasians, 22-26; Vietnamese, 671 American Arab and Jewish Friends, 456 American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, 36, 44-45 American Civil Liberties Union, 218, 314 American Council on Judaism, 615 American Dream, 90, 344, 507; and Chinese immigrants, 149; and European immigrants, 225; and Irish immigrants, 398-399; in literature, 59, 149, 226, 229, 233 American Federation of Labor, 344 American Immigration Lawyers Association, 381-382 American Indians. See Native Americans American Jewish Committee, 26-27, 615 American Legion, 99, 585, 710 American Museum of Immigration, 225 American Party. See Know-Nothing Party American Protective Association, 344, 350, 559 Amish, 284 Amnesty International, 298, 314 Anabaptists, 285 Anarchists, 319, 344, 349, 561, 568, 584; Goldman, Emma, 585; Sacco and Vanzetti trial, 626-629 Anaya, Rudolfo, 509 Angel Island, 432, 434, 546, 696; opening of, 726 Anglican Church, 107 Anglo-conformity, 27-28, 319 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 329 Anneke-Giesler, Mathilde Franziska, 286 Anthony, Susan B., 286 Anti-Defamation League, 446 Anti-Irish Riots of 1844, 29-33, 559 Antin, Mary, 228 Anti-Popery Union, 559 Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, 196 Aoki, Shuzo, 278-279, 438-440 APA. See American Protective Association APALA. See Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services, 36 Arab immigrants, 41-49; intergroup relations, 33-38; and Jews, 454-458; stereotypes, 35, 38-42, 454 Arab World and Islamic Resources and School Services, 44 Arens, Richard, 359 Argentina, SS, 687 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 298-299, 301, 620 Arizona; alien land laws, 21; and Border Patrol, 97; illegal aliens, 335; Japanese immigrants, 204, 434; Latinos, 505, 591, 610; and Mexican War, 101, 484; Operation Wetback, 572-576; welfare system, 566 Arkansas; alien land laws, 21; discriminatory laws, 564; and Operation Wetback, 574; refugee detention camps, 526 Armenians, 229 Arthur, Chester A., 112, 142 Ashkenazic Jews, 49-51, 405-406, 444, 452, 455, 637, 705 Asian American Legal Defense Fund, 56 Asian Americans; advocacy organizations, 56, 76-79, 133-137, 424-427; education, 52-55, 549-554; literature, 57-60; as “model minorities,” 549-554; stereotypes, 52, 60-63, 324, 553; women, 63-67 Asian immigrants; and citizenship, 576-579, 648; mail-order brides, 522; and Page law, 579-583. See also individual ethnic groups Asian Indian immigrants, 67-71; demographics, 192; families, 72-76; and U.S. Census, 123 Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance, 76-79 Asiatic Barred Zone, 190, 359, 363 Asiatic Exclusion League, 19, 136, 277, 709 Assimilation; and acculturation, 273; and Anglo-conformity, 79-82; differential, 691; and European Americans, 226; and European immigrants, 412; and “model minorities,” 551; and pluralism, 226; processes, 237; and settlement houses, 644; theories, 79-83, 189, 222, 228, 462 As-sing, Norman, 153 Association of Arab American University Graduates, 40, 43 Association of Immigration Attorneys, 382 Asylum, 197-199; and Cubans, 13, 300, 620; and Haitians, 13, 300, 302, 620; and quotas, 380; and refugee fatigue, 612; and Salvadorans, 548; and Truman, Harry S., 322; and U.S. refugee policy, 310-315, 378, 381, 459, 614-616, 618-619 Atta, Mohammed, 641 Au pairs, 84 Australia, 67, 607, 683 Australian immigrants, 347, 352; mail-order brides, 523 AWAIR. See Arab World and Islamic Resources and School Services AWOC. See Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee Aztecs, 127, 483 Aztlán, 126 Bailey, David, 581-582 Balaguer, Joaquín, 208 Baldwin, James, 510 Baltic immigrants, 50, 242. See also Lithuanian immigrants Baltimore, 131, 270 Bangladeshi immigrants, 72 Baptist Church, 632 Barolini, Helen, 233 Barr, William P., 297 Barry, Leonora, 696 Barsimson, Jacob, 636 Barzun, Jacques, 216 Beck, Roy, 374 Belize, 689 Bell, Thomas, 229 Bellow, Saul, 216, 230 Berkman, Alexander, 585 Bernstein, Robert L., 311 Bible, 30, 32, 404, 559 Bigler, John, 154 Bilingual education, 28, 85-96, 218, 499-503; and Chicano movement, 128; and cultural pluralism, 189; and Dominican immigrants, 209; and English-only movement, 216; and generational acculturation, 275; and Proposition 227, 600-604. See also Education Bilingual Education Act of 1968, 85, 90-96, 501 Birmingham church bombing, 479 Birth of a Nation (film), 478 Bjarni Herjolfsson, 630 Black, Hugo L., 479 Blackmun, Harry A., 297, 501 Blyden, Edward, 691 Bohemians, 271; in literature, 230, 508 Bok, Edward, 229 Bolivians, 487 Border Patrol, U.S., 96-103, 328, 367-368, 460; deportation power, 101; and Homeland Security Department, 329; and illegal aliens, 335; and Operation Wetback, 574-575 Border Security Act of 2001, 641 Borjas, George, 375 Boston; Chinatown, 131; Chinese immigrants, 136; Gypsy immigrants, 296; Immigration Restriction League, 350; Irish immigrants, 398; Italian immigrants, 410, 514; West Indian immigrants, 689 Bowsher v. Synar, 372 Box, John, 98, 101 Boyle, T. Coraghessan, 233 Bracero program, 103-107, 191, 252, 385; and Operation Wetback, 573-575; and unionization, 251-252, 255 Bradford, William, 507 Bradshaw, Virginia, 659 Bradstreet, Anne, 507 Brazil, 50; African slaves, 484; black population, 609; Jewish settlers, 443, 450-451, 636 Breckinridge, Sophonisba, 646 Brennan, William Joseph, Jr., 566, 591-592 Breslin, Jimmy, 233 Breyer, Stephen G., 712 Brimelow, Peter, 375 British immigrants, 190, 194, 316; in Canada, 608; demographics, 192; as dominant group, 107-109; first settlements, 316, 419-423; Gypsies, 295; indentured servants, 388; Protestants, 235-236; and quotas, 191; war brides, 681-683 Brown v. Board of Education, 206, 499 Brownell, Herbert, 574 Bryan, William Jennings, 20 Buck, Pearl S., 22, 23 Buck v. Bell, 592 Buddhism, 67; and Koreans, 468, 473, 476; and Southeast Asians, 651; and Vietnamese, 673 Buffalo Hump, 286 Burger, Warren E., 372, 501, 564, 591-592 Burlingame, Anson, 111 Burlingame Treaty, 109-113, 141-142 Burma, 324 Bush, George, 85, 298-299, 302, 436; and Haiti, 620 Bush, George W.; and Homeland Security Department, 328, 639; and Mexico, 335 Cabell v. Chavez-Salido, 564 Cable, John L., 113-115 Cable Act of 1922, 113-115, 425 Cabot, John, 409 CACA. See Chinese American Citizens Alliance Cadwalader, George, 31 Cahan, Abraham, 228 California; Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975 (California), 251, 254; alien land laws, 19-21; Angel Island, 432, 434, 546, 696; Arab immigrants, 34; Asian Americans, 64; Asian immigrants, 69; and Border Patrol, 97; Chinatowns, 131-132; Chinese immigrants, 136, 155; Delano Grape Strike, 128, 253, 255; Filipino immigrants, 259-261, 264; gold rush, 115-119, 146, 151-156, 160; Hmong immigrants, 324; illegal aliens, 335; Jamaican immigrants, 417; Japanese immigrants, 277, 425, 431, 438-443, 709; Korean immigrants, 467, 544; and Ku Klux Klan, 480; Latinos, 128, 505, 591, 610; Little Saigon, 54; Little Tokyos, 516; Mexican immigrants, 536; natural disasters, 598; Operation Wetback, 572-576; Proposition 187, 268, 461, 598-600, 602; Proposition 227, 28, 85, 502, 532, 600-604; segregation in, 278, 708; Sikh immigrants, 648; Southeast Asian immigrants, 650; Taiwanese immigrants, 655; Thai garment workers, 657-659; undocumented immigrants, 598-600; Vietnamese immigrants, 672. See also Los Angeles; San Francisco California, University of, 63, 600 Callaghan, Morley, 510 Cambodia, 23-24, 526, 671 Cambodian immigrants, 53, 62, 64, 649-650 Canada; Arab immigrants, 33, 36; Asian immigrants, 63-64, 67-68; bilingualism, 89; borders, 97; Chinatowns, 193; Chinese immigrants, 155; Filipino immigrants, 259, 264; and Japan, 193; Japanese immigrants, 62; Japanese internment, 57, 517; Korean immigrants, 474; Little Tokyos, 517; Muslim immigrants, 557; Sikh immigrants, 648; Southeast Asian immigrants, 650; and U.S. Border Patrol, 96, 98-99 Canadian immigrants in the United States, 192 Capra, Frank, 414 Caputo, Philip, 233 Carino v. University of Oklahoma Board of Regents, 2 Carmichael, Stokely, 691 Carr, Matthew, 258 Carter, Jimmy, 486; and Mariel boatlift, 525-527 Castañeda v. Pickard, 502 Castillo, Ana, 509 Castro, Fidel, 176-178, 180-181, 183-187, 247, 486, 512; and González, Elián, 290-293; and Mariel boatlift, 524-528 Cather, Willa, 230, 508 CCBA (Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association). See Chinese Six Companies Cédras, Raoul, 299 Celtic Irish, 119-120 Censuses, U.S., 120-125; and slaves, 6. See also Demographics Center for Constitutional Rights, 313 Central Intelligence Agency, 324 Chadha, Jagdish, 371 Chae Chan Ping v. United States, 144-146, 563 Chávez, César, 128, 251-257 Chen, Lily Lee, 132 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 202 Cherokee Tobacco case, 202 Chesapeake Bay Colony, 5, 388, 419-420 Cheunchijit, Rojana, 658-659 Cheung Wong v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 567 Chew Heong v. United States, 144-146 Chew v. Colding, 563 Chiang Kai-shek, 656 Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 354 Chicago, 193; Arab immigrants, 36; Asian Americans, 64; Chinatown, 131; Chinese immigrants, 136; Filipino immigrants, 261; garment industry, 270-271; Gypsy immigrants, 296; Hull-House, 332-334, 644; Irish immigrants, 398; Italian immigrants, 410, 514; Korean immigrants, 474; in literature, 230, 232, 507; Little Tokyo, 518; machine politics, 399, 519; Mexican immigrants, 101, 536; South Asian immigrants, 72 Chicago Immigrant Protective League, 697 Chicano movement, 125-130 Chicanos. See Mexican immigrants Chile, 620 Chiles, Lawton M., Jr., 185, 267-269, 394 Chin, Frank, 58 China; and Burlingame Treaty, 109-113, 141-142; establishment of People’s Republic, 355; and Great Britain, 110, 146; Hmongs, 324; and Japan, 158; Nationalist government, 354; and Opium Wars, 146; Taiping Rebellion, 545; and Taiwan, 22, 656; and Tibet, 659-661; war brides, 681; and World War II, 143, 148, 354, 614. See also Taiwan Chinatowns, 54, 130-133, 134, 355; and generational acculturation, 273; in literature, 57; and Little Tokyos, 517; Los Angeles, 160; San Francisco, 141, 147, 151-156, 158, 161-163; Vancouver, British Columbia, 193 Chinda, Viscount, 19-20 Chinese; and California gold rush, 151-155; New York detentions, 138-140 Chinese American Citizens Alliance, 133-137 Chinese Americans; and education, 52; and U.S. Census, 123 Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association. See Chinese Six Companies Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 140-144, 157, 274, 277, 321, 562, 608; amendment of, 136, 162, 204; and Border Patrol, 97; and California nativists, 147, 154; and congressional powers, 563; and exclusion cases, 144-146; exemptions to, 349; and Japanese immigrants, 432; renewal of, 112, 354, 709; repeal of, 353-356; and Wong Kim Ark case, 699-701 Chinese exclusion cases, 144-146 Chinese immigrants, 146-150, 354, 608, 694; and California’s gold rush, 151-155; demographics, 192; families, 155-160; and quotas, 347; stereotypes, 57, 137, 159. See also Taiwanese immigrants Chinese Six Companies (Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association), 135-136, 154, 160-163 Chinese stereotypes, 404; coolies, 174-176 Chisholm, Shirley, 691 Choephel, Ngavong, 660 Chopin, Kate, 508 Church bill. See Refugee Relief Act of 1953 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Ciardi, John, 233 “Circular migration,” 491 Cisneros, Sandra, 509 Citizens’ Committee on Displaced Persons, 615 Citizenship, 164-168; and Asians, 576-579, 648; and Cable Act, 113-115; and foreign parentage, 571-572; and Fourteenth Amendment, 568, 700; and Native Americans, 121, 166; naturalization rules, 569-570; and Puerto Ricans, 196, 489; and war brides, 688 Citizenship Act of 1924, 166 Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S., 328, 335, 369, 641 Civil Liberties Act of 1988, 436 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 1-2, 92, 201, 206, 499, 565 Civil Rights cases, 205 Civil War, U.S., 111, 281, 320; German immigrants in, 286; Irish in, 400; and Jews, 445; and Ku Klux Klan, 477; Scotch-Irish immigrants in, 635; and slavery, 7 Cixi, 111 CLAO. See Council of Lebanese American Organizations Clark, Hugh, 32 Clarke, Edward Young, 479, 586 Cleveland, Grover, 341, 344 Clinton, Bill, 182, 196, 302, 527, 620, 660; and Cuba, 184-187 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 556 Clotilde slave ship, 168-171 Coast Guard, U.S., 172-174; and Chinese immigrants, 138-139; and Cuban immigrants, 185, 187, 290-293, 526; and Haitian boat people, 297-300; and Homeland Security Department, 330 Cocaine, 172-173 Cohn, Fannia, 272 COINS, 123 Cold War, 599; and Cuban policy, 185 Colombia; drug traffic, 294; refugees from, 487 Colorado; anti-Chinese rioting, 134; Chinatowns, 131; Chinese immigrants, 136; Hmong immigrants, 324; Latinos, 128, 505, 610 Colt, LeBaron, 346 “Columbia,” 236 Columbus, Christopher, 409 Community-oriented policing; and illegal aliens, 336 Compassion fatigue, 612-614 Connecticut; garment industry, 270; Irish immigrants, 233; Jamaican immigrants, 417; West Indian immigrants, 689, 691 Constitution, U.S., 18, 444, 564, 570; and alien rights, 294, 562; and census, 121, 607; and citizenship, 164, 562; and English language, 218; and Native Americans, 202; and naturalization, 167, 570; and Proposition 187, 598-599; and slavery, 6, 201. See also individual amendments Cooke, Alistair, 216 Coolidge, Calvin, 345, 704 Coolies, 61, 141, 174-176, 699; and Page law, 580; and stereotypes, 159 Costa Rica, 525, 668, 677 Cotton farming, 97, 99, 483; mechanization of, 605; and slavery, 6 Council of Lebanese American Organizations, 45 Crèvecœur, Michel-Guillaume-Jean de, 507, 529 Crimean War, 281 Criminal law, 367; and deportation, 198-199, 381, 564; and hate crime, 45; and Hmong marriages, 326; and illegal aliens, 20, 334-336, 368, 385, 526; and immigration, 240, 294, 677, 680; and Ku Klux Klan, 479; and youth gangs, 500 Cronkite, Walter, 216 Cruz, Philip Vera, 77 Cuba; and González, Elián, 290-293; and Mariel boatlift, 524-528; Santería, 629-630 Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966, 181 Cuban immigrants, 176-180, 489; and African Americans, 180-184; businesses, 247, 512-514; and U.S. Census, 123; demographics, 192; deportation of, 181, 527; families, 494, 496; and Haitians, 14; holidays, 498; and immigration law, 384, 386, 697; and Little Havana, 512-514; as “model minority,” 550; stereotypes, 527; and U.S. refugee policy, 184-187 Cultural pluralism, 188-190, 215, 218, 273, 644 Cummings, Samuel, 258 Customs and Border Protection, 97 Dalai Lama, 659-661 Daley, Richard J., 519 Darwin, Charles, 560 Daugherty, James, 587 Davenport, Charles B., 704 Davis, Edward Bertrand, 268 Davis, James J., 99 Dawes Act of 1887, 166 Declaration of Independence, 201 Declaratory Act of 1766 (Great Britain), 165 Delano Grape Strike, 128, 253, 255 Delaware; Iranian immigrants, 394 Demographics, 120-125, 190-195, 373-374; Africans, 6; Arab Americans, 33-34, 44, 454-455; Asian Americans, 52, 63; and Chinatowns, 132; Chinese immigrants, 146; Dominican immigrants, 208; European immigrants, 225, 281; Filipino immigrants, 261; illegal aliens, 334; immigrants, 638, 641; Indian and Pakistani immigrants, 72; Israeli immigrants, 405-406, 408; Italian immigrants, 409, 514; Jamaican immigrants, 417; Japanese immigrants, 277; Jewish immigrants, 50, 454; Korean immigrants, 467, 470, 474; Latinos, 489, 496, 533; Pacific islanders, 305; Southeast Asian immigrants, 650, 672; trends, 606-612; Vietnamese immigrants, 672. See also Censuses, U.S. Denmark, 229, 318 Deportation, 195-200, 384, 562-563, 711-712; and Alien Act, 16; of Arabs, 46; and Border Patrol, U.S., 101; of Chinese, 145, 157; and communists, 357; of Cubans, 181, 527; of Garvey, Marcus, 669; of Haitians, 181, 302; of illegal aliens, 294, 336-337; and Immigration and Naturalization Service, 367-368; and immigration law, 377-378, 380-382; and literary tests, 342; of Mexicans, 106, 127, 533-537, 572-576; and Operation Wetback, 106; Palmer raids, 584-589; and Patriot Act, 641; rates, 167; of refugees, 310-312, 548, 618, 620; and terrorist attacks, 642; and war brides, 683, 687 Deportation Act of 1929, 535 Depression era, 191, 319, 572, 596, 697; and Asian Indian immigrants, 68; and Canada, 194; Dust Bowl migrants, 253; and Jews, 446; in literature, 508; and machine politics, 520; Mexican deportations, 127, 533-537; trade unions, 61 Detroit, 183, 456; Arab immigrants, 34, 36, 41-42, 47, 455, 610; Chinese immigrants, 136; Ford Motor Company English school, 224; Maronite immigrants, 48; Mexican immigrants, 536; police brutality in, 183 DeVoto, Bernard, 233 Dillingham, William Paul, 344, 346 Dillingham Commission, 244, 349, 543 DiMaggio, Joe, 413 DiPrima, Diane, 233 Disasters, 310, 327-328; in California, 598; and Homeland Security Department, 329 Discrimination, 201-207, 412, 551-552, 564-565; and accents, 1-3; and acculturation, 275; vs. Afro- Caribbeans, 13-14; alien land laws, 19-22; vs. Arab Americans, 36, 40, 42-44, 454; vs. Asian Americans, 56, 65, 77, 319, 321-322; vs. Chinese, 61, 132, 136, 140-147, 154, 156, 158, 161; and civil rights laws, 499; vs. Cuban immigrants, 526-527; vs. Dominican immigrants, 210; and ethnic enclaves, 219-222, 708; vs. European immigrants, 561; vs. Filipino immigrants, 263; vs. Haitians, 302; vs. Hawaiians, 306; and immigration law, 261, 344, 364, 386, 568, 614, 618; vs. Iranians, 394; vs. Irish immigrants, 231, 235, 400, 402-403; vs. Japanese immigrants, 424, 431, 438-443; vs. Jews, 445-446; vs. Latinos, 492, 504-505; in literature, 57; vs. Mexican immigrants, 104, 126-127, 532-537, 666; vs. Polish Americans, 597; vs. war brides, 685; vs. women immigrants, 695, 697 Disney Company, 661 Displaced persons, 359, 594, 614-617 Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 355, 615-616; expiration of, 615 Displaced Persons Commission, 615 Doak, William N., 535-536 Domestic Preparedness, Office of, 329 Dominican immigrants, 207-211, 247, 375, 494; families, 496; holidays, 498; and Puerto Ricans, 210; and Puerto Rico, 486 Dominican Republic, 13, 484, 486 Donato, Pietro di, 233 Donleavy, J. P., 233 Douay Bible, 30 Douglas, William O., 501 Dps. See Displaced persons Dred Scott v. Sandford, 699 Drug traffic; and Coast Guard, U.S., 172 D’Souza, Dinesh, 689 Duane, William, 17, 258 Dukakis, Michael, 629 Duke, David, 480 Dunne, Peter Finley, 231 Dust Bowl, 253 Dutch immigrants, 107, 225, 235, 318, 544 Dutch West India Company, 443, 450-452, 636 Duvalier, François, 298, 301, 620 Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 298, 301 Eastern European Jewish immigrants. See Jewish immigrants, Eastern European Eaton, Edith Maud (Sui Sin Far), 57 Eaton, Winifred (Onoto Watanna), 57 Ebonics, 602 EBPSUSA. See El Bireh Palestine Society of the USA Ecuador, 91 Education, 247, 460-461, 565-566; and Amerasians, 25; and Arab Americans, 35, 43-45; and Asian Americans, 52-55, 64-65, 69-70, 74, 77, 549-554; and assimilation, 82, 275; and Chinese, 158-159; and cultural pluralism, 189; and discrimination, 206; and Hmongs, 53-54, 62, 325; and illegal aliens, 590-593; and immigration policy, 191, 194; and Jamaicans, 417-418; and Japanese, 278, 438-443, 708; and Koreans, 468, 474; and Laotians, 54; and Latinos, 491, 494, 506; and “model minorities,” 550, 552-553; and Pacific islanders, 305, 307; and Roman Catholic Church, 238; and Scandinavians, 238; and Taiwanese, 655; teachers, 238; and Vietnamese, 675; and West Indians, 689. See also Bilingual education EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Eisenhower, Dwight D., 361, 574, 616 El Bireh Palestine Society of the USA, 45 El Salvadoran immigrants, 193, 313, 548, 619-620 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, 92-93 Eliot, T. S., 510 Ellis Island, ii, xxvi, 225, 241-242, 318, 352, 363, 544, 563; closing of, 244; creation of reception center, 235, 240; detention pen, 197; health inspectors, 317 Ellison, Ralph, 508 Emergency Quota Act of 1921, 346, 534 Employment Equity Act of 1986 (Canada), 474 English as a second language, 87, 501, 545 English language, 107, 375, 462; and accent discrimination, 1-3; and Anglo-American conformity, 28; and assimilation, 80, 82; and bilingual education, 85-96, 499-503; development programs, 87; and Filipinos, 263; and Japanese, 440; and Latinos, 484, 492; and mail-order brides, 523; in Philippines, 259; and settlement houses, 644; and war brides, 685. See also Languages English-only and official English movements, 214-219 English Plus, 218 Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002, 335 Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974, 501 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 201 Escalante, Jaime, 602 Escueta, Mel, 59 Eskimos, 123, 609 ESL. See English as a second language Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co., 565 Ethiopian immigrants, 8, 312, 551 Ethiopian Jews, 540 Ethnic enclaves, 66, 90, 219-222, 344, 618; and acculturation, 273; Afro-Caribbean, 14; Asian, 62; Chinese, 130-133; Cuban, 492, 512-514; and discrimination, 708; Irish, 398; Italian, 412, 514-516; Japanese, 516-518, 708; Jewish, 50; Swedish, 631; West Indian, 689. See also Chinatowns; Koreatowns; Little Havana; Little Italies; Little Jerusalem; Little Saigon; Little Tokyos Eugenics movement, 322, 345, 347, 560, 702-707 Euro-Americans, 222-224 European immigrants, 235-245; family businesses, 247; literature, 224-234; and U.S. policy, 340, 349, 352, 359. See also individual nationalities Evacuation Claims Act of 1948, 429 Ex parte Endo, 430 Ex parte Milligan, 430 Executive Order 9066, 424, 426, 428, 430, 434, 710 Expropriation Act of 1907, 114 FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration Falasha Jews, 540 Family businesses, 246-250; Jewish, 454; Korean, 469-472; Pacific islanders, 308 FAN. See Feminist Arab Network Fante, John, 233 Farm Workers Association. See National Farm Workers Association Farmworkers’ union, 251-257 Farrakhan, Louis, 62 Farrell, James T., 232 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Aviation Administration, 46 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 45, 428, 479, 585 Federal Emergency Management Agency, 328-329 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, 329 Federal Protective Service, 329 Federal riot of 1799, 257-258 Feinstein, Dianne, 269 Feminist Arab Network, 36 Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 233, 414 Ferraro, Geraldine, 414 Fiancées Act of 1946, 683 Fifteenth Amendment, 205 Fifth Amendment, 294, 712; due process clause, 712 Fiji, 67 Filipino immigrants, 258-264; and citizenship, 61; demographics, 192; families, 264-267; and Gentlemen’s Agreement, 280; mail-order brides, 522; and U.S. Census, 123, 261; war brides, 685. See also Philippines Fillmore, Millard, 465 Films; and Arab stereotypes, 40; and Chinese stereotypes, 137; and Italian stereotypes, 413 Finns, 634 First Amendment, 17, 563 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 232, 510 Flaherty, Joe, 233 Florida; bilingual education, 91; citrus industry, 241; Cuban immigrants, 176-177, 179-184, 247, 375, 512-514, 524-528; Dominican immigrants, 208; and González, Elián, 290-293; Haitian immigrants, 181, 300, 302; illegal-immigrant suit, 267-269; Iranian immigrants, 394; Jamaican immigrants, 417; Latinos, 610; Spanish settlements, 316, 610; Vietnamese immigrants, 672. See also Miami Flower Drum Song (Rodgers and Hammerstein), 131 Foley v. Connelie, 564 Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 144-146, 563 Forant Act of 1885, 546 Ford, Gerald, 613 Ford, Henry, 446 Foster, Bill, 169-170 Fourteenth Amendment, 145, 162, 164, 166, 205, 500, 699; and citizenship, 568, 700; equal protection clause, 205, 461, 564-566, 590; and segregation, 499 Fourth Amendment, 563, 566 Fox, Vicente, 335 Fragante v. City and County of Honolulu, 2 France, 628; and Alien and Sedition Acts, 15-18; citizenship in, 23; Gypsies, 295 Frank, Leo, 446 French Canadians, 508 French immigrants, 225, 295, 318, 507, 529, 544 Frumkin, Robert, 457 Fujimori, Albert, 437 Fuller, Alvan T., 628 Fuller, Melville W., 701 Gage, Henry, 709 Galarza, Ernesto, 252 Gallagher, Tess, 233 Gallatin, Albert, 17 Galvan v. Press, 564 Garment industry, 71, 76, 213, 270-272; Thai worker enslavement, 657-659; Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire, 661-663; and women, 697-698 Garvey, Marcus, 13, 417, 508, 667-670, 691 Geary Act of 1892, 136, 143, 145, 157 General Trades Union of Philadelphia, 29-30 Generational acculturation, 273-276 Gentlemen’s Agreement, 19-20, 276-280, 433, 696, 710; and San Francisco school segregation, 441 Georgia, 183; Gypsy immigrants, 296; and Ku Klux Klan, 478-479; lynching, 446; slavery, 286 German American Alliance, 287 German immigrants, 235, 281-290; and alcohol, 236; demographics, 192; language, 216; and Native Americans, 286; and slavery, 286; stereotypes, 545 Gerstäcker, Friedrich, 286 Ghadr Party, 648 Ghettos. See Ethnic enclaves Gibran, Kahlil, 47 Gingrich, Newt, 269 Gioia, Dana, 233 Gitanos (Gypsies), 296 Godfather, The (Puzo), 226, 413 Gold, Michael, 230 Gold rush, Alaska, 708 Gold rush, California, 115-119, 146, 156, 160; and Chinese immigrants, 151-155 Goldman, Emma, 585 Gonzaga University, 24 Gonzáles, Rodolfo “Corky,” 128 González, Elián, 290-293 Gonzalez, M. C., 505 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 654 Gordon, Mary, 233 Gore, Al, 660 Gotti, John, 413 Graham v. Richardson, 566 Grant, Madison, 345, 347, 554-555, 560 Grant, Ulysses S., 445 Graves, Earl, 691 Gray, Horace, 700 Great Britain; and China, 110, 146; colonial influence of, 107-109; Declaratory Act of 1766, 165; and Jamaica, 416; Poor Law Extension Act of 1847, 396; and slave trade, 6, 169; and XYZ affair, 15 Green, John, 109 Green, Rose Basile, 233 Green, William, 99 Green cards, 293-295, 379-380 GTU. See General Trades Union of Philadelphia Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 126, 128, 484, 724 Guadeloupe, 9 Guam, 305, 485 Guatemala, 484; refugees from, 312-313, 619-620; schools, 91 Guatemalan immigrants, 193 Guo Liang Chi, 140 Gutiérrez, José Ángel, 128 Guyana, 13, 630, 689 Gypsy immigrants, 295-297; stereotypes, 296 Hague, Frank, 519 Haiti, 620; U.S. occupation of, 8 Haitian immigrants, 8-9, 300-303; boat people, 9, 297-300; and Cubans, 14; deportation of, 181, 302; and immigration law, 386 Hakluyt, Richard, 507 Hamill, Pete, 233 Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong, 565 Hansen, Marcus Lee, 303 Hansen effect, 303-304 Hanson, John, 631 Harding, Warren G., 345-346, 587 Harlan, John Marshall, 701 Harlem Renaissance, 417, 508 Harrison, Earl G., 615 Hart-Celler Act of 1965, 463 Hate crime; and Arabs, 35, 44-45; and Muslims, 556 Hauge, Hans Neilsen, 632 Haugeans, 632 Hawaii, 304-308; Asian Americans, 64; Chinese immigrants, 155; English language in, 1-2; Filipino immigrants, 2, 259, 261, 264; and Gentlemen’s Agreement, 279; and Immigration Act of 1943, 354; indigenous population, 123; Japanese immigrants, 277, 279, 425, 431; Korean immigrants, 473-474, 544; and Native Americans, 124; Ozawa v. United States, 576-579; picture brides, 589-590; sugar industry, 260, 277, 439, 473; and U.S. Census, 123 Hayakawa, S. I., 216 Hayashi, Tadasu, 279-280 Hayes, Rutherford B., 112, 142 Haywood, Bill, 588 Head money cases, 309 Head taxes, 100-101, 309, 534-535 Hearst, William Randolph, 440 Helsinki Watch, 310-315 Helton, Arthur C., 311 Hemingway, Ernest, 510 Henry, Patrick, 165 Himes, Chester, 510 “Hindoo” conspiracy trials, 648 Hinojosa, Rolando, 509 Hirabayashi v. United States, 429, 435 Hirohito, 687 Hispanics. See Cuban immigrants; Dominican immigrants; Latinos; Mexican immigrants; Puerto Ricans Hitler, Adolf, 446-447, 604, 704-705 Hmong immigrants, 64, 324-327, 552, 650, 652, 671; and education, 53-54, 62; families, 650-651 Ho, Fred, 59 Holder, Eric, 691 Holocaust, 455, 463, 604, 614 Homeland Security Act of 2002, 173, 328; and illegal aliens, 335 Homeland Security Department, 327-332, 335, 369; and Border Patrol, U.S., 96, 335; and Coast Guard, U.S., 172-174; creation of, 639 Homestead Act of 1862, 632 Hoover, Herbert, 535 Hoover, J. Edgar; and Palmer raids, 585 Houdini, Harry (Erik Weisz), 213 Howard, Maureen, 233 Howe, Harold, II, 92 Howells, William Dean, 231 Hudspeth, Claude, 100 Huerta, Dolores, 251 Hughes, Charles Evans, 97-98 Hughes, Langston, 508 Huguenots, 544 Hull-House, 332-334; cooking class, 644 Human Rights Watch, 310 Humphrey, Hubert H., 359 Hungarian immigrants, 50, 224, 543, 616, 693 Hunter, Evan, 233 Hutterites, 285 Hwang, David Henry, 59 I-Hsin, 111 ICEM. See Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration Idaho; alien land laws, 21; Chinatowns, 131; English-only movement, 585 ILGWU. See International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union Illegal aliens. See Illegal immigration Illegal immigration, 334-338, 372-376, 378, 533-537, 665-666; and education, 590-593; and immigration law, 383-387; and Operation Wetback, 572-576; and Page law, 579-583; and refugees, 619 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, 196, 367, 378 Illinois; Asian Americans, 64; Asian Indian immigrants, 69; Chinese immigrants, 155; Japanese immigrants, 425; Korean immigrants, 467; Latinos, 610; Mexican immigrants, 101; and Operation Wetback, 574. See also Chicago Immigrant advantage, 338-339 Immigration; and Coast Guard, U.S., 172; and Homeland Security Department, 328; and illegal aliens, 334-338 Immigration Act of 1882, 240 Immigration Act of 1903, 349 Immigration Act of 1907, 710 Immigration Act of 1917, 68, 339-343, 546; and Asiatic Barred Zone, 190; and head tax, 534 Immigration Act of 1921, 343-348, 352 Immigration Act of 1924 (National Origins Act), 21, 42, 51, 123, 136, 147, 244, 274, 322, 349-353, 463, 547, 694, 704; and Japanese, 578; and trade unions, 587 Immigration Act of 1943, 163, 353-356, 684 Immigration Act of 1965, 322, 697 Immigration Act of 1986; marriage fraud provision, 380, 524 Immigration Act of 1990, 313, 356-358, 463 Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Bureau of, 369 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (McCarran-Walter Act), 24, 62, 322, 358-362, 377, 426, 463, 547, 578, 677, 682, 684, 697; amendments of, 194; and Japanese immigrants, 435; and West Indians, 417 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 43, 68, 123, 148, 191, 352, 355, 362-366, 373, 378, 499, 547; amendment of, 384; and Korean immigrants, 474; and Taiwanese, 655 Immigration and Naturalization Service, 97, 312-313, 334-338, 366-371, 506, 574; and Florida illegal-immigrant suit, 267-269; and green cards, 293; and Homeland Security Department, 640; Operation Wetback, 572-576; reorganization of, 335; and Thai garment workers, 657-659 Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, 371-372 Immigration Commission, United States, 344, 349 Immigration “crisis,” 372-376 Immigration history, 316-323 Immigration law, 376-383; and deportation, 195-200, 377-378, 380-382; and discrimination, 344, 364, 386, 568, 614, 618; and terrorist attacks, 641 Immigration quotas. See Quotas Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 62, 191, 336, 378, 383-387, 463, 532, 547; and au pairs, 84; and employment, 492; revision of, 357 Immigration Restriction League, 344, 350 Indentured servitude, 387-390; and African immigrants, 483, 609; and Asian immigrants, 67; and British immigrants, 317; and Chinese immigrants, 133, 139, 699; and English immigrants, 107; and slavery, 4; and women, 695 Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, 203 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, 203 Indiana, 101 Indians. See Asian Indian immigrants; Native Americans Indians, American. See Native Americans Indigenous superordination, 391-392 Indonesia, 612 Industrial Workers of the World, 587-588 INS. See Immigration and Naturalization Service Institute for Palestine Studies, 45 Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration, 616 Internal Security Act of 1951, 359 International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, 271, 662, 697 International Red Cross. See Red Cross International Refugee Organization, 615-616 IPS. See Institute for Palestine Studies Iran, 620 Iranian immigrants, 392-395 IRCA. See Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Irish immigrants, 119-120, 236, 281-284, 318, 395-400, 543; and African Americans, 400-401; and alcohol, 236; demographics, 225-226, 235; and discrimination, 402; employment of, 238; and Federal riot of 1799, 257-258; and immigration law, 340; and nativism, 29-33, 559; persecution of, 320; and Philadelphia riots, 29-33; and Poles, 594; prejudice against, 320; and Roman Catholic Church, 29-33, 402, 559; Scotch-Irish, 107, 120, 235, 402, 635-636; and slavery, 237, 400; stereotypes, 282, 399, 403-405, 545; women, 696 Irish riot. See Federal riot of 1799 IRO. See International Refugee Organization Irving, Washington, 509 Israel; and American Jewish Committee, 26; and American Jews, 448, 455-457; and Arab Americans, 41-42, 46-47, 455-457; and Falasha Jews, 540; and Israeli Americans, 405-409; and Russian Jews, 625, 653 Israeli immigrants, 405-409; stereotypes, 407. See also Jewish immigrants Italian immigrants, 409-415; businesses, 514-516; demographics, 192; Little Italies, 514-516; and “mongrelization,” 555; and nativism, 560; stereotypes, 226, 409, 414 Italy, 628 IWW. See Industrial Workers of the World Jackson, Jesse, 36 JACL. See Japanese American Citizens League Jamaica, 363; Rastafarian movement, 13 Jamaican immigrants, 9, 181, 247-248, 415-419; and education, 417, 418; Garvey, Marcus, 667; and Santería, 630 James, Henry, 231, 510 Jamestown colony, 4, 410, 419-423 Japan; and Amerasian children, 23-24; and Canada, 193; and China, 158; and Gentlemen’s Agreement, 19, 276-280, 433, 441, 710; and Russia, 709; U.S. air bases in, 22; U.S. occupation of, 22; and World War II, 62, 437 Japanese American Citizens League, 424-427, 710 Japanese American internment, 62, 321, 427-430, 431-432, 437; in fiction, 57; and Japanese Peruvians, 437-438; and Little Tokyos, 517 Japanese Americans; businesses, 516-518; and education, 52; and generational acculturation, 274; as “model minority,” 550; and U.S. Census, 123 Japanese and Korean Exclusion League, 277-278, 709 Japanese Exclusion League, 440-441 Japanese immigrants, 321, 431-436, 694; in Canada, 517; and education, 278, 438-443; generational acculturation, 685; and Hawaiian sugar industry, 277; and immigration policy, 349; Little Tokyos, 516-518; and picture brides, 589-590; and quotas, 347; segregation in California schools, 278, 438-443, 708; stereotypes, 57, 61; and U.S. citizenship, 576-579; women, 696; and “yellow peril” campaign, 707-711 Japanese Peruvians, 437-438 Japantowns. See Little Tokyos JDL. See Jewish Defense League JDO. See Jewish Defense Organization Jedlicka, Davor, 523 Jefferson, Thomas, 17-18, 410 Jewish Defense League, 457-458 Jewish Defense Organization, 457 Jewish immigrants, 443-449; advocacy organizations, 26-27; and Arab Americans, 454-458; Ashkenazic, 49-51, 405-406, 444, 452, 455, 637, 705; and Canadian immigration policy, 194; Eastern European, 212-214; Ethiopian, 540; garment workers, 271; and generational acculturation, 273; German, 282, 284-285; intermarriage of, 82; Israeli, 405-409; and Ku Klux Klan, 479, 586; literature of, 226, 228-230; and “mongrelization,” 555; and nativism, 560; prejudice against, 236; and Roman Catholic Church, 636; Russian, 604, 622-623, 625, 653-655; Sephardic, 34, 405, 408, 444, 452, 454-455, 636-637; settlement of New York, 449-453; stereotypes, 446; and U.S. immigration policy, 614. See also Israeli immigrants Johnson, Albert, 345-347 Johnson, Hiram Warren, 20 Johnson, Lyndon B., 93, 320, 363; and bilingualism policy, 92-93; and Cuba, 178; on Ku Klux Klan, 480 Johnson-Reid Act. See Immigration Act of 1924 Joy Luck Club, The (Tan), 59, 509 Jungle, The (Sinclair), 230, 507 Justice and immigration, 458-464 Kahakua, James, 2 Kang, Younghill, 57 Kansas, 21 Kearney, Denis, 142, 349 Kennan, George, 277 Kennedy, Anthony M., 571 Kennedy, Edward, 364 Kennedy, John F., 127, 363, 399; A Nation of Immigrants, xiii Kennedy, Robert F., 47, 253, 255, 364 Kennedy, William, 232 Kennedy-Donnelly Act of 1988, 547 Kenrick, Francis, 30 Kent State University, 457 Kentucky, 287 Kephart, William M., 523 Khmer, 671 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 479 Kingston, Maxine Hong, 509 Kitazaki, George, 2 KKK. See Ku Klux Klan Know-Nothing Party, 32, 136, 283, 320, 465 König, Karin, 311 Korean immigrants, 192, 466-469, 544; and African Americans, 469-472; in Canada, 474; and education, 468, 474; families, 473-477 Korean War; and Amerasian children, 22, 24; and Korean immigration, 473; and war brides, 681, 685 Koreatowns, 66, 466, 474 Korematsu v. United States, 204, 430, 435 Kosinski, Jerzy, 230 Kramer, Samuel, 31 Ku Klux Klan, 477-481 Ku Klux Klan Acts of 1870-1871, 478 La Guardia, Fiorello, 414 Ladino, 637 Landon v. Plasencia, 563 Languages, 240, 242, 344, 545; and African immigrants, 171; and Chicano movement, 129; and Chinese immigrants, 131, 158, 163; and Gypsies, 296; of India, 73; and Italian immigrants, 514-515; Japanese, 425; and Jewish immigrants, 637; and Koreans, 467-468, 475; and Latinos, 484, 491, 506; and Mexican immigrants, 484; and Native Americans, 203, 530; and Pacific islanders, 306; Polish, 594; Scandinavian, 632; Spanish, 1, 316; and Taiwanese immigrants, 655; and war brides, 684-685. See also English language Laos; Amerasians, 24; Hmongs, 324; and Vietnam War, 324 Laotian immigrants, 62, 64, 620, 649-650; and education, 54; Hmongs, 324-327 Larkin, Thomas Oliver, 115 Latinos, 481-488; advocacy organizations, 503-507, 531-533; and education, 491, 494, 506; employment, 488-493; families, 494-499; and Roman Catholic Church, 497; stereotypes, 497. See also individual ethnic groups Lau v. Nichols, 85, 94, 499-503 Law. See individual acts and Immigration law Lazarus, Emma, 225 League of United Latin American Citizens, 503-507 League of United Latin American Citizens v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 506 League of Women Voters, 426 Lebanon, 39, 42, 44-48, 454; civil war, 545 Lee Joe v. United States, 144-146 Leif Eriksson, 630 Levin, Lewis, 30-32 Levy, Asser, 452 Lewisohn, Ludwig, 229 Liberia, 7 Liliuokalani, 307 Lillo, Don De, 233 Lincoln, Abraham, 445 Lindbergh law of 1934, 479 Literacy tests, 97, 100, 204-205, 226, 339-345, 349, 401, 534-535, 561, 697 Literature, 507-512; of Asian Americans, 57-60; of European immigrants, 224-234 Lithuanian immigrants, 271, 595, 623, 711; in literature, 230. See also Baltic immigrants Little Havana, 512-514 Little Italies, 514-516; and generational acculturation, 273 Little Jerusalem, 445 Little Saigon, 54, 220 Little Tokyos, 516-518; and Chinatowns, 517; and generational acculturation, 273 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 340, 342, 344, 350 London Company, 388, 419 Long, Huey, 519 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 508-509 Loring, H. Sheldon, 581-582 Los Angeles; Arab immigrants, 34, 455, 610; Asian Americans, 64; Chinatown, 130, 132, 160; Chinese immigrants, 136, 141; Citizens Committee on Coordination of Unemployment Relief, 536; Filipino immigrants, 264; Gypsy immigrants, 296; Iranian immigrants, 392; Israeli immigrants, 405; Korean immigrants, 470, 474-475; Little Tokyo, 434, 516-517; Mexican immigrants, 536; riots, 62, 471; Russian immigrants, 622; South Asian immigrants, 72 Lotus Blossom, 57 Louisiana; alien land laws, 21; bilingualism in, 91; French Canadians, 508; Gypsy immigrants, 295; and Ku Klux Klan, 480; machine politics, 519; slavery in, 5; Vietnamese immigrants, 672. See also New Orleans Louisiana Territory, 316 Luce-Celler Bill of 1946, 648 Lucena, Abraham de, 452 LULAC. See League of United Latin American Citizens Lutheran Church, 285, 631-632, 634 Lynching, 175, 416, 446, 478 Lyon, Matthew, 17 McCarran, Patrick, 359, 615 McCarran-Walter Act. See Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 McCarthy, Mary, 232 McCreary Act of 1893, 145 Machine politics, 205, 333, 518-521; and Irish immigrants, 238, 399, 401; Miami, 183 McKay, Claude, 417, 508, 691 McKinley, William, 344 McMichael, Morton, 31 McVeigh, Timothy, 556 Mafia, 413 Magnuson Act. See Immigration Act of 1943 Mail-order brides, 521-524; stereotypes, 523-524 Maine; and Ku Klux Klan, 479; Roman Catholic immigrants, 419; Seeds of Peace camp, 457 Malamud, Bernard, 230 Malawi, 311 Malaysia, 612 Manasurangkun brothers, 657-659 Mandel, Ernest, 563 Mandela, Nelson, 183 Mangione, Jerre, 233 Manzanar Relocation Center, 429 Mao Zedong; and Taiwan, 656 Marcello v. Bonds, 564 Marciano, Rocky, 413 Marcos, Ferdinand, 620 Mariana Islands, 305 Mariel boatlift, 172, 179, 181, 524-528, 620 Maronite Catholic Church. See Orthodox Christians Marshall, James Wilson, 115 Martin Luther King, Jr., Elementary School Children v. Michigan Board of Education, 501 Martinique, 9, 636 Maryland; Jewish immigrants, 636; and Know-Nothing Party, 465; Korean immigrants, 467; Swedish immigrants, 631. See also Baltimore Mason, Richard Barnes, 115 Massachusetts; Chinese immigrants, 155; Dominican immigrants, 208; Roman Catholic Church, 320, 559; Sacco and Vanzetti trial, 626-629; Scandinavian immigrants, 632; Swedish immigrants, 631. See also Boston Mauritius, 67, 522 Maximilian, Alexander Philipp, 286 Mayan, 484 Meagher, Timothy, 169-170 Megapolensis, Dominie Johannes, 451-452 Meissner, Doris, 267-268 Melting pot theory, 90, 224, 226-228, 274, 319, 529-531, 544; and assimilation, 79-82; and Chinese immigrants, 134; critiques of, 189, 462, 548; and cultural pluralism, 188-189; and immigrant motivation, 338; and literature, 226-227 Mennonites, 284, 286, 545 Mestizos, 127, 129, 483 Methodist Church, 285, 632 Meusenbach, John, 286 Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund, 531-533 Mexican Americans. See Mexican immigrants Mexican deportations, 127, 533-537 Mexican Farm Labor Program. See Bracero program Mexican immigrants, 484; and Chicano movement, 125-130; deportation of, 572-576; families, 494; holidays, 498; illegal, 334-338; and Ku Klux Klan, 480; laborers, 489-490; and Mexican Revolution, 483; and Sikhs, 648; stereotypes, 127, 575; unemployment among, 491; and U.S. Census, 123 Mexican War, 101, 125-126, 484, 544 “Mexicano,” 127, 251 Mexico; borders, 97, 367, 460, 547; and bracero program, 103-107; indigenous cultures, 483; and Mexican Americans, 125; and Operation Wetback, 572-576 Mezei, Ignatz, 563 MFLP (Mexican Farm Labor Program). See Bracero program Miami; crime, 526; Cuban immigrants, 482, 486, 512-514; Jamaican immigrants, 417; Little Havana, 512-514; machine politics, 183; Puerto Rican immigrants, 182; West Indian immigrants, 689 Michigan; Arab immigrants, 33, 44; Asian Indian immigrants, 69; Mexican immigrants, 101. See also Detroit Michlin, Arnold, 456 Middle East Friendship League, 457 Middle Eastern immigrants, 538-541; and U.S. Census, 124. See also Arab immigrants; Iranian immigrants; Israeli immigrants; Jewish immigrants Migrant superordination, 542 Migration, 542-549 Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962, 697 Miller, Samuel F., 309 Minnesota; alien land laws, 21; Hmong immigrants, 324 Miscegenation laws, 433 Mississippi; civil rights worker murders, 479 Missouri; alien land laws, 21; and California gold rush, 116; German immigrants, 287; machine politics, 399, 519; and Operation Wetback, 574 Mistretta v. United States, 372 Mitchell, George, 47 Model minorities, 549-554; Chinese, 158; stereotypes, 52, 159 Mongrelization, 554-555 Montagnards, 671 Montana, 21, 131, 324 Moore, Robert, 258 Moravians, 271 Mormons, 221, 632 Morrison v. Olson, 372 Mosby, John S., 581-582 Mothers’ Aid Law of 1913, 646 Motley, Constance Baker, 691 Multiculturalism Act of 1988 (Canada), 194 Muslims, 555-558; stereotypes, 556; and terrorist attacks, 641 Mussolini, Benito, 510, 705 Mutual Security Act of 1951, 615 Myanmar, 324 NAAA. See National Association of Arab Americans NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Nabokov, Vladimir, 230 Nader, Ralph, 371 NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement Nahuatl, 484 NAM. See National Association of Manufacturers Nanak Dev, Guru, 647 Nation of Immigrants, A (Kennedy), xiii National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 206, 646, 669 National Association of Arab Americans, 44 National Association of Manufacturers, 587 National Farm Labor Union, 252 National Farm Workers Association, 251-257 National Genetic Diseases Act of 1976, 706 National Lawyers’ Guild, 382 National Origins Act. See Immigration Act of 1924 National Women’s Trade Union League, 272, 646, 662 Nationalist Chinese. See Taiwanese immigrants Nationality Act of 1870, 160 Native American (newspaper), 31 Native Americans; and citizenship, 121, 166; discrimination against, 202; and German immigrants, 286; and Hawaiians, 124; literature of, 507; and “melting pot,” 529-530; and Pacific islanders, 308; precolonial population, 609; and Scandinavians, 634; and slavery, 317; and U.S. Census, 123; and U.S. Indian policy, 202-203 Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West, 710 Native Sons of the Golden State, 136 Nativism, 320, 558-562, 702-707; and Asian immigrants, 578; defined, 81; and Italian immigrants, 412-413; and Ku Klux Klan, 322; and Palmer raids, 587-588; and Philadelphia riots, 29-33; and Roman Catholic Church, 559, 586; and Sacco and Vanzetti trial, 626-629; and undocumented workers, 321; and World War I, 91 Naturalization, 167, 562-569; and Cable Act, 114; and Chinese refugees, 355; and green cards, 293-294; and immigration law, 377-378; and Japanese immigrants, 278. See also Citizenship; Immigration and Nationality Acts Naturalization Act of 1790, 569-570 Naturalization Act of 1798, 16, 257-258; repeal of, 18 Naturalization Act of 1802, 166 Naval Clearing Act of 1962, 305 Neale, Leonard, 258 Nebraska, 223, 230, 508; alien land laws, 21 Neier, Aryeh, 311 Net migration rate, 543 Nevada; Chinatowns, 131 New Jersey; Asian Indian immigrants, 69; Dominican immigrants, 208; Iranian immigrants, 394; Jamaican immigrants, 417; Korean immigrants, 467; Latinos, 610; Orthodox Christian immigrants, 48; Swedish immigrants, 631; West Indian immigrants, 689, 691 New Mexico; alien land laws, 21; Latinos, 128, 505, 591, 610; in literature, 508; and Mexican War, 484; Spanish settlements, 316 New Orleans, 13, 169; Cuban immigrants, 176; German immigrants, 282; Irish immigrants, 397; in literature, 508; slavery in, 5 New York City, 50; Arab immigrants, 34, 455, 610; Asian Americans, 64; Asian immigrants, 71; Chinatown, 131-132; garment industry, 270-271; Gypsy immigrants, 296; Haitian immigrants, 302; Iranian immigrants, 392; Irish immigrants, 398; Israeli immigrants, 405; Italian immigrants, 410-411, 514; Jamaican immigrants, 417; Jewish immigrants, 50; Jewish settlement of, 449-453; Korean immigrants, 470, 474; Little Tokyo, 516, 518; machine politics, 519; Maronite immigrants, 48; Puerto Rican immigrants, 14; Russian immigrants, 271; slavery in, 5; South Asian immigrants, 72; tenements, 229; terrorist attack on, 637-643; Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire, 271, 661-663, 697; West Indian immigrants, 689 New York Indians v. United States, 202 New York State; Asian Americans, 64; Asian Indian immigrants, 69; Chinese immigrants, 155; Dominican immigrants, 208; Haitian immigrants, 300; Iranian immigrants, 394; Japanese immigrants, 425; Korean immigrants, 467; Latinos, 610; Taiwanese immigrants, 655 New Zealanders, 347, 352, 683 Newport, Christopher, 420 Newspapers; anti-Asian, 136; anti-Irish, 403; anti-Jewish, 446; Arab American, 42, 455; Chinese American, 158; foreign-language, 27; German American, 286; Italian American, 515; Japanese American, 425; Jewish, 455; and mail-order brides, 521; Mexican American, 536; nativist, 31, 584 NFLU. See National Farm Labor Union NFWA. See National Farm Workers Association Nguyen, Tuan Anh, 571-572 Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 571-572 Nicaragua, 116, 486 Nicaraguan immigrants, 200 Nigerian immigrants, 8 Nine-Eleven. See September 11 terrorist attacks Nishimura Ekiu v. United States, 563 Noor, Queen, 47 North American Free Trade Agreement, 461, 733 North Carolina, 444; Hmong immigrants, 324; and Ku Klux Klan, 480 North Dakota, 632 Northwest Arctic School District v. Califano, 502 “Nuyoricans,” 14 NWTUL. See National Women’s Trade Union League OAP. See Overseas Admission Program O’Connor, Edwin, 232 O’Connor, Flannery, 232 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 591 OCR. See Office for Civil Rights Office for Civil Rights, 500-502 Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 307 OHA. See Office of Hawaiian Affairs O’Hara, Frank, 233 O’Hara, John, 232 Ohio; Asian Indian immigrants, 69; German immigrants, 287; Kent State University, 457; Mexican immigrants, 101 Oklahoma, 508; federal building bombing, 45, 393, 556; Filipino immigrants, 2 Old Owl, 286 Olsen, Tillie, 230 O’Neill, Danny, 232 O’Neill, Eugene, 231-232 Onoto Watanna (Winifred Eaton), 57 Opechancanough, 421 Operation Wetback, 106, 572-576 Opium Wars, 146 Orantes-Hernandez v. Meese, 313 Oregon; alien land laws, 21; Chinatowns, 131; Chinese immigrants, 136; English-only movement, 585; Gypsy immigrants, 296; Japanese immigrants, 425, 516 Organization of American States, 298 Oriental Exclusion Act of 1924, 682, 684, 687 Ortega, Daniel, 486 Orthodox Christians, 42, 44, 48, 622-624 Ottoman Empire, 42 Overseas Admission Program, 312 Ozawa, Takao, 568, 576-579 Ozawa v. United States, 568, 576-579 Ozick, Cynthia, 230 Pacific islanders, 304-308; as Native Americans, 308. See also Hawaiians Page, Horace F., 580 Page law of 1875, 579-583 Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza, 392, 620 Paine, Thomas, 507 Pakistan, 70, 311 Pakistani immigrants, 71-76 Palmer, A. Mitchell, 584-589 Palmer raids, 584-589 Panama, 668 Park, Robert Ezra, 221 Passenger Cases, 309 Patriot Act of 2001, 641, 734; and illegal aliens, 335 Pearl Buck Foundation, 22 Peerson, Cleng, 631 Peltason, Jack W., 600 Pendergast, Tom, 519 Penelas, Alex, 292 Pennsylvania; Asian Indian immigrants, 69; Chinatowns, 132; garment industry, 270; German immigrants, 216, 284, 286; refugee detention camps, 526; Swedish immigrants, 631; Vietnamese immigrants, 672; welfare system, 566. See also Philadelphia Peruvian immigrants, 437-438, 487 Phelan, James, 709 Philadelphia; anti-Irish riots, 29-33, 559; Chinatown, 131; Federal riot of 1799, 257-258; garment industry, 270; Italian immigrants, 410, 514; Jewish immigrants, 444; poor house, 390; South Asian immigrants, 72 Philippines, 123, 620; Amerasian children, 23-24; war brides, 681. See also Filipino immigrants Picture brides, 64, 434, 589-590, 696 Pilgrims, English, 108 Pinochet, Augusto, 620 Plessy v. Ferguson, 205, 322, 439, 499 Plyler v. Doe, 565, 590-593 Plymouth Company, 419 Pocahontas, 421-422 Poe, Edgar Allan, 231 Poitier, Sidney, 691 Polish immigrants, 242, 507, 594-597; stereotypes, 597 Political machines. See Machine politics Polk, James K., 115 Poor Law Extension Act of 1847 (Great Britain), 396 Portugal; explorations of, 483; Gypsies, 295; Jews, 636-637; and slave trade, 483 Portuguese immigrants, 306; in Canada, 194 Pound, Ezra, 510 Powell, Lewis F., Jr., 372 Powers, J. F., 233 Powhatan, 421 Powhatan Confederacy, 420 Proposition 187 (California), 268, 461, 598-600, 602 Proposition 227 (California), 28, 85, 502, 532, 600-604 Prostitutes, 320, 343, 545, 645; Asian, 64; Chinese, 175, 580; Filipino, 23; German, 684; and Page law, 579-583 Puerto Ricans, 14, 179; “circular migration,” 491; and citizenship, 196, 489; and Dominicans, 210; families, 496; family life, 494; holidays, 498; occupations of, 490-491; unemployment among, 491; and U.S. Census, 123 Puerto Rico, 485; and Dominican immigrants, 486 Puritans, 107, 507, 604 Push and pull factors, 604-606, 664 Puzo, Mario, 226, 233, 413 Queen Mary, SS, 686, 688 Quota Law of 1921. See Immigration Act of 1921 Quotas, 8, 99, 123, 191, 244, 379, 460-461, 463, 561, 677, 679; and Asian immigrants, 62, 68, 684; and Chinese immigrants, 112, 354; and family members, 380, 677; and Haitian immigrants, 299; and Immigration Act of 1921, 343-348; and Immigration Act of 1924 (National Origins Act), 322, 349-352, 534, 547; and Immigration Act of 1990, 463; and Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 359; and Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 355, 362-365, 547; and Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 386; and Jewish immigrants, 51; and Latin American immigrants, 99-100; and Mexican immigrants, 97; and refugees, 380, 614-615; and Taiwanese immigrants, 655; and war brides, 682-683 Rabin, Yitzhak, 407 Race mixing, 554-555, 560 Racial and ethnic demographic trends, 606-612 Rahall, Nick Joe, 44 Raleigh, Walter, 419 Randall, Margaret, 196 Reagan, Ronald, 302, 384, 430, 552, 620; and bilingual education, 85, 94; and civil rights, 502; and Cuba, 527 Red Cross, 278, 687 Red Scare, 478, 561, 584-589 “Redemptioners,” 388 Refugee Act of 1980, 179, 191, 311-313, 463, 620, 697 Refugee fatigue, 612-614 Refugee Relief Act of 1953, 355, 361, 548, 614-617 Refugees, 310-315; African, 9; deportation of, 548; Haitians, 297-300; and racial/ethnic relations, 618-621; Tibetans, 659-661; and U.S. policy, 184-187, 524-528 Rehnquist, William H., 372, 591 Reich, Robert B., 658 Religion. See individual religions Reno, Janet, 267-268; and Cuban refugees, 185, 290-293 Reynolds, James, 258 Rhode Island; Hmong immigrants, 324; Jewish immigrants, 444, 636; and slave trade, 6 Ridge, Tom, 639 Riis, Jacob, 229 Rio Grande, 97, 116, 504, 573-574, 665 Rolfe, John, 422 Rölvaag, O. E., 508 Roman Catholic Church; and Anti-Irish Riots of 1844, 29-33, 559; and the Bible, 30; and education, 238; and Filipino immigrants, 266; and German immigrants, 285; in Guam, 305; hierarchical structure, 235; and Irish immigrants, 29-33, 238, 396-399, 402, 404, 559; and Jews, 636; and Know-Nothing Party, 465; and Ku Klux Klan, 479; and Latinos, 497; and nativism, 559, 586; and Polish immigrants, 594-595; prejudice against, 350; and Santería, 630; and Scandinavian immigrants, 632; and Scotch-Irish, 120; and Spanish immigrants, 177; Ursuline order, 320; and Vietnamese immigrants, 651, 671, 673 Romnichals (Gypsies), 296 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 615 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 398, 520; and Japanese internment, 424, 426, 428, 434, 710 Roosevelt, Theodore, 277-278, 645; and Japanese immigration, 279, 433, 439, 441, 710; on language, 216 Root, Elihu, 278-280, 438 Rosier, James, 419 Roth, Henry, 229 Roth, Philip, 226 Rusk, Dean, 364 Russia; and Japan, 709 Russian immigrants, 242, 622-625; garment workers, 271; mail-order brides, 522 Sabath, Adolph, 346 Sacco, Nicola, 413, 626-629 Sacco and Vanzetti trial, 413, 626-629 St. John, J. Hector, 507, 529 St. Patrick’s Cathedral, 30 Saionji, Kinmochi, 438 Samoans, 123, 305-306 San Francisco; Asian Americans, 64, 438-443; Chinatown, 130-131, 141, 147, 151-156, 158, 161-163, 580; earthquake, 158, 278, 438-439, 710; Gypsy immigrants, 296; Japanese immigrants, 438-443; Little Tokyo, 516; South Asian immigrants, 72; “yellow peril” campaign, 707-711 “Sanctuary laws,” 336 Sandburg, Carl, 229 Santana, 286 Santería, 629-630 Saroyan, William, 229-230 Scandinavian immigrants, 235, 630-634; and education, 238; and Native Americans, 634 Scheuer, James H., 92 Schmitz, Eugene E., 440, 709 Schneider v. Rusk, 568 Schneiderman, Rose, 272 Schneiderman v. United States, 568 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 216, xiii Scotch-Irish immigrants, 635-636 Scott, Dred, 592, 699 Scott Act of 1888, 143, 145, 157 Scott v. Sandford, 592 Secret Service, U.S.; and Homeland Security Department, 330 Sedition Act of 1798, 257-258 Seeds of Peace, 457 Segregation, 322, 668; in California, 438-443; and Chinese immigrants, 161; and Japanese Americans, 278, 427, 438-443, 708; and languages, 216; and Mexican Americans, 126, 504; of schools, 206, 499 Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy, 384 Sephardic Jews, 34, 405, 408, 444, 452, 454-455, 636-637 Sephardim. See Sephardic Jews September 11 terrorist attacks, 39, 173, 327, 637-643; and hate crimes, 45; and Homeland Security Department, 327-332; and illegal aliens, 335; and Immigration and Naturalization Service, 369 Serra, Junípero, 316 Settlement house movement, 643-647; Hull-House, 332-334 Seward, William Henry, 111, 283 Shahn, Bernarda Bryson, 4 Shaughnessy v. United States ex rel. Mezei, 563 Shehhi, Marwan al-, 641 Shenouda III, Pope, 48 Shepard, Charles R., 137 Sikh immigrants, 68, 71, 647-649, 664 Simmons, William J., 478 Sinclair, Upton, 230, 507-508 Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 230 Sirhan, Sirhan Bishara, 47 Sixth Amendment, 294 Slaughterhouse cases, 205 Slave trade, 4, 168-171, 609; abolition of, 108 Slavery, 108, 205, 317, 322; and African immigration, 3-11; in Caribbean, 11; and citizenship, 166; and Constitution, U.S., 201; and “coolie” labor, 175; and German immigrants, 286; and indentured servitude, 388-389, 695; and Irish immigrants, 237, 400; in Jamaica, 416; and Know-Nothing Party, 465; and Native Americans, 317; and Santería, 629; and U.S. Census, 122 Slavic immigrants, 244, 344, 351, 595; and “mongrelization,” 555; Poles, 594-597 Slocum, Tokutaro “Tokie” Nishimura, 426 Smathers, George A., 178 Smith, Alfred E., 398-399, 663 Smith, Betty, 232 Smith, H. T., 183 Smith, John, 420-422, 507 Smith, Joseph, 221 Smith, Wayne, 525-526 Smuggling; of African slaves, 6, 168-171; and Border Patrol, 100-101; of Chinese immigrants, 138-140; drugs, 294; and Immigration and Naturalization Service, 367; of laborers, 461, 659 Smythe, Thomas, 422 Social Gospel movement, 644 Soldier Brides Act of 1947, 687 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 230 Somers, George, 422 Sousa, Mathias de, 636 South Carolina, 18; Jewish settlers, 50 South Dakota, 149, 285, 508 Southeast Asian immigrants, 649-653; Hmongs, 324-327 Soviet Jewish immigrants, 653-655 Sowell, Thomas, 552 Spain; explorations of, 483; Gypsies, 295; Jews, 636-637; and slave trade, 483 Spanish-American War, 178, 485 Sri Lanka, 194 Stalin, Joseph, 604 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 286 Starr, Ellen Gates, 332-334 State Criminal Alien Assistance Program, 336 Statue of Liberty, 225, 320, 363; Lazarus’s poem, 225 Steamships, 116, 240, 282 Steele, Shelby, 552 Steinbeck, John, 508-509 Stereotypes; African American, 691; Arab, 35, 38-42, 454; Asian American, 52, 59, 60-63, 553; Chinese, 57, 137, 159, 174-176, 404; Cuban, 527; German, 545; Gypsy, 296; Irish, 282, 399, 403-405, 545; Israeli, 407; Italian, 226, 409, 414; Japanese, 57, 61; Jewish, 446; Latino, 497; in literature, 226; mail-order brides, 523-524; Mexican, 127, 575; “model minorities,” 324, 549, 553; Muslim, 556; Polish, 597; West Indian, 691 Stevens, John Paul, 297 Strong, Josiah, 242 Stuyvesant, Peter, 443, 450-452, 636 Suar, Xavier, 183 Sugarman v. Dowell, 565 Sugi, Suma, 425 Sui Sin Far (Edith Maud Eaton), 57 Sun Yat-sen, 141 Superordination, 391-392, 542 Surial, H. G., 48 Sutter, John Augustus, 115 Sweatt v. Painter, 206 Taft, William Howard, 19, 341, 344-345 Taiwan, 163, 355; and China, 22, 656 Taiwanese immigrants, 146, 655-657; and education, 52, 655 Talese, Gay, 233 Tammany Hall, 519 Tan, Amy, 59, 509 Taney, Roger B., 592 Tangrenbu (Chinatown), 131 Taylor, Edward, 507 Television; and emergency planning, 330 Tennessee; and Ku Klux Klan, 477, 480; machine politics, 519; and Operation Wetback, 574 Terrorism; and Homeland Security Department, 327-332; September 11, 39, 173, 327, 335, 637-643 Texas; alien land laws, 21; Anglo-American settlement, 504; Asian Americans, 64; Asian Indian immigrants, 69; and Border Patrol, 97; German immigrants, 287; Gypsy immigrants, 296; illegal aliens, 335; Korean immigrants, 467; and Ku Klux Klan, 479; Latinos, 505, 590-593, 610; Mexican immigrants, 92, 101; and Mexican War, 484; Operation Wetback, 572-576; segregation in, 206, 504; Vietnamese immigrants, 672 Texas, University of, 206 Thai Americans; and education, 52 Thai immigrants, 649-650, 657-659, 697 Thailand, 23; Amerasians, 24; Hmongs, 324; war brides, 681, 685 Thirteenth Amendment, 166, 201, 205, 699 Thomas, Clarence, 207, 297 Thomas, Franklin, 691 Thoreau, Henry David, 231 Tibetan immigrants, 659-661 Tien, Chang-lin, 600 Tijerina, Reies López, 128 Tingley, George B., 154 Transportation, Department of, 173 Transportation Security Administration, 329 Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire, 271, 661-663, 697 Trinidad and Tobago, 9, 13, 67, 363, 630 Trop v. Dulles, 568 Truax v. Raich, 564 Truman, Harry S., 359-361, 615, 687; and European refugees, 322, 614 Tuchman, Gloria Matta, 602 Twain, Mark, 510 Tweed, “Boss” William Marcy, 519 Twice migrants, 664 Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, 728 Tz’u-hsi (Cixi), 111 UFW. See United Farm Workers of America UFWOC. See United Farm Workers Organizing Committee Ukrainian immigrants, 624 Undocumented immigrants; and Border Patrol, 96 Undocumented workers, 191, 319, 547, 665-666; in Florida, 267-269; Haitians, 302; and immigration law, 383-387; and nativists, 321. See also Illegal immigration UNHCR. See United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNIA. See Universal Negro Improvement Association Unionism, 29-30, 236, 344, 346, 586-587; and Asian immigrants, 19, 61, 76-78, 135, 157, 277, 349, 709; and bracero program, 573; and farmworkers, 99, 101, 251; and garment workers, 271, 697; and Polish immigrants, 594; and West Indians, 13, 417, 667; and women, 646, 661-663, 695, 697 United Farm Workers of America, 251-257 United Farm Workers Organizing Committee, 251 United Farm Workers Union, 77 United Nations High Commission for Refugees, 311-312, 616, 697 United States Code, 172, 381 United States ex rel. Knauff v. Shaughnessy, 563 United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 567 United States v. Jung Ah Lung, 144-146 United States v. Winans, 202 United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 699-702 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 311 Universal Negro Improvement Association, 667-670 Unz, Ron, 532, 601 U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 366 U.S. English, 216 USA Patriot Act. See Patriot Act of 2001 USCIS. See Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Utah, 21, 131 Valachi, Joseph, 413 Vang Pao, 324 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 413, 626-629 Verrazano, Giovanni da, 410 Vespucci, Amerigo, 409 Vietnam; and Amerasian children, 23-24; communism in, 23; Hmongs, 324; war brides, 681, 685 Vietnam War; and Amerasian children, 23; and Chicano movement, 129; Hmongs, 324, 650; and Laos, 324; in literature, 59, 233; and Montagnards, 671; protest movements, 430; and war brides, 681-682, 685 Vietnamese immigrants, 62, 64, 620, 649-650, 670-676; demographics, 192; and education, 675; and U.S. Census, 123 Vikings, 630 Virginia; Jewish immigrants, 636; Korean immigrants, 467; Native American peoples, 316; settlement of, 4, 316-317, 410, 419-423, 609; slavery in, 4; Vietnamese immigrants, 672 Virginia and Kentucky Resolves, 17-18 Virginia Charter of 1606, 165 Visas, 208, 352, 357, 374, 676-681; categories, 378-379; fees, 99-101; and lottery, 547; and quotas, 191, 377; reentry, 143; and refugees, 615; violations of, 193, 294; and war brides, 683, 686 Visel, Charles P., 536 Voluntary Agencies Responsible for Refugees, 620 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 401 Voting Rights Act of 1975, 501 Walcott, Derek, 691 Wales, J. A., 135 Wallach, John, 457 Walter, Francis, 359 War brides, 681-688 War Brides Act of 1945, 355, 435, 614, 683, 685-688, 697 War Measures Act of 1942 (Canada), 435 War Relocation Authority, 426 Washington, Booker T., 668 Washington, D.C.; Chinatown, 131; and Ku Klux Klan, 479; Maronite immigrants, 48; police brutality in, 183; terrorist attack on, 327, 637-643 Washington, George, 505, 570 Washington State; alien land laws, 21; Chinatowns, 131; Chinese immigrants, 136; Gypsy immigrants, 296; Hmong immigrants, 324; Japanese immigrants, 425; Korean immigrants, 467; Vietnamese immigrants, 672 West, Thomas, 422 West Indian immigrants, 551, 553, 689-693; and education, 689; Jamaicans, 415-419; stereotypes, 691 “Wetbacks,” 572-576, 665-666 Wheatley, Phillis, 7, 507 Whig Party, 29, 237, 283 White, Byron R., 372 White, John, 507 White ethnics, 693-694 Whom Shall We Welcome?, 361 Williams, Walter E., 552 WILPF. See Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom Wilson, Pete, 598, 601 Wilson, Woodrow, 20, 341, 345-346, 350, 727 Wingfield, Edward Maria, 420 Wisconsin; German immigrants, 287; Hmong immigrants, 324; refugee detention camps, 526 Wobblies. See Industrial Workers of the World Women immigrants, 694-699; Arabs, 36, 44, 46; Asian, 59, 63-67, 579-583; and Cable Act, 113-115; and California gold rush, 117; Chinese, 355; Filipino, 260, 262; and garment industry, 213, 270-272, 657-659, 661-663, 697; Hmong, 326; and indentured servitude, 387-390; Irish, 282, 398; Israeli, 408; Japanese, 435, 441; Korean, 475; mail-order brides, 521-524; Middle Eastern, 538; Muslim, 556; and Page law, 579-583; picture brides, 589-590; Polish, 595; and settlement houses, 643-647; Southeast Asian, 650; Vietnamese, 671; war brides, 681-688 Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 646 Wong, Kent, 77 Wong Kim Ark, 699-702 Wong Kim Ark case, 699-702 Wong Quan v. United States, 144-146 World Trade Center, 639 World War I; and Arab immigrants, 42; Jewish refugees, 26; and Ku Klux Klan, 51; and nativism, 91; and war brides, 682 World War II; and agricultural labor, 103-107; and bracero program, 103-107; and Japan, 437; Japanese American internment, 62, 321, 424, 426-432, 434, 437-438, 710; and Japanese immigrants, 62; and Japanese Peruvians, 437-438; in literature, 57; and Little Tokyos, 517; and Mexican Americans, 129; occupation of Japan, 22; and war brides, 681-688 WRA. See War Relocation Authority Wright, Luke E., 278-280 Wright, Richard, 510 Wyoming, 61, 131, 136 Xenophobia, 226, 320, 702-707; and culutral pluralism, 188; and English-only movement, 218; and Federalists, 16; and nativists, 81; and Sacco and Vanzetti trial, 413 Yamauchi, Wakako, 59 Yarborough, Ralph Webster, 92-93 Yasui v. United States, 430 “Yellow peril,” 61, 432, 438-443, 576; campaign, 707-711 Yerby, Frank, 510 Yezierska, Anzia, 229 Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 162, 564 Yiddish, 50, 285, 444, 637 Yon Yonson (play), 633 Yoshikawa, Iwao, 577 Young, Brigham, 221 Young Women’s Christian Association, 695 Zadvydas, Kestutis, 711-712 Zadvydas v. Davis, 711-712 Zangwill, Israel, 226, 530 |
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