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U.S. Court Cases Index A Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), 117-118 Abortion, 123, 194, 401, 435, 490, 508-509; “gag rules” regarding, 449-451; Medicaid and, 328-329; Medicaid funding of, 280; and spousal or parental consent, 403-404 Abrams v. United States (1919), 118-120 Adams, John, 333 Adamson v. California (1947), 120-122, 434 Adarand Constructors v. Peña (1995), 122-123 Administrative law, 16 Adverse impact test, 258 Affirmative action, 122, 431-432, 499-500; and college admissions, 417 African Americans, 257; and housing, 300, 464-466; and public accommodations, 286-287; on Supreme Court, U.S., 91; and voting rights, 272, 354, 381-382, 462, 471-472 Age discrimination, 338-339 Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933), 517 Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938), 517 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 186, 461, 528 Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (1983), 123-125 Alcohol, 219 Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education (1969), 125-127 Aliens, 246-247 “All deliberate speed,” school desegregation and, 126 Allegheny County v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter (1989), 326 Alsager v. District Court (1975), 127-128 Ambach v. Norwick (1979), 247 American Booksellers Association, Inc. v. Hudnut (1986), 128-129 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 185, 325, 501 Amicus curiae brief, 94 Amish community, 520-521 Anarchy, 242 Anglo-American legal systems, 3-11 Animal sacrifices, 175 Antidiscrimination statutes, 363 Anti-Semitism, 372 Appellate courts, 72 Appellate process, 67 Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972), 129-131, 239 Arizona v. Fulminante (1991), 131-132 Articles of Confederation, 41, 46, 83; and courts, 97; and executive branch, 45 Asian Americans, 146, 156, 224, 289, 291, 307-312, 350, 418, 505 Assault, 21-22, 257 Assembly and association, freedom of, 205-206 AT&T Technologies, 321 Atonio, Frank, 505 Australia, 66 B Baby M, 133 Baby M, In re (1988), 133 “Badges and incidents of slavery,” 300 Baird, William, 204 Baker v. Carr (1962), 134-135, 181, 512 Bakke, Allan, 419-420, 423. See also Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Baldus study, 327 Bank of the United States, 99-100 Bankruptcy, 66, 386-387, 477; and Constitution, U.S., 478; special courts, 82-83, 85; and state law, 478 Bankruptcy judges, 64 Bankruptcy Reform Act (1978), 479 Barenblatt v. United States (1959), 135-137 Barker v. Wingo (1972), 137-139 Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc. (1991), 139-140 Barron v. Baltimore (1833), 108, 140-142, 235 Barrows v. Jackson (1953), 465 Batson v. Kentucky (1986), 142-143 Beachfront Management Act (1988), 323 Beccaria, Cesare, 252 Becker Amendment, 210 Bedau, Hugo, 230 Bentham, Jeremy, 27 Benton v. Maryland (1969), 54 Betts v. Brady (1942), 236-238 Bible reading, school, 117-118 Bigamy, 428 Bilingual education, 309-310, 312-313 Bilingual Education Act (1968), 312 Bill of Rights, U.S., 50-59, 542-543; Framers of, 107, 121 Birth control, right to, 204-205, 263-270 Bituminous Coal Act (1937), 166 Bituminous Coal Conservation Act (1935), 165 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents (1971), 144-145 Black, Hugo, 111-112, 120-121, 137, 154, 167, 181, 200, 210, 214, 236, 307-308, 357, 433, 444, 516, 525 Blackmun, Harry A., 58, 124, 151, 176, 231, 282, 298, 312, 323, 338, 380, 414, 421, 432, 435-437, 441, 471, 477, 489 Blue laws, 468 Blumstein, James, 200-201 Board of Education v. Allen (1968), 315 Bolling v. Sharpe (1954), 55, 145-147 Boos v. Barry (1988), 178 Booth v. Maryland (1987), 147-148, 395-396 Bork, Robert, 198, 250 Bowe v. Colgate-Palmolive (1969), 149 Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), 150-151, 400 Boyd v. United States (1886), 511 Brady v. United States (1970), 151-153, 455 Brandeis, Louis D., 119, 151, 243-244, 267, 365-366, 388 Brandeis brief, 365 Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), 153-154 Branti v. Finkel et al. (1980), 206 Braunfeld v. Brown (1961), 468 Breckenridge, Calvin, 257 Breedlove v. Suttles (1937), 280 Brennan, William J., 58, 118, 124, 134, 137, 144, 151, 187, 202, 204-206, 222, 228, 231, 251, 253-254, 260, 282, 285, 297, 304, 325, 330, 345, 357, 378, 380, 391, 394, 400, 407-409, 421-422, 432, 441, 443, 461, 468-469, 471, 477, 489-490, 500 Brewer, David, 191 Brewer v. Williams (1977), 239 Brown, John, 198 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 90, 95, 104, 146, 154-160, 181, 248, 303, 309, 406, 418, 480 Brown v. Mississippi (1936), 160-161, 167 Buchanan, James, 197 Buchanan v. Warley (1917), 146, 464 Buck v. Bell (1927), 162-163, 409 Buck v. Priddy (1924), 163 Buckley v. Valeo (1976), 163-165 Bunting v. Oregon (1917), 318 Burger, Warren, 124, 175, 212, 224, 231, 257, 260-261, 312, 315-316, 325, 338-339, 344-345, 408-409, 417, 435, 441, 445-446, 449, 454, 480, 482, 493, 504, 521 Burglary, 21-22 Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. Chicago (1897), 110 Burns, John, 205-206 Bush, George, 262, 509 Bute v. Illinois (1948), 237 Butler, Pierce, 163, 373, 389 Byrnes, James, 516 C Cabell v. Chavez-Salido (1982), 247 Canada, 66; and liquor smuggling, 388 Canada, law in, 3-8, 10 Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940), 429 Capital punishment, 178; and cruel and unusual punishment, 225-231, 476-477; jury selection and, 522-524; and Jury system, 147, 226, 254, 523; mental illness and, 217-218; and minors, 229; racial discrimination and, 326-327. See also Executions Cardozo, Benjamin, 392-393 Carter v. Carter Coal Co. (1936), 165-166 Carter, Jimmy, 440 Castañeda v. Pickard (1981), 313 Catron, John, 197 Censorship, 140, 221, 249, 251, 284-285, 367-368, 372-373, 378-380, 442-444, 473-474, 494-495 Central Intelligence Agency, 472-474 Certiorari, writ of, 93 Chambers v. Florida (1940), 167-168 Chapman, Kelly, 430 Chapman v. California (1967), 132 Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837), 169-170, 189 Charlotte, Mecklenberg County, North Carolina, 479 Chase, Salmon, 43, 349 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), 91, 171-173 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Co. v. Chicago (1897), 56 Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Co. v. Minnesota (1890), 56 Child abuse, 337, 376 Child Labor Act (1916), 275 Child molestation, 336 Child pornography, 376, 390-391 Child support, 528 Chilling effect, 129, 378, 461, 520 Chimel v. California (1969), 173-175 Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. Hialeah (1993), 175-176 CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, The (Marchetti), 473 Cicero, 26 Citizenship, 354; slavery and, 195, 197-198 City of Renton v. Playtime Theaters (1986), 176-178 Civil procedure, 22, 24 Civil rights, 101, 256 Civil Rights Act of 1866, 448 Civil Rights Act of 1868, 300 Civil Rights Act of 1875, 102-103, 286 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 102-103, 183, 285-287, 310, 418, 420-421, 439-440, 499-500, 509-510. See also Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 300 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 449, 506 Civil Rights Acts of 1866-1875, 300 Civil Rights Cases, 102-103, 300 Civil War, 48, 157, 195, 198, 225, 286, 342, 348; teaching of, 159 Civil War Amendments, 108-109 Clark, Tom C., 117-118, 238, 332, 358, 495 Class action, 149 Classic, United States v. (1941), 272, 382, 472 Clay, Henry, 386 Clayton, Henry DeLamar, Jr., 119 Clear and present danger test, 118-120, 154, 192-193, 242, 244, 458, 460 Cleveland, Grover, 190 Clinton, Bill, and judicial appointments, 509 Cochran v. Louisiana State Board of Education (1930), 215 Cohen v. California (1971), 502 Coker v. Georgia (1977), 178-179 Colegrove v. Green (1946), 134-135, 180-181, 512 Colgate-Palmolive, 149 Collin v. O’Malley (1978), 502 Collins v. Hardyman (1951), 257 Color of law, 370 Commerce clause, 166, 275-277, 286-287, 517-518 Commercial speech, 219 Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist (1975), 364 Common law, 3-8, 10, 16 Communism; and Smith Act, 192-193, 455-456, 526-527; suspected government subversion, 192; suspected infiltration into education, 136 Communist Party, American, 192, 287, 455, 526-527 Comparable worth, 184 Competency to be executed, 218 Comstock, Anthony, 266 Comstock Act (1873), 265 Confessions, 131, 160-161, 167-168, 212, 214 Confrontation clause, 337 Congress, U.S. Constitution and, 44 Conscription; opposition to, 459-460; requirement of, 440; and sex discrimination, 440-441 Conspiracy; and Smith Act, 193, 456, 526 Constitution, U.S., 41-49, 60, 62, 87-89; and Bankruptcy, 478; and court system, 97; Framers of, 35, 38, 44, 55-56, 59-60, 87, 210, 230, 293-294, 378, 381, 503; and judicial review, 97-98, 100-105 Constitutional Convention, 41 Constitutional law, 16, 32-40 Contraceptives, 33, 150, 204-205, 264-265, 267-269, 281, 399; and privacy, 436 Contract, freedom of, 188, 291, 293-294; discrimination and, 448-449 Contract clause, 216, 291, 386 Contract law, 169, 386-387, 477-479 Cooper v. Aaron (1958), 181-183 Corrigan v. Buckley (1926), 464 Counsel, right to, 57, 129, 212-213, 352-353; and Felonies, 355; and Fifth Amendment, 353; and Misdemeanors, 130-131, 235 County of Washington v. Gunther (1981), 183-184 Court-packing plan of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 166 Courts of Appeals, 63-64, 79-80 Craig, Sandra Ann, 336-337 Craig v. Boren (1976), 417 Creation science, 202 Criminal Justice Act (1964), 238 Criminal procedure, 21-22 Croson Company, J. A., 431 Cruel and unusual punishment, 58, 254, 277, 430, 433, 446, 474; and capital punishment, 225-231; and Eighth Amendment, 58, 148, 178-179, 218, 227-228, 253-255, 277-278, 296-297, 326, 430, 433, 474-477; and execution of juvenile offenders, 476-477 Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990), 184, 186 Curfew, wartime, 289 D Dagenhart, Roland, 276 Dandridge v. Williams (1970), 186-187 Danforth, John, 403 Darby Lumber Co., United States v. (1941), 166, 277, 518 Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819), 170, 188-189 Davis, David, 349-350 Davis, Roger, 296 Day, William R., 276-277, 511 Deadly force; police use of, 485-486 Debs, Eugene V., 190-191 Debs, In re (1895), 189-191 Debs v. United States (1919), 119 Decent Interval (Snepp), 473 Declaration of Independence, 21 Defamation, 377-379 DeFunis, Marco, 420 DeJong v. Oregon (1937), 110 Dennis v. United States (1951), 192-193, 456, 527 Depression, the, 291, 293 Desegregation, public accommodations, 285-287 Desegregation, school, 125-127, 145-146, 181-183, 248-249, 303-304, 351-352, 393-394, 479-483 DeWitt, John L., 289 Discovery, and the law, 3-6, 26 Discrimination; in education, 154-160, 417; employment, 184, 258-263, 509 District courts, 64, 79 Divorce, 23, 71, 284, 370, 462 Doe v. Bolton (1973), 194-195 Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994), 386 Don Juan (1956), 494 Donnelly, Daniel, 325 Double jeopardy; and Fifth Amendment, 54, 108, 111, 295, 391-393 Douglas v. California (1963), 239 Douglas, William O., 58, 137, 154, 181, 187, 228, 231, 238, 253-254, 267, 280, 287, 291, 311, 357, 435, 443-444, 487, 516, 521, 525 Draft. See Conscription Draft card burning, 140 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), 101, 195-198, 409 Dronenburg v. Zech (1984), 198 Drug testing, 469 Drug use and sale, illegal, 433-434; sentences for, 277-278, 296-297 Due process, 235, 245-246; and Fifth Amendment, 136, 141, 187, 222, 233, 295, 440-441, 445, 507 Due process of law, 54-55, 120, 146, 160; juveniles and, 232-233 Due process, substantive, 339 Duke Power Company, 259-261 Duncan, Gary, 199 Duncan v. Louisiana (1968), 56, 199-200 Dunn v. Blumstein (1972), 200-201 E E. C. Knight Co., United States v. (1895), 518 Education; compulsory, 104, 135, 399, 521; discrimination in, 154-160, 417; as fundamental right, 452-453 Edwards v. Aguillard (1987), 202-203 Edwards v. Arizona (1981), 353 Eichman, United States v. (1990), 490 Eighth Amendment, 57, 447; and cruel and unusual punishment, 58, 148, 178-179, 218, 227-228, 253-255, 277-278, 296-297, 326, 430, 433, 474-477 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 92, 157-158, 182-183, 212 Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972), 121, 204-205 Electronic surveillance, 301-303, 388-389 Eleventh Amendment, 216 Elkins v. United States (1960), 511 Ellsberg, Daniel, 379 Ellsworth, Oliver, 61 Elrod v. Burns (1976), 205-207 Eminent domain, 55 Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990), 176, 207-208, 469, 522 Employment of women, 440 Engel v. Vitale (1962), 118, 209-210 English-only movement, 313 Enlightenment, Age of, 42, 251 Enmund v. Florida (1982), 498 Epperson v. Arkansas (1968), 203 Equal Educational Opportunities Act (1974), 312 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 321, 341, 439, 510 Equal Pay Act of 1963, 184 Equal protection clause, 408 Equal protection of the law, 338-339, 361; conspiracies and, 256; and Fifth Amendment, 146, 289; and sex discrimination, 417 Erznoznik v. Jacksonville (1975), 211-212 Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), 57, 212-214, 239, 355 Eskimos, 224 Espionage Act (1917), 458-460 Establishment of religion, 202, 214, 315, 324-326, 363-364, 492-493 Everson v. Board of Education (1947), 214-215, 315, 493 Evidence, rules of, 282, 331-333, 340-341, 510-512, 524-526; juveniles and, 232 Evolution, teaching of, 202 Excessive bail, 57 Exclusionary rule, 174, 214, 510-512, 524-526; “good faith” exception to, 298 Executions; and guillotine, 252; of the innocent, 253; and mental health of the convicted, 219; moratorium on, 226, 229-230, 328. See also Capital punishment Executive branch, 44-45 Executive Order 9066, 289, 307, 309 F Fair Housing Act (1968), 301 Family law, 73, 347, 457-458, 528 Faubus, Orval, 182 Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 144 Federal Corrupt Practices Act (1910), 381 Federal courts, 78-86 Federal Courts Improvement Act (1982), 84 Federal Election Campaign Act (1971), 164 Federal Kidnapping Act, 152 Federalism, 46 Federalist Papers, 21, 47, 50, 62 Federalist Party, 62, 333 Felonies, 64, 130-131, 204, 235-236; and anarchy, 242; and counsel, right to, 355; and felony murder rule, 497-498; nonviolent, 474-475; trials, 239 Ferber, Paul, 376 Field, Stephen J., 370 Fifteenth Amendment, 155 Fifth Amendment, 33, 53-55, 108, 110, 146, 295; and counsel, right to, 353; and double jeopardy, 54, 108, 111, 295, 391-393; and due process, 136, 141, 187, 222, 233, 295, 440-441, 445, 507; and equal protection of the law, 146, 289; and incorporation doctrine, 141, 295; and right to grand jury indictment, 112, 121, 294-295; and self-incrimination, privilege against, 83, 135, 152, 330, 352, 355-357, 388; and Takings clause, 323-324, 385-386 “Fighting words,” 413, 502 Filburn, Roscoe, 517-518 Film censorship, 176-177, 211-212, 220-222, 366-367, 376, 494-495 Finger, John, 480-482 ”Fire,” falsely shouting in a theater, 460 First Amendment, 52 Flag burning, 38, 488-490 Flag Protection Act, 490 Flag salute, 515-517 Fleeing felon statutes, 485 Fletcher, Robert, 217 Fletcher v. Peck (1810), 216-217 Florida; Jacksonville, 211-212 Foley v. Connelie (1978), 247 Ford, Alvin Bernard, 217-219 Ford v. Wainwright (1986), 217-219 Fortas, Abe, 153, 232-233, 238, 357, 496 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996), 219-220 Fourteenth Amendment, 33, 101-104, 107-108, 120, 155, 160, 253, 309, 317, 406-410, 438; due process clause, 235-237; and equal protection clause, 245, 322, 528; and incorporation doctrine, 235-236 Fourth Amendment, 53 Frankfurter, Felix, 121, 180, 456, 517, 525 Fraud, 12-13; voter, 201, 271 Freedman, Ronald, 221 Freedman v. Maryland (1965), 220-222 Freedom Forum, 285 French Revolution, 252 Frohwerk v. United States (1919), 119 Frontiero v. Richardson (1973), 222-223 Fuller, Lon, 27 Fuller, Melville W., 371, 405 Fullilove v. Klutznick (1980), 223-225, 432 Fulminante, Oreste C., 131-132 Furman v. Georgia (1972), 58, 225-231, 253 G Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973), 240 Gaines v. Canada (1938), 406 Garner, Edward, 485 Gault, In re (1967), 232-233, 239 Gay rights, 150 General Electric v. Gilbert (1976), 233-234 Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), 57, 130, 213, 234-241, 355 Gilbert v. California (1967), 239 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 91 Gitlow v. New York (1925), 110, 242-244 Goldberg, Arthur, 226, 228, 400 Gomez, Zoraida, 244 Gomez v. Perez (1973), 244-245 Goss v. Lopez (1975), 245-246 Graham v. Richardson (1971), 246-247 Grand jury, 54; and Fifth Amendment, 112, 121, 294-295 Grandfather clause, 272 Great Britain, law in, 3-8, 10 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968), 126, 248-249, 480 Greer v. Spock (1976), 249-251 Gregg v. Georgia (1976), 178, 229, 251-256 Griffin v. Breckenridge (1971), 256-258, 301 Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971), 258-263, 506 Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), 121, 204, 263-270, 281, 389, 400 Grovey v. Townsend (1936), 383, 472 Guinn v. United States (1915), 272-273 H Habeas corpus, 342-344; and Lincoln, Abraham, 342, 344, 349 Habeas Corpus Act (1863), 344 Hamilton, Alexander, 42, 50 Hamling v. United States (1974), 273-275 Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918), 275-277 Hand, Learned, 154, 193, 442 Harding, Warren, 88 Harlan, John Marshall, 102, 136, 174, 200, 233, 238, 295, 301-302, 331, 358, 405-406, 425, 427, 444, 456, 461 Harmelin v. Michigan (1991), 277-279, 447 Harmless error, 131 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1966), 279-280 Harpers Ferry, 198 Harris v. McRae (1980), 280-282 Harris v. United States (1947), 174, 282-283 Hastie, William H., 23 Hate crimes, 413-414, 519-520 Hate speech, 414, 502 Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988), 284-285 Health, Education, and Welfare, Department of, 281 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), 103, 285-287 Helm, Jerry, 474 Henry, United States v. (1980), 239 Herndon v. Lowry (1937), 287-288 Hialeah, Florida, 175 Hicklin test, 442-444 Higher Education Facilities Act (1963), 492 Hirabayashi v. United States (1943), 289-291 Hobbes, Thomas, 28 Hodges v. United States (1906), 300 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 14-15, 118-120, 163, 244, 275-277, 318, 389, 409, 460 Home Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell (1934), 189, 291-294 Hopkinson, Joseph, 189 House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), 136 Housing; and African Americans, 300, 464-466 Hughes, Charles Evans, 161, 168, 292-293, 514, 516 Human rights, 17, 269 Hurtado v. California (1884), 294-295 Hutto v. Davis (1982), 296-297 Hyde Amendment, 281 I Illegal aliens, 247 Illegitimate children, 244-245 Illinois v. Krull (1987), 297-299 Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), 310 Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, 37 In flagrante delicto, 18 In loco parentis, 375 Income tax, 436 Incorporation doctrine, 52, 107-113, 391-393; and Black, Hugo L., 111; and Fifth Amendment, 141, 295; and Fourteenth Amendment, 235-236; and Seventh Amendment, 57 Indecency, 139, 347, 367, 414 Indian Removal Act (1830), 171 Indian Territory, 173 Indianapolis-Marion County, 128 Indictment, 294 Infertility Center of New York (ICNY), 133 Information, 294 Injunction, 6, 71; and the courts, 75 Innocence, presumption of, 18, 74 Innocent, protection of the, 18-19 International law, 16-17 Interracial marriage, 322 Interracial sex, 322 Interstate Railway v. Massachusetts (1907), 215 Irvis, K. Leroy, 362-363 J Jackson, Andrew, 90, 100, 171, 173 Jackson, Robert H., 181, 516-517 Jackson, United States v. (1968), 152 Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964), 345 Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), 185 Jaffree, Ishmael, 503 Japanese American internment, 289-291, 307-309, 350 Japanese American relocation, 308 Jaworski, Richard, 430 Jay, John, 25, 47, 81 Jefferson, Thomas, 89, 215, 333-335 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 515 Jerome Commission, 318 Jeter, Mildred, 322 Jim Crow laws, 405 Johnson, Andrew; impeachment trial, 43 Johnson, Gregory Lee, 488-490 Johnson, Lyndon B., 238, 418 Johnson v. Zerbst (1938), 236 Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 300-301, 448 Judges; appointment of, 45, 66; in federal appeals courts, 63-64; in federal circuit courts, 80; in federal district courts, 64, 79; in federal magistrate courts, 64; impeachment of, 45, 88; in Roman law, 5, 10, 19; as sources of law, 3-6; state, 65-66, 68, 72; state and local, 70-77. See Supreme Court, U.S. Judicial branch, U.S. Constitution and, 45-46 Judicial review, 32-39, 48, 82-83, 89-90, 97-106, 333 Judicial system, U.S., 60-69 Judiciary Act of 1789, 60-62, 68, 89-90, 100, 334-335 Jurisprudence, 26-31 Jury; right to, 62, 74-75, 199, 317, 349, 393, 522-523 Jury system, 5, 56, 142, 522-524; and capital punishment, 147, 226, 254, 523; exemptions from duty, 12; and impartiality, 143 Just compensation, 55 Just desserts, 30 Justice, 21-25, 28-29 Justice, distributive, 28 Juvenile delinquency, 232, 239, 457, 516 K Kant, Immanuel, 29 Katz v. United States (1967), 53, 174, 301-303 Katzenbach v. McClung (1964), 287 Kennedy, Anthony, 139, 175, 278, 353, 401, 471, 489 Kennedy, John F., 210 Ker v. California (1963), 283 Key, Francis Scott, 342 Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1 (1973), 303-304 Kidnapping, 152, 356, 447, 475 Kilbourn v. Thompson (1881), 136 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 24, 377 Kiowa, 318 Klopfer v. North Carolina (1967), 56 Klutznick, Philip, 224 Korematsu v. United States (1944), 307-309, 350 Kraemer, Louis, 464 Ku Klux Klan, 153 Kurtzman, David, 315 L Labor law, 365-366 Lassiter v. Department of Social Services (1981), 240 Lau v. Nichols (1974), 309-314 Law, 12-20, 26; definitions of, 12; purposes and functions of, 13, 15; sources of, 17; types of, 16-17 Legal realism, 27 Legal rights and duties, philosophy of, 28 Legion of Decency, 368 Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), 117, 202, 315-316, 364 Leon, United States v. (1984), 298-299, 340 Libel, 377-379 Liberty clause, 399 Liberty interests, 186 Lincoln, Abraham, 198; and habeas corpus, 342, 344, 349 Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 198 Literacy test, 272 Little Rock school integration crisis, 182-183 Living will, 185 Local Public Works Capital Development and Investment Act (1976), 224 Lochner doctrine, 514 Lochner v. New York (1905), 316-318, 366, 514 Locke, John, 15, 28, 42 Lone Wolf, 319 Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1902), 318-320 Lopez, Dwight, 245 Lorance, Patricia, 321 Lorance v. AT&T Technologies (1989), 321 Loving, Richard, 322 Loving v. Virginia (1967), 322 Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992), 323-324 Lynch v. Donnelly (1984), 324-326 M Mabry v. Johnson (1984), 455 McCleskey, Warren, 326 McCleskey v. Kemp (1987), 326-328 McCorvey, Norma, 435 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), 99 McGautha v. California (1971), 227 McGehee v. Casey (1983), 473 McJunkins v. State, 415 McRae, Nora, 281 McReynolds, James C., 399, 516 Madison, James, 21, 41, 51, 334 Maher v. Roe (1977), 281, 328-329, 449 Malapportionment, 426 Malloy v. Hogan (1964), 54, 121, 329-331, 355 Mandamus, writ of, 334 Mandatory sentencing laws, 277-279; and cruel and unusual punishment, 446-447 Mapp v. Ohio (1961), 53, 175, 214, 331-333, 433, 511, 525 Marbury v. Madison (1803), 36, 82, 90, 98, 333-336 Marchetti, Victor, 473 Marchetti v. United States (1972), 473 Marriage, 23, 267, 269, 528; interracial, 322; polygamous, 427, 429; and privacy, 436 Marsh v. Chambers (1983), 504 Marshall, John, 82, 89-90, 98-99, 141, 171, 189, 334-335, 387; and judicial review, 98; and Marbury v. Madison (1803), 99 Marshall, Thurgood, 91, 122, 124, 142, 151, 156, 187, 218, 228, 231, 251, 253, 282, 391, 394, 396, 430, 432, 441, 464, 471, 477, 484, 489 Martial law, 348-350 Martin, Gregory, 457 Martin Luther King, Jr., Elementary School Children v. Michigan Board of Education (1979), 312 Martin Marietta Corporation, 398 Marxism, 27 Maryland v. Craig (1990), 336-337 Massachusetts v. Sheppard (1984), 333, 339-341 Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia (1976), 338-339 Massiah v. United States (1964), 132, 239 Medicaid; abortion and, 328-329; abortion funding and, 280 Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966), 274 Mempa v. Rhay (1967), 239 Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986), 341-342 Merryman, Ex parte (1861), 342-344 Merryman, John, 342 Mexican immigration, 407 Mill, John Stuart, 27, 29 Miller v. California (1973), 273-275, 344-346, 376 Miller, United States v. (1939), 52, 303 Miller et al. v. Civil City of South Bend (1990), 346-348 Milligan, Ex parte (1866), 348-350 Milliken v. Bradley (1974), 350-352 Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940), 515 Minnesota Mortgage Moratorium Act (1933), 292 Minnick, Robert S., 352 Minnick v. Mississippi (1990), 352-353 Minor, Virginia Louise, 354 Minor v. Happersett (1875), 354 Minority business enterprises, 224 Minority “set-asides,” 123, 224, 431-432 Miracle, The (1951), 368 Miranda rights, 352 Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 57, 132, 161, 168, 213-214, 239, 355-361 Misdemeanors, 129, 415; and counsel, right to, 130-131, 235 Mississippi Burning (1988), 519 Mississippi civil rights worker murders, 158 Mitchell, Todd, 519 Mitigating circumstances, 278 Monopolies, 169 Montesquieu, Baron de, 42 Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis (1972), 361-363, 466 Morgan v. Virginia (1946), 406 Mormons, 427-429 Mueller v. Allen (1983), 363-364 Mulkey, Lincoln, 425 Muller v. Oregon (1908), 318, 365-366 Murder, 21-22, 28, 74-75, 131, 137, 147, 161, 167, 178-179, 217, 227, 229, 231, 294, 339, 352, 370, 392, 447, 466, 475-476, 497, 522; and felony murder rule, 497-498 Murgia, Robert, 338-339 Murphy, Frank, 181, 291, 309, 516, 525 Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915), 366-368 Mutual Film Corporation v. Kansas, 366 N National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 156, 182-183, 273, 279, 383, 464, 472, 484 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 125, 226, 249, 351 National Industrial Recovery Act (1935), 165 National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. (1937), 166 National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab (1989), 368-369 Native American Church, 207 Native Americans, 53, 91, 156, 171, 173, 207, 216, 313, 318, 320, 418 Natural law, 4, 26-28; modern revival of, 27 Nazi Party, American, 501-502 Neagle, In re (1890), 370-372 Near v. Minnesota (1931), 372-373, 380 Negligence, 30 New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985), 374-375 New York v. Ferber (1982), 375-376 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), 377-379 New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), 379-380 Newberry, Truman H., 381 Newberry v. United States (1921), 271, 381-382 News media; fair trial and, 466-467 Nichols, Alan H., 311 Nineteenth Amendment, 354 Ninth Amendment, 50, 58, 399-400 Nixon, L. A., 383 Nixon, Richard M., 126, 175, 338, 482 Nixon v. Condon (1932), 271, 383 Nixon v. Herndon (1927), 271, 382-384, 471 Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987), 384-386 Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act (1932), 191 Northwest Arctic School District v. Califano (1978), 313 Noto v. United States (1961), 456 Nude dancing, 139, 346-347 Nudity, 211-212, 390; definitions, 391 O O’Brien, United States v. (1968), 140 Obscenity, 128, 211-212, 220, 265, 269, 273-275, 332, 344-346, 367, 373, 376, 390-391, 415, 442-444, 494; definitions, 347, 376, 442 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 91, 122, 124-125, 139, 176, 208, 278, 337, 401, 408, 432, 471, 476, 490, 509 Office for Civil Rights (OCR), 311-313 Ogden v. Saunders (1827), 189, 386-387, 478 O’Hair, Madalyn Murray, 117 Olmstead v. United States (1928), 387-389 Olmstead, Roy, 388 Osborne v. Ohio (1990), 390-391 Osborne, Clyde, 390 P Palko v. Connecticut (1937), 110, 199, 391-393, 434 Parochial schools, 214-215, 315, 364, 399 Parrish, Elsie, 514 Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler (1976), 393-394 Patterson, Heywood, 412 Patterson v. McLean Credit Union (1989), 449 Payne v. Tennessee (1991), 148, 395-396 Peck, John, 217 Peckham, Rufus W., 317 Peremptory challenge, 142 Perez, Francisco, 244 Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney (1979), 397, 507 Phillips, Ida, 398 Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corporation (1971), 398 Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925), 399-400 “Plain view” rule, 282 Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), 400-402 Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth (1976), 403-404 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992), 38 Plea bargaining, 151; binding nature of, 453-455 Pledge of Allegiance, 515 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 90, 103-104, 155, 183, 310, 404-406, 483 Plyler v. Doe (1982), 247, 406-410 Police brutality, 359 Political campaign law, 163-165 Poll taxes, 279-280 Polygamy, 427, 429 Pornography, 128-129, 274, 332, 345-346; criminalization of, 442; definitions, 128 Positive law, 26 Positivism, 27 Post Office, U.S., 444-445 Postal Revenue and Federal Salary Act (1967), 445 Powell, Lewis F., Jr., 124, 138, 148, 179, 211, 223, 231, 255, 327, 338, 351, 421-422, 430, 441, 447 Powell, Ozie, 411 Powell v. Alabama (1932), 213, 235, 355, 411-412 Powell v. Texas (1968), 433 President’s Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, 274 Preventive detention, 457 Prior restraint, 129, 221, 284, 372-373, 379-380, 473-474, 494-495, 502 Privacy; and marriage, 436; ”zones” of, 267, 436 Privacy, right of, 28-29, 33, 58, 83, 121, 124, 150, 194, 198, 204-205, 263, 267-269, 302-303, 307, 332-333, 375, 388-389, 400, 404, 436, 444-446, 448, 450, 491, 510-511; drug testing and, 368-369, 469-471 Probable cause, 18, 144 Probate, 71, 73, 416-417 Products liability, 30 Prohibition era, 388 Property rights, 384-386 Proposition 14 (California), 424 Proprietors of the Stourbridge Canal v. Wheeley and others, 170 Public accommodations, 285; and African Americans, 286-287 Public Health Service Act, 450 Public Works Employment Act (1977), 224 Pullman strike, 190 Punishment, 30 R Rabinowitz, United States v. (1950), 174 Racial and ethnic discrimination, 307-308, 424-425, 504-507; and capital punishment, 326-328; housing and, 464; private, 300-301; private clubs and, 362 Randolph, Edmund, 41 Rape, 22, 194, 235, 356; capital punishment for, 178-179, 229, 253 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992), 413-414, 439-440 Rawls, John, 29 Reagan, Ronald, 313, 488 Reapportionment, 462 Reckless indifference, 498 Reconstruction, 408 Redd v. State of Georgia (1910), 414-416 Redhail, Roger, 528 Redistricting, 426 Reed, Stanley R., 120 Reed v. Reed (1971), 223, 416-417 Reform Act (1867), 7 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), 417-424 Regina v. Hicklin (1868), 442 Rehnquist, William H., 124, 132, 139, 177, 185, 203, 212, 223, 231, 234, 338, 341, 364, 394, 408, 437-438, 441, 447, 449-450, 458, 471, 489-490, 500, 520 “Reindeer rule,” 326 Reitman v. Mulkey (1967), 424-425 Religion, free exercise of, 427-429, 468, 520-522; animal sacrifices and, 175; and Native American Church, 207 Religious Freedom Restoration Act (1993), 208 Representation: gerrymandering, malapportionment, and reapportionment, 180, 512-513 Republicanism, 47-48 Residency requirements, 200-201 Restoration of Religious Freedom Act (1993), 176 Restraint of trade, 170 Restrictive covenants, 300, 464, 466 Revenge at Daybreak, 221 Reynolds v. Sims (1964), 135, 181, 426-427, 513 Reynolds v. United States (1879), 427-429 Rhode Island, 219-220 Rhodes v. Chapman (1981), 429-431 Richardson, Carmen, 246 Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. (1989), 225, 431-432 Riggs v. Palmer (1889), 31 ”Right to be let alone,” 388 Right-to-counsel, 234-241, 355, 358-359 Right to die, 185-186 Robbery, 21-22 Roberts, Owen J., 236, 288, 308, 514 Robinson v. California, 433-434, 447 Rochin v. California (1952), 213 Rodriguez, Demetrio, 452-453 “Roe, Jane,” 435 Roe v. Wade (1973), 121, 123-125, 194-195, 268, 281, 329, 400, 402-404, 434-439, 491, 508-509 Roman law, 4-7 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 24, 92, 166, 289, 307, 514 Rosenfeld v. Southern Pacific (1971), 439-440 Ross, John, 172 Ross v. Moffitt (1974), 240 Rostker v. Goldberg (1981), 440-441 Roth v. United States (1957), 442-444 Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Department (1970), 444-446 “Rule of four,” 93 Rummel, William, 446 Rummel v. Estelle (1980), 296, 446-447, 475 Runyon v. McCrary (1976), 301, 448-449 Rust v. Sullivan (1991), 449-451 Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois (1990), 206 Rutledge, John, 9 Rutledge, Wiley, 291, 525 S San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973), 187, 452-453 Sanford, Edward T., 242 Santeria, 175 Santobello, Rudolph, 454 Santobello v. New York (1971), 453-455 Scales v. United States (1961), 455-456, 527 Scalia, Antonin, 140, 148, 186, 203, 208, 278, 323-324, 337, 353, 369, 384, 413, 471, 476, 489 Schad v. Mt. Ephraim (1981), 348 Schall, Gregory, 458 Schall v. Martin (1984), 457-458 Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935), 166 Schenck, Charles T., 459 Schenck v. United States (1919), 119, 193, 458-460 School busing, 479 School law, 374-375, 495-497 School prayer, 117-118, 502-504 Scott, Dred, 196-197. See also Dred Scott v. Sandford Scott v. Illinois (1979), 240 Scottsboro trials, 235, 411-412 Search and seizure, 53, 144, 173, 282-283, 302, 340-341, 388, 433, 470, 486-488, 510-512, 524-526; schools and, 374-375 Search warrant, defective, 340 Second Amendment, 52, 112, 121 Secondary effects doctrine, 177 Sedition Act (1918), 119 Segregation, de facto and de jure, 404-406 Selective Service Act (1917), 440, 459 Self-incrimination, privilege against, 54, 83, 135, 152, 329-331, 352-353, 355-357, 388 Seniority, 149, 321 Separate but equal doctrine, 155-158, 404-406 Separation of powers, 42, 44-46 Seventeenth Amendment, 48, 381 Seventh Amendment, 57; and incorporation doctrine, 57 Sex discrimination, 128-129, 365-366, 416-417, 440-441 Sexual harassment, 341 Sexually explicit films, 176 Shapiro, Bernard, 461 Shapiro v. Thompson (1969), 460-462 Shaw v. Reno (1993), 462-463 Shelley, J. D., 464 Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), 300, 406, 464-466 Sheppard, Osborne, 339-340 Sheppard, Sam, 466 Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966), 466-467 Sherbert v. Verner (1963), 176, 208, 468-469, 522 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 191 Sibron v. New York (1968), 488 Silver platter doctrine, 511 Sixth Amendment, 56, 199, 336, 522; and due process, 236; and right to counsel, 234, 236, 238; and right to jury, 62 Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives’ Association (1989), 302, 369, 469-471 Skokie, Illinois, 501-502 Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), 109-110 Slavery, 195 Smith Act (1940), 192-193, 455-456, 526-527; and conspiracy, 193, 456, 526 Smith v. Allwright (1944), 382-383, 471-472 Smith v. Maryland (1979), 303 Snepp v. United States (1980), 472-474 Social contract, 28 Social Security Act, 186, 281, 328 Socialist Party, American, 242, 459 Sociological jurisprudence, 365 Sodomy, consensual, 150 Solem v. Helm (1983), 297, 447, 474-475 Souter, David, 139, 176, 278, 323, 401 South Carolina v. Gathers (1989), 148, 395 Speech, symbolic or nonverbal, 139, 495-497 Speech and press, freedom of, 118, 153, 242, 287-288, 372-373, 377-379, 442-444, 501-502; and Twenty-first Amendment, 220 Speedy trial, right to, 56, 137 Spock, Benjamin, 249-251 Spoils system and patronage, 205-206 Stanford v. Kentucky (1989), 476-477 Stanley v. Georgia (1969), 390 Stare decisis, 4, 7, 16, 65, 95, 124, 395, 402, 491 State and local courts, 70-77 State courts, 65-66 Statutory law, 16 Sterilization and American law, 162 Stern, William, 133 Stevens, John Paul, 490, 503 Stewart, Potter, 186, 210, 228, 231, 233, 250, 253, 257, 267, 281, 301, 332, 345, 358, 380, 397, 400, 435, 441, 523; and establishment clause, 118 Stone, Harlan Fiske, 289-290, 389, 516 Stop and frisk, 486-488 Story, Moorfield, 273 Stromberg v. California (1931), 110 Sturges v. Crowninshield (1819), 477-479 Substantive due process, 186, 513 Sugarman v. Dougall (1973), 247 Suicide and euthanasia, 185-186 Sullivan, L. B., 377-378 Supremacy clause, 97, 183, 247 Supreme Court, U.S., 63, 80-81, 87-96, 244, 254, 528; and judicial review, 32-39, 97-98, 100-105 Supreme Court justices, U.S., 34-35, 38, 46, 63, 80, 82, 87, 90-94, 98, 101, 105. See also individual names Surrogacy, 133 “Suspect classification,” 246 Sutherland, George, 235, 411-412 Swain v. Alabama (1965), 142-143 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education (1971), 351, 479, 483 Sweatt, Herman, 484 Sweatt v. Painter (1950), 483-484 “Switch in time that saved nine,” 514 T Taft, William Howard, 88, 388-389, 459 Takings clause; and Fifth Amendment, 323-324, 385-386 Taney, Roger B., 170, 197, 342-344, 409 Tennessee v. Garner (1985), 485-486 Tenth Amendment, 46, 50, 58-59 Terry v. Ohio (1968), 486-488 Texas v. Johnson (1989), 488-490 Third Amendment, 52-53, 112 Thomas, Clarence, 91, 122 Thompson, Vivian, 461 Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1986), 490-492 Tilton v. Richardson (1971), 492-493 Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago (1961), 221, 494-495 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969), 285, 495-497 Tison v. Arizona (1987), 497-498 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 149, 184, 233, 258-259, 261, 321, 341, 398, 448, 499-500, 505, 507 “T.L.O.,” 374 Totality of circumstances, 237 Trail of Tears, 173 Treason, 235, 458, 475 Trop v. Dulles (1958), 228 Troy Leon Gregg v. State of Georgia (1976), 255 Truman, Harry S, 156, 192, 464 Twenty-first Amendment; and speech and press, freedom of, 220 Twenty-second Amendment, 48 Twenty-fifth Amendment, 48 Twining v. New Jersey (1908), 331 U United States v. . .. See under names of other party United Steelworkers of America v. Weber (1979), 499-500 Utilitarianism, 27 V Veterans preference, 397 Victim impact evidence, 147, 395-396 Victim impact statement (VIS), 147 Victimless crimes, 22 Vietnam War, 379, 473; opposition to, 140; public opposition to, 495-496 Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party of America (1978), 501-502 Vinson, Frederick, 192-193, 465, 484 Vinson, Mechelle, 341 Vote, right to, 134, 272-273; residency requirements and, 200-201 Voting rights; and African Americans, 471-472 Voting Rights Act (1965), 280, 472 Voting Rights Act (1975), 312 Voting Rights Act (1991), 462 W Wade, Henry, 435 Wade, United States v. (1967), 239 Wages, women’s, 184 Waite, Morrison R., 428-429 ”Wall of separation,” 215 Wallace v. Jaffree (1985), 502-504 Wallace, George, 503 Walz v. Tax Commission (1970), 315 Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio (1989), 262, 504-506 Warren, Earl, 91-92, 104, 137, 146, 154, 156-157, 174, 237-239, 332, 339, 356-357, 360, 427, 433-434, 449, 462, 482, 487, 495 Washington v. Davis (1976), 506-507 Watkins v. United States (1957), 136 Weber, Brian, 499 Webster, Daniel, 170, 189, 386 Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989), 508-509 Weeks v. Southern Bell (1969), 509-510 Weeks v. United States (1914), 161, 174, 332, 510-512, 524 Weems v. United States (1910), 447 Weinberger, Harry, 119 Weisman v. Lee (1992), 504 Welfare benefits, 186-187, 246, 407, 409; residence requirements, 460 Wesberry v. Sanders (1964), 181, 512-513 West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937), 513-515 West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), 515, 517 White, Byron R., 124, 132, 140, 148, 150-151, 155, 179, 199-200, 212, 228, 231, 246, 253, 284, 338, 340, 358, 376, 390, 408, 414, 425, 437-438, 441, 471, 486, 490, 505-506 White, Edward D., 276, 320, 459 White, United States v. (1971), 302 White primaries, 270, 272, 382-384, 471-472 Whitehead, Mary Beth, 133 Whitney v. California (1927), 153 Wickard v. Filburn (1942), 166, 517-518 Wills and trusts, 15, 31, 71, 417 Wilson, Woodrow, 48 Wisconsin v. Mitchell (1993), 414, 519-520 Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972), 520-522 Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968), 227, 522-524 Witness, right to confront, 336 Wolf v. Colorado (1949), 213, 332, 511, 524-526 Women; on Supreme Court, U.S., 91 Women’s rights movement, 435 Woods, William, 191 Worcester v. Georgia (1832), 173 World War I, 459-460 World War II, 289, 307, 350, 455, 515, 518 Writ of certiorari, 81 Y Yates v. United States (1957), 153, 193, 456, 526-527 Yoder, Jonas, 520 Z Zablocki, Thomas, 528 Zablocki v. Redhail (1978), 528 Zoning, 176 |
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