To return to this sets' summary click Overview. For the general product directory, click Directory. Articles Alexander the Great The Cypriot War Military Intelligence Other Elements Index Table of Contents Other military reference sources cover specific wars, concentrate on a single nation, or treat military leaders. The value of this set lies in the fact that it offers convenient access to such a wide range of topics as a starting point for further research and also allows the reader to examine those topics in a broad context. Recom- mended for high-school, public, and academic libraries. Booklist   Reference Books Bulletin   This guide will serve users in public, high school, and undergraduate libraries. Lawrence Looks at Books   Gale Group   A one-stop resource for military history and related fields....The book's depth and context are greater than earlier works like R. Ernest and Trevor N. DuPuy's Collins Encyclopedia of Military History (1993). Recommended for academic and large public libraries. Choice   Readers who are looking for a survey of wars, battles, people, and civilizations that played an important role in worldwide military history will find this five-volume set a good reference tool....Highly recommended. The Book Report   The appeal of Magill's guide is its breadth, ease of use, ready reference information heading most entries, currency of bibliographic references, and excellent use of illustrations, maps, convenient charts, and indexing. These features make it an important guide that will appeal to a broad audience of mainly undergraduate and secondary school students as well as popular readers of military history. Reference & User   Services Quarterly   The most comprehensive single work on military history in print, this is an excellent starting point for anyone (high school age and above) seeking basic information about the causes and effects of just about any significant military event in recorded history. Essential. Library Journal   Magill's guide is a good, quick source for information and for short bibliographies of secondary studies. It is appropriate for all types of libraries. American Reference   Books Annual

Editor: John Powell, Cumberland College ISBN: 978-0-89356-014-0 List Price: $473 March 2001 · 5 volumes · 1,954 pages · 8"x10" Editor's Choice, Booklist Magill's Guide to Military History Index Note: A date in parentheses after a place name indicates a battle. A Abahai, 944, 1675 ABAKO (Bakongo Alliance), 371 Abbās II, 1027 Abbās III, 1185 Abbās Mirza, 1183 Abbās the Great, 1-2, 1027, 1578 Abbāsid Revolution, 2-3, 9 Abbāsids, 9, 377, 665, 943; in the Abbāsid Revolution, 2; in the Byzantine-Muslim Wars, 256 Abboud, Ibrahim, 1123 Abd Allāh, 1152 Abd Allāh ibn az-Zubayr, 1064, 1069 Abd Allāh ibn Muhammad al-Taāishī. See Abdullah et Taāishī Abd Alālh ibn Yasīn, 9, 53 Abd al-Malik, 853, 1060 Abd al-Mumin, 52 Abd al-Qādir ibn Muhyī ad-Dīn ibn Mustafā al-hasanī al-Jazāirī. See Abdelkader Abd-ar-Rahmān, 318, 543, 1070, 1551 Abd el-Krim, 3-4, 535, 920 Abdālīs, 17, 1183 Abdelkader, 4, 554 Abdiashirta, 713 Abdul Aziz, 391 Abdülhamid II, 114, 485, 1346 Abdullāh et Taāisha, 4-5 Abdulli dan Fodio, 1587 Abdur Rahim Khan, 1025 Abe, Hiroaki, 632 Abenaki, 1463 Abenaki Wars, 5-6 Abercrombie, James, 532, 1038 Abercromby, Ralph, 6-7, 44 Aboukir (1799), 7-8, 561, 865, 1054, 1060, 1086, 1102, 1108 Aboukir (1801), 7 Abrams, Creighton Williams, Jr., 8-9, 1604 Abu Ahmad, 1066 Abū al-Abbās, 3, 9 Abu-al-Qasim, 198 Abū Bakr, 825, 1067 Abū Bakr ibn Umar, 9-10 Abu Jihad. See Wazir, Khalil al- Abu Klea (1885), 10 Abū Muslim, 2, 9 Abū Yaqūb Yūsuf I, 52 Abū Yaqūb Yūsuf II, 52 Abuja I and II, 1480 Acapulco (1813), 870 Achaean League, 719, 1201, 1464 Achelous (917), 236 Achilles, 56, 1565 Achilleus, 1308 Acre (1189-1191), 11-12, 1289 Acre (1257), 1593 Acre (1291), 401 Acre (1832), 468 Acre, Siege of (1799), 865 Act of Union (1707), 93 Actium (31 b.c.e.), 12, 1306, 1317 Aculco (1810), 870 Adadnirari I, 682 Adal, 490 Adamawa (1901), 224 Adams, John, 664, 1563 Adams, John Quincy, 777 Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), 777 Adana (1485), 942 Adda River, 909 Addams, Gerry, 1137 Addis Ababa (1991), 493 Aditya I, 336 Adoni (1378), 1610 Adoula, Cyrille, 372 Adowa (1896), 12-13, 490, 767, 990 Adranum (344 b.c.e.), 1540 Adrianople (324), 1308 Adrianople (378), 13-14, 254, 610, 1310, 1314, 1492, 1519, 1617 Adrianople (1205), 236, 872 Adrianople (1362), 1574 Adrianople (1365), 1059 Adrianople, Peace of (1713), 618 Adrianople, Treaty of (1829), 626, 1331, 1346 Adventurous Simplicissimus, The (Grimmelshausen), 901 Adys (256 b.c.e.), 1248 Aegidius, 936 Aegospotami (405 b.c.e.), 14, 35, 142, 920, 1176 Aelle, 86, 294, 1046, 1378 Aemilian, 1307 Aequi, 342 Aerial photography, 953 Æthelbald of Mercia, 14-15, 87, 1147 Æthelbald's Wars, 15-16 Æthelbert I of Kent, 87 Æthelbert of East Anglia, 1147 Æthelfrith of Bernicia, 86, 294 Æthelfrith of Northumbria, 87 Æthelheard of the West Saxons, 15 Æthelred I of Northumbria, 1148 Æthelred II the Unready, 225, 939, 1613 Æthelstan of East Anglia, 1148 Æthelstan of Wessex, 230 Aetius, 16-17, 145, 307, 711, 936, 1315 Aetolian League, 719, 927, 1464 Afar Liberation Front, 491 Afghan Expansion, Wars of, 17-18, 659 Afghan War, 29 Afghanistan; in the Persian-Afghan Wars, 1182; in the Soviet-Afghan War, 1448 Afghans, 424 AFL. See Armed Forces of Liberia Afonso I, 57 Afonso V (king of Portugal), 290 Afonso VI (king of León and Castile), 339-340 AFRC. See Armed Forces Revolutionary Council Africa; in the Anglo-Dutch Wars, 88; British colonialism in, 223-224; in the Italian Colonial Wars, 766 African Americans in the military, 1013, 1181, 1231, 1260 African National Congress, 1049, 1081 African National Union of Independent Mozambique, 1050 African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. See Partido Africano pela Independencia da Guine-Bissau e Cabo Verde African Squadron, 1179 Afrika Corps, 1318, 1544 Afrikaners, 195 Afyon (1922), 622, 1573 Aga-Cayiri (1488), 943 Agade, 1373 Agadir Incident (1911), 590 Agamemnon, 1565 Agariste, 1669 Agathocles, 18-19, 1540 Agathocles II, 19 Agau, 490 Agaune (523), 244 Agbeluwoe (1914), 591 Agent Orange, 324, 984, 1703 Agesilaus II, 19-20, 920, 949, 1465 Āghā Muhammad Khān Qājār, 1185 Agincourt (1415), 20-21, 671, 703, 800, 1156 Agnadello (1509), 769 Agosti, Orlando Ramón, 112 Āgrā (1803), 868 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 21-22, 1037, 1312 Agrippa, Marcus, 12, 1515 Agron, 719 Agua Dulce Creek (1836), 1522 Agua Prieta (1915), 1002 Aguilar, Jerónimo de, 1459 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 22-23, 1452 Agung, 791 Ahmad al-Mansūr, 853 Ahmad ibn al-Khasīb, 1065 Ahmad Shāh, 1188 Ahmad Shāh Abdali, 1183 Ahmad Shah Durrānī, 17, 1185 Ahmad Urābī Pasha al-Misri. See Arabi Pasha Ahmadnagar; in the Mogul Conquest of the Deccan, 1025; in the Vijayanagar Wars, 1609 Ahmadnagar (1595), 1025 Ahmed (governor of Karaman), 1160 Ahmed (Lithuanian and Tatar khan), 774 Ahmed I, 1, 152, 1576 Ahmed III, 181, 320, 617, 1346 Ahmose Nefertari, 465 Aidid, Mohamed Farrah, 1438 Ain Guettar (1871), 555 Air Force Academy, U.S., 23, 461 Air Force, U.S., 23-25, 27, 126, 886, 1012; and race, 1262 Air forces; Australian, 148; British, 229, 663; Canadian, 274; German, 607; Indian, 727; Iranian, 750; Iraqi, 753; Israeli, 764; North Korean, 844. See also Air Force, U.S. Air power, 1017; in World War I, 444, 1021, 1292-1293; in World War II, 126, 220, 393, 1294, 1479 Aircraft carriers, 29, 1103, 1107, 1632; naval weapons, 1099; in World War II, 657 Aircraft, military, 25-29, 1017, 1651 Āishah, 1064 Aisne (1917), 1654 Aisne (1918), 1655 Aix-la-Chapelle (978), 539 Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 150, 282, 1377, 1398 Ajit Singh, 1265 Ajmer (1659), 1029 Ajmer (1681), 1265 Ajnadain (634), 81 Akbar, 29, 1025, 1027, 1029, 1265 Akechi Mitsuhide, 1146 Akhenaton, 465, 713 Akiva ben Joseph, 799 Akkad, 160 Akroinon (740), 377, 888 Aksum, 490 Akuffo, Fred, 1271 Al-Andalus, 52, 868 Al-Arish, Convention of (1800), 839 Al-Ubayyid (1883), 4 Alā al-Dīn Muhammad Khaljī, 424 Alais, Peace of (1629), 1292 Alam Halfa (1942), 1318 Alamanni, 936 Alameida (1811), 1639 Alamgīr. See Aurangzeb Alamo (1836), 29-31, 1369, 1522 Alanbrooke, First Viscount, 31-32 Alans, 308, 1314 Alarcos (1195), 47, 52 Alaric, 32-33, 610, 1310, 1314, 1617 Alaric II, 1619 Alauddin Mujahid, 1610 Alaungpaya, 251, 1411, 1413 Albanian-Turkish Wars, 33-34, 1162 Albanians, 1686 Albero of Trier, 587 Alberoni, Giulio, 1255 Albert of Prussia, Prince, 1381 Albert of Saxe-Teschen, Duke, 793 Alberti, Leon Battista, 402, 480 Albinus (British governor), 1400 Albinus, Spurius Postumius, 1360 Albrecht III (duke of Austria), 151 Albrecht V (duke of Austria), 199, 651 Albrecht VI (duke of Austria, 652 Albrecht VII (archduke of Austria), 976, 1121, 1157 Albrecht of Mecklenburg, 420 Albuera (1479), 290 Albunlena (1467), 34 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 34-35, 1228 Alcáçovas, Treaty of (1479), 290, 1228 Alcántara (1580), 1460 Alcazarquivir (1578), 1228 Alcibiades, 35, 1175, 1489 Alcimus, 924 Alderman, John, 1198 Alegría de Pío (1956), 408 Alemanni, 1313, 1519 Aleppo (969), 1119 Aleppo (1138), 803 Alesia, Siege of (52 b.c.e.), 35-36, 266, 572, 1597 Alexander (king of Greece), 622, 1655 Alexander I (czar of Russia), 37, 147, 183, 373, 565, 625, 806, 1046, 1088, 1331, 1344, 1346 Alexander II (czar of Russia), 1332, 1346 Alexander II, Pope, 1131 Alexander III (king of Scotland), 91 Alexander III, Pope, 689, 911 Alexander IV (king of Macedonia), 428 Alexander VI, Pope, 768 Alexander, Domitius, 1308 Alexander, Harold, 1039 Alexander Balas, 924 Alexander Nevsky (Eisenstein), 511 Alexander of Tunis, 36-37, 1430 Alexander the Great, 38-39, 294, 306, 312, 428, 579, 612, 621, 716, 765, 926, 977, 982, 1187, 1199, 1245, 1252, 1490, 1579; tactics, 1492 Alexander's Wars of Conquest, 38-43, 579, 612, 765, 1245, 1579 Alexandria (48-47 b.c.e.), 267 Alexandria (645), 1069 Alexandria (1801), 43-44 Alexandria, Siege of (619), 672 Alexandrovich, Boris, 1327 Alexis I, 1138, 1272, 1344 Alexius I Comnenus, 44-46, 104, 198, 264, 398, 1129, 1281 Alexius Apocaucos, 253 ALF. See Afar Liberation Front Alfonsín, Raúl, 112 Alfonso V (king of Aragon), 1595 Alfonso VI (king of León and Castile), 1276 Alfonso VIII (king of Castile), 46-47, 52, 868, 1274, 1276 Alfonso XI (king of León and Castile), 1226 Alfonso XII (king of Spain), 281 Alfonso XIII (king of Spain), 1454 Alfonso d'Este, 1271 Alfred the Great, 47, 225, 458, 1613-1614 Algeria in the French Colonial Wars, 552 Algerian National Liberation Front, 48, 183 Algerian Revolution, 48 Algerian War of Independence, 183 Algiers (1830), 554 Algiers (1957), 48 Algonquin, 756 Alhucemas (1925), 535 Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 81, 1064, 1069 Ali Mardan Khan, 1027 Ali Pasha, 888, 1160 Alī the Great. See Sonni Alī Aligarh (1803), 957 Aliwal (1846), 48-49, 1434 Aljubarrota (1385), 1226 Alkmaar (1572-1573), 452 All Quiet on the Western Front (film), 511 All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque), 511, 903 Allectus, 1308, 1314 Allen, Ethan, 49, 73, 532 Allenby, Lord, 49-50, 179, 989, 1637, 1655 Allende, Ignacio, 1004 Allied Expeditionary Forces in World War II, 474 Allied intervention in Russia, 50-51, 1329 Allies in World War II, 1658 Alma (1854), 51-52, 273, 395 Almagro, Diego de, 1206 Almeida (1762), 1461 Almeida, Juan, 408 Almohads, 52, 54, 868; conquest and rule of Muslim Spain, 52-53 Almond, Edward M., 653, 722 Almoravids, 9, 52-54, 340, 599 Alp Arslan, 54, 264, 950 Alptigin, 600 Alte Veste (1632), 648, 1623 Altmark, Truce of (1629), 1216 Altopascio (1325), 526, 916 Altranstadt, Treaty of (1706), 617 Alushta (1774), 858 Alva, duke of, 55-56, 105, 452, 1057, 1382, 1460 Alvarado, Juan Velasco, 1191 Álvarez, Juan, 1000 Alvaro I, 57 Alves de Lima e Silva, Luís, 216, 1562 Alvintzi, Josef, 1297 Älvsborg (1612), 418 Amadeus IV of Savoy, 1594 Amal Dynasty, 1158 Amar Singh Sisodia, 1265 Amasis, 1189 Amatol, 498 Amazons, 56-57 Amba Alagi (1895), 767, 990 Amboina (1623), 88 Amboise, Treaty of (1564), 563 Ambrosius Aurelianus, 86 Ambuila (1665), 57-58 Ambur (1749), 282 Amenemhat I, 465 Amenhotep II, 713 Amenhotep III, 713 Amer, Abdel Hakim, 1095, 1428, 1482 American Civil War, 58-67, 178, 252, 287, 351, 413, 421, 427, 506, 528, 577, 614, 657, 660, 673, 695, 740, 778, 804-806, 820, 882, 900, 913, 924-925, 934, 980, 1009, 1106, 1202, 1223, 1320, 1387, 1403-1404, 1477, 1531; Antietam, 102; Atlanta, 143; Chancellorsville, 311; Chikamauga, 327; Cold Harbor, 355; conscription, 375; Corinth, 383; finances, military, 516; First Bull Run, 239; Fort Sumter, 531; Fredericksburg, 548; Gettysburg, 596; Harpers Ferry, 662; literature depicting, 902; maps and cartography, 953; martial music, 1063; military medicine, 984; Nashville, 1094; Petersburg, 1196; photography, 131; and race, 1260; Savannah, 1375; Second Bull Run, 239; Seven Days Battles, 1395; Shiloh, 1405; Spotsylvania Court House, 1466; uniforms, 1583; Vicksburg, 1599; war reporting, 1239, 1627; warships, 1631; Wilderness, 1645 American Expeditionary Force, 1182, 1655 American Indian wars, 67-70, 596, 663, 1181 American Northwest Indian wars, 71-72, 505, 1508, 1637 American Revolution, 7, 49, 72-78, 125, 214, 242, 280, 345, 385, 571, 578, 615, 626, 697-698, 807, 849, 862, 881, 893, 964, 1247, 1300-1301, 1399, 1474, 1633, 1637; Bunker Hill, 242; Camden, 271; Charleston, 321; Cowpens, 388; cryptography, 403; finances, military, 516; Fort Ticonderoga, 532; Germantown, 595; Gibraltar, 601; King's Mountain, 837; Long Island, 912; military propaganda, 1238; Monmouth, 1036; Princeton, 1234; Quebec, 1257; Saratoga, 1371; Savannah, 1376; Trenton, 1558; White Plains, 1644; Yorktown and Virginia Capes, 1682 American Tobacco Company, 189 Amgala (1976), 1641 Amharas, 491 Amherst, Jeffrey, 323, 552, 915, 1222, 1399, 1648 Amherst, William Pitt, 223 Amida (359), 1402 Amida (503), 262 Amiens (1918), 78-79, 654, 1655 Amiens, Mise of (1264), 172 Amiens, Treaty of (1802), 44, 146, 562, 1087 Amin, Hafizullah, 1448 Amin, Idi, 79-80, 1504 Amir Husayn, 1498 Amir Indra Singh Rathor, 1265 Amoaful (1874), 80 Amoebic dysentery, 984 Amorites, 160, 421, 465, 681, 713 Amphictyonic Council of Thermopylae, 40 Amphipolis (422 b.c.e.), 1175 Amphipolis (357 b.c.e.), 1199 Ampudia, Pedro de, 997, 1041 Amr ibn al-Ās, 80-81, 1068 Amri, Hassan al-, 1680 Amritsar (1628), 1028 Amritsar Massacre (1919), 81-82, 228 Amung Kurat I, 791 Amung Kurat II, 791 Amung Kurat III, 791 Amung Kurat IV, 791 Amyntas III, 40-41 An Lushan, 82, 332 An Lushan's Rebellion, 82, 332, 1497 Anabasis (Xenophon), 413, 459, 677, 1670 Ananda Mahidol, 1409 Anarcho-Syndicalist Revolt, 1456 Anastasius, 261 Anatolia, 264, 379; Muslim conquest of, 1070 Anatolia-Black Sea coast campaigns, 803 Anatolian War, 377 Anawrahta, 82-83 Anazarbus (1137), 803 Anbasa-ibn-Johim, 543, 1550 Anchialos (763), 235 Ancient warfare, 83-86, 1278, 1630; armies, 116; Aztec Empire, 155; chemical and biological warfare, 323; China, 1629; Egypt, 466; Inca Empire, 721; Mayan Empire, 980; navies, 1101; Parthian, 1170 Ancón, Treaty of (1883), 1166 Anderida (491), 86 Anders, Wladyslaw, 179, 1039 Anderson, Robert, 531 Andrade, Gil de, 888 Andria (1155), 1415 Andriscus, 927 Andronicus I Comnenus, 1415 Andronicus II Palaeologus, 253 Andronicus III, 253, 260 Andronicus Ducas, 950 Andrusovo, Truce of (1667), 1342 Anegawa (1570), 1146 Ang Chan II, 1414 Ang Duong, 1414 Ang Non, 1413 Ang Snguon, 1414 Angelos, Isaac, 1415 Angevin Empire, 1198; conquest of, 1198 Anghiari (1440), 1595 Angkor (1351), 831 Angkor kingdom, 570 Angles, 1378, 1519 Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, 86-87 Anglo-Afghan Wars, 226, 816, 1298 Anglo-Burmese Wars, 226 Anglo-Dutch Wars, 87-88, 396, 449, 547, 966, 1033, 1325, 1567 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Preferential Friendship (1936), 467 Anglo-Egyptian War, 1497 Anglo-French Wars, 88-89, 207, 267, 311, 348, 643, 1042, 1439, 1589 Anglo-Irish War, 89-91, 362 Anglo-Nepalese War, 226 Anglo-Persian Agreement (1919), 1188 Anglo-Saxon-Danish War, 230 Anglo-Saxons, 15, 666, 1646; in the British Dynastic Wars, 225. See also Angles, Saxons, and Jutes; Saxons Anglo-Scottish War of 1157-1158, 670 Anglo-Scottish Wars of 1290-1388, 91-93, 171, 463-464, 501, 1476 Anglo-Scottish Wars of 1513-1560, 93-94, 524, 1139, 1203, 1439 Anglo-Sikh Wars, 48, 226, 327, 509, 643, 1433 Anglo-Spanish War, 94-96, 112, 445, 838, 1199 Anglo-Norman Invasion of Ireland, 670 Angola, 1228; in the Angolan War of Independence, 97; and South Africa, 1082 Angolan Civil War, 96-97 Angolan War of Independence, 97-99, 1025 Angostura Address, 201 Anhui (1861), 1690 Animals in war, 99-102, 294, 985, 1190; Scythians, 1387 Aniruddha. See Anawrahta Anjou, 568 Ankara (1402), 102, 260, 1499, 1575 Ankara (1482), 1160 Anna Comnena, 198 Anna of Savoy, 253 Annals (Tacitus), 1516 Annam, 556; and Champa, 310 Anne (queen of Great Britain), 966 Anne of Austria (queen of France), 567 Annual (1921), 3 Antalcidas, Peace of (386 b.c.e.). See King's Peace (386 b.c.e.) Anticommunism, 1658 Antietam (1862), 60, 102-104, 252, 674, 695, 882, 925, 1009 Antigens III, 1464 Antigonos Monophthalmos, 1245 Antigonus I, 40, 429 Antigonus II, 1490 Antioch (969), 1119 Antioch (1097-1098), 46, 104-105, 399, 797 Antioch (1137), 803 Antiochene War, 293 Antiochus I Soter, 1490 Antiochus II Theos, 1490 Antiochus III, 293, 661, 1270, 1490 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 922, 1491 Antipater, 40, 428 Anti-Semitism, 447, 1658 Antiwar movements. See Opposition to war Antoku, 582 Antonina, 182 Antonio I, 57 Antony, Marc, 12, 289, 1200-1201, 1305, 1317 Antwerp, Siege of (1584-1585), 105-106, 454, 1169, 1200 Anvil, Operation (1954), 975 Anwar-ud-din, 282 Anzac. See Australia-New Zealand Corps Anzio (1944), 106-107, 346, 1039 ANZUS defense pact, 148 Aoun, Michel, 880 Ap Gu (1967), 653 Apache, 70 Apache Pass (1862), 352 Apache Wars, 107-108, 352, 596 Apartheid, 1081 Apocalypse Now (Coppola), 514 Apollodorus, 442 Appa Sahib, 957 Appeasement, 108-109 Appomattox Court House (1865), 66, 413, 615, 1404 Apulia (1250), 690 Aquae Sextiae (102 b.c.e.), 965, 1316 Aquitaine, 542 Aquitani, 572 Arab-Israeli Wars, 109, 1350 Arab Revolt (1936-1939), 1697 Arabi Pasha, 109, 224, 1498, 1649 Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The, 665 Arafat, Yasir, 109-111, 180, 763, 1260, 1638 Aragon, 339, 1275 Arameans, 136, 138, 421 Arana Osario, Carlos, 633 Arapaho, 905 Aratus of Sicyon, 1201, 1464 Arausio (105 b.c.e.), 1316 Arce, Manuel José, 299 Arces (625), 672 Archagathus II, 19 Archelaus, 307, 1022 Archery, 111; Parthian, 1170 Archidamus, 1175 Archimedes, 479 Arcola (1796), 561, 865 Arcot (1751), 226, 282, 348 Ardabasdos's Revolt, 377 Ardaric, 308 Ardashir, 1313, 1374, 1401 Ardeatine Caves massacre, 822 Ardennes Campaign (1944-1945). See Bulge (1944-1945) Ardo, 1550 Arezzo, 496 Argaon (1803), 957 Argentina; in the Falkland Islands War of 1982, 503; independence of, 1446; intervention in Uruguay, 577; in the War of the Triple Alliance, 1561 Argentine Dirty War, 111-112, 1626 Arginusae (406 b.c.e.), 14 Argyll, duke of, 779 Arigböge, 854 Ariovistus, 572, 1058 Arista, Mariano, 996 Aristagoras, 619 Arizona, 107, 287, 352, 999 Arjun, 1027 Arkadi Convent (1866), 391 Armada, Spanish (1588), 95, 112-114, 445, 1101, 1169, 1200, 1237, 1460 Armadas, Spanish (1596, 1597), 96 Armed Forces of Liberia, 897 Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, 1271 Armenian Massacres, 114-116, 1625 Armies, 121, 1267, 1434; Assyrian, 138; Australian, 148; British, 228, 396; Canadian, 274; Chinese, 1684, 1690; French, 916, 970, 1087; German, 1389; Ghaznavid, 600; and Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, 509; Greek, 738; Indian, 727; Iranian, 750; Iraqi, 753; Israeli, 764; Japanese, 786, 1671; Mali, 940; Mauryan, 978; North Korean, 844; organization and tactics, 8, 116-120, 146, 283, 647, 738, 966, 970, 1031, 1316; Persian, 1; Prussian, 547-548; Roman, 432, 965, 1304, 1310-1311, 1592; Russian, 1230; Sasanid, 1374; Soviet, 1571; Spartan Empire, 1465; Swiss, 739. See also Army; Army, U.S. Arminius, 1516 Armistice, 120 Armor, 120, 747 Arms and the Man (Shaw), 902 Arms race, 120-121 Armstrong, John, 664 Army, U.S., 23, 121-123, 968, 1011; and race, 1261 Army Group Center, 163 Army of the Future, The (Gaulle), 581 Army Tank Corps, 473 Arnay-le-Duc (1570), 361, 563 Arnett, Peter, 1628 Arnhem (1944), 123-124, 1042 Arnold, Benedict, 73, 125-126, 280, 532, 579, 1257, 1372, 1682 Arnold, H. H., 126 Arnulf, 286 Arogee (1868), 126-127, 1520 Arras (1654), 541 Arras (1915), 1194 Arras (1917), 50 Arras, Peace of (1482), 537 Arras, Treaty of (1579), 1169 Arras, Union of, 454 Arriaga, Kaúlza de, 1051 Arsenal, 127 Arsuf (1191), 127-128, 400, 1290, 1355 Art, war in, 128-132 Art of Riding, The (Xenophon), 1670 Art of War, The (Machiavelli), 929, 1062 Art of War, The (Sunzi), 1013, 1237, 1485 Artabanus V, 1374 Artatama II, 713 Artavases, 1538 Artaxerxes I, 1187 Artaxerxes II, 412, 1187 Artaxerxes II Mnemon, 1670 Artaxerxes III, 1187 Artaxta (68 b.c.e.), 1538 Artayctes, 1669 Artemisium (480 b.c.e.), 620, 1357, 1670 Arthashastra (Kauzilya), 977 Arthur (king of the Britons), 86, 1046 Artigas, José Gervasio, 870 Artillery, 31, 119, 132-135, 628; in World War I, 1125 Arua (1979), 1504 Arusha Peace Accords (1993), 1348 Aryan Conquest of India, 135-136 Arzú, Álvaro, 634 Asadullah Khan, 1183 Asaka, Yasuhiko, 1083 Asakura Norikage, 783 Asante kingdom, 223 Ascent of Lebonah (167 b.c.e.), 923 Asculum (279 b.c.e.), 1252 ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations Ashanti, 80 Ashanti War, 241 Ashdown (871), 47 Ashikaga Takauji, 781 Ashikaga Yoshiaki, 783, 1146 Ashikaga Yoshihisa, 1153 Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 1153 Ashikaga Yoshimi, 1153 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 781 Ashington (1016), 225 Ashraf Kāit Bāy, al-, 942 Ashraf Shāh, 1184 Ashurbanapal, 161 Ashurnasirpal II, 136, 138 Āsī, al-. See Amr ibn al-Ās Asia; British colonialism in, 223; Christianity in, 1146, 1406, 1495. See also Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia; Republic of; Japan; Malaysia; North Korea; South Korea; Vietnam Asirgarh (1601), 1025 Askia Dāwūd, 1443 Askia Dynasty, 1056 Asóka, 977 Asparukh, 237 Aspern-Essling (1809), 866 Aspromonte (1862), 773 Asquith, Herbert Henry, 908 Assad, Hafez al-, 759 Assam (1822), 227 Assaye (1803), 137, 957, 1639 Asshur (614 b.c.e.), 161 Assifa, al-, 1638 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 1126 Assyria, 1189 Assyrian Empire, 83, 128, 136-139, 342, 1537; chemical and biological warfare, 322 Astley, Lord. See Jacob, Lord Astley Astrakhan (1556), 1330 Asturias, 1274 Astyages, 417, 1185, 1189 Atacama Desert, 1166 Atahualpa, 721, 1206, 1459 Atassi, Nur al-, 1429 Atatürk, 139-140, 575, 621, 1163, 1572 Atbara (1898), 224, 838 Athaulf, 33 Athenian Empire, 140-143, 1178 Athens, 957; in the Peloponnesian Wars, 1174 Athens (86 b.c.e.), 1022 Athens (1944-1945), 623 Atlanta (1864), 66, 143-144, 695-696, 805, 1404 Atomic bomb, 1141, 1476, 1668; disarmament, 435. See also Nuclear and atomic weapons Attack (Aldrich), 513 Attalus, 40 Attalus III, 1022 Attigny (978), 539 Attila, 144-145, 307, 711, 1315 Attrition, War of (Suez Canal), 1095 Auchinleck, Claude, 727, 1545, 1637 Audaghost (992), 53, 599 Audaghost (1054), 53, 599 Auerstädt (1806), 231 Augereau, Pierre François Charles, 795 Augsburg (910), 934 Augsburg, League of, 611; in the War of the Grand Alliance, 611 Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 1382, 1527 Auguste, Tancrède, 656 Augustine, 487 Augustus (Roman emperor), 289, 1200, 1202, 1306-1307, 1309, 1311, 1317, 1515 Augustus II (king of Poland), 320, 617, 1089, 1376 Augustus III (king of Poland), 1377 Augustus, William, duke of Cumberland, 412, 780 Aurangzeb, 145-146, 956, 1026-1029, 1264 Aurelian, 1307, 1310, 1313 Aurelian Wall, 1313 Aurelius, Marcus, 1313 Aussig (1426), 715 Austerlitz (1805), 37, 146-148, 422, 470, 806, 859, 1060, 1086, 1088, 1444 Austin, Hudson, 627 Austin, John, 1521 Austin, Stephen Fuller, 1521 Australia-New Zealand Corps, 148, 179, 575, 659 Australian military, 148-149; in World War I, 179, 1653 Austria, 680, 1658; in Austro-Swiss Wars, 150; in the Austro-Turkish Wars, 151; in the Franco-Austrian War, 536; in the Franco-Spanish War, 539; in the French Revolutionary Wars, 559; in German Wars of Unification, 592; in the Habsburg-Bohemian War, 650; in Italian Wars of Unification, 769; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; in the Seven Years' War, 1396; in the Turkish Wars of European Expansion, 1574; in the War of the Austrian Succession, 149; in the War of the Quadruple Alliance, 1255 Austria, War of, 772 Austrian Empire; in the Revolutions of 1848, 1285 Austrian Succession, War of the, 6, 149-150, 281, 528, 546, 628, 780, 1038, 1299-1301, 1376, 1398 Austro-Hungary; in World War I, 1650 Austro-Prussian War, 189, 592, 773, 843, 900 Austro-Swiss Wars, 150-151, 978, 1391 Austro-Turkish Wars, 151-153, 180, 496, 818, 1162, 1351, 1482, 1601, 1690 Austro-Prussian War, 1031, 1381 Austro-Sardinian War of 1848-1849. See Italian War of Independence of 1848-1849 Autun (532), 244 Ava, 245-246 Ava (1555), 177 Ava (1738), 251 Avalanche, Operation (1943), 1357 Ávalos, Fernando Francesco de, marquis of Pescara, 769 Avar War, 314, 975 Avaricum (52 b.c.e.), 1597 Avars, 153-154, 255, 284, 315, 671, 975; in the Wars of Charlemagne, 315 Avidius Cassius, 959 Avignon (725), 1550 Avitus, Eparchius, 936 Awami League, 725 Axis, 1657 Axtorna (1565), 418, 815 Ayacucho (1824), 154, 201, 871, 1447 Ayas (1488), 942 Ayas Pasha, 1160 Aylesford (455), 86 Ayn Jāhlūt (1260), 154-155, 943, 1034 Ayub Khan (Afghani general), 816 Ayub Khan, Muhammed (Pakistani general), 725, 737 Ayutthaya, 1408, 1523 Ayutthaya, Siege of (1766-1767), 1411 Ayywbids, 948, 1355 Azad Khan, 1185 Azam, 1265 Aziru, 713 Aznar, José María, 174 Azores, 1227 Azores (1582), 1460 Aztec Empire, 155, 157, 1458; conquest of, 386; and the Spanish Conquest, 1458 B Baalbak (975), 803 Babenberg Dynasty, 650 Babeuf, François-Noël (Geracchus), 559 Babur, 158-159, 426, 1026, 1168; conquests of, 158-160, 1168 Babylon, 137; in the Persian Wars of Expansion, 1188 Babylon (689 b.c.e.), 138, 1392 Babylon (539-538 b.c.e.), 1186, 1190 Babylon (640-641 c.e.), 672, 1068 Babylonian Empire, 160-161 Bacchides, 924 Bacha Island (1968), 1424 Bacon, Nathaniel, 161-162 Bacon's Rebellion, 161 Badajoz, Siege of (1812), 162, 1089, 1639 Baden, Treaty of (1714), 1463 Badoglio, Pietro, 767 Badr (624), 1067 Badr, Muhammad al-, 1679 Baecula (208 b.c.e.), 1385 Bagaudae, 1308 Bagenal, Henry, 1677 Baghavand (1735), 1078 Baghdad (1534), 1577 Baghdad (1917), 162-163, 1655 Baghdad Pact, 357 Baghdad, Siege of (1624-1626), 1 Bagosora, Théoneste, 1348 Bagration, Operation (1944), 163-164, 1302 Bagration, Pyotr Ivanovich, 1346 Bahadur Shah I, 956, 1028-1029, 1265 Bahmani, 1609-1610 Bailén (1808), 1089 Bainbridge, William, 1563 Bairam, 29 Baji Rao II, 956 Bakhchisarai, Treaty of (1681), 1345, 1576 Bakhtiar, Shahpour, 752 Bakufu, 164 Balaguer, Joaquín, 438 Balaiada Rebellion, 216 Balaio, 216 Balaklava (1854), 164-165, 273, 395 Balanta, 640 Balboa, Vasco Núñez de. See Núñez de Balboa, Vasco Baldwin I, 1266 Baldwin of Flanders, 872 Balfour Declaration, 760, 1696 Bali (1945), 735 Baliputra, 1469 Balkan Wars, 115, 165-167, 485 Ballad of a Soldier (Chukrai), 514 Ballistas, 167 Ballistic weapons, 167-169, 477, 1299 Ballistite, 498 Ballynahinch (1798), 1584 Baltimore (1814), 169-170, 472 Ban Chao, 170 Banavasi (973), 309 Bandā Bahādur, 1028 Bangalore (1791), 1076 Bani Sadr, Abal Hassan, 748 Bannā, Hasan al-, 467 Banner system, 333, 944, 1145 Bannockburn (1314), 91, 171 Bantu, 1542 Bao Dai, 430, 731 Baquedano, Manuel, 1166 Bar (1768), 1211 Bar Confederation, 1211 Bar Kokhba, 652, 799 Barak, Ehud, 1403 Baratieri, Oreste, 13, 766 Barbarian wars, 16, 32, 144, 307, 711, 811, 936, 1308, 1313, 1475, 1519, 1590 Barbarossa, Operation (1941), 886, 1324, 1665 Barbary pirates, 438, 441, 1563 Barbary States, 1204 Barcelona (801), 317 Barcelona (1938-1939), 1457 Barclay, Robert H., 864, 1181 Barco, Virgilio, 365 Bari (875), 258 Bari (1071), 1298 Bariatinski, A. I., 1332 Baring, Evelyn, 974 Barjot, Pierre, 1482 Barnet (1471), 1323, 1519 Barons' War, 171-173, 463 Barra Wars, 223 Barras, comte de, 1682 Barre, Muhammad Siad, 492, 1437 Barreto, Francisco, 1228 Barrett, James, 892 Barron, James, 1564 Barron, Samuel, 1563-1564 Bart, Jean, 173 Barton, Clara, 984 Baruk (1614), 1161 Bascom, George N., 107 Bascom affair, 352 Basegio, Marco, 1593 Basel, Council of (1436), 199, 1595 Basel, Treaty of (1499), 151 Basel, Treaty of (1795), 561 Bashkent (1473), 990 Basil I, 258 Basil II, 236-237, 259, 263, 1140 Basil III, 1140 Basque Land and Liberty. See Euzkadi Ta Azkatasuna Basque War for Independence, 173-174 Basques, 635, 1457; in the Wars of Charlemagne, 315 Basra (1986), 749 Bassein (1780), 956 Bassein, Treaty of (1802), 957 Bastille (1789), 557, 559 Bastogne (1944), 8 Basuto Wars, 223 Bataan (1941-1942), 174-176, 1622 Bataan Death March, 175 Batas, 831 Batasisk (1920), 233 Bathinus (6 c.e.), 1535 Batista, Fulgencio, 407 Batoche (1885), 1297 Batory, Stefan, 907, 1215, 1341 Battalions, 176 Battambang (1593), 1412 Battering rams, 1417 Battle of Dorking, The (Chesney), 902 "Battle of Maldon, The," 939 Battle of Nations (1813). See Leipzig (1813) Battle of Trafalgar (Turner), 129 Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (Melville), 902 Battleaxe, Operation (1942), 1545 Battleship Potemkin (Eisenstein), 511 Battleships, 524, 1103, 1631 Batu, 1034, 1149 Batu Khan, 1354 Bauchi (1902), 224 Baudricourt, Robert de, 800 Baumkircher, Andreas, 651 Bautzen (1813), 194, 806, 1090, 1380, 1444 Bavaria, 284; in the Franco-Spanish War, 539; in the War of the Austrian Succession, 149; in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1461; in the Wars of Charlemagne, 315 Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961), 176-177, 291, 352, 405 Bayan, 854 Bayeux Tapestry, 226 Bayezid I, 102, 260, 707, 852, 1120, 1499, 1575 Bayezid II, 942, 973, 1159, 1577 Bayinnaung, 177, 247, 250, 1410 Bazaine, Achille-François, 995, 1000, 1032 Bazargan, Mehdi, 752 Beachy Head (1653), 1567 Beachy Head (1690), 173, 177-178, 611 Bear Paws (1877), 808, 1113 Beatty, David, 813 Beaufort, Edmund, 1520 Beaufort, Henry, 1553 Beaufort, Margaret, 1323 Beaufort Castle (1613), 1161 Beaufort Dynasty, 1322 Beaujeu, Daniel-Hyacinthe-Marie Liénard, 1037 Beaulieu, Edict of (1576), 563 Beaulieu, Johann Peter, 561, 909 Beauregard, P. G. T., 178, 239, 531, 1405 Beauvais, Siege of (1472), 538 Beaver Wars. See Iroquois-French Wars Bececca (1866), 577 Bedford, John Lancaster, duke of, 703 Beersheba (1917), 50, 179, 1655 Begin, Menachem, 179-180, 763, 1402 Behaine, Pigneau de, 1608 Behuchet, Nicholas, 1431 Beijing, 585 Beijing (1644), 944 Beijing (1900), 210 Beijing (1924), 507 Beirut (1618), 1161 Béla IV, 1034, 1354 Belaúnde, Fernando, 1191 Belém (1835), 216 Belfast (1969), 1136 Belgae, 572 Belgium; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; in the Revolutions of 1830-1831, 1284; in World War I, 1651 Belgrade (1456), 712, 990 Belgrade (1717), 180-181, 497 Belgrade (1804), 1393 Belgrade (1806), 819 Belgrade, Ottoman conquest of, 1163 Belgrade, Treaty of (1739), 152, 1346 Belgrano, Manuel, 870 Belisarius, 181-183, 262, 609, 812, 1092, 1158, 1590 Below, Otto von, 279 Beluchis, 1006 Bembesi (1893), 909 Bemis Heights (1777), 125 Ben Bella, Ahmed, 183 Ben-Gurion, David, 761, 1697 Benares (1658), 1029 Benedek, Ludwig von, 594, 844, 1437 Beneventum (275 b.c.e.), 1252 Bengali; and the Conquests of Babur, 159 Bengtson, Archbishop, 1379 Bennani, Abdelaziz, 1641 Bennett, W. Tapley, Jr., 438 Bennigsen, Levin, 565 Bennington (1777), 75 Bensington (779), 1147 Benteen, Frederick, 906, 1426 Bentonville (1865), 805 Beorhford (752), 16 Beorhtric, 1147 Berber Muslims, 52 Berbers, 812, 1069, 1274 Berdichev (1768), 1247 Berdichev (1920), 233 Berengar, marquis of Friuli, 1159 Beresteczko (1651), 1342 Berezina River (1812), 183-184, 859, 1165 Bergendal (1900), 206, 241 Bergen-op-Zoom, Siege of (1747), 1299, 1377 Bering, Vitus, 1195 Berkeley, William, 161, 1233 Berlin (1945), 184-185, 843, 1302, 1668, 1693 Berlin, Treaty of (1878), 1041, 1394 Berlin airlift, 186 Berlin Blockade (1948-1949), 185-186, 357, 456 Berlin Conference (1884-1885), 97, 590, 1050 Berlin Decree (1806), 470, 1089 Berlin Wall, 186 Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste-Jules, 795, 885, 1089, 1345, 1621 Bernard, duke of Saxe-Weimar, 1128 Beroea (1122), 803 Berthier, Louis Alexandre, 186-187, 806, 909 Berwick, Treaty of (1558), 94 Berwick-on-Tweed (1296), 91 Bessus, 580 Betancur, Belisario, 365 Beth Horon (166 b.c.e.), 923 Beth Horon Pass (66 c.e.), 798 Beth Zachariah (162 b.c.e.), 924 Bethar (132), 799 Bethsura (164 b.c.e.), 923 Bethuen (1306), 91 Bette, Luis de, marquis of Lede, 1256 Béxar (1835), 1522 Bhavavarman, King, 570 Bhutto, Zulfikar, 1694 Bibikov, A. I., 1246 Bibracte (58 b.c.e.), 266 Bicocca (1522), 769 Bidar in the Vijayanagar Wars, 1609 Big Bear, 1297 Big Foot, 70, 1426 Big Hole (1877), 808, 1113 Big Parade, The (Vidor), 511 Big Red One, The (Fuller), 515 Bigart, Homer, 1628 Biggarsberg (1900), 241 Bijapur; in the Mogul Conquest of the Deccan, 1025; in the Vijayanagar Wars, 1609 Bijapur (1686), 146, 956, 1026, 1265 Bijjala, 309 Bilan (1832), 468 Bin Laden, Osama, 187-188, 1512 Bindusara, 978 Bingham, George Charles, third earl of Lucan, 898 Biological warfare. See Chemical and biological warfare Bir Enzaren (1979), 1641 Bir-Hakeim (1942), 556 Birth of a Nation, The (Griffith), 510 Bishop, Maurice, 627 Bishops' Wars, 1033 Bismarck, 1263 Bismarck, Otto von, 188-189, 592, 1032, 1651 Bit Zamani (879 b.c.e.), 136 Bitola (1912), 166 Bittrich, Wilhelm, 124 Bituriges, 1597 Biyaknabato, Pact of, 22 Bjelopavica Valley (1876), 1041 Black Creek, 69 Black Death, 464, 1593 Black Flag, 1441 Black Flag mercenaries, 556 Black Friday (Iran), 752 Black Hawk War, 777, 804, 1507 Black Hills, 69, 906, 1426 Black Kettle, 69, 414 Black Patch War, 189-190 Black powder, 498, 1243 Black Saturday (1952), 467 Black September (1970), 762 Blackbeard, 1205 Bladensburg (1814), 472 Blake, Robert, 87, 1567 Blanco, Antonio Guzmán, 1596 Blanco, Luis Carrero, 174 Bleda, 144 Bléneau (1652), 371, 1572 Blenheim (1704), 190-192, 497, 966, 1463 Blitar, 791 Blitzkrieg, 119, 192, 534, 569, 635, 680, 1017, 1210, 1432, 1500, 1659; tactics, 1492 Bloch, Jan, 740 Blockade, 192-193 Blomberg, Werner von, 822 Blood River (1838), 193 Bloody Friday (1972), 1136 Bloody June Days (1848), 1286 Bloody Ridge (1952), 848 Bloody Sunday (1920), 363 Bloody Sunday (1972), 1136 Blount, Charles, Baron Mountjoy, 838 Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, 193-195, 446, 604, 885, 1380, 1636 Blue Jacket, 71, 505, 663 Blue Star, Operation (1984), 1419 Boadicea. See Boudicca Bock, Fedor von, 1044, 1432 Bodawpaya, 1411 Boer Expansion, Wars of, 852 Boer Wars, 49, 195-197, 205, 241, 337, 360, 550, 568, 637, 654, 659, 809, 834, 838, 852, 861, 1298, 1432, 1488 Bogomils' Revolt and Pecheneg-Byzantine War, 45, 197-198 Bogside (1969), 1136 Bohemia; in the German Civil War of 1400-1411, 589; in the Habsburg-Bohemian War, 650; in the Hussite Wars, 714; in the Thirty Years' War, 918, 1528, 1623, 1644 Bohemian Civil War, 199-200, 712 Bohemond. See Bohemund Bohemund, 45, 104, 443, 797, 1129 Bojang, 1423 Bolívar, Simón, 154, 200-201, 871, 1193, 1368, 1446, 1532 Bolivia; in the Chaco War, 303; in the Peruvian Wars, 1193 Bolivian Campaign, 639 Bolshevik Revolution, 50, 201-203, 232, 518, 842, 947, 1120, 1188, 1328, 1470, 1567 Bombing, 203, 1017, 1654; area, 663; and civilians, 344; Guernica, 636; of Japan, 1541; strategic, 444, 1021 Bonanos, Gregprios, 415 Bonaparte, Jerome, 231 Bonaparte, Joseph, 869, 1089, 1371, 1444, 1497, 1617 Bonaparte, Josephine, 811 Bondelzwarts, 591 Boniface (chief of the African legions), 16 Boniface IX, Pope, 1574 Boniface, Saint, 542 Bonifacio, Andres, 22 Bonn, Siege of (1689), 355 Book of Master Guan, 952 Border Rivers Navigation Agreement (1951), 1424 Boretska, Martha, 1140 Boretsky, Dmitrii, 1140 Boris I, 236 Bornholm (1565), 418, 815 Bornu, 817 Borodino (1812), 203-204, 422, 811, 859, 883, 1060, 1086, 1089, 1112 Boromaraja II, 831 Boromo Trailokanat, 1524 Boromokot, 1413 Boromoraja I, 1523 Boromoraja II, 1524 Boscawen, Edward, 915 Bosch, Juan, 437 Bosnia, 1686 Bosnian Muslims, 1686 Bosphorus (1352), 1594 Bostar, 1248 Boston Massacre, 73 Boston Tea Party, 73 Bosworth (1485), 204-205, 1291, 1323 Botha, Louis, 205-206, 241, 360, 809, 862 Botha, P. W., 1082 Bou Denib Oasis (1908), 920 Boucicault, 1120, 1574 Boudicca's Rebellion, 21, 206-207, 298 Boufflers, Louis-François, duc de, 941 Boulogne, Sieges of (1544, 1549-1550), 89, 207-208, 643, 1439, 1589 Boulogne, Treaty of (1550), 94 Bouquet, Henry, 1223 Bourke-White, Margaret, 1628 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 1438 Bouvines (1214), 208-209, 482, 545, 587, 1198 Boves, José Tomás, 1446 Bower Hill (1794), 1643 Bowie, Jim, 30, 1522 Boxer Rebellion, 209-211, 785, 890, 895, 1337, 1672 Boyacá (1819), 201, 871, 1446 Boycotts, 455 Boyer, Jean-Pierre, 655, 1370 Boyne (1690), 211, 611, 755, 779 Bozeman Trail, 69, 1426 Bradburn, John Davis, 1521 Braddock, Edward, 211-212, 530, 551, 571, 578, 1037, 1399 Bradford, David, 1643 Bradley, Omar N., 212-213, 238, 922, 1171, 1288; and race, 1261 Bradstreet, John, 1223 Brady, Mathew, 131, 1627 Bragadino, Marcantonio, 505 Bragg, Braxton, 60, 327, 1321 Braginoco. See Bayinnaung Branas, Alexios, 1415 Brandeir, Eugen, 1362 Brandenburgs; in Northern War, 1138 Brandywine (1777), 75, 213-214, 385, 626, 698, 862, 1247, 1637 Branicki, Ksawery, 1211 Branković, George, 707 Brant, Joseph, 214-215 Brasidas, 1175 Brauchitsch, Walther von, 680, 1045, 1210 Braun, Wernher von, 169 Brazil, 1227; independence of, 1008; in the War of the Triple Alliance, 1561 Brazilian Antiregency Uprisings, 215-216 Brazilian Anti-Republican Uprisings, 216-218 Breda (1625), 977 Breda (1637), 1325 Breda, Declaration of (1660), 1033 Breda, Siege of (1589), 976 Breda, Siege of (1624-1625), 218-219, 1016 Breda, Treaty of (1667), 88, 450 Breitenfeld (1631), 219, 648, 1529, 1539, 1549 Breitenfeld (1642), 1530, 1549 Brescia (1401), 589 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 203, 1568, 1655 Bretigny, Treaty of (1360), 703 Brezhnev Doctrine, 360, 1448 Brezhnev, Leonid, 359, 1448, 1450 Brian Boru, 219-220, 348, 1613 Brice's Crossroads (1864), 529 Bridge, The (Wicki), 514 Bridge on the River Kwai, The (Lean), 514 Brienne (1814), 187 Briggs, Harold, 938 Brindisi, Siege of (1156), 1415 Britain; in the Abenaki Wars, 5; Anglian, Saxon, and Jutish invasion of, 86, 293; in the Anglo-Irish War, 89; in the Boer Wars, 195; in the Carnatic Wars, 281; Celt invasion of, 298; in the Crimean War, 393; in the Falkland Islands War of 1982, 503; in the French Revolutionary Wars, 559; in the Indonesian War of Independence, 734; in the Iroquois-French Wars, 756; in the Opium Wars, 1154; in Pontiac's Rebellion, 1222; Roman invasion of, 298, 1037; in the Seven Years' War, 1396; in the Suez War, 1481; in War of 1812, 469; in the War of the Quadruple Alliance, 1255; in World War II, 1656. See also Angles, Saxons, and Jutes; Britons; England; Great Britain Britain (1940), 27, 32, 220-222, 229, 338, 444, 607, 1659, 1664 British-Ashanti War, 80 British Colonial Wars, 10, 126, 222-225, 241, 337, 1649 British colonialism; Burma, 248, 251, 1409; Cyprus, 415; Egypt, 467, 1498; Ethiopia, 127; Falkland Islands, 503; Hong Kong, 1155; India, 729, 1208; Kenya, 974; Malaya, 1409; Malaysia, 937; North America, 1397; South Africa, 195; Sudan, 828, 1479 British Dynastic Wars, 225-226 British East India Company, 73, 226, 281, 348; in the Indian Mutiny, 729 British Expeditionary Force, 32, 50, 534, 550, 1440 British Grand Fleet, 813 British India, 82, 226-228, 281, 724 British Isles; Saxon invasion of, 1378 British military, 228-230, 462, 1435 British South Africa Company, 909, 1694 Britons, 1378 Brno (1470), 200 Broder, 348 Brömsebro, Treaty of (1645), 419 Bronstein, Lev Davidovich. See Trotsky, Leon Broun, Heywoud, 1627 Brown, Jacob J., 472 Bruck (1477), 710 Brudenell, James Thomas, seventh earl of Cardigan, 898 Bruenete (1937), 1457 Brunanburgh (937), 230 Brunkeberg (1471), 418, 815, 1379 Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand, duke of, 230-231, 560, 795, 1380, 1588 Brunswick, Ferdinand, duke of, 7, 1020, 1398 Brunswick, Frederick William, duke of, 231-232 Brusa (1922), 622, 1573 Brusilov, Aleksei, 232, 1653 Brusilov Offensive (1916), 232-233, 1653 Bruttii Wars, 18 Brutus, Marcus Junius, 289, 1200, 1306 Bryn-Glas (1402), 602-603 Buade, Louis de, comte de Frontenac, 6, 757 Bubonic plague, 323 Bucaramanga (1899), 1532 Buchanan, Franklin, 1035 Buchanan, James, 1387 Bucharest, Treaty of (1812), 1346 Bucharest, Treaty of (1916), 1653 Buckner, Simon, 529 Bucquoy, Count Charles de, 1644 Buda (1527), 704 Buda (1529), 1600 Budapest (1956), 706 Budenny, Semyon Mikhaylovich, 233-234, 1329, 1340 Buell, Don Carlos, 60, 1405 Buena Vista (1847), 234-235, 998, 1369, 1508, 1531 Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, 1427 Bugia (1510), 1100 Bukhara, 1332 Bukka I, 1610 Bulala, 817 Bulgar-Slav Invasion, 811 Bulgaria, 165, 377, 888; in the Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars, 235; Russian invasion of, 802, 1119; in the Turkish Wars of European Expansion, 1574; in World War I, 1653 Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars, 235-237, 254, 802 Bulgarophygon (896), 236 Bulgars, 235, 237, 255, 872 Bulge (1944-1945), 124, 213, 237-239, 1171, 1668 Bull Run, First (1861), 59, 178, 239, 252, 673, 778, 805, 914, 925 Bull Run, Second (1862), 60, 239-241, 674, 695, 778, 820, 882, 926, 1223, 1478 Buller, Redvers Henry, 205, 241-242, 360, 862 Bülow, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 446 Bunker, Ellsworth, 1604 Bunker Hill (1775), 73, 242, 571, 698, 1372 Burco, Count, 936 Burgh, Hubert de, 482 Burghers, 1468 Burgos (1475), 290 Burgoyne, John, 73, 125, 242-243, 579, 698, 1372 Burgundian-Frankish Wars, 243-244 Burgundians, 16, 544, 936, 1574; in the Burgundian-Frankish Wars, 243 Burgundy; in the Franco-Burgundian Wars, 537 Burleson, Edward, 1522 Burma; in the Burmese-Chinese Wars, 244; in the Siamese-Burmese Wars, 1409; in World War II, 1047 Burma (1941), 1637 Burma (1942), 36 Burma (1944), 1431, 1475 Burma Road, 946 Burmese-Chinese Wars, 244-246 Burmese Civil Wars of 1368-1599, 177, 246-248 Burmese Civil Wars of 1948-1958, 248-249 Burmese-Laotian Wars, 177, 250-251 Burmese-Manipuri Wars, 251-252 Burmese Wars of Expansion, 83 Burnaby, Fred, 10 Burnside, Ambrose E., 61, 252-253, 548 Burrows, George, 816 Burundi, 1347 Burwuri (1903), 224 Busch, Ernst, 163 Bush, George Herbert Walker, 360, 645, 1384, 1438 Bushido, 253, 1364, 1436 Bushy Run (1763), 1223 Bussaco (1811), 972 Bussone, Francesco, conte di Carmagnola, 1594 Busta Gallorum. See Taginae Bustamante, Anastasio, 1521 Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha, 1082 Buxar (1765), 227 Buxy (1471), 538 Buyids, 258 Byng, George, 1256 Byng, Julian, 270, 1616 Byrhtnoth, 939 Byron, John, 969 Byzantine Civil War of 1221-1357, 254 Byzantine Civil War of 1321-1357, 253-254 Byzantine Empire, 44, 104, 253-256, 261, 377, 379, 398, 851, 872, 1091, 1281, 1298; beginning of, 1310; in the Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars, 235; in the Byzantine-Muslim Wars, 256; in the Byzantine-Ottoman Wars, 260; in the Byzantine-Seljuk Wars, 262; in the Gothic War, 608; in Bogomils' Revolt, 197; in the Pecheneg-Byzantine War, 197; Muslim conquest of, 1067; in the Norman-Byzantine Wars, 1129; in the Sicilian-zantine Wars, 1414 Byzantine-Muslim Wars, 254, 256-259, 665, 671, 888 Byzantine-Ottoman Wars, 254, 259-261, 379, 990 Byzantine-Persian Wars, 181, 254, 261-262, 671, 975 Byzantine-Seljuk Wars, 46, 254, 262-265, 949 Byzantium; in the Byzantine-Persian Wars, 261; in the Crusades, 397 C Caamaño, Francisco, 438 Cabanagem Rebellion, 216 Cabral, Amilcar, 641 Cabral, Luis, 641-642 Cadet, 266 Cádiz (1587), 94 Cadorna, Luigi, 279, 758 Caedwalla, 87 Caelian Mount (270), 1308 Caere, 496 Caesar, Julius, 35, 266-267, 289, 402, 572, 677, 1058, 1197, 1200-1201, 1221, 1305, 1309, 1515, 1519, 1597; and the Celts, 298 Caetano, Marcello, 99, 642, 1051 Cafferata, Gerónimo, 1191 Cahokia (1778), 345 Cairo (1517), 943, 1391 Cajamarca (1532), 1459 Calabria (880), 258 Calais, 88 Calais (1346-1347), 390, 1110 Calais, Siege of (1558), 89, 1590 Calais, Siege of (1559), 267-268 Calas, 40 Calcalli, 80 Calder, Robert, 1088 Calderón (1811), 870 Çaldiran (1514), 268, 1391, 1577 Caledonians, 1037 Calgacus, 1037 Calhoun, John C., 697 California, 821, 998 Caliph Marwan, 3 Calixtus III, Pope, 34 Callais, Peace of (c. 449 b.c.e.), 142 Calleja del Rey, Félix María, 870, 1004 Calley, William, 1074 Callimachus, 957 Callinicum (531), 262, 812 Calpulalpan (1861), 1000 Calvert, Frank, 1565 Calvinism, 55, 89, 454, 562-563 Camargo, Alberto Lleras, 365 Camargo, Sergio, 364 Cambodia, 570, 1408; in the Indochina War, 731; in the Khmer-Cham Wars, 829; in the Khmer-Thai Wars, 830; in the Siamese-Cambodian Wars, 1411; in the Vietnam Conflict, 1605 Cambodian Civil War, 268-270; terrorism, 1511 Cambrai (1917), 270-271, 568, 1500 Cambrai, League of, 769, 979 Cambrai, Treaty of (1529), 769, 1589 Cambyses I, 417 Cambyses II, 1186, 1190 Camden (1780), 76, 271-272, 385, 579 Camel (656), 1064 Camerone Hacienda (1863), 557 Camillus, Marcus Furius, 495 Camouflage, 273 Camp Grant Massacre (1871), 108 Campbell, Colin, 51, 165, 273, 296, 328, 730 Campbell, Hugh, 1563 Campbell, William, 837 Camperdown (1797), 273-274, 561 Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797), 561 Campos, Ramón, 112 Camulodunum (61 c.e.), 206 Canaanites, 421 Canada, 311, 552, 756; in the American Revolution, 49, 73, 125, 280, 1258; in the French and Indian War, 550; Riel's Rebellions, 1295; in the War of 1812, 470; in World War I, 1616, 1653 Canadian military, 274-276 Canale, Pietro da, 709 Canary Islands, 1227 Cancha Rayada (1818), 871 Candia (1645), 1576 Candida, Siege of (960-961), 258 Caneva, Carlo, 767 Cannae (216 b.c.e.), 13, 276-277, 500, 661, 864, 927, 1250, 1314, 1384 Cannons, 132, 168, 277-278, 629, 1101, 1243, 1418, 1631 Canrobert, François-Certain, 395, 1395 Cantillo, Eulogio, 409 Canton (1853), 1495 Canudos (1896-1897), 217 Canute I, 225, 1488 Cao Bang (1950), 732 Capa, Robert, 1627 Cape Angamos (1879), 1166 Cape Esperance (1942). See Guadalcanal (1942-1943) Cape Passaro (1718), 1256 Cape St. Vincent (1780), 1301 Cape St. Vincent (1833), 1009 Cape Verde, 642 Cape Verde Islands, 1227 Cape-Xhosa Wars, 223, 278-279 Capellen, Godert Alexander Gerard Philip van der, 790 Caporetto (1917), 279, 444, 1655 Capra, Frank, 1242 Capua, 1109, 1360 Carabobo (1821), 201, 871, 1446 Caracas (1812), 871 Carausius, 1308, 1314 Carbala (379 b.c.e.?), 433 Carcano (1160), 545, 910 Carcassone (725), 543, 1550 Carden, Sackville, 574 Carinus, 289, 1308 Carleton, Frank, 861 Carleton, Guy, 125, 279-280, 1257 Carleton, James H., 108, 352 Carlist Wars, 280-281 Carloman, 284, 314-315 Carlos IV, 280 Carlos VII, 281 Carlowitz, Peace of (1699), 497, 1691 Carmagnola. See Bussone, Francesco Carmichael-Smyth, George Munro, 729 Carnatic Wars, 150, 226, 281-283, 1075 Carnot, Lazare, 283-284, 560, 1087 Carolingian Dynastic Civil Wars, 284, 527 Carolingian Dynasty, 314 Carolingian Empire, 284-286 Carpi, 1314 Carpi (1701), 497 Carporetto (1917), 1318 Carranza, Venustiano, 1002, 1005, 1615 Carrara, Francesco da, 709, 1594 Carrera, Rafael, 299 Carrhae (53 b.c.e.), 286-287, 289, 1169, 1317 Carrillo, Alfonso, 290 Carrizal (1916), 1003, 1005 Carson, Kit, 287 Cartagena (210 b.c.e.), 1250, 1385 Carteaux, Jean-François, 1550 Carter, Jimmy, 751, 763 Carter Center, 1480 Carter Land Commission, 974 Carthage, 434, 500, 658, 927, 1248, 1464, 1539; in the Carthaginian-Syracusan War, 287; in the Dionysian Wars, 432; in the Punic Wars, 1248 Carthage (533), 182 Carthaginian-Syracusan War, 287-288 Carthaginians, 661 Cartography. See Maps and cartography Cartolini, Néstor Cerpa, 1192 Carus, 288-289, 432, 1308, 1313 Casale (1640), 541 Casco Bay (1690), 6 Casilinum (554), 1092 Casimir III the Great, 1218, 1517 Casimir IV, 1219, 1518, 1526 Cassander, 429 Cassino (1943-1944), 822 Cassius, 289-290, 1200, 1306, 1316 Castagnaro (1387), 670 Castañeda, Don Antonio, 1256 Castañeda, Francisco de, 1521 Castelfidardo (1860), 772 Castellon, Francisco, 1114 Castiglione (1796), 561 Castile, 47, 1274; in the Portuguese-Castilian War, 1226 Castilian Civil War, 290-291, 1276 Castillo, Ramón, 1193 Castillon (1453), 801 Castles, 291 Castro, Fidel, 176, 291-292, 359, 405, 407, 437, 627, 638-639, 1018 Castro, José, 998 Castro, Julián, 1596 Castro, Raúl, 408 Castruccio Castracani, 526, 916 Casualty, 292-293 Catalonian Revolt, 541 Catapults, 132, 167, 1417 Catch-22 (Heller), 904 Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of (1559), 616, 769, 1043, 1590 Catherine de' Medici, 563 Catherine of Aragon, 319, 525 Catherine the Great, 388, 807, 1211-1212, 1230, 1246-1247, 1273, 1346, 1399, 1486, 1578 Catholic Church; and the Franks, 542; and the Holy Roman Empire, 686 Catholic League, 565, 775, 1200 Catholicism, 487, 1282; in Texas, 1521. See also Religion and war Cato, Marcus Porcius. See Cato the Censor Cato the Censor, 293 Catraeth (c. 595/598), 86, 293-294 Catterick. See Catraeth Caudine Forks (321 b.c.e.), 1360 Cavaignac, Louis-Eugène, 1286 Cavalry, 100, 117, 294-295; American Civil War, 528, 820; Goths, 610; Napoleonic Wars, 1060; and Nicephorus II Phocas, 1119; Ostrogoths, 1158 Cavendish, William, earl of Newcastle, 969 Cavour, Camillo Benso di, 577, 772 Cawnpore (1857), 273, 295-297, 729 Caxias (1838), 216 Caxias, duke of. See Alves de Lima e Silva, Luís Cayuga, 756 Cease-Fire Monitoring Group, 897 Ceawlin of Wessex, 86 Cecora (1620), 1216 Cedar Creek (1864), 1404 Celaya (1915), 1002, 1615 Celestine III, Pope, 47 Celtiberian Wars, 297-298 Celtic Wars, 965 Celts, 15, 298, 572, 1046, 1378 Cem, 1159 Cemetery Ridge, 597, 660, 914, 1202 Censorship, 298-299, 1239, 1628 Central American Court of Arbitration, 691 Central American Federation Civil Wars, 299-300 Central Asian Wars, 170 Central Intelligence Agency, 300, 745 Central Powers (World War I), 1651 Centurion, 300 Cenwealh, 87 Ceolred of Mercia, 15 Cēras, 337 Cerdic, 86 Cerezo, Vinicio, 634 Cerignola (1503), 509, 769 Cerisolles (1544), 300-301, 769, 1589 Cerro Corá (1870), 1562 Cerro Gordo (1847), 301-302, 998, 1387 Cervera y Topete, Pascual, 1366, 1452 Cesky Brod (1421), 715 Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de, 411 Cetshwayo, 302-303, 1699-1700, 1702 Ceuta (1415), 1227 Ceylon, 1227 Chacabuco (1817), 871, 1367, 1446 Chaco War, 303-304 Chad National Liberation Front, 305 Chadian Civil War, 304-306 Chaeronea (338 b.c.e.), 38, 306, 926, 1199 Chaeronea (86 b.c.e.), 306, 1022, 1316 Chagas, Cosme Bento das, 216 Chagatai, 585, 1148 Chagnon, Napoleon, 1560 Chagri, 54 Chaka. See Shaka Chakkour, Youseff, 605 Chakrapat, 1410 Chakri. See Rama I Chakri Dynasty, 1411 Chalcidice, 1199 Chaldiran. See Çaldiran Châlons (274), 1308 Châlons (451), 16, 145, 307-308, 610, 711, 1315 Chalukyan Wars, 308-310, 336, 665 Chamberlain, Joshua, 597 Chamberlain, Neville, 179 Chamdo (1950), 1536 Chamorro, Violeta, 1118 Chamoun, Camille, 878 Champa, 310-311, 570; in the Khmer-Cham Wars, 829; in the Vietnamese-Cham Wars, 1606 Champagne (1915), 1194, 1647 Champagne (1917), 1654 Champaubert (1814), 883 Champlain, Samuel de, 311, 756 Chan Ping (260 b.c.e.), 1629 Chanca, 720 Chancellorsville (1863), 61, 311-312, 660, 674, 695, 778, 882, 981, 1009 Chand Bibi, 1025 Chanda Saheb, 282 Chandellas, 936 Chandra Gupta I, 646, 1363 Chandra Gupta II, 646 Chandragupta Maurya, 312-313, 977 Chao (Chinese state), 1629 Chao Joi, 1524 Chao-Modo (1696), 818, 945 Chapultepec (1847), 313, 614, 999, 1369, 1387 Charbonnier, André, 48 Chard, J. R. M., 1320 "Charge of the Light Brigade, The" (Tennyson), 902 Chariots, 100, 313; Assyrian, 138; Egyptian, 465 Charlemagne, 153, 284, 314-315, 318, 685, 1280, 1303, 1551 Charlemagne, Wars of, 284, 315-317, 685, 1302 Charleroi (1794), 561 Charles I (king of England), 89, 396, 458, 483, 755, 969, 1043, 1093, 1234, 1325 Charles II (king of Great Britain), 87, 397, 448-449, 914, 1033, 1043, 1325, 1389, 1650 Charles II (king of Spain), 1462 Charles III the Simple (king of France), 539, 1303, 1612 Charles IV (Holy Roman emperor), 589, 670 Charles IV (king of Spain), 869, 1089 Charles V (duke of Lorraine), 152, 1576 Charles V (Holy Roman emperor), 55, 89, 207, 301, 319-320, 438, 441, 452, 643, 652, 704, 769, 824, 941, 979, 982, 994, 1057, 1163, 1172, 1200, 1381, 1483, 1589 Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 1459 Charles V (king of France), 703 Charles VI (Holy Roman emperor), 149, 497, 1256, 1463 Charles VI (king of France), 20, 703 Charles VII (Holy Roman emperor), 149 Charles VII (king of France), 536-537, 800 Charles VII (king of Sweden). See Karl Knutsson Charles VIII (king of France), 537, 768, 952 Charles IX (Holy Roman emperor), 563 Charles IX (king of France), 860 Charles IX (king of Sweden), 1215, 1343 Charles X (king of France), 554, 1284 Charles X Gustav (king of Sweden), 419, 1138, 1344 Charles XI (king of Sweden), 1344 Charles XII (king of Sweden), 320-321, 617, 1092, 1195, 1220 Charles XIII (king of Sweden), 1345 Charles XIV John (king of Sweden). See Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste Charles, Archduke, 560, 685, 1088, 1621 Charles Albert (king of Sardinia-Piedmont), 770, 1287 Charles Alexander of Lorraine, 891 Charles Anjou, 526 Charles de Soubise, Prince, 1323 Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, 412, 780, 1377 Charles Martel, 284, 317-318, 542-543, 1070, 1280, 1551 Charles of Calabria, Duke, 916 Charles the Bald, 286, 527 Charles the Bold, 151, 318-319, 536, 538, 613, 979, 1044 Charles the Fat, 286, 1612 Charles the Great. See Charlemagne Charleston (1776), 965 Charleston, Siege of (1780), 75, 321, 385, 965 Charterhouse of Parma, The (Stendhal), 902 Château-Gaillard (1204), 1198 Château-Thierry/Belleau Wood (1918), 322, 1655 Chateaugay (1813), 472 Chattanooga (1863), 61, 327, 615, 1531 Chauncey, Isaac, 1564 Chauvel, Harry, 179 Che A-nan, 1607 Che Bong Nga, 1607 Chechnyain the Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1335 Chelmsford, Frederick Thesiger, Lord, 757, 1700 Chemical and biological warfare, 101, 322-325, 545, 749, 767, 1352, 1513; Iraq, 714, 753; in Pontiac's Rebellion, 1222; in World War I, 1684 Cheng Zu. See Yonglo Chenla. See Funan and Chenla Cherniaev, Mikhail Grigor'evich, 1333 Cherokee, 71 Cherusci, 1516 Chesapeake Bay (1781), 616 Chetniks, 1543 Chevalier, F. P. H. de, 790 Cheyenne, 69, 905, 1426-1427 Chhamb-Akhnour (1965), 737 Ch'i Chi-kuang. See Qi Jiguang Chiang Chung-cheng. See Chiang Kai-Shek Chiang Kai-shek, 325-328, 333, 336, 507, 913, 951, 969, 1083, 1254, 1475, 1674 Chickamauga (1863), 61, 327, 695, 1321, 1404, 1531 Chickasaw, 1509 Chiengmai, 1523 Chiengmai (1556), 250 Ch'ien-lung. See Qianlong Childebert, 244 Children as soldiers, 999 Chile; independence of, 1367; in the Peruvian Wars, 1193; in the War of the Pacific, 1166 Chilianwala (1849), 327-328, 643 Ch'in Shi Huang-ti. See Qin Shihuangdi China; in the Boxer Rebellion, 209; in the Burmese-Chinese Wars, 244; in the Indian border conflicts, 724; in the Korean War, 845, 1224; maps and cartography in, 952; and military engineering, 479; in the Opium Wars, 1154; in the Rebellion of the Trung Sisters, 1569; republic's establishment, 334; in the Sino-Japanese War, First, 1421 China, People's Republic of, 330; founding of, 951 Chinese Civil War, 325, 328-330, 507, 637, 896, 899, 912, 950, 1536, 1674, 1692 Chinese Communist Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Army, 834 Chinese Empire, 85 Chinese Imperial Wars, 330-333, 1496 Chinese military, 333-334; and Yuan Shikai, 335 Chinese Revolution, 334-336, 507, 1674, 1692 Chinese War of Unification of 589, 1674 Chinhat (1857), 729 Chioggia, War of, 709, 1594 Chios (376 b.c.e.), 1466 Chippewa, 71, 1222 Chippewa (1813), 472, 1386 Chirasena, 570 Chiricahua Apache, 352 Chivalry. See Knights and chivalry Chlodomer, 244 Chlopicki, Jósef, 1214 Chlotar, 244 Chocim (1673), 804, 1217 Choctaw, 1509 Chodkiewicz, Jan Karo, 1215-1216 Choe Yong Gun, 846, 1250 Choiseul, duc de, 629 Chojnice (1454), 1219 Chola Kingdom, 336-337 Cholas; in the Chalukyan Wars, 308 Cholula (1519), 386, 1459 Choson-Japanese Wars, 1554, 1678, 1680 Chosroes I, 262 Chosroes II, 262 Chotusitz (1742), 149 Christian I, 418, 815, 1379 Christian II, 418, 815 Christian IV, 418, 815, 1529 Christian of Anhalt-Bernberg, Prince, 1644 Christianity, 87, 254, 314, 1019, 1280; Ethiopian, 490; Japan, 1407; in Norway, 1487; and the Roman Empire, 377; and war, 1232. See also Catholicism; Protestantism; Religion and war Christina I, 420 Christophe, Henri, 654 Christopher II, 420 Christopher III, 418, 815, 1379 Chrysler's Farm (1813), 472 Chrysopolis (324), 378, 1308 Chu (Chinese state), 1629 Chu Te. See Zhu De Chuenpi (1839), 1155 Chuikov, Vassili, 1471 Chulalongkorn. See Rama V Church, Benjamin, 1198 Churchill, Winston, 31, 36, 337-339, 444, 524, 574, 793, 968, 1174, 1287, 1432, 1488, 1545, 1653, 1664 Churubusco (1847), 998 Cid, El, 339-340, 1276 Cid's conquest of Valencia (1093-1094), 340-341 Cienfuegos, Camilo, 408 Cilicia, 942 Cilicia (964-965), 258 Cilician War, 803 Cimbri, 965, 1316 Cimmerians; Scythian conquest of, 1387 Cimon, 341, 621, 993 Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctus, 341-342 Cinna, Lucius Cornelius, 965, 1304 Cirta (106 b.c.e.), 1316 Citizen Army, 90 City of God, The (Augustine), 487 Ciudad Juárez (1911), 1002 Ciudad Rodrigo (1812), 1089, 1639 Civil war, 342 Civilians and war, 342-345, 584, 987, 1018, 1235, 1337, 1435, 1468, 1544, 1550, 1686; Balkan Wars, 165; Iraq, 645; Somalia, 1438; Spanish Civil War, 1457 Civitate (1053), 1298 Clare, Gilbert de, the earl of Gloucester, 172 Clark, George Rogers, 345-346 Clark, Mark, 346, 1039, 1357 Clarke, Alured, 222 Claros (1665), 1461 Clastidium (222 b.c.e.), 958 Claudius I, 1310, 1312 Claudius II Gothicus, 1307, 1313 Clausel, Bertrand, 1356 Clausewitz, Carl von, 346-348, 807, 1015 Clearchus, 40, 412 Clearwater River (1877), 808, 1113 Cleisthenes, 1669 Clemenceau, Georges, 527 Clement III, Antipope, 688 Clement III, Pope, 689 Clement VII, Pope, 441, 1589 Cleombrotus, 890 Cleomenes III, 1201 Cleomenic War, 1201 Cleon, 1175 Cleopatra, 12, 1305 Cleveland, Grover, 1451 Clidium (1014), 236-237 Clinton, Bill, 1439 Clinton, Edward, 208 Clinton, Henry, 73, 126, 321, 385, 1036, 1682 Clive, Robert, 226, 282, 348, 1207 Clonfert (997), 219 Clontarf (1014), 220, 348, 1613 Clotild, 244 Clovis, 243, 541, 544, 1519, 1619 Coast Guard, U.S., 349-350 Coast Guard Academy, 461 Coastal defense, 350-352 Cochinchina, 556 Cochise, 107, 352-353, 596 Cochise's War. See Apache Wars Cochrane, Alexander, 170 Cochrane, Thomas, 353, 871, 1367 Cod War, 353-355 Code Napoleon, 1086 Codes, military, 1436 Codrington, Edward, 626 Coehoorn, Baron Menno van, 355 Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 449 Coenus, 40 Coercive (Intolerable) Acts of 1774, 73 Cognac, League of, 769, 982, 1589 Cohort, 355 Cold Harbor (1864), 66, 355-357, 615 Cold War, 185, 292, 357-360, 406, 1024, 1293, 1471, 1585, 1657, 1668; aircraft, 23; and Angola, 98; chemical and biological warfare, 324; economic warfare, 456; maps and cartography, 953; military intelligence, 745; and Mozambique, 1048; Namibia, 1082 Colenso (1899), 197, 205, 241, 360-361 Coleto Creek (1836), 1522 Coligny, Gaspard II de, 208, 361-362, 563 Collateral damage, 362, 663, 876 Colleoni, Bartolomeo, 1595 Colley, George, 195, 809 Colline Gate (82 b.c.e.), 1304, 1361, 1484 Collingsworth, George Morse, 1521 Collingwood, Cuthbert, 1555 Collins, Michael, 90, 362-363 Cologne, Confederation of, 420 Colombia; in the War of a Thousand Days, 1532 Colombian Civil Wars, 363-364 Colombian Guerrilla War, 364-366 Colonna, Fabrizio, 1271 Colonna, Marc Antonio, 888 Columbian Exchange, 1459 Columbus (1916), 1003, 1005, 1615 Comanche, 69 Combined operations, 366 Command, 366-367 Command of the Air, The (Douhet), 444 Commandos, 367 Commentaries (Caesar), 267, 402, 676 Commissars, 367 Committee of Public Safety (French Revolution), 283, 558 Committee of Union and Progress (Turkish), 139 Committee on Public Information (U.S.), 1240 Commodus, 959, 1313 Communications, 100, 367-370, 402, 478, 1063, 1237; in World War II, 444 Communism, 622, 637, 680, 1127, 1334, 1544, 1602, 1668; Afghanistan, 1448; in Cambodia, 269; Chinese, 333, 1423; Congo, 1025; Dominican Republic and, 438; El Salvador, 1359; Hungary, 705; Mozambique, 928; Philippines, 700; Russian, 1328, 1567; Soviet Union, 1423, 1470; Sudan, 1123; and war, 23; after World War II, 357; Zimbabwe, 1695 Communist Party, Burmese, 248 Communist Party, Chinese, 325, 329, 913, 951, 1535, 1692; in the Chinese Civil War, 328 Communist Party, Guatemalan, 633 Communist Party, Indonesian, 733 Communist Party, Malayan, 937 Communist Party, Soviet Union, 1450 Communist Party, Vietnamese, 1618 Communist Workers' Party, Korean, 834 Comonfort, Ignacio, 1000 Compiègne (978), 539 Computers, 405, 478, 1513 Conan of Rennes, Count, 568 Concepción (1834), 1522 Condé, Louis I de Bourbon, prince de, 361, 563 Condé, the Great, 370-371, 541, 567, 919, 1301, 1530, 1572 Condor Legion, 635, 1457 Confederación Española de Derechas Autonomas, 1455 Confederacion Nacional de Trabajo, 1454 Confederate States of America, 58 Confederation of the Rhine, 795 Conference of Berlin (1884-1885), 1229 Conflans, Marshal de, 1259 Conflans, Treaty of (1465), 538 Confucianism, 1278 Congo, 1228 Congo Act of 1885, 591 Congo Wars, 639 Congolese Civil War, 371-373, 1024, 1586 Congolese National Movement, 371 Congress of People's Deputies, 1450 Congress of Vienna (1814-1815), 373-374, 592, 770, 1284, 1530, 1639 Connolly, James, 90 Conon, 14, 1465 Conquereuil (992), 568 Conquistadores, 375 Conrad I (king of Germany), 539 Conrad III (king of Germany), 399, 587, 1414 Conrad of Croatia, 709 Conscription, 375-376; in France, 283, 1087, 1651; in the French Revolutionary Wars, 560; in Germany, 680, 1651; and race, 1262. See also Draft Conselheiro, Antônio, 217 Constance, Treaty of (1183), 689, 912 Constans, 378 Constantina (580), 262 Constantine, 1308, 1310, 1314 Constantine (grand duke of Russia), 1285 Constantine II (Roman emperor), 378 Constantine II of Scotland, 230 Constantine IV, 235, 237 Constantine V Copronymus, 235, 256, 376-377 Constantine XI Palaeologus, 261, 379 Constantine the Great, 254, 377-378, 622, 1019, 1573 Constantinople, 872 Constantinople (626), 153 Constantinople (913), 236 Constantinople (1091), 198 Constantinople (1204), 265 Constantinople (1453), 261, 1575 Constantinople, Siege of (626), 672 Constantinople, Siege of (717-718), 255, 378-379, 888, 1070 Constantinople, Siege of (1453), 256, 379-381, 990, 1163 Constantius I (Roman emperor), 377, 1314 Constantius II (Roman emperor), 378, 1308, 1402 Constitution, USS, 701 Contades, Louis de, Marquis, 1020 Containment policy, 381 Contarini, Doge Andrea, 709 Continental Congress, 73, 122 Continental Navy, 1105 Continental system, 811, 1089 Contras, 1118 Contrecoeur, Claude-Pierre, 1037 Contreras (1847), 998 Convoy, 381 Conze, Jean-Baptiste, 656 Cook, James, 669 Coote, Eyre, 226, 282, 1075, 1398 Copenhagen (1801), 1108 Copenhagen, Treaty of (1660), 1139 Copper, Simon, 591 Coquillo (1854), 1000 Coral Sea (1942), 381-383, 1124, 1665 Corbett, Julian, 383 Corcyra (c. 300 b.c.e.), 19 Cordite, 498 Córdoba, 1274 Córdoba, Joaquín María, 364 Cordovez, Diego, 1449 Corfu (1084), 1130 Corfu, Siege of (1147-1148), 1415 Corfu, Siege of (1537), 825 Corinth, 1539 Corinth (243 b.c.e.), 1464 Corinth (1862), 60, 383-385, 657, 1223, 1321, 1531 Corinth, League of, 1199 Corinthian War, 19, 746, 920, 1465 Çorlu (1511), 1160 Corneille, Pierre, 340 Cornwallis, First Marquess, 75, 214, 272, 385, 389, 403, 579, 626, 837, 863, 1075, 1234, 1300, 1474, 1682 Coronea (394 b.c.e.), 20 Corps and corps system, 385 Corregidor (1942), 1622 Corruna Road (1936-1937), 1457 Cortenuova (1237), 545, 689 Cortés, Hernán, 385-386, 1206, 1459 Cortona, 496 Corunna (1589), 1460 Corunna (1809), 387 Corus (281 b.c.e.), 429 Cós, Martín Perfecto de, 30, 1522 Cossacks, 320, 387-388, 1331-1332; in the Russo-Polish Wars of 1499-1667, 1341 Costa Rica, 299 Coucy, Enguerrand de, 1120 Council of Clermont, 688 Council of Troubles, 55, 452 Count's War, 815 Courage Under Fire (Zwick), 515 Courbet, Amédée Anatole Prosper, 1441 Courtrai (1302), 388 Covenanters, 1043 Cowpens (1781), 78, 388-389 Craig, James, 222 Crane, Stephen, 1627 Cranes Are Flying, The (Kalatozov), 514 Craonne (1814), 194 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 266, 286, 289, 1169, 1221, 1304, 1317 Craterus, 40, 428 Crayford (457), 86 Crazy Horse, 389-390, 906, 1009, 1426-1427 Crécy (1346), 390-391, 463-464, 670, 703, 739, 1016, 1209, 1492 Creek, 71, 472, 664, 777, 1509 Creek War, 777 Crema (1159), 545 Cremera (477 b.c.e.), 494 Cremona (69 c.e.), 1599 Cremona (1432), 1595 Creoda, 86 Crépy, Treaty of (1544), 89, 208, 769, 825, 1589 Cresphontes, 442 Cressingham, Hugh, 1477 Cretan Uprisings, 391-392 Crete (1941), 351, 392-393, 1478 Crimea (1578), 1577 Crimea (1920), 1540 Crimean War, 51, 164, 273, 393-395, 556, 606, 741, 806, 898, 1332, 1394, 1627, 1649; and artillery, 132; literature depicting, 902 Crimisus (341 b.c.e.), 433, 1540 Crispi, Francesco, 13 Croatia, 1686 Croats, 1686 Crockett, Davy, 30 Croesus, 395-396, 417, 1189 Croisos. See Croesus Cromwell, Oliver, 396-397, 448, 483, 755, 969, 1033, 1093, 1234, 1237, 1435, 1650 Cromwellian Settlement of 1652, 755 Cronium (378? b.c.e.), 433, 434 Cronstedt, R. O., 1345 Crook, George F., 69, 108, 389, 596, 1426 Crossbows, 168, 703 Crown Point (1609), 311 Crown Point (1759), 1399 Crown Point (1775), 73, 533 Cruise missiles, 134, 397 Crusade, First, 45, 104, 399, 443, 796 Crusade, Second, 399 Crusade, Fourth, 400 Crusade, Fifth, 400 Crusade, Sixth, 400 Crusade, Seventh, 401, 948 Crusade of 1101, 399 Crusader, Operation (1942), 1545 Crusades, 11, 104, 127, 236, 256, 264, 397-401, 443, 463, 487, 544-545, 587, 668, 688, 743, 796, 841, 851, 872, 948, 1130, 1266, 1281, 1289, 1355, 1414, 1516, 1578, 1592; martial music, 1061; uniforms, 1582 Cryptography, 369, 401-405, 743; in World War II, 382 Csepel (1956), 706 Ctesiphon (116), 1313 Ctesiphon (198), 1400 Ctesiphon (244), 1401 Ctesiphon (283), 289 Ctesiphon (363), 1374 Ctesiphon (580), 262 Ctesiphon (637), 1068 Cuauhtemóc, 1459 Cuautla (1911), 1689 Cuautla Amilpas (1812), 870 Cuba, 359, 1319, 1451; in the Cuban War of Independence, 409; in Cuba's Ten Years' War, 410; in the Grenada Invasion, 627 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 291, 405-407, 435 Cuban Revolution (1956-1959), 291, 407-409, 639 Cuban War of Independence (1895-1898), 409-410, 1642 Cuba's Ten Years' War, 409-411, 1642 Cuesta, Gregorio García de la, 1497 Çukurçimen Yaylak (1482), 1160 Culblean (1335), 92 Culloden (1746), 412, 780 Cumans, 650; in Bogomils' Revolt, 197; in the Pecheneg-Byzantine War, 197 Cumberland, William Augustus, duke of, 528 Cummings, E. E., 903 Cunaxa (401 b.c.e.), 412-413, 1670 Cunha, Euclides da, 218 Cunningham, Alan, 1545 Cunningham, Andrew, 1505 Curio, Gaius Scribonius, 1305 Currency Act of 1664, 72 Cursed Be War (Machin), 511 Curumatá (1840), 216 Curupaití (1866), 1562 Curzola (1298), 1593 Custer, George A., 69, 389, 413-414, 905, 1426 Custozza, First (1848), 770 Custozza, Second (1866), 773 Cut Knife Hill (1885), 1297 Cuthred of Wessex, 16 Cuttack (1513), 1609 Cuzco (1533), 1459 Cuzco, Siege of (1536-1537), 1206 Cyaxares, 161, 1189, 1387 Cynan of Din Eidyn, 293 Cynewulf, 87, 1147 Cynoscephalae (197 b.c.e.), 414, 927 Cypriot Wars, 415-416 Cypriote Salamis (306 b.c.e.), 1245 Cyprus (875), 258 Cyprus (965), 1119 Cyprus War, 505, 888, 1199 Cyrenaica (1941), 1318 Cyrus the Great, 161, 396, 416-417, 619, 1185, 1189 Cyrus the Younger, 412, 920, 1670 Cyzicus (410 b.c.e.), 35 Cyzicus (73 b.c.e.), 1023 Czarniecki, Stefan, 1138 Czech Legion, 1329 Czechoslovakia, 680, 1658; Soviet invasion of, 1424 Czestochowa (1772), 1212, 1247 D D day (1944), 474, 1171 Dabrowski, Jan Henryk, 1213 Dabulamanzi kaMpande, 1320 Dacca (1971), 737 Dacian Wars, 652, 1308, 1557 Dadu River (1935), 329, 913 Dagabur (1936), 767 Dagestan, 1331 Dagu Forts (1859), 606, 1155 Dál Cais, 219 Dalai Lama, 724, 1536 D'Albini, William, 482 Dale, Richard, 1563 Dalmatia, 708 D'Almeida, Luis, 1406 Damascus (613), 672 Damascus (1517), 943 Damascus (1918), 875 Damascus, Army of, 7 Damghan (1729), 1183 Damietta (1249), 401, 948 Dammazedi, 247 Dampier, William, 1204 Dandanqan (1040), 263 Dandolo, Andrea, 1593 Danegeld, 225, 939, 1488 Danelaw, 1612-1613 Danes, 225; in Anglo-Saxon-Danish War, 230; in the British Dynastic Wars, 225 Danilo I, 1040 Danish-Swedish Wars, 418-419 Danish Wars with the Hanseatic League, 419-420 Danishmendid War, 803 Danishmendids, 264 Dannoura (1185), 583, 1020 Dantidurga, 309 Danzig (1807), 883 Daoud Khan, Mohammed, 1448 Dara (530), 182, 262, 812 Dara (573), 262 Dara (590), 975 Dara (Mogul), 1027, 1029 Dardanus, Treaty of (85 b.c.e.), 307 Darius I the Great, 619, 957, 1186, 1190, 1492, 1670 Darius II, 1187 Darius III, 38, 40, 580, 766, 1187, 1579 Dartiguenave, Philippe Sudre, 656 Darwin (1982), 504 Das Boot (Peterson), 515 Dasas, 135 Dathin (634), 81 Datis, 958 Daulat Rao Shinde, 869, 956 Daulatabad (1626), 1025 Daun, Leopold Joseph von, 684, 1398 Dauphin, 1156 David (king of Israel), 420-421 David II (king of Scotland), 92, 464, 1110 Davie, William, 850 Dávila, Miguel R., 691 Davis, Jefferson, 66, 178, 421-422, 804, 882, 1009 Davis, Richard Harding, 1627 Davout, Louis, 231, 422, 795, 1046, 1088, 1621 Dawn Patrol (Hawks), 511 Day River (1951), 732 Dayan, Moshe, 422-423, 762, 1428 Daza, Hilarión, 1166 Dazimon (838), 257 Debayle, Luis Anastasio Somoza, 1117 DeBeers Company, 834 Debeney, Marie-Eugène, 79 Deby, Idris, 305 Decabulus, 1557 Decatur, Stephen, 1179, 1564 Deccan, 954 Deccani, 424 Decisive Battles of the U.S.A., The (Fuller), 569 Decisive Battles of the Western World and Their Influence upon History, The (Fuller), 569 Decisive Battles: Their Influence upon History and Civilisation (Fuller), 569 Decius, 1307, 1313 Declaration of Principles (1993), 763 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 557 Decorations, 692 Deerfield (1704), 6 Defence of Britain, The (Liddell Hart), 898 Defenestration Incident, 1233, 1527 Defense, coastal. See Coastal defense Defense, Roman, 432; superiority of attack over, 1591; tactics, 1493 Defense Department, 930 Defoe, Daniel, 1204 Degollado, Santos, 1000 Degsaston (c. 603), 86 De Kalb, Baron, 272 De Klerk, F. W., 1082 De la Gardie, Jakob, 1343 Delaplace, William, 533 Delaware (Native Americans), 71, 1222, 1509 Delaware River, crossing of, 75, 1559 Delhi (1193), 1055 Delhi (1398-1399), 424 Delhi (1803), 957 Delhi (1857), 729, 1299 Delhi Sultanate, Wars of the, 423-424, 426 Delian League, 141, 341, 621; in the Peloponnesian Wars, 1174 Deliberate Force, Operation (1995), 1686 Demak (1704), 791 Demetrius I Poliorcetes (king of Macedonia), 429, 1245, 1252 Demetrius I Soter, 924 Demetrius II (king of Macedonia), 719 Demetrius of Pharos, 719 Demilitarization of Outer Space, Treaty on the (1962), 435 Demobilization, 426 Democracy, 1659 Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 834. See also North Korea Demosthenes, 1489 Denain (1712), 426-427, 497, 1463 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich, 1328 Denmark, 1613; in the Danish-Swedish Wars, 418; in the Danish Wars with the Hanseatic League, 419; in German Wars of Unification, 592; in the Kalmar Wars, 814; in the Scandinavian War, 1379; in the Thirty Years' War, 1527, 1529 Dennewitz (1813), 1090 Denonville, marquis de, 757 Dergue, 491 D'Erlon, Jean-Baptiste, 1635 Derna (1912), 767 Dernburg, Bernhard, 591 Desaix, Louis Charles, 422, 562, 960 Desert Shield, Operation (1991), 1384 Desert Storm, Operation (1991), 645, 714, 1384 Desertion, 427 Desiderius, 314-315 Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 654 Dessau Bridge (1626), 1529, 1623 D'Estaing, Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Henri-Hector, 697, 1376 Détente, 359 Detmold (783), 317 Deuane Sunnalath, 867 Devagiri (1306-1307), 424 Devaraya I, 1610 Devereux, Robert, second earl of Essex, 96 Devereux, Robert, third earl of Essex, 458, 483 Devol, Treaty of (1108), 1130 Devolution, War of, 914, 1591 Dewey, George, 427-428, 1452 Dharmaraja Chandrabam, 1469 Dharmatpur (1658), 1029 Dharmavamsa, 1469 D'Herbois, Jean Collot, 559 Diadochi, Wars of the, 312, 428-429, 1245 Diaoyu Shan (1265), 854 Díaz, Adolfo, 1116 Diaz, Armando, 279 Díaz, Porfirio, 1000-1001, 1689 Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo. See Cid, El Dick, Robert, 1434 Didymotichus (1343), 254 Diebitsch, Hans, 1214, 1285, 1346 Dien Bien Phu (1954), 429-431, 556-557, 683, 733, 867, 1602, 1618 Dien Del, 270 Dieppe, Raid on (1942), 431, 1047 Dietrich, Sepp, 238 Dimitriev, Radko, 608 Din, Fakhr, al-, 1161 Din Tabataba4i, Sayyid Zia od-, 1188 Dingane, 193, 1401 Dingiswayo, 431-432, 1400, 1701 Dinuzulu, 1702 Dinwiddle, Robert, 551 Diocletian, 377, 432, 1308, 1310, 1314 Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes (Diodorus), 442 Diodorus Siculus, 442 Dionysian Wars, 432-434 Dionysius the Elder, 433-434 Dionysius the Younger, 1539 Diplomatic Revolution, 1397 Dipo Negara, 790 Dire Dawa (1977), 492 Directory, 559 Disarmament, 434-436 Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius (Machiavelli), 929 Disdier, François-Michel, 983 Disease, 984; and French colonialism, 555; in Hundred Years' War, 464 Dissanayake, Gamini, 1468 Diu (1509), 1228 Djenné (1473), 1442 Djokjakarta (1825), 790 Dlimi, Ahmed, 1641 Dmitrievich, Yury, 1326 Dmitry, False, 1343 Doab (1406), 1611 Dockyards, 436 Dodowa (1826), 223 Doe, Samuel, 896 Doestam, Abdul Rashid, 1449 Dogali (1887), 766 Doggerbank (1915), 1263 Dogs, 101 Doi Ba (1463), 1524 Dol (1076), 1646 Domestic control, and the Chinese military, 333 Dominican Republic; in the Santo Domingan Revolution, 1370 Dominican Republic, Civil War of the, 436-438 Dominican Republic's embassy (1980), 365 Domitian, 21, 1312 Don Antonio, 1460 Don Carlos, 280 Don Juan de Austria, 152, 438-439, 454, 541, 888, 1169, 1200, 1576 Dong Fuxiang, 210 Dönitz, Karl, 439-440, 681, 1135, 1264 Donskoy, Dmitry, 1326, 1499 Dony (1509), 1609 Doolittle bombing raid, 1006, 1124, 1467 Dorgon, 944, 1675 Doria, Andrea, 440-441, 824, 888 Doria, Filipo, 1593 Doria, Lamba, 1593 Doria, Luciano, 709 Doria, Paganino, 1594 Dorian Invasion of Greece, 441-442, 993 Dorieus, 288 D'Orléans, Louis-Philippe, comte d'Eu, 1562 Dornach (1499), 151 Dorpat, Treaty of (1920), 519 Dorylaeum (1097), 399, 443 Dos Passos, John, 903, 1627 Dos Santos, José Eduardo, 97 Dost Muhammad, 1183 Douglas-Home, Alec, 1694 Douhet, Giulio, 444 Dover (1652), 1567 Dover, Treaty of (1670), 914 Dowding, Hugh, 220, 444 Dowleh, Hasan Vosuq al-, 1188 Downie, George, 863 Downs (1639), 1567 DPRK. See Democratic People's Republic of Korea Draft, 376, 445. See also Conscription Dragatsani (1821), 625 Dragoons, 295, 445 Drake, Francis, 94, 114, 445-446, 1200, 1204 Dreadnoughts, 446, 524, 1098, 1631 Drepana (249 b.c.e.), 1248 Dresden (1813), 446-447, 883, 1086, 1091 Dreux (1562), 361, 563, 643, 1043 Dreyfus affair, 447-448 Drill, 448 Dristra (971), 803 Drogheda (1649), 397 Drucour, Augustin de Boschenry de, 915 Drusus Senior, 1515 Druzes; in the Ottoman-Druze Wars, 1161 Druzpara (597), 975 Duarte, Juan Pablo, 1370 Dub, Adolph, 1448 Dubienka (1792), 850, 1212 Dublin, 219 Dubrovnik (1991), 1686 Duck Lake (1885), 1296 Dudayev, Dzhokhar, 1336 Dudley, Guildford, 1139 Dugommier, Jacques, 1550 Du Guesclin, Bertrand, 703 Duilius, 1248 Duisburg, Siege of (1672), 970 Dumlupinar (1922), 622, 1574 Dumont, Gabriel, 1296 Dumouriez, Charles François, 560, 793, 1211, 1588 Dunama Dibbalemi, 817 Dunant, Henri, 584 Dunapentele (1956), 706 Dunbar (1650), 448-449, 484, 1033 Dunbar Castle (1338), 92 Duncan, Adam, 274 Dunes, the (1658), 541, 1572 Dungeness (1652), 87, 1567 Dunkirk (1940), 36, 1042 Dunn, John, 302 Dunois, Jean, comte de, 1156 Dupleix, Joseph, 282 Dura-Europos (163), 1170 Durango (1807), 883 Duras, Louis, earl of Feversham, 1389 Durazzo. See Dyrrachium Durgadas Rathor, 1265 Durnford, Anthony William, 757 Dürnkrut (1278), 650 Durrani Empire, 17 Durrenstein (1805), 859 Dussindale (1549), 824 Dutch; in Anglo-Dutch Wars, 87; in the Pequot War, 1177 Dutch Civil War, 230 Dutch Colonial Wars, 449-451 Dutch East India Company, 195, 791, 1699 Dutch East Indies, 736; in the Indonesian War of Independence, 734; Japan in, 734; Japanese takeover of, 451 Dutch independence, 1530 Dutch Republic; in the Dutch Colonial Wars, 449; French invasion of, 450; in Great Java War, 789; independence of, 454 Dutch War of 1672-1678, 370, 914, 970 Dutch Wars of Independence, 105, 438, 449, 451-454, 976, 1120, 1157, 1169, 1199, 1567 Duvalier, François "Papa," 656 Duvalier, Jean-Claude "Baby," 656 Dvaravati kingdom, 1408 Dyer, R. E. H., 81, 228 Dynamite. See TNT Dyrham (577), 86 Dyrrhachium (48 b.c.e.), 267 Dyrrachium, First Siege of (1081-1082), 44, 1129 Dyrrachium, Second Siege of (1107-1108), 1130 Dzungar War, 818, 945 Dzungars, 818 E EAA. See East African Association Eadbert of Northumbria, 15 EAM-ELAS. See National Liberation Front-National Popular Liberation Army Earthworks, 455 East African Association, 974 East India Company, 449; in the Marazha Wars, 956; in the Mysore Wars, 1075 Easter Offensive (1972), 1619 Easter Uprising (1916), 90, 362, 508 Eastern Europe, Mongol invasion of, 1034, 1149, 1354 Eastern front, 1652 Eastern Question, 166, 181, 455, 1346, 1602 Eaton, William, 1564 Eben Emael (1940), 1478 Ebla, 1373 Ebro (1938), 1457 Ecevit, Bülent, 416 Echemus, 442 Ecija (711), 1507 Eckmühl (1809), 422, 883 Ecnomus (256 b.c.e.), 1248 École de l'Air, 462 École Navale, 462 École Spéciale Militaire, 460 ECOMOG. See Cease-Fire Monitoring Group Economic Community of West African States, 897 Economic warfare, 455-457; and Napoleonic Wars, 1089 ECOWAS See Economic Community of West African States Ecuador; independence of, 201 Eden, Anthony, 1482 Eden, George, 1006 EDES. See National Democratic Greek League Edessa (258-259), 1313, 1401 Edessa (260), 1374 Edessa (1144), 399 Edgar the Ætheling, 1132 Edgehill (1642), 458, 483 Edinburgh (1544), 1439 Edinburgh, Treaty of (1560), 94 Edington (878), 47, 458-459, 1613 Edirne (1913), 485 Edirne, Siege of (1913), 166 Edmund, 230 Edmund Ironside, 225 Edmund of Langley, 1226 Edo (1524), 783 Education, military, 459-462, 962, 1106 Edward I, 91, 172, 401, 463-464, 501, 1477 Edward II, 91, 171 Edward III, 92, 390, 464, 701, 1110, 1431 Edward IV, 538, 1291, 1322, 1519, 1553 Edward V, 1291 Edward VI, 89, 208, 1139, 1203, 1439 Edward, Lancastrian prince of Wales, 1322, 1519 Edward, the Black Prince, 390, 462-463, 670, 1209 Edward the Confessor, 225, 1131, 1646 Edwin of Northumbria, 87 Eel River, 1509 Egbert II of Kent, 1147 Egbert of Wessex, 87, 1148 EGP. See Guerrilla Army of the Poor Egypt, 41, 1245; in the Crusades, 397; in the Egypto-Turkish Wars, 468; in French Revolutionary Wars, 7, 561; in the Israeli-Arab Wars, 760; Muhammad Ali Pasha, 1054; Muslim conquest of, 1068; and Napoleon, 1086; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; Octavian's invasion of, 12; Ottoman conquest of, 1163; in the Persian Wars of Expansion, 1188; in the Six-Day War, 1427; in the Suez War, 1481; in World War II, 475 Egypt (525 b.c.e.), 1190 Egyptian Empire, 128, 464-467, 1533 Egyptian-Ethiopian War, 109 Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 50, 989 Egyptian-Hittite War, 814 Egyptian Insurrection, 467-468 Egyptian Nationalist Revolt, 109 Egypto-Turkish Wars, 468-469, 1053 Eight Saints, War of the, 670 1812, War of, 169, 469-473, 663-664, 696, 701, 777, 821, 863, 1111, 1179-1180, 1385, 1507, 1509, 1525 Eighth (or Seventh) Crusade, 401 Eion (476 b.c.e.), 142, 341 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 36, 126, 212, 238, 346, 473-475, 848, 878, 969, 1042, 1133, 1171, 1288, 1295, 1482, 1641 El Alamein (1942), 475-476, 1042, 1318, 1545, 1665 El Biutz (1916), 535 El Caney (1898). See San Juan/ El Caney (1898) El Frontón (1986), 1191 El Jicaro (1926), 1369 El Salvador, 299 El-Samah, 543, 1550 El Uvero (1957), 408 Elamites, 161 Elasa (161 b.c.e.), 924 Elba, 1086 Elba (1241), 545 Elche (460), 936 Elchingen (1805), 1112 Eleanor of Aquitaine, 670 Electronic warfare, 368, 476-478 Elements of Military Art and Science (Halleck), 657 Elephants, 101, 600, 1270, 1688; and Alexander the Great, 717 ELF. See Eritrean Liberation Front ELF-PLF. See Eritrean Liberation Front-Popular Liberation Forces Elgin, Alexander Bruce, 1155 Eliott, Augustus, 601 Elisabethville (1962), 372 Elizabeth (empress of Russia), 1399 Elizabeth (wife of Edward IV), 1291, 1323 Elizabeth I (queen of England), 89, 94, 112, 445, 1237 Ellandun (825), 87 Elles, Hugh, 270 Elliot, Charles, 1155 Elliott, Matthew, 71 Elmas Muhammad, 1690 Elphinstone, George Keith, 222 Elster (1080), 688 Eltekeh (701 b.c.e.), 1392 Emancipation Proclamation, 61, 103, 900 Emanuel, Victor, 1437 Emesa (271), 1308 Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy, 1352 Emmaus (165 b.c.e.), 923 Endecott, John, 1177 Engineering, military, 478-481, 1591; Dutch, 355 England; in the American Revolution, 72; in the Anglo-Scottish Wars of 1290-1388, 91; in Anglo-Scottish Wars of 1513-1560, 93; in the Anglo-Spanish War, 94; in Barons' War, 171; in the Crusades, 397; Danish Viking invasion of, 458; in the Dutch Colonial Wars, 449; in the French and Indian War, 550; in Glendower's Revolt, 602; in the Hundred Years' War, 701; in the Jacobite Rebellions, 779; in Kett's Rebellion, 823; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; Norman invasion of, 1130, 1646; in the Pequot War, 1177; in the Portuguese-Castilian War, 1226; Viking invasion of, 939, 1473, 1612, 1614; in the War of the Austrian Succession, 149; in the War of the Grand Alliance, 611; in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1461. See also Angles, Saxons, and Jutes; Britain; Britons; Great Britain English Civil War of 1215-1217, 482-483 English Civil War of 1642-1651, 396, 448, 458, 483-485, 755, 969, 1033, 1093, 1234, 1325, 1649 English Reformation, 754 Enheduanna, 1373 Enomoto Rebellion, 1546 Enormous Room, The (Cummings), 903 Enrique, Cardinal, 1460 Enrique the Navigator, Prince, 1227 Entebbe (1979), 1504 Enver Pasha, 140, 485 Enzheim (1674), 1572 Epaminondas, 486, 890, 949, 994, 1466 Épervier, Opération (1986), 305 Ephialtes of Malis, 1525 Epidamnus (228 b.c.e.), 719 Epirus, 872 Epitome of Military Science (Vegetius Renatus), 1592 EPLF. See Eritrean People's Liberation Front EPRDF. See Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front Eric I Haakonson, 1487 Erik XIV, 418, 815 Erik of Pomerania, 815, 1379 Eritrea, 490-491, 767 Eritrean Liberation Front, 491 Eritrean Liberation Front-Popular Liberation Forces, 491 Eritrean People's Liberation Front, 491 Erlach, Rudolf von, 874 Erlichshausen, Ludwig von, 1518, 1526 Erskine, John, earl of Mar, 779 Esarhaddon, 138, 1392 Eshowe, Siege of (1879), 1700 Eskishehir (1921), 622, 1573. See also Dorylaeum Esmarch, Johann Friedrich August von, 983 Espionage, 447 Essling (1809), 1089 Estancia de las Vacas (1860), 1000 Estates-Général, 557 Esterhazy, Marie Charles, 447 Estigarribia, José Félix, 303 Estrada Cabrera, Manuel, 691 Estrada Palma, Tomás, 411 Esztergrom (1683), 152, 1576 ETA. See Euzkadi Ta Azkatasuna Ethics of warfare, 486-488, 875, 1624 Ethiopia, 488-491, 1084, 1520; in the Italian Colonial Wars, 766-767 Ethiopian Conflicts, 491-494 Ethiopian-Italian Wars, 488 Ethiopian-Muslim Wars, 488 Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, 493 Ethiopian War, 1072 Ethnic cleansing. See Genocide/ethnic cleansing Ethniko Apelevtherotiko Metopo-Ethnikos Laikos Apelevtherotikos Stratos. See National Liberation Front-National Popular Liberation Army Ethnikos Demokratike Ellenikos Syndesmos. See National Democratic Greek League Etruscan-Roman Wars, 494-496 Etsu of Nupe, 224 Eudo, duke of Aquitaine, 543, 1550 Eugene IV, Pope, 1595 Eugene of Savoy, 152, 180, 191, 426, 496-497, 941, 966, 1164, 1376, 1462, 1690 Eugenius (Roman emperor), 32, 1308 Eugenius III, Pope, 399, 1415 Euler, Leonard, 1300 Eumenes, 428 Europe, Ottoman invasion of, 1162 Eurybiades, 1357 Eurymedon (466 b.c.e.), 341, 621 Eurysthenes, 442 Eurystheus, 442 Eutaw Springs (1781), 626, 881, 965 Euzkadi Ta Azkatasuna, 173 Evesham (1265), 172 Évora (1637), 1461 Ewing, Felix G., 190 Explosives, 497-499 Extraterritoriality, rule of, 209, 1495 Eylau (1807), 37, 422, 806, 1060, 1089, 1112, 1380 F Fa Xian, 646 Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 500-501, 661, 865, 1250 Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Quintus, 496 Face of Battle, The (Keegan), 679 Faesulae (405), 1475 FAID. See Front d'Action pour l'Instauration de la Démocracie au Tchad Fairfax, Ferdinando, second baron of Cameron, 969 Fairfax, Thomas, third baron of Cameron, 483, 1093 Faisel, King, 1679 Falcón, Juan Crisóstomo, 1596 Falerii, 496 Falier, Marino, 709 Faliun (1722), 1183 Falkenberg, Dietrich von, 931 Falkenhayn, Erich von, 501, 675, 1032, 1598, 1653, 1684 Falkirk (1298), 91, 463, 501-502 Falkirk (1746), 780 Falkland Islands (1914), 502, 1652 Falkland Islands War of 1982, 229, 502-505, 576, 605 Fallen Timbers (1794), 69, 71, 505, 663, 1638 Faluja (1952), 1095 Faluja Pocket (1949), 1079 Famagusta, Siege of (1570-1571), 505-506 FAN. See Forces Armées Nationales Fan Shih-man, 570 Fannin, James W., 31, 1522 Fante, 80 FAO. See Forces Armées Occidentales FAP. See Forces Armées Populaires FAR. See Forces Armées Rwandaises Farabanna, 1580 Farabundo Martí Front for National Liberation, 1358 Farewell to Arms, A (Hemingway), 903 FARF. See Forces Armées de la République Fédérale Farnese, Alessandro, duke of Parma. See Parma, Alessandro Farnese, duke of Farouk, 468, 1079, 1095 FARP. See Forcas Armadas Revolucionarias Populares Farragut, David Glasgow, 506-507 Farroupilha Rebellion, 215 Farrukh Siyar, 1028-1029 Fascism, 1073; in World War II, 1658 Fasilides, 490 FAT. See Forces Armées Tchadiennes Fatah, al-, 110, 762, 1638 Fath Khan, 1026 Fatimids, 259, 796, 802, 1266, 1355 Faustin I, 656 Fazil Ahmed, 152, 1351, 1576 Fazil Mustapha, 152, 1576 "February days," 1286 Fedayeen, 761 Federal Steamboat Inspection Service, 349 Federal War, 1596 Fedor, 1343 Fehrbellin (1675), 547 Feijó, Diogo Antônio, 215 Femern (1644), 419 Feng Yü-hsiang. See Feng Yuxiang Feng Yuxiang, 329, 507-508 Fenian Brotherhood, 508 Fenians, 508 Ferdinand (cardinal prince of Spain), 1128 Ferdinand (Holy Roman emperor), 152 Ferdinand I (Holy Roman emperor), 704, 1030, 1590 Ferdinand I (king of León and Castile), 339, 1275 Ferdinand I (king of Portugal), 1226 Ferdinand II (Holy Roman emperor), 1128, 1528, 1623 Ferdinand II (king of Aragon and Castile), 290, 508, 769, 1100 Ferdinand VII (king of Spain), 280, 869, 1003, 1089, 1446 Ferguson, Patrick, 837 Fermor, William, 1398 Fernández de Córdoba, Gonzalo, 441, 508-509, 768, 873, 1100 Ferozeshah (1845), 48, 509-510 Ferrara, Treaty of (1428), 1595 Fetterman Massacre (1866), 389, 1426 Fetterman, William J., 1426 Feudalism, 510, 987 Fez (1912), 920 Fifth Coalition, War of the, 1621 Fighter Command, 221, 444 Fighter pilots, 1292 Fighter Squadron (Walsh), 513 Fighting the Flying Circus (Rickenbacker), 1293 Filaret, Patriarch, 1343 Films, war in, 510-515, 1241 Final War, The (Tracy), 902 Finances, military, 515-518 Finland, 947, 1344 Finnish-Soviet War, 1540 Finnish War of Independence, 518-519 Firearms, 519-524, 739, 1243; Hawaii, 669 Fireship, 524 First Coalition, 560 First Coalition, War of the, 283, 793, 909, 1251, 1297, 1550 First Day of Okewas (1622), 1232 First Hague Peace Conference, 434 First Manassas Battle (1861). See Bull Run, First (1861) First of June (1794), 697 First Triumvirate, 266, 1305 Firuz, Prince, 1188 Firuz Shah, 1611 Fish Creek (1885), 1297 Fisher, John, 383, 524, 793 Fisher's Hill (1864), 1404 Fists of Righteous Harmony, 210 Fitzjames, James, duke of Berwick-upon-Tweed, 1256 Fitzwalter, Robert, 482 Five Forks (1865), 674, 1404 Five-Year Plan, 1470 Fixed Bayonets (Fuller), 513 Flaccus, Lucius Valerius, 1022 Flagg, James Montgomery, 1240 Flamborough Head (1779), 807 Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 414, 927, 1464 Flaminius, Gaius, 864 Flanders (1917), 1654 Flanner, Janet, 1628 Flarchheim (1080), 586, 688 Flavius Nobilitor, 297 Flemish rebellion, 388 Fletcher, Frank, 382, 1467 Fleurus (1690), 612, 919 Fleurus (1794), 561, 839, 883, 1444 FLING. See Frente da Luta Pela Independencia Nacional da Guine-Bissau Flintlock, 520 FLN. See Algerian National Liberation Front Flochberg (1150), 587 Flodden (1513), 93, 524-525 Florence, 929; in the Luccan-Florentine War, 916 Florence, Council of (1438), 1575 Florentine Wars, 525-526 Florus, Gessius, 798 Flower Wars, 155, 1458 Floyd, John, 529 FMLN. See Farabundo Martí Front for National Liberation FNLA. See Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola Foch, Ferdinand, 322, 526-527, 534, 1655 Focsani (1789), 1486 Foix, Gaston de, 769 Fokker planes, 1651 Fonseca, Manuel Deodoro da, 217 Fontainbleau, Treaty of (1762), 1461 Fontana, Pietro della, 709 Fontanet (841). See Fontenay (841) Fontenay (841), 285, 527-528 Fontenoy (1745), 150, 528, 1377 Fools' War, 537 Foote, Andrew, 529 Forbes, John, 530 Forcas Armadas Revolucionarias Populares, 641 Forces Armées de la République Fédérale, 306 Forces Armées Nationales, 305 Forces Armées Occidentales, 305 Forces Armées Populaires, 305 Forces Armées Rwandaises, 1348 Forces Armées Tchadiennes, 305 Forces of Order, 48 Forces Patriotiques du Salut, 305 Ford, Gerald R., 1606 Forey, Élie-Frédéric, 1000 Forks of Ohio (1758), 1399 Fornovo (1495), 768 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 528-529 Forster, Thomas, 780 Forsyth, Alexander, 520 Fort Armstrong, Treaty of (1832), 1386 Fort Carlos Antonia López (1932), 303 Fort Crozon (1594), 95 Fort Detroit, Siege of (1763), 1221-1222 Fort Donelson (1862), 60, 528-529, 614 Fort Duquesne (1754, 1758), 529-531, 552, 1221, 1633 Fort Erie (1813), 472 Fort Frederick (1983), 628 Fort George (1813), 472 Fort Henry (1862), 60, 529, 614 Fort Jesus, Siege of (1696-1698), 1151 Fort Laramie, Treaty of (1851), 1425 Fort Laramie, Treaty of (1868), 69, 1426-1427 Fort Meigs (1813), 664 Fort Mims (1813), 472 Fort Necessity (1754), 1398 Fort Oswego (1756), 571 Fort Phil Kearny (1866), 69 Fort Pillow (1864), 529 Fort Richelieu (1642), 756 Fort Rupert (1983), 627 Fort Stanwix, Treaty of (1768), 71 Fort Sumter (1861), 58, 178, 531-532 Fort Ticonderoga (1758), 532, 1038, 1399 Fort Ticonderoga (1775), 49, 73, 125, 532-534 Fort William Henry (1757), 1038 Fortifications, 351, 355, 478, 534, 1591; Egypt, 465 Foscari, Francesco, 1594 Fossa-nuova (1373), 709 Foster, John M., 190 Four Courts (1922), 363 Fourteen Points (Woodrow Wilson), 1656 Fourth Coalition, War of the, 565 Fox (Native Americans), 71 France, 544, 701; in the Abenaki Wars, 5; in the American Revolution, 72, 243; in Austro-Swiss Wars, 150; and Ayutthaya, 1409; in the Carnatic Wars, 281; in the Crimean War, 393; in the Crusades, 397; in the Franco-Austrian War, 536; in the Franco-Burgundian Wars, 537; in the Franco-Spanish War, 539; in the French and Indian War, 550; in the French Colonial Wars, 552; in the French Revolutionary Wars, 559; in German Wars of Unification, 592; in the Hundred Years' War, 701; in the Indochina War, 731; in the Iroquois-French Wars, 756; in the Italian Wars, 768; in Italian Wars of Unification, 769; Muslim conquest of, 1070; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; in the Opium Wars, 1154; in the Revolutions of 1830-1831, 1284; in the Revolutions of 1848, 1285; in the Seven Years' War, 1396; in the Suez War, 1481; in the Thirty Years' War, 1129, 1301, 1527, 1529; in the Valois-Habsburg Wars, 1589; Viking invasion of, 1303, 1612; in the War of the Austrian Succession, 149; in the War of the Grand Alliance, 611; in the War of the Quadruple Alliance, 1255; in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1461; in the Wars of the Fronde, 566; in World War I, 1650; in World War II, 1656 France (1940), 32, 338, 534-535, 607, 635, 680, 933, 947, 1318, 1324, 1664 Francia, José Gaspar Rodríguez de, 870, 1562 Francis I (king of France), 89, 207, 301, 319, 441, 704, 769, 961, 982, 1042, 1163, 1172, 1483, 1589 Francis II (Holy Roman emperor), 231, 795, 1588 Francis Ferdinand, 527, 1651 Francis of Guise, 994 Franco, Francisco, 174, 535-536, 635, 1456, 1640, 1659; and the Carlists, 281 Franco, Ricardo, 365 Franco-Austrian War, 536-537, 873, 978 Franco-Burgundian Wars, 318, 537-538, 613, 1044 Franco-Dutch War, 173, 547, 919 Franco-German War, 538-539 Franco-Mandinka Wars, 1362 Franco-Prussian War, 189, 577, 594, 674, 994, 1031, 1381, 1388 Franco-Spanish War, 370, 396, 539-541, 567, 1571 François, duke of Anjou, 563 Frankish Civil Wars, 317, 541-542 Frankish-Moorish Wars, 317, 543-544, 1550 Franklin (1864), 695 Franklin, Benjamin, 1238 Franks, 16, 284, 307, 318, 544, 936, 1092, 1313, 1519, 1619; in the Burgundian-Frankish Wars, 243; in the Franco-German War, 538; in Frankish-Moorish Wars, 543; in the Wars of Charlemagne, 315 Franois, Hermann von, 972, 1503 Franz Josef I, 592, 772, 1287, 1437 Frederick I (king of Denmark and Norway), 815 Frederick I (king of Prussia), 617 Frederick I (king of Sweden), 618 Frederick I Barbarossa (Holy Roman emperor), 400, 544-545, 587, 687, 689, 884, 910, 1281, 1415 Frederick II (Holy Roman emperor), 209, 400, 545-546, 587, 687, 689, 916 Frederick II (king of Prussia), 418 Frederick II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 1381 Frederick III (Holy Roman emperor), 151, 199, 536, 651, 710, 973 Frederick III (king of Prussia), 419 Frederick III of Denmark, 1139 Frederick IV (king of Denmark and Norway), 320, 617 Frederick IV (king of Germany). See Frederick III (Holy Roman emperor) Frederick IV, duke of Holstein-Gottorp, 617 Frederick V of the Palatinate, 1528, 1644 Frederick Augustus I, elector of Saxony. See Augustus II (king of Poland) Frederick Henry, prince of Orange and count of Nassau, 218 Frederick of Saxony, 199 Frederick the Great, 149, 231, 546-548, 684, 891, 1211, 1300, 1323, 1396, 1548 Frederick the Handsome (duke of Austria), 588, 916 Frederick von Staufen, duke of Swabia, 587 Frederick William I (king of Prussia), 149, 548, 618 Frederick William II (king of Prussia), 231 Frederick William III (king of Prussia), 373, 604, 795 Frederick William IV (king of Prussia), 1286 Frederick William, the Great Elector, 547-548, 1138 Fredericksburg (1862), 61, 252, 548-549, 882, 1009 Frederiksodde (1657), 1139 Fredrikshald (1718), 321 Free French forces, 581, 1658 Free Officers, 468, 1079, 1123, 1350 FRELIMO. See Mozambique Liberation Front Frémont, John C., 287, 821, 998, 1223 French, John, 549-550, 862, 1653 French Africa, 574, 802 French-Algerian Guerrilla War, 4 French and Indian War, 6, 49, 211, 214, 280, 529, 532, 550-552, 571, 578, 698, 915, 1037-1038, 1205, 1221-1222, 1258, 1397, 1633, 1648; chemical and biological warfare, 323 French Colonial Wars, 4, 183, 552-556, 574 French colonialism; Africa, 304, 1362; Algeria, 183; Cambodia, 1409; Haiti, 654, 1551; Indochina, 731; Laos, 866, 1409; North America, 1398 French East India Company, 281 French Foreign Legion, 281, 556-557 French Resistance, 581 French Revolution, 557-559, 863, 1060, 1086, 1435; conscription, 375; effect on Haiti, 1552; impact on Haiti, 553 French Revolutionary Wars, 6-7, 43, 230, 273, 283, 346, 353, 469, 559-562, 685, 697, 793, 810, 839, 865, 883, 909, 960, 1087, 1112, 1165, 1251, 1297, 1444, 1486, 1550, 1588, 1639, 1699 French Wars of Religion, 89, 311, 361, 562-565, 643, 774, 860, 1042, 1199, 1292, 1590 Frenchman's Butte (1885), 1297 Frenchtown (1813), 471 Frente da Luta Pela Independencia Nacional da Guine-Bissau, 641 Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola, 96, 98 Frente Popular Para la Liberación de Saguia el-Hamra y Río de Oro, 1640 Freyberg, Bernard C., 393 Fribourgers, 874 Friedland (1807), 37, 565-566, 865, 1086, 1089, 1112 Friedrich Karl, 995 Friendly Brotherhood, 625 Frigidus (394), 1308 Frisson, Laokein Barde, 306 Fritigern, 13 Frobisher, Martin, 95 FROLINAT. See Chad National Liberation Front From Here to Eternity (Jones), 904 Fronde, Wars of the, 370, 541, 566-567, 919, 1571 Front d'Action pour l'Instauration de la Démocracie au Tchad, 306 Frontiers (1914), 1651 Frost, John, 124 Fry, Joseph, 411 Fuenterrabía (1524), 55 Fuentes de Onoro (1811), 972, 1085, 1639 Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. See Revolutionary Armed Forces Fujigawa (1180), 582 Fujimori, Alberto, 1192 Fulani, 640, 817, 1586 Fulford Gate (1066), 1473 Fulin. See Shun Zhi Fulk III Nerra, 568 Full Metal Jacket (Kubrick), 514 Fuller, J. F. C., 568-569, 635, 1488, 1500 Funan and Chenla, 569-570 Furnes (1793), 7 Future of War in Its Technical, Economic, and Political Relations, The (Bloch), 740 G Gabbard Bank (1653), 87, 1567 Gad Ali, 441 Gaeta, Siege of (1503-1504), 509, 1100 Gage, Thomas, 72, 242, 571, 698, 892, 1223 Gai Long. See Nguyen Anh Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, 1386 Gaines Mill (1862). See Seven Days' Battles (1862) Gairy, Eric, 627 Gaius Octavius. See Augustus Gajah Mada, 1469 Galba (Roman commander), 297 Galba, Servius Sulpicius (Roman emperor), 1312 Galerius, 1308, 1314 Gall, 906 Galleons, 1101, 1631 Galleys, 571, 1096, 1630 Gallic Wars, 35, 266, 572-573, 1058, 1597 Galliéni, Joseph-Simon, 573-574, 919 Gallienus, 1307, 1313 Gallipoli Campaign (1915-1916), 140, 337, 574-576, 1572, 1653 Gallus, Cestius, 798 Gallwitz, Max von, 995 Galtieri, Leopold, 504, 576 Galvanic, Operation (1943), 1506 Gama, Vasco da, 1228 Gamarra, Agustín, 1193 Gamelin, Maurice, 534, 576-577 Gandhi, Indira, 725 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 81, 228, 728, 862 Gao Jiong, 1423 Gao Xianzhi, 1496 Gaozong, 1423 Gaozu. See Lu Bang García III, 339, 1275 García, Alán, 1191 García, Calixto, 411 Garcia, Carlos P., 933 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 215, 577-578, 770, 1287 Garigliano (1503), 769 Garnier, Francis, 556 Garrapata (1876), 364 Garrison, 578 Garrison, William F., 1438 Garza, Carlos de la, 1522 Gaston de Foix, 1271 Gates, Horatio, 75, 125, 242, 272, 578-579, 849, 965, 1372 Gatling guns, 134, 522 Gattamelata, Erasmo da Narni, 1595 Gauda (605-606?), 665 Gaugamela (331 b.c.e.), 38, 41, 579-581 Gaul, 284, 496, 543-544, 1464, 1597; in the Gallic Wars, 572; unification of, 1619 Gaulle, Charles de, 581-582, 635, 1194, 1664 Gaza (312 b.c.e.), 1245 Gaza (305), 429, 1712 Gaza (1967), 1428 Gaza Strip (1967), 1260 Gazacca (591), 262 Geertruidenberg, Siege of (1593), 976 Geffrard, Nicholas-Fabre, 656 Gelimer, 182, 812, 1590 Gellhorn, Martha, 1628 Gelon, 288, 433 Gemayel, Bashir, 879 Gembloux (1578), 439, 454, 1169 Geminus, Servilius, 864 Gempei War, 582-583, 1020, 1364 Genale Wenz (1936), 767 General staff, 584 Geneva Conference (1954), 358, 430, 683, 733, 1602, 1618 Geneva Conventions, 488, 584, 1126, 1236 Geneva Protocol, 324 Genghis Khan, 332, 424, 585-586, 854, 1033, 1148, 1677 Genoa, 441; in the Venetian-Genoese Wars, 1592 Genoa (1800), 972 Genoa-Barbary Pirate Clashes, 440 Genocide/ethnic cleansing, 344, 586, 725, 1348, 1626, 1668, 1686; Armenians, 114; in Cambodia, 270; Guatemala, 634 Genseric, 1314, 1519, 1590 Geoffrey II Martel, 568, 1646 Geoffrey Grisegonelle, 568 George I (king of England), 73, 618 George II (king of Greece), 623 George III (king of England), 231, 1087 George V (king of England), 90 George VI (king of England), 1433 Georgia (1578), 1577 Georgiyevsk, Treaty of (1783), 1230 Gepids, 308 Geren Gurum Be Ujire Genggiyen. See Nurhaci Gergovia (52 b.c.e.), 1597 German Afrika Corps, 1665 German Civil War of 939-941, 1158 German Civil War of 1077-1214, 208, 586-588 German Civil War of 1314-1325, 588-589, 685 German Civil War of 1400-1411, 589-590, 685 German Colonial Wars, 590-592 German East Africa, 890 German High Seas Fleet, 813 German Reich, 189 German Rhineland, 680, 1658 German Wars of Unification, 188, 592-595 Germanic tribes, 86, 544 Germaniceia (746), 377 Germanicus Caesar, 1516 Germanius, 262 Germantown (1777), 75, 595-596, 626, 698, 1247, 1634 Germany, 1240; chemical and biological warfare, 324; in the Crusades, 397; economic warfare, 456; in the Franco-German War, 538; in the Franco-Spanish War, 539; in German Wars of Unification, 592; Magyar invasion of, 880; in the Revolutions of 1848, 1285; in the Samoan Civil Wars, 1361; in the Thirty Years' War, 647, 1527, 1530; in World War I, 1650; in World War II, 1656 Geronimo, 70, 108, 596, 1010 Gettysburg (1863), 61, 413, 596-598, 615, 660, 674, 695, 883, 914, 981, 1202, 1478 Ghagra River (1529), 158, 160 Ghanaian Empire, 53, 598-599 Ghazdivan (1512), 158 Ghazi Molla, 1332 Ghazna, 935 Ghaznavid Empire, 599-601; and Muhammad of Ghor, 1055; founding of, 263 Ghazni (1738), 1183 Ghent, Pacification of (1576), 439, 454 Ghent, Treaty of (1815), 170, 473 Ghibellines, 526, 916 Ghilzais, 1183 Ghiyā al-Dīn Balban, 424 Ghiyas-ud-dīn of Ghor, 1054 Ghorid sultanate, 423 Ghost Dance, 70, 1426-1427 Ghost of Napoleon, The (Liddell Hart), 898 Gibbon, John, 69, 1113, 1426 Gibraltar, Siege of (1779-1783), 601 Gikuyu, 974 Gilbert, Walter Raleigh, 328, 509, 1434 Gilbert of Lorraine, Duke, 539 Gio, 897 Girondins, 558, 560 Giustiniani, Giovanni, 380 Giustiniani, Taddeo, 709 Giyanti, Treaty of (1755), 792 Gizenga, Antoine, 372 Glaspie, April, 645 Glatz, Siege of (1760), 629 Glen Máma (999), 219 Glendower, Owen, 601-602, 671 Glendower's Revolt, 602-603, 671 Global Positioning System, 369 Glorious Revolution, 89, 755, 779 Gneisenau, August von, 194, 603-604, 1636 Go Tell the Spartans (Post), 514 Goa, 1227 Goa (1510), 34 Gobind Singh, 1028, 1265 Gobir, 1586 Go-Daigo, 781 Godard, Yves Jean A. N., 48 Goddard, Robert, 169 Godegisel, 244 Godfrey of Bouillon, 45, 104, 797 Gododdin, The (Aneirin), 293 Godongwana. See Dingiswayo Goebbels, Joseph, 324, 1241 Go-Kamatsu, 781 Golan Heights (1967), 762, 1260, 1429 Golan Heights (1973), 604-605, 759 Golconda; in the Mogul Conquest of the Deccan, 1025; in the Vijayanagar Wars, 1609 Golconda (1687), 146, 956, 1026, 1265 Gold Coast; British colonialism in, 223 Golden Horde, 1326; War with the, 773 Golden Spurs (1302), 388 Goliad, First (1835), 1521 Goliad, Second (1836), 1522 Goltz, Kolmar von der, 519, 857 Gomes, Raimundo, 216 Gómez, Laureano Eleuterio, 365 Gómez y Báez, Máximo, 410-411 Gonçalves da Silva, Bento, 215 Gone with the Wind (Mitchell), 902 Gonzaga, Francesco, 768 Gonzales (1835), 1521 González, Dionisio, 690 Gonzalez, Felipe, 174 González, Manuel, 1001 Gonzalo, 1275 Good Neighbor Policy, 1368 Goodbye to All That (Graves), 679 Goose Green (1982), 504, 576, 605-606 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 359, 1335-1336, 1449-1450 Gorchakov, Aleksander Mikhailovich, 1332 Gorchakov, Mikhail, 395, 741 Gordian I, 1307 Gordian II, 1307 Gordian III, 1307, 1401 Gordian Knot, Operation (1970-1973), 1051 Gordon, Charles George, 10, 224, 606-607, 827, 895, 1053, 1649 Gorge of the Saw (237 b.c.e.), 658, 1249 Goring, George, 969 Göring, Hermann, 221, 607-608, 1472 Gorlice-Tarnow (1915), 608, 930, 1119, 1389 Gort, John, 534 Gorthyn, 293 Gothic War, 181, 608-609, 811, 1091, 1158, 1494 Goths, 13, 182, 609-610, 812, 1092, 1310, 1313, 1475, 1519, 1616 Gotland (1676), 810 Go-Toba, 781 Gough, Hubert, 1616 Gough, Hugh, 273, 328, 509, 643, 1434 Government, military vs. civilian control of, 1435 Government House (1983), 627 Gowon, Yakubu, 610-611, 1122 Goya, Francisco de, 131 Goyathlay. See Geronimo Gqokoli Hill (1819), 1702 Gracchus, Cloelius, 342 Graham, John, 278 Graham, John, Viscount Dundee, 833 Grahamstown (1812), 278 Grahovo (1858), 1040 Gran Colombia, 363 Granada, 1276 Granada (1492), 508, 1276 Granada (1855), 1114, 1622 Grand Alliance, 611, 617 Grand Alliance, War of the, 173, 177, 211, 355, 496, 611-612, 757, 833, 860, 914, 919, 966, 1462, 1591 Grand Slam, Operation (1965), 725 Granicus (334 b.c.e.), 38, 41, 612-613 Granson (1476), 318, 538, 613, 1044 Grant, James (American soldier), 1522 Grant, James Hope (British soldier), 730, 1649 Grant, Ulysses S., 60, 108, 356, 413, 529, 614-615, 679, 900, 981, 1196, 1321, 1404-1405, 1466, 1600, 1645 Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de, 56 Grasse-Tilly, Count, 615-616, 1300-1301, 1682 Gratian, 1308 Grau, Miguel, 1166 Grau San Martín, Ramón, 407 Gravelines (1558), 114, 616, 1590 Graves, Robert, 679 Graves, Thomas, 616, 1682 Gravity's Rainbow (Pynchon), 904 Graziani, Rodolfo, 767, 1416 Great Britain; in the Cod War, 353; in World War I, 1650 Great Mongols, 585 Great Northern War, 320, 548, 612, 617-618, 1092, 1195, 1219-1220, 1342 Great Plains (204 b.c.e.), 1250, 1385 Great Terror, 559 Great Trek, 852 Great Trench (seventh century b.c.e.), 993 Great Wall of China, 332-333, 618-619, 1016, 1629 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 1547 Grebionka, Vasily, 1327 Grechko, Andrei, 1424 Greco-Persian Wars, 84, 141, 341, 619-621, 957, 1185, 1208, 1356, 1525, 1669-1670 Greco-Turkish War, 139, 621-622, 742, 1162 Greece, 165; in the Cretan Uprisings, 391; in the Greco-Persian Wars, 619; in the Greco-Turkish War, 621; Italian invasion of, 622; in the Spartan-Achaean Wars, 1464; in the Turkish War of Independence, 1572; in the Turkish Wars of European Expansion, 1574; in World War I, 1655; in World War II, 1665 Greek Christians, 872 Greek Civil War, 622-624 Greek fire, 323, 379, 888, 1069, 1097, 1101, 1631 Greek Hegemony, Wars for, 486, 890 Greek mythology, 56 Greek War of Independence, 353, 391, 624-626, 1053 Greeks, 1015; cavalry, 294; martial music, 1061; military medicine, 982; in the Trojan War, 1565; uniforms, 1582; war art, 129; warfare, 84 Green Berets, The (film), 514 Green Berets, The (Moore), 904 Green Mountain Boys, 49, 532 Greene, Nathanael, 77, 626-627, 850, 881, 1682 Greene, Samuel, 1036 Greenville, Treaty of (1795), 505 Greenwich, Treaty of (1543), 94 Gregory V (Greek martyr), 625 Gregory VII, Pope, 586, 688, 1298 Gregory IX, Pope, 689 Gregory XI, Pope, 670 Grenada (1569-1570), 1200 Grenada Invasion, 627-628, 1383 Grenadier, 628 Gressart, Perrinet, 800 Grey, George, 224 Grey, Lady Jane, 1139 Grey, Reginald de, 602 Grey Lock, 6 Grey Lock's War, 6 Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste Vacquette de, 628-629 Grivas, George, 416 Grochow (1831), 1214 Groningen, Siege of (1594), 976 Grosmont (1405), 603 Gross, Samuel D., 984 Grossbeeren (1813), 446, 1090 Grotius, Hugo, 630, 876, 1624 Grouchy, Emmanuel, 685, 1635 Grozny (1994), 1337 Guadalajara (1858), 1000 Guadalajara (1914), 1002 Guadalajara (1930), 630 Guadalajara (1937), 1457 Guadalajara, Siege of (1861), 1000 Guadalcanal (1942-1943), 631-632, 658, 1665 Guadalete (711), 1070, 1507 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848), 107, 999 Guai Ling (341 b.c.e.), 1629 Guam, 1452 Guam (1944), 632-633 Guanabara Bay (1894), 217 Guanajuato (1810), 870, 1004 Guang Wudi, 331 Guangxi clique, 896 Guangzhou (1857), 1155 Guard, 633 Guasco, Reniero del, 709 Guatemala, 299; civil unrest in, 633-634 Guatemotzín. See Cuauhtemóc Guazu. See Li Yuan Guderian, Heinz, 234, 534, 569, 634-635, 1045, 1432, 1500 Guelphs, 526, 916 Guelta Zemmour (1981), 1641 Guernica (Picasso), 131, 636 Guernica, bombing of (1937), 635-636, 1457 Guerrero, Vicente, 870, 1004 Guerrière, HMS, 701 Guerrilla Army of the Poor, 633 Guerrilla warfare, 119, 636-639, 1018; Afghanistan, 1448; in the Anglo-Irish War, 90; Angola, 97-98; Burma, 248; and Fidel Castro, 291; Chechnya, 1337; and Cochise, 352; and Michael Collins, 362; Colombia, 365, 1532; Cuba, 411; Cyprus, 416; Dutch East Indies, 736; El Salvador, 1359; and Giuseppe Garibaldi, 577; and Geronimo, 596; in Glendower's Revolt, 602; Guatemala, 633; and Che Guevara, 639; Guinea-Bissau, 641; in Haiti, 553; Israel, 761; in the Italian Colonial Wars, 767; Kenya, 975; Malaysia, 938; and Mao Zedong, 951; in Maroon Wars, 450; and Napoleonic Wars, 1046, 1090; Nicaragua, 1116; Peru, 1191; Philippines, 700, 933; Poland, 1211; Rwanda, 1348; and Tito, 1543; Venezuela, 1596; Vietnam, 683; in World War I, 874, 890; in World War II, 623; Zimbabwe, 1695 Guerrilla Warfare (Guevara), 640 Guevara, Che, 291, 408, 639-640, 1018 Guilford Courthouse (1781), 78, 385, 626, 881 Guinea-Bissauan War of Independence, 640-643 Guinegate (1479), 537, 979 Guise, François de Lorraine, second duke of, 89, 267, 563, 643 Guise, Henri de Lorraine, duke of, 563 Guise, Louis, cardinal of, 565 Gujerat (1297), 424 Gujerat (1849), 643-644 Gulbarga (1512), 1609 Gulf of Tonkin resolution, 1604 Gulf War, 110, 187, 644-646, 714, 753, 1230, 1383; chemical and biological warfare, 324; electronic warfare, 477; films depicting, 515; war reporting, 1628 Gulf War syndrome, 984 Gulnabad (1722), 1183 Guncotton, 497, 1243 Gundimar, 244 Gundobad, 244, 544 Gunpowder, 118, 169, 479, 519, 739, 1100, 1243, 1299, 1492; and Babur, 158 Guns of August, The (Tuchman), 679 Guntram, 244 Guo Ziyi, 82 Guomindang. See Nationalist Party Gupta Empire, 646-647, 1363; wars of expansion, 646, 1363 Gupta-Hun war, 646 Gurais (1948), 727 Gurdespur, Siege of (1715-1716), 1028 Gurjura Pratiharas, 936 Gurney, Henry, 938 Gustav III, 1344 Gustav IV Adolph, 1345 Gustav Line, 107, 1039 Gustavus I Vasa, 418, 815 Gustavus II Adolphus, 219, 647-648, 739, 816, 918, 931, 1215, 1343, 1434, 1436, 1529, 1539, 1582, 1623 Guthrum, 458 Guy, King, 11 Guy of Brienne, Count, 1646 Guy of Dampierre, count of Flanders, 388 Güyük, 1034 Guzmán, Abimael, 1191 Gwalior, 936 Gwalior (1780), 956 Gwalior (1858), 730 Gylippus, 1489 Györ (1683), 152 Györ (1956), 706 Gyulai, Franz, 772, 1437 H Haakon the Good, 1487 Haapalainen, Eero, 519 Habash, George, 649 Habib, Philip C., 879 Habré, Hisseine, 305 Habsburg-Bohemian War, 650-651 Habsburg Dynastic War, 651-652 Habsburg Dynasty, 150, 650, 687, 851 Habsburgs, 152, 320, 540, 650, 914, 978, 1286, 1292, 1325, 1462, 1601; in the German Civil War of 1314-1325, 588; and Germany, 1527; and Valois, 537, 1589 Habyarimana, Juvénal, 1348 Hadath (807), 666 Hadrian, 652-653, 799, 1313, 1557 Hadrian III, Pope, 314 Hadrian IV, Pope, 689, 1415 Hadrian's Wall, 652, 1400 Hāfiz, Ahmed, 1161 Haganah, 760, 1697 Hagi Rebellion, 1125 Hague, Treaty of The (1720), 1256 Hague Peace Conference, Second, 434 Haicheng (1894-1895), 666 Haig, Alexander M., 653-654 Haig, Douglas, 79, 527, 654, 862, 1440, 1653, 1684 Hail Mary offensive (1991), 645 Haile Selassie, 490-491, 767 Hainburg, Siege of (1482), 710 Haiphong (1946), 731 Haiti; in the French Colonial Wars, 552; in the Santo Domingan Revolution, 1370 Haitian Civil War, 654-655 Haitian Insurrections, 655-657 Haji Mirza Aghasi, 1183 Wajj, al-. See 4Umar Tal Hakim, al-. See Habash, George Halberd, 657 Halberstadt (1809), 231 Haliartus (395 b.c.e.), 920 Halidon Hill (1333), 464 Halil Pasha, 181 Halleck, Henry W., 657, 900, 1404 Hallule (691 b.c.e.), 1392 Halsey, William F., 632, 657-658, 893, 1467 Halsingborg, First (1362), 420 Halsingborg, Second (1369), 420 Halys River (547 b.c.e.), 1185 Hamadān (1730), 1078 Hamdānid Dynasty, 258 Hamdānid War, 1119 Hamidi, Ibrahim al-, 1680 Hamilcar Barca, 658-659, 661, 1248-1249 Hamilcar the Magonid, 288 Hamilton, Alexander, 1643 Hamilton, Frank Hastings, 984 Hamilton, Henry, 1372 Hamilton, Ian, 574, 659, 1653 Hamilton, James, second earl of Arran, 94 Hamilton, James, third marquess and first duke of, 1234 Hamina, Treaty of (1809), 1345 Hammarskjöld, Dag, 371, 1585 Hammurabi, 161 Hamza Bey, 1332 Han Chinese, 1629; and Muslim unrest in China, 1071 Han Dynasty, 310 Han Qinhu, 1674 Han Wudi, 331, 659-660 Hancock, Winfield S., 597, 660-661 Hancock Expedition, 413 Hangö (1918), 519 Hangzhou (1276), 854 Hankou (1911), 335 Hankow (1926), 329 Hannibal, 276, 293, 500, 659, 661-662, 864, 927, 958, 1109, 1249, 1361, 1384, 1464, 1558, 1688; and elephants, 101 Hannibal Barca. See Hannibal Hannibal Gisco, 1248 Hanno, 276 Hanoi (1802), 1608 Hanoi (1946), 731 Hanoi, Sack of (1371), 311 Hanover (1803), 1087 Hanseatic League, 815, 1379, 1526; in the Danish Wars with the Hanseatic League, 419 Harsa. See Harsha Harsavardhana. See Harsha Harakar (1464), 1379 Harald Finehair, 1487 Harald III Hardraade. See Harold III Hardraade Haram (1128), 803 Haran (610), 161 Harappan civilization, 135 Hardee, William J., 1375 Hardinge, Henry, 509 Harer (1977), 492 Harfleur (1415), 671 Hargeysa (1988), 1438 Hargobind, 1028 Harihara II, 1610 Harivarman IV, 829, 1607 Harkins, Paul, 1602 Harmer, Josiah, 68, 71, 505 Harold II Godwinson, 226, 667, 1131, 1473, 1614, 1646 Harold III Hardraade, 226, 667, 1131, 1473 Harpers Ferry (1862), 662 Harris, Arthur Travers, 662-663 Harris, George, 1076 Harrison, William Henry, 69, 471, 663-665, 1509, 1525 Harsha, 309, 665; in the Chalukyan Wars, 308 Harsha-Vardhana. See Harsha Harshavarman III, 829 Hartford, Treaty of (1638), 1178 Hārūn ar-Rashid, 257, 665-666 Harzer, Walter, 124 Hasan, 1064 Hasdrubal (son of Hanno), 276, 1109, 1248 Hasdrubal Barca, 659, 661, 1385 Hasdrubal Gisco, 1385 Hase River (783), 317 Hasegawa, Yoshimichi, 666 Hastings (1066), 226, 666-668, 738, 1131, 1646 Hastings, Warren, 956 Hastivarman of Vengi, 1363 Hatfield (633), 87 Hatra (115), 1557 Hatra, Siege of (198), 1400 Hattin (1187), 11, 399, 668, 1355 Hattusili I, 681 Hattusili III, 682 Hatvan (1544), 705 Hausa, 1121, 1587 Havana, Siege of (1762), 280 Havelock, Henry, 296, 730 Hawaii, 1452 Hawaiian Wars, 668-670 Hawke, Edward, 1259 Hawkins, John, 95, 445 Hawkwood, John, 670 Hay-Herran, Treaty of (1903), 1533 Haydar Ali, 1075 Hayfield Fight (1867), 389, 1426 Hearst, William, 1240 Heartbreak Ridge (1952), 848 Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, 691, 1495 Hebron (1929), 1697 Hebrus (1352), 254 Hedgehog, 874 Hédouville, Theodore, 1552 Heikei War. See Gempei War Heilbronn, League of, 540 Heinrici, Gotthard, 185 Heister, Lorenz, 983 Helen of Troy, 1565 Heliopolis (640), 81, 1068 Heliopolis (1800), 562, 840 Hell Is for Heroes (Seigel), 514 Hell's Angels (Hughes), 511 Hellenic League, 40 Helsinki (1918), 519 Helvetic Confederation, 1087 Helvetii, 266, 572 Hemingway, Ernest, 903, 1627 Heng Samrin, 269 Hengist, 86, 1378 Hennersdorf (1745), 150 Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, viscount of Turenne. See Turenne Henry I (king of England), 1130 Henry I (king of France), 568, 1646 Henry I (king of Germany), 539 Henry II (king of Castile), 1226 Henry II (king of England), 670-671, 1198 Henry II (king of France), 89, 208, 361, 563, 616, 643, 769, 994, 1042, 1352, 1589 Henry III (king of England), 172, 463, 482 Henry III (king of France), 361, 563 Henry IV (Holy Roman emperor), 586, 688, 1129, 1298 Henry IV (king of Castile), 290 Henry IV (king of England), 602, 671, 1321 Henry IV (king of France), 311, 563, 775 Henry V (Holy Roman emperor), 586, 689 Henry V (king of England), 20, 537, 602-603, 671, 703, 800, 1321 Henry V (Shakespeare), 901 Henry VI (Holy Roman emperor), 545, 587, 689 Henry VI (king of England), 1321, 1520, 1553 Henry VI (king of France), 1156 Henry VII (Holy Roman emperor), 525, 588, 916 Henry VII (king of England), 204, 1291, 1323 Henry VIII (king of England), 88, 93-94, 207, 301, 319, 525, 769, 1439, 1589; maps and cartography, 952 Henry, duke of Anjou, 861 Henry, Hubert Joseph, 447 Henry, prince of Prussia, 684 Henry of Burgundy, 1274 Henry of Flanders, 872 Henry of Trastamara. See Henry II (king of Castile) Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, 545, 587, 689 Heraclea (280 b.c.e.), 1252 Heraclea (806), 666 Heracles, 56, 442, 920 Heraclius, 671-672, 1374 Herakleopolis, 464 Herat (1732), 1183 Herat (1838), 1183 Hercules. See Heracles Hereford (760), 1147 Herero, 591 Hermannstadt (1442), 707 Herod the Great, 798 Herodotus, 677, 958, 1190; and cryptography, 402 Herrera, Benjamín, 1533 Hersey, John, 1628 Hersh, Seymour, 1628 Hertaing, Daniel van, 1157 Herter, Wilhelm, 1044 Hertford, earl of. See Seymour, Edward, earl of Hertford Heruli, 1313 Heruo Bi, 1674 Herzl, Theodor, 1696 Herzog, Chaim, 672-673 Heutsz, Johannes Benedictus van, 451 Hezekiah of Judah, 1392 Hicetas, 1539 Hicks, William, 1053 Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, 870, 1003 Hiero of Syracuse, 1248 Higgins, Marguerite, 1628 Highlanders, 833 Highway to Hell (1991), 645 Hill, A. P., 597, 673-674 Hill, Harry W., 1506 Himera (480 b.c.e.), 288, 433 Hims (1280), 943 Hindenburg, Paul von, 674-675, 680, 917, 972, 1503, 1598, 1651 Hindenburg Line, 270, 1616 Hindenburg Line (1918), 1655 Hindus; and the conquests of Muhammad of Ghor, 1055. See also Religion and war Hipper, Franz von, 813 Hippocrates of Gela, 288 Hippolyta, 57 Hippolyte, Florvil, 656 Hippou Akra (308 b.c.e.), 19 Hirohito, 675-676, 1126, 1142 Hiroshima (Hersey), 1628 Hiroshima, bombing of, 499, 1142, 1668 Hirota, Koki, 1510 Hispania, 543 History, The (Herodotus), 402, 677 History, military, 568, 676-680, 809 History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides), 677 History of the Peninsular War (Oman), 1085 History of the Second World War (Liddell Hart), 898 History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France (Napier), 1085 History of Warfare, A (Keegan), 679 Hitler, Adolf, 185, 220, 238, 324, 338, 393, 439, 569, 607, 635, 674, 680-681, 801, 822, 856, 886, 948, 1210, 1263, 1288, 1318, 1324, 1389, 1433, 1471-1472, 1478, 1658, 1697; and Benito Mussolini, 1073 Hittite Empire, 681-682 Hittites, 161, 465, 713 Hlobane (1879), 1700 HMX, 499 Ho Chi Minh, 430, 682-684, 731, 1618 Hoa Binh (1952), 733 Hobkirk's Hill (1781), 626 Hochkirch (1758), 546, 684, 1398 Hodges, Courtney, 213, 1288 Hoffmann, Max, 674, 1503 Hofi, Yitzhak, 605 Hohenfriedberg (1745), 150 Hohenlinden (1800), 562, 685, 960, 1112 "Hohenlinden" (Campbell), 901 Hohenlohe, Friedrich Ludwig, 795 Hohenstaufen Dynasty, 545, 690 Hōjō Masako, 781 Hōjō Sōun, 782 Hōjō Ujitsuna, 783 Hollenzollern, Albrecht von, 1518 Holocaust, 1625, 1665 Holowczyn (1708), 320 Holstein; in the Danish Wars with the Hanseatic League, 419 Holy Land, 45, 127, 397, 1289, 1355 Holy League, 33, 93, 506, 563, 981 Holy League, War of the, 438, 824, 929, 1100, 1270 Holy Roman Empire, 285, 315, 545, 586, 588-589, 609, 611, 685-687, 795, 934, 1158; end of, 1089; in the Habsburg-Bohemian War, 650; in the Hungarian War with the Holy Roman Empire, 710; in the Italian Wars, 768; Papacy Wars, 685, 688-690; in the Thirty Years' War, 219, 1128, 1527, 1538; in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1461; in the Wars of the Lombard League, 910 Homburg on the Unstrut (June 9, 1075), 586 Homer, 738 Homma, Masaharu, 175 Homs (1832), 468 Hondeshoote (1793), 560 Honduras, 299; in the Honduran-Nicaraguan War of 1907, 690-691 Hong Xiuquan, 691-692, 1495, 1675 Hongwu. See Zhu Yuanzhang Honoria, Justa Grata, 145 Honorius III, Pope, 689 Honorius, Flavius, 32, 1475 Honors and awards, military, 692-694 Hood, John Bell, 66, 143, 597, 694-695, 1094, 1375 Hood, Samuel, 1550, 1682 Hooker, Joseph, 61, 312, 549, 695-696, 1645 Hoover, Herbert, 921, 1476 Hoplites, 85, 696 Horev, Operation (1948), 761 Hormisdas IV, 262 Horn, Gustav, 1128 Horn, Klas Kristersson, 418, 815 Horrocks, Brian, 124 Horsa, 1378 Horses, 100, 294, 985 Horseshoe Bend (1814), 472, 697, 777 Hosokawa Katsumoto, 782, 1152 Hostage, 696 Hotchkiss, Jed, 953 Hötzendorf, Franz Conrad von, 232, 758 Houchard, Jean Nicolas, 560 Houston, Sam, 30, 696-697, 996, 1365, 1522 Howard, Charles, second baron of Effingham, 95, 114 Howard, Oliver O., 352, 1113 Howard, Thomas I, 93, 525 Howe, Richard, 697-698, 1247 Howe, William, 73, 214, 242, 533, 571, 595, 698, 912, 1372, 1645 Hoysalas of Mysore, 309, 424 Hraddiste (1469), 200 Hsinbyushin, 246, 251, 1411 Hu Yubang, 1534 Huai River Basin (1948), 330 Huang Xing, 335 Huaqui (1811), 870 Huáscar, 1459 Huayna Capac, 720 Hubertusburg Peace Treaty (1763), 547 Hue (1802), 1608 Hue (1883), 556 Hue (1968), 698-699, 1604 Huerta, Victoriano, 1002, 1005, 1615 Huesca (1837), 281 Hugh the Great, 539 Hughes, Edward, 1075 Hughes-Hallet, John, 431 Huguenots, 89, 361, 547, 562, 860, 1281, 1292; massacres of, 563 Hui-Hai Campaign (1949), 1692 Hui Muslims; and Muslim unrest in China, 1071 Hukbalahap Revolt, 700-701, 933 Huks, 933; in the Hukbalahap Revolt, 700 Hull, Isaac, 701 Hull, Peggy, 1627 Humaitá (1868), 1562 Human Slaughterhouse, The (Lamszus), 902 Humaywn, 29, 1026, 1029 Humbert, Jean, 1584 Humphrey, Hubert H., 1604 Hun Invasion, 1308 Hun Sen, 269 Hundred Days, 283, 373, 422, 1112 Hundred Days' Reform, 1684 Hundred Regiments Offensive (1940), 1692 Hundred Years' War, 20, 88, 92, 267, 390, 462, 464, 670-671, 701-704, 739, 800, 987, 1110, 1156, 1209, 1281, 1431 Hung Hsiu-ch'uan. See Hong Xiuquan Hungarian Civil Wars, 704-705 Hungarian Revolt, 705-707 Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, 705 Hungarian-Turkish Wars, 707-708, 973, 1030, 1162 Hungarian-Venetian Wars, 708-710 Hungarian War with the Holy Roman Empire, 710-711 Hungary, 881; in the Habsburg-Bohemian War, 650; in the Hungarian Revolt, 705; in the Hungarian-Turkish Wars, 707; in the Hungarian-Venetian Wars, 708; in the Hungarian War with the Holy Roman Empire, 710 Hunger strikes, 1137 Hunger War, 1518 Hunkpapa Sioux, 69, 906 Huns, 16, 144, 307, 544, 610, 711-712, 1158, 1310, 1315, 1374 Hunt, Henry, 1202 Hunt, Rex, 504 Hunter, John, 983 Hunters of the Alps, 577 Hunyadi, János, 651, 707, 712, 1575 Huo Qubing, 660 Hurhachu. See Nurhaci Huron, 311, 756, 1397; in the Iroquois-French Wars, 756 Huron Confederacy, 756 Hurrian Empire, 712-713 Hurrians, 681 Hus, Jan, 199, 715, 1233, 1698 Husayn, 1065, 1069 Huseyin, 468 Hussars, 713 Hussein I, 649, 762, 1429 Hussein, Saddam, 645, 714, 747, 753, 880, 1383, 1513; chemical and biological warfare, 324 Hussein al-Daulah Murad Mirza, 1184 Hussein Ali Mirza, 1183 Hussein Pasha, 820 Husseini, Haj Amin el-, 760, 1697 Hussite Wars, 651, 714-716, 857, 1109, 1233, 1697 Hussites, 199, 1518 Hutier, Oskar von, 79 Hutu, 832, 1347 Hyakutake, Harukichi, 632 Hydaspes (326 b.c.e.), 39, 43, 716-717 Hyddgen (1401), 602-603 Hyderabad (1843), 1083 Hyderabad, ni,am of, 282, 1075 Hydrogen bomb, 1143 Hyksos, 465 Hyllus, 442 I I Accuse! (Gance), 511 "I Want You" (Flagg), 1240 Ia Drang Valley (1965), 718, 1604, 1618 IAF. See Inter-African Force Ibn Jahhaf, 340 Ibn Seif al-Yarubi, 1150 Ibn Tūmrat, 52 Ibo, 1121 Ibrāhīm (Afghan sultan), 159, 426 Ibrahim Bey, 1251 Ibrāhīm Lodī, 1168 İbrahim Pasa (Ottoman grand vizier), 1030, 1577 Ibrāhīm Pasha (Ottoman general and viceroy of Egypt), 468, 626, 1054 Ibrāhīm Pasha (Turkish general), 804 ICBM. See Intercontinental ballistic missiles Icel, 86 Iceland, in the Cod War, 353 Iceni, 206 Ichinotani (1184), 583, 1020 Ida, 86 IDF. See Israeli Defense Forces Idris Alawma, 817 Idris Alooma, 817 Ieper. See Ypres IFP. See Inkatha Freedom Party Iftikhar ad-Dawla, 797 Ignatiev, Nikolai Pavlovich, 1332 Ikhtiyar-ud-din Muhammad. See Muhammad Khalji Ikko sect, 783 Ilerda (49 b.c.e.), 267, 1305 Iliad (Homer), 129, 402, 738, 901, 1416, 1565 Ilipa (206 b.c.e.), 1250, 1385 Illyria, 927, 1199, 1464; in the Illyrian Wars, 718-719 Illyrian Revolt, 1535 Illyrian Wars, 718-719 Ilorin (1897), 224 Imagawa Yoshimoto, 1146 Imhoff, Gustaaf van, 791 Imjin River (1951), 719-720 Immortal Seven, 779 Imperialism, European, 401 Impressment, 469 In (Khmer king), 792 Inabayama (1566), 1554 Inca Empire, 720-721, 1458; and the Spanish Conquest, 1458 Inchon Landing (1950), 352, 653, 721-722, 847, 921, 1251 Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia, 897 India, 39, 1228, 1300; Alexander the Great's invasion of, 716; independence of, 1047; in the Indian Civil War, 726; in the Indian Mutiny, 729; in the Indo-Pakistani Wars, 736; Muslim conquest of, 1070; Muslim rule in, 1054-1055; Partition of (1947), 228, 723-724, 1585, 1694; Seleucus I's invasion of, 312; Tamerlane's invasion of, 1167; in the War of the Austrian Succession, 149 Indian border conflicts, 724-726, 1694 Indian Civil War, 726-727 Indian military, 727-729 Indian Mutiny, 223, 273, 295, 729-731, 1084, 1649 Indian-Sikh conflict, 1419 Indochina War, 429, 731-733, 866, 1617 Indo-Chinese Communist Party, 683 Indonesia, Republic of, 736 Indonesian Civil War, 733-734 Indonesian War of Independence, 733-736 Indo-Pakistani Wars, 725, 728, 736-738 Indravarman I, 570 Indus (1221), 585 Ine, 87 Infantry, 388, 738-741; and Charles XII, 320; at Pavia, 1172 Infantry Tactics (Scott), 1386 Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1805, The (Mahan), 934, 1017, 1103, 1107 Inkatha Freedom Party, 1082 Inkatha War, 1082 Inkerman (1854), 395, 741-742 Innocent III, Pope, 482, 587, 689, 868 Innocent IV, Pope, 690 Innocent VIII, Pope, 441 Inönü, First (1921), 622, 1573 Inönü, Second (1921), 622, 742, 1573 Inouye, Shigeyoshi, 382 INPFL. See Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia Inquisition, 1277 Insamaarkow (1824), 223 Insein (1949), 248 Insurgency Act (1798), 1584 Intaburi, 831 Intelligence, military, 369, 478, 742-746 InterAction Council of Former Heads of State and Government, 1480 Inter-African Force, 305 Interahamwe, 1348 Intercontinental ballistic missiles, 1244 Inter-Governmental Authority on Development, 1480 International Committee of the Red Cross, 1126 Internet, 369 Interregnum, 587 Intharaja I, 1523 Intifada, 110, 763, 1638 Intolerable acts. See Coercive Acts Investiture, 688 Investiture Conflict, 586 Iphicrates, 746-747 Ipsus (301 b.c.e.), 429, 1245, 1252 Iquique (1879), 1166 Iran-Iraq War, 644, 714, 747-751, 753; chemical and biological warfare, 324 Iranian Airbus A-300, accidental shooting down of, 749 Iranian military, 750-751 Iranian Revolution, 750-753 Iraq; in the Gulf War, 644; in the Iran-Iraq War, 747 Iraqi military, 753-754 Ireland, 219, 1613; in the Anglo-Irish War, 89; Danish invasion of, 348; English invasion of, 966. See also Easter Uprising (1916); Irish . . . Irene (Byzantine empress), 257 Ireton, Henry, 1093 Irgun, 760 Irgun Hahaganah. See Haganah Irgun Zvai Leumi. See Irgun Irgun Zvai Le'umi's Rebellion, 179 Irish Free State, 90 Irish Home Rule, 90 Irish Question, 754 Irish Rebellion (1867), 508 Irish Rebellion, Great, 483, 754-756, 1033 Irish Republican Army, 89, 508, 1136 Irish Republican Brotherhood, 90, 508 Irish Revolutionary Army, 1047 Irminsul, 316 Ironclads, 1036, 1102, 1106, 1631; in the Austro-Prussian War, 901; Korean, 1678, 1680 Iroquois, 5, 311; in the Iroquois-French Wars, 756-757 Iroquois Confederacy, 214, 550, 756 Iroquois-French Wars, 311, 756-757 Iryani, Abd al-Rahman al-, 1680 Isa Beg, 34 Isaac Comnenus, 264 Isabella (queen of Castile), 280, 290, 508, 1276 Isanavarman, 570 Isandhlwana (1879), 757-758, 1320, 1649, 1700 Isfahan (749), 3 Isfahan (1722), 1183-1184 Ishak Pasha, 1159 Ishaq, 1443 Ishibashiyama (1180), 582 Ishida Mitsunari, 789, 1390, 1547 Islam, 986, 1280 "Island hopping" strategy, 1124 Island Number Ten (1862), 1223 Isle of Ely (1071), 1132 Isly (1844), 4 Ismāīl I, 158, 268, 1390, 1577 Ismāīl Pasha, 391 Ismailiyya (1952), 467 Ismet Pasha, 622, 742, 1573 Isonzo, Eleven Battles of the (1915-1917), 758-759 Israel; in the Israeli-Arab Wars, 760; in the Six-Day War, 1427; in the Suez War, 1481 Israel Defense Forces, 761 Israeli-Arab October War, 422, 604, 759-760, 763, 1052, 1350, 1402, 1586; tanks, 1501 Israeli-Arab Wars, 422, 649, 760-764, 1079, 1260, 1402, 1638 Israeli military, 764-765 Israeli War for Independence, 672, 760 Israelite conquest of Canaan, 796 Issa (228 b.c.e.), 719 Issus (333 b.c.e.), 38, 41, 580, 765-766, 1579 Issus (194), 1400 Itakura Shigemasa, 1407 Italian Campaigns, 1158 Italian Colonial Wars, 766-768 Italian colonialism in Ethiopia, 13, 990 Italian East Africa, 767 Italian-Ethiopian War, 12, 990 Italian War of Independence of 1848-1849, 770 Italian Wars of 1494-1559, 440, 508, 545, 768-769, 873, 961, 978, 981-982, 1100, 1589 Italian Wars of Unification, 577, 769-773, 1436 Italy, 812, 1091; Celt invasion of, 298; in the Crusades, 397; in the French Revolutionary Wars, 559; in Italian Wars of Unification, 769; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; in the Revolutions of 1848, 1285; Visigoth invasion of, 1617; in World War I, 1655; in World War II, 1656 Italy Invasion (1943), 474, 1665 Ithome (465 b.c.e.), 993 Iturbide, Agustín de, 299, 690, 870, 1004 Iudenich, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 1329 Ivan the Great, 773-774, 1140, 1327, 1330, 1341 Ivan the Terrible, 387, 774, 907, 1215, 1330, 1342 Ivankovac (1805), 1393 Ivry (1590), 565, 774-775 Iwo Jima (1945), 775-776, 1124, 1467, 1668 Izladi (1443), 707 Izmail, Siege of (1790), 858, 1346, 1486 Izmir (1922), 622, 1574 J Jaarsveld, Adriaan van, 278 Jackson, Andrew, 472, 697, 777-778, 1111 Jackson, Stonewall, 60-61, 239-240, 312, 662, 674, 778-779, 882, 926 Jackson State University, student deaths at, 1605 Jacob, Lord Astley, 1093 Jacobins, 558 Jacobite Rebellions, 412, 611, 779-780, 833, 1256 Jacobites, 611 Jadwiga, 1517 Jaffa-Tel Aviv (1921), 1697 Jaga Invasion, 57 Jagiellonian Dynasty, 1341 Jahandar Shah, 1028-1029 Jahangir, 29, 954, 1025, 1027, 1029 Jai Chand, raja of Kanauj, 1055 Jai Singh, 955, 1264-1265 Jaime I, 1276 Jaja of Opobo, 224 Jajau (1707), 1029 Jamaica Letter, 200 Jamal Singh Bhindranwale, 1419 James I (king of Great Britain), 93 James II (king of Great Britain), 88, 178, 211, 450, 611, 779, 966, 1389, 1462 James IV (king of Scotland), 93, 525 James V (king of Scotland), 93, 525 James VIII (king of Scotland), 779 James Edward, the Old Pretender, 779, 1462 Jameson, Leander Starr, 197 Jamestown (1676), 162 Jammu and Kashmir, 726 Jan Zapolski, Treaty of (1582), 907 Janissaries, 102, 152, 268, 379, 780, 818, 1059, 1159, 1162, 1393, 1575, 1577 Jankov (1645), 1549 János Sigismund, 704 János Zápolya, 704 Japan, 1436; in the Boxer Rebellion, 210; chemical and biological warfare, 324; coastal defense of, 351; military propaganda, 1241; Mongol invasion of, 855, 1034; opening of, 1179; in the Russo-Japanese War, 1337; in the Sino-Japanese War, First, 1421; in World War I, 1652; in World War II, 1656 Japanese Civil Wars of 1331-1392, 781-782, 1364 Japanese Civil Wars of 1450-1550, 782-783, 1364 Japanese Colonial Wars, 783-786 Japanese Embassy in Lima (1996), 1192 Japanese military, 786-788, 1421 Japanese Wars of Unification, 788-789, 1078, 1146, 1157, 1364, 1390, 1547, 1554 Jarama (1937), 1457 Jarnac (1569), 361, 563 Jasinski, Jakub, 1213 Jassy, Treaty of (1792), 1212, 1346 Jaswant Rao Holkar, 956 Jaswant Singh Rathor of Marwar, 1265 Java War, Great, 450, 789-791 Javanese Wars of Succession, 791-792 Javelin, 792 Jaya Paramesvaravarman II, 1607 Jaya Sinhavarman III, 1607 Jayajettha, 1413 Jayasimha II, 337 Jayavarman I, 570 Jayavarman II, 570 Jayavarman VII, 310, 792-793, 830 Jaybird, The (Kantor), 902 Jeanne d'Arc. See Joan of Arc Jebe, 585, 1034 Jefferson, Thomas, 1563; and cryptography, 403 Jelal ud-Din, 585 Jellicoe, John, 793, 813 Jemappes (1792), 560, 793-794 Jemingen (1568), 452 Jena and Auerstädt (1806), 194, 422, 604, 794-796, 806, 1060, 1086, 1089, 1112, 1380 Jenkins's Ear, War of, 1397 Jericho (c. 1400 b.c.e.), 83, 796, 1061 Jerusalem (c. 1000 b.c.e.), 421 Jerusalem (586 b.c.e.), 161 Jerusalem (205 b.c.e.), 1491 Jerusalem (69 c.e.), 798 Jerusalem (975), 258 Jerusalem (1187), 400 Jerusalem (1917), 501, 1655 Jerusalem (1920), 1696 Jerusalem (1948), 1260 Jerusalem (1967), 1429 Jerusalem, Siege of (70 c.e.), 809 Jerusalem, Siege of (1099), 399, 487, 796-798 Jerusalem Delivered (Tasso), 901 Jewish Revolts, 343, 652, 798-799, 809, 971, 1308, 1557, 1599 Jewish State, A (Herzl), 1696 Jewish War, The (Josephus), 798, 809 Jews, 1279; banishment of, 463; in the Revolt of the Maccabees, 922; persecution of, 1274; return to Palestine, 1190; Zionism, 1697. See also Israel; Religion and war Jhangar (1947), 727 Jhansi (1858), 730 Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-Shek Jiangxi (1929), 329 Jibril ibn 4Umar, 1586 Jihad, 53, 666, 799-800, 827, 986, 1053, 1280, 1551 Jijiga (1977), 492 Jiménez, Benedicto, 1192 Jin Dynasty, 332 Jin Empire, 585; Mongol invasion of, 1033 Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 724, 726 Joan of Arc, 537, 703, 800-801, 1156, 1281 João IV, 1461 João VI, 869 Jochi, 585, 1148 Jodhpur (1678), 1265 Jodl, Alfred, 801-802 Joffre, Joseph-Jacques-Césaire, 574, 576, 802, 967, 1125, 1598, 1652 Jogaila. See Wladislaw II Jagiello Jogues, Isaac, 756 Johannes Trithemius, 743 John (king of England), 172, 208, 482, 1198 John I (king of Castile and León), 1226 John I (king of Denmark and Norway), 418, 815 John I Zimisces, 236, 258, 802-803, 1119 John II Casimir, 1138 John II Comnenus, 803 John II, the Good, 463, 1209 John III (king of Sweden), 418, 815 John III Sobieski, 152, 803-804, 1217, 1576, 1601 John III Vatatzes, 872 John V (Byzantine emperor), 260 John V Palaeologus, 253, 1574 John VI (king of Portugal), 1008 John VI Cantacuzenus, 253, 260 John VIII Palaeologus, 1575 John XII, Pope, 1159 John XIII, Pope, 1159 John, Archduke, 562, 685 John Asen II, 236 John Brown's Body (Benet), 902 John de Balliol, 91 John Frederick, elector of Saxony-Wittenberg, 1056, 1382 John of Aviz, 1226 John of Burgundy, 536-537 John of Gaunt, 1226 John the Fearless, 1574 Johnson, Francis White, 1522 Johnson, Lyndon B., 438, 886, 930, 1025, 1295, 1604, 1641; and Vietnam Conflict, 1515 Johnson, Richard M., 664 Johnson, Roosevelt, 897 Johnson, William, 1222 Johnson, Yormie, 897 Johnston, Albert Sidney, 60, 178, 804-805, 1405 Johnston, Harry, 224 Johnston, Joseph Eggleston, 60, 178, 239, 805, 882, 1396, 1478 Jomini, Antoine Henri, baron de, 805, 807 Jonathan Maccabeus, 924 Jones, Catesby ap Roger, 662, 1035 Jones, Herbert, 605 Jones, John Paul, 807-808 Jordan, in the Six-Day War, 1427 Jordan River West Bank (1967), 1429 Joselewicz, Berek, 1213 Joseph I (Holy Roman Emperor), 1463 Joseph II (Holy Roman emperor), 153 Joseph, Chief, 70, 808, 1113 Josephus, Flavius, 798, 809 Joshua, 796 Jotapata (67 c.e.), 809 Joubert, Barthélémy, 1297 Joubert, Petrus Jacobus, 205, 809-810, 862 Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, 561, 1617 Journey's End (Sherriff), 903 Joust, 810 Jovian, 1314 Joyce, George, 484 Joyeuse, Louis Thomas Villaret de, 697 Juan del Aguila, Don, 838 Juana (princess of Castile), 290 Juárez. See Ciudad Juárez Juárez, Benito, 1000 Juba, 1305 Jubilee, 431 Juchens, 332 Judas Maccabeus, 923 Juel, Niels, 419, 810 Jugurtha, 965, 1316, 1483 Jugurthine War, 965, 1316, 1483 Julian (Roman emperor), 544, 1314, 1402 Julius II, Pope, 981 Julius Caesar. See Caesar, Julius July Revolution, 468 July 26 Movement, 407 Jungingen, Ulrich von, 1502, 1518 Junín (1824), 154, 201 Junker-88, 607 Junot, Andoche, 810-811 Jurado, Enrique, 630 Just war, 486, 811, 876; and Hugo Grotius, 630 Justice, military, 1436 Justin I, 811 Justin II, 262, 1092 Justinian I, 181, 255, 262, 609, 811-812, 1494 Justinianus, 262 Jutes. See Angles, Saxons, and Jutes Jutland (1916), 229, 793, 812-813, 1103, 1263, 1653 K Kabarda, 1331 Kabila, Laurent, 373 Kabul (1738), 1183 Kabul (1939), 223 Kabul (1992), 1449 Kaczawa (1813), 446 Kadesh (1299 b.c.e.), 682 Kadesh (1283 b.c.e.), 1061 Kadesh (1274 b.c.e.), 465, 682, 814 Kadesh, Operation (1956), 1482 Kadilangoe (1828), 790 Kaeokulani, 669 Kaesong (1950), 846 Kagame, Paul, 1348 Kagemusha the Shadow Warrior (Kurosawa), 515 Kagera Salient (1978), 1504 Kahekili, 669 Kahina, 1069 Kaikhta, Treaty of (1727), 946 Kaiserslautern (1793), 231 Kajang (1948), 938 Kalaniopuu, 669 Kālidāsa, 646 Kalinga (c. 261-260 b.c.e.), 978 Kalish, Peace of (1343), 1517 Kalka River (1223), 585 Kalka River (1381), 1499 Kalmar, 907 Kalmar, Treaty of (1397), 1379 Kalmar, Union of, 418 Kalmar Wars, 418, 814-816 Kalojan, 236, 872 Kalonji, Albert, 371 Kalpi (1858), 730 Kam Bakhsh, 1029 Kambula (1879), 1700 Kamehameha, 669 Kamikaze, 854, 894, 1149, 1668 Kamose, 465 Kampala (1979), 1504 Kamphaeng Phet (1376), 1523 Kampuchea, People's Republic of, 270 Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation, 269 Kampuchean People's National Liberation Army, 270 Kamran Mirza, 1026 Kanagawa, Treaty of (1854), 1179 Kanauj, 936 Kanchi (740), 309 Kandahar, 1026 Kandahar (1736-1738), 1183 Kandahar (1880), 816 Kanem-Bornu Sultanate, 816-818 Kanembu, 306 K'ang-Hsi. See Kangxi Kanghwa, Treaty of (1876), 784, 1422 Kangxi, 332, 818, 945 Kanha (1527), 158 Kankan (1881), 1362 Kano (1903), 224 Kanuri, 817 Kanwa (1527), 160 Kapalipilo (1759), 669 Kara Mustapha, 152, 804, 1217, 1576, 1601, 1689 Karageorge, 818-819, 1393 Karamani Mehmed Pasha, 1159 Karamānlī, Hamet, al-, 1564 Karamānlī, Yūsuf Pasha al-, 1563 Karari (1898), 224 Karbalā (680), 1065, 1069 Karbala Five, Operation (1986), 749 Kardis, Treaty of (1661), 1139, 1344 Karela, Siege of (1610-1611), 1343 Karens, 248 Karīm Khān Zand, 1185 Kariz (1719), 1183 Karl Knutsson, 418, 815, 1379 Karl Phillip, Prince, 1343 Karlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 181, 1602 Karmal, Babrak, 1448 Karnal (1739), 1078 Kars (1745), 1078 Kars (1828), 1346 Kars (1855), 395 Kars (1878), 819-820 Kars (1919), 1573 Kartosuwirjo, 736 Kasavubu, Joseph, 371 Kāsawh al-Ghawrī, 943 Kashgar (1757), 1254 Kashmir, 724, 737, 820. See also Jammu and Kashmir Kashmir (1846), 224 Kasim, 1326 Kasim Bey, 1160 Kasimov, Khan, 1332 Kaskaskia (1778), 345 Kasserine Pass (1943), 1318 Kassites, 161 Kastrioti, George, 33 Kastrioti, John, 33 Kataib al-Fida al-Arabi. See Partisans of Arab Sacrifice Katanga, 1025 Katanga Province, 371 Katipunan Revolt, 22 Kato Yoshiaki, 1678 Katzbach (1813), 194, 1090 Kauai, 669 Kauban, Nikolai, 1057 Kaufman, Konstantin Petrovich von, 1332 Kaumupikai (1782), 669 Kaundinya, 570 Kaungton (1769), 246 Kauzilya, 312, 977 Kautz, Albert, 1362 Kavadh I. See Kawad Kawad, 261 Kaykhusraw. See Khwārezm Shāh Kazaks, 1332 Kazan (1552), 774, 1330 Kazan (1774), 1246 Kazan (1919), 1329 KCA. See Kikuyu Central Association Kearney, Stephen W., 287 Kearny, Philip, 820-821 Kearny, Stephen W., 107, 821, 998 Keawemauhili, 669 Kecskemet (1956), 706 Keegan, John, 679 Keightley, Charles, 1482 Keitel, Wilhelm, 680, 801, 821-822 Kekewich, R. G., 835 Kekionga (1790), 71, 505 Kellerman, Eugene, 560 Kellermann, François Christophe de, 1588 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 435 Kemal Atatürk. See Atatürk Kemmu Restoration, 781 Kengtung (1766), 246 Kennedy, John F., Jr., 176, 406, 886, 930, 1602, 1641 Kent, 86, 1147 Kent (784), 1147 Kent State University, student deaths at, 1605 Kenya, 973 Kenyatta, Jomo, 974 Keoua, 669 Kerbogha, 105 Kerch (1855), 395 Kerensky, Alexander, 202, 1470, 1568 Kesseldorf (1745), 150 Kesselring, Albert, 107, 822-823, 1039, 1288 Kett, Robert, 823 Kettle Hill (1898), 1319 Kett's Rebellion, 823-824, 1139 KGB, 824 Khafji (1991), 645 Khair ed-din, 824-825, 1483, 1589 Khajuraho, 936 Khalid ibn-al-Walid, 825-826, 1067, 1676 Khalil, al-, 402 Khalil, al-Ashraf, 1593 Khalil Pasha, 163, 857 Khalkin-Gol (1939), 826, 1693 Kham Heng, 1523 Khan Krum, 237 Khan Kubrat, 237 Khandesh; in the Mogul Conquest of the Deccan, 1025 Khanigalbat, 137, 713 Kharkov (1942-1943), 826-827, 1541 Khartoum, Siege of (1884-1885), 4, 10, 241, 606, 827-828, 1053, 1649 Khasraw II, 671, 975 Khawārij, 1064 Khazars, 237 Khe Sanh, Siege of (1968), 828-829, 1016, 1514, 1604, 1618 Khidrana (1708), 1028 Khiva, 1332 Khizr. See Khair ed-din Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 1216, 1342 Khmelnytsky's Cossack Revolt, 803, 1216 Khmer-Cham Wars, 310, 792, 829-830 Khmer Empire, 792, 829-830, 1412 Khmer Republic, 269 Khmer Rouge, 269 Khmer Rundo, 269 Khmer-Thai Wars, 830-831, 1408 Khoikhoi, 278 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 748, 750-751 Khorasan, 3 Khorramshahr, First (1980), 748 Khorramshahr, Second (1982), 748 Khosrav I. See Chosroes I Khotin (1621), 1216 Khrushchev, Nikita, 359, 405, 1693 Khshayarsha. See Xerxes I Khun Sam Keo, 1523 Khurram, 1029 Khurramite Rebellion, 257 Khusrau, 1029 Khusro Khan, 1182 Khusru I, 1374 Khusru II, 309, 1374 Khwarezm Empire, 585, 1148; Mongol invasion of, 1034 Khwarezm Shah, 265 Khwarezm Shah II, 265 Khwarezm War, 585 Kickapoo, 1509 Kidd, William, 1204 Kiesia (1558), 907 Kiev (1240), 1149 Kiev (1920), 1340 Kiev (1941), 233, 832 Kiev (1943), 1693 Kigali (1994), 1348 Kigeri IV, 832-833 Kikuyu Central Association, 974 Kilij Arslan, 443 Kilij Arslan II, 264 Kilinski, Jan, 1213 Killala (1798), 1584 Killiecrankie (1689), 611, 833 Kim Il Sung, 833-834 Kim Jong Il, 844 Kim Song Ju. See Kim Il Sung Kim Sung Chu. See Kim Il Sung Kimberley, Siege of (1899-1900), 197, 834-835 Kimmel, Husband Edward, 835-836, 1174 Kinburn (1787), 1486 King, Amon B., 1522 King, Ernest, 836-837, 1135 King George's War, 6, 150, 550, 1398 King Philip's War, 1197 King William's War, 5, 550, 757 King's Mountain (1780), 76, 837 King's Peace (386 b.c.e.), 1465 Kinsale, Siege of (1601-1602), 96, 838, 1677 Kiowa, 69 Kiraly, Bela, 706 Kirchholm (1604), 1215 Kirina (1235), 940, 1484 Kirkpatrick, James, 1643 Kirpanos, Mikhail Petrovich, 832 Kissinger, Henry A., 1605 Kitbugha Noyon, 154 Kitchener, Lord, 197, 337, 574, 838-839, 1152, 1488 Kitombo (1670), 57 Kjai Modjo, 790 Kléber, Jean-Baptiste, 7, 44, 561, 839-840 Kleist, Paul Ludwig E. von, 234 Klokotnica (1230), 236 Klosterneuburg (1477), 710 Kluge, Günther von, 856, 1134 Kluszyno (1610), 1341 Knäred, Peace of (1613), 418, 816 Knights and chivalry, 117, 388, 390, 487, 692, 840-842, 1016 Knights of Malta, 941 Knights of St. John, 941, 1289 Knox, Henry, 533, 595 Knyphausen, Wilhelm von, 214 Kobayakawa Hideaki, 1390 Köge Bay (1677), 419, 810 Koguryo, 1422, 1674; Chinese invasion of, 895 Kokand, 1332 Kokhba, Bar. See Simeon bar Kosiba Kolberg (1807), 604 Kolchak, Aleksandr, 842-843, 1329 Kolin (1757), 546, 1398 Komatsubara, Michitaro, 826 Kompong Chang (1831), 1414 Konbaung Dynasty; in the Burmese-Manipuri Wars, 251 Kondratenko, Roman Isidorovich, 1224 Kondurch River (1391), 1499 Konev, Ivan, 185, 843, 1432 Kong Le, 867 Kongo Civil War, 57 Kongomba (1897-1898), 591 Konia (1832), 468, 1054 Koniecpolski, Alexander, 1215 Konishi Yukinaga, 1406 Konitsa (1947), 624 Könnigrätz (1866), 594, 843-844, 1031, 1381 Konodai (1538), 783 Konopiste (1468), 199 Kontagora (1900), 224 Koppam (1054), 309, 337 Köprülü Fazil Ahmed. See Fazil Ahmed Köprülü Fazil Mustapha. See Fazil Mustapha Köprülü Kara Mustapha. See Kara Mustapha Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, 1576 Korea; Manchu invasion of, 944; Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasion of, 788, 1554 Korea, North. See North Korea Korea, South. See South Korea Korean People's Anti-Japanese Army, 834 Korean People's Army, 721, 834 Korean War, 357, 653, 719, 721, 833, 845-849, 921, 950, 968, 1224, 1250, 1294, 1585; military propaganda, 1242 Korkud, 1160 Korneuburg (1484), 710 Koroneos, Panos, 391 Korsakov, Alexander Mikhailovich, 561 Korsun (1944), 843 Kortrijk. See Courtrai Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 849-851, 1212; Army, U.S., 123 Kose Dagh (1243), 265 Kosoi, Vasily, 1326 Kosovo, 1686 Kosovo (1389), 260, 851-852, 1059, 1120, 1574 Kosovo (1448), 712 Kossi, 1442 Kossuth, Louis, 1286 Kosygin, Aleksey N., 1424 Kotragus, 237 Kovelakonda (1509), 1609 Koxinga. See Zheng Chenggong Kozludzhi (1774), 1486 KPA. See Korean People's Army Krasinski, Michal, 1211 Krefeld (1758), 1398 Kressenstein, Kress von, 179 Kretchetnikov, Piotr, 1211 Krishnadevaraya, 1609 Kroisos. See Croesus Kronstadt Rebellion, 843, 1570 Krotzka (1739), 152 Krudener, N. P., 1209 Kruger, Paul, 195, 852-853 Krum, 236 Krushchev, Nikita, 1335 Ksar el-Kebir (1578), 853 Ku Klux Klan, 529 Kuala Krau (1948), 938 Kuangton Treaty (1769), 246 Kublai Khan, 310, 332, 854-855, 1034 Kuchuk Kainarji, Treaty of (1774). See Küçük Kaynarca, Treaty of (1774) Küçük Kaynarca, Treaty of (1774), 153, 393, 1331, 1346 Kudal-Sangaman (c. 1064-1069), 309 Kuki Yoshitaka, 1678 Kulikov, Anatoly, 1337 Kulikovo (1380), 1326 Kulm (1813), 1090 Kulottunga I, 337 Kumamoto (1877), 666, 1671 Kumanovo (1912), 166 Kumara Gupta, 647 Kumaratunga, Chandrika, 1468 Kumban (1875), 1362 Kumbi Saleh (1076), 10 Kunch (1858), 730 Kundulun Khan. See Nurhaci Kunersdorf (1759), 546, 1398 Kunwar Singh, 730 Kuomintang. See Nationalist Party Kupshchitse (1794), 1486 Kuribayashi, Tadamichi, 775 Kurikara Pass (1183), 583 Kurita, Takeo, 893 Kuroki, Tamemoto, 666, 1338, 1671 Kuropatkin, Aleksei, 855, 1057, 1338 Kursk (1943), 681, 843, 855-857, 948, 1302, 1501, 1665, 1693 Kushan Empire, 170 Kushans, 1374 Kushite-Egyptian Wars, 991 Kutahia, Convention of (1833), 468 Kut-al-Amara (1915-1916), 163, 857 Kutná Hora (1421), 715, 857-858, 1698 Kutná Hora (1469), 199 Kutrigurs, 182 Kuttenberg (1421). See Kutná Hora (1421) Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich, 183, 203, 858-859, 1046, 1089, 1346 Kuwait; in the Gulf War, 644; Iraqi invasion of, 644, 714, 749 Kuzuryugawa (1506), 783 Kyoto (1467), 1153 Kyushu (1274, 1281), 854 L La Decena Trágica (1913), 1002 La Hogue and Barfleur (1692), 611, 860 La Noche Triste (1520), 386, 1459 La Plata, 870, 1446 La Plata (1957), 408 La Rochelle, Siege of (1572-1573), 563, 860-861 La Rochelle, Siege of (1627-1628), 89, 1292 Labienus, Titus, 1058 Labuan (1846), 450 Lachish (701 b.c.e.), 1392 Lacoste, Robert, 48 Lacy, Peter, 1346 Lade (495 b.c.e.), 619 Ladislas I. See László I Ladislas II of Bohemia. See László VI of Hungary Ladysmith, Siege of (1899-1900), 197, 205, 659, 809, 861-862 Lafayette, marquis de, 557, 560, 862-863, 1284, 1682 Laffite, Jean, 1111 Lagos (1693), 173 Lagos (1851), 223 Laguna (1837), 216 Laguna de Janda (711), 1274 Lahore (1241), 424 Lahore (1524), 159 Lahore (1965), 737 Lahore, Treaty of (1846), 643 Lai Hu'er, 1423 Laing's Nek (1881, 1899), 809 Lajazzo (1294), 1593 Lake, Gerard, 868, 957, 1584 Lake Äsunden (1520), 418, 815 Lake Champlain (1814), 170, 472, 863 Lake Erie (1813), 471, 863-864, 1180, 1525 Lake Trasimene (217 b.c.e.), 276, 500, 661, 864-865, 1250, 1384, 1558 Lake Urmiah (591), 975 Lakota (Sioux), 389, 1427 Lakshmi Bai, 729 Lal Singh, 509, 1434 Lally, Thomas-Arthur, comte de, 282, 1398 Lamachus, 1489 La Marmora, Alfonso, 773 Lambert, John, 448 Lambeth, Treaty of (1219), 482 Lame White Man, 906 Lamoral of Egmont, Count, 452, 616 Lan Xang, in the Burmese-Laotian Wars, 250 Lanai, 669 Lancastrians; in the Wars of the Roses, 1321 Lanckorona (1771), 1212 Lanckoroński, Stanisław, 1342 Land mines, 1048 Langdale, Marmaduke, 484, 1093, 1234 Langobardi, 959 Lannes, Jean, 565, 795, 865-866, 1371 Lannoy, Charles de, 1172 Laodicea (1119), 803 Laon (978), 539 Laon (1814), 194 Laos, in the Indochina War, 731 Laotian Civil War, 866-868 Lapa (1894), 217 Lari Massacre (1952), 975 Larissa, Siege of (1083), 1129 Larrey, Dominique-Jean, 983 Lars Porsenna, 494 Las Cruces (1810), 870 La Serna y Hinojosa, José de, 154, 1446-1447 Las Guásimas (1898), 1452 Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), 47, 52, 868, 1276 Las Salinas (1538), 1206 Laswari (1803), 868-869, 957 László IV (king of Hungary), 650 László V (king of Hungary and Bohemia), 199, 651, 712 László VI (king of Hungary and Bohemia), 979 Latin American Wars of Independence, 869-871 Latin Christians, 872 Latin Empire-Byzantine Wars, 254, 871-873 Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 797 La Trémoille, Louis II de, 537, 873 Latrun (1948), 673 Lattre de Tassigny, Jean-Marie-Gabriel de, 732 Lau Yew, 938 Laudon, Gideon Ernest, 1398 Lauffeld (1747), 1377 Laupen (1339), 873-874, 1391 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 140, 622, 1574 La Valette, Jean Parisot, 942 Laveaux, Étienne, 1552 Law of 22 Prairial, 558 Law of War and Peace, The (Grotius), 630, 876, 1624 Lawrence, Henry Montgomery, 729 Lawrence, T. E., 679, 874-875, 989 Laws of war, 323, 584, 630, 875-878, 1581, 1624 Lazar, 851 Le Cap (1801), 553 Le Dai Hanh, 1607 Le Duc Anh, 269 Le Dynasty, 1608 Le Loi, 1608 Le Mans (1793), 558 Le Thanh Tong, 1607-1608 League of Augsburg, War of the, 6 League of Nations, 303, 456, 488, 490, 591, 1126, 1433, 1476, 1585; disarmament, 434; and Japan, 786; Palestine, 760 Leahy, William, 837, 969, 1673 Leakey, L. S. B., 975 Learned, Ebenezer, 1372 Lebanese Civil War, 878 Lebanon, 878-880 Lebanon-Galilee, Conquest of, 802 Lebed, Alexander, 1337 Lebouirate (1979), 1641 Lech River (1632), 648, 1529, 1539 Lechaeum (390 b.c.e.), 747 Lechfeld (955), 687, 880-881, 1159 Leclerc, Charles-Victor-Emmanuel, 553, 1552 Leclerc, Philippe, 731 Leconte, Cincinnatus, 656 Lee, Charles, 75, 1036 Lee, Henry, 77, 881-882, 1643 Lee, Robert E., 60, 102, 241, 302, 312, 356, 413, 421, 548, 597, 615, 662, 674, 695, 778, 881-883, 914, 981, 998, 1196, 1202, 1223, 1396, 1404, 1466, 1478, 1645; martial music, 1063 Lee Soon Shin. See Yi Sun-shin Leeb, Wilhelm von, 886 Leese, Oliver, 1039 Lefebvre, Dominique, 555 Lefebvre, Francis Joseph, duke of Danzig, 795, 883-884, 1444 Legions, 884 Legnano (1176), 545, 587, 689, 884-885, 911 Lehi, 760 Leiberich, Karl Mack von, 1087 Leigh-Mallory, Trafford, 431 Leignitz (1760), 1398 Leinster, 219 Leipzig (1813), 37, 194, 446, 883, 885, 1060, 1086, 1091, 1639 Leitzersdorf (1484), 710 LeMay, Curtis, 23, 885-886 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 202, 674, 1328, 1334, 1340, 1470, 1567, 1655 Leningrad, Siege of (1941-1944), 886-887, 1417, 1541, 1693 Lens (1648), 541, 1530 Leo I (Byzantine emperor), 936 Leo I, Pope, 145 Leo III (Byzantine emperor), 255-256, 377, 379, 888, 1070 Leo III, Pope, 315, 317, 685 Leo IV (Byzantine emperor), 257 Leo IX, Pope, 1298 Leo X, Pope, 981-982 Leoban, Truce of (1797), 561 León, 1274 León (1915), 1002 León Carpio, Ramiro de, 634 Leonardo da Vinci, 129, 168, 1500 Leonidas, 620, 1525 Leonor Teles, 1226 Leopold I (Austrian duke), 588 Leopold I (Holy Roman emperor), 152, 496, 611, 966, 1462, 1576, 1690 Leopold II (Austrian duke), 150, 709, 1594 Leopold II (Holy Roman emperor), 153, 560 Leopold III (Austrian duke), 150, 1391 Leopold William, Archduke, 541 Lepanto (1499), 1163 Lepanto (1571), 152, 438, 888-890, 1101, 1169, 1200, 1576 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, 1306 Lerdo, Sebastián, 1001 Lerdo de Tejada, Miguel, 1000 Leslie, Alexander, earl of Leven, 448, 969 Leslie, David, 448 Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul Emil von, 591, 890 Leuctra (371 b.c.e.), 20, 486, 890-891, 994, 1176, 1466 Leuthen (1757), 546, 891-892, 1398 Leutwein, Theodor, 591 Leuze (1691), 919 Lewe (1950), 249 Lewes (1264), 172, 463 Lewes, Mise of (1264), 172 Lexington and Concord (1775), 73, 571, 892-893 Leyte Gulf (1944), 658, 837, 893-894, 1124, 1673 Li Hongzhang, 894-895, 1422, 1684, 1690, 1703 Li Hung-chang. See Li Hongzhang Li Jing, 895 Li Shiji, 895 Li Shimin, 331, 895-896, 1423, 1496 Li Shi-min. See Li Shimin Li Tsung-Jen. See Li Zongren Li Yuan, 331 Li Zicheng, 944 Li Zongren, 896 Liaodong (612), 1423 Liaodong (1904), 1339 Liao-Shen (1948), 899 Liberation Tamils of Tamil Eelam, 1468 Liberia, 896-897 Libyan War, 1073 Licinius, 378, 1308 Licinius Crassus, Publius, 1058 Liddell Hart, Basil, 569, 897-898, 1500 Liegnitz (1241), 1149 Liegnitz (1760), 547 Life of Charlemagne, The (Einhard), 1303 Life of King Alfred (Asser), 458 Light Brigade, Charge of the (1854), 165, 395, 898-899, 1627 Ligny (1815), 194, 604, 1257, 1635 Liliuokalani, 669 Lima (1821), 1367 Lima (1881), 1166 Lima (1992), 1192 Liman (1788), 807 Limann, Hilla, 1271 Limantour, José, 1001 Limerick (1691), 779 Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missiles, Treaty on the (1972), 435 Limoges (1370), 463 Lin Biao, 329-330, 899, 913, 1424 Lin Piao. See Lin Biao Lin Yung Ku, 1441 Lin Yu-rong. See Lin Biao Lin Zexu, 1154 Linares Pomba, Arsenio, 1366, 1452 Lincoln, Abraham, 58, 103, 241, 252, 421, 531, 577, 615, 899-900, 925, 1223, 1375, 1600 Lincoln, Benjamin, 75, 321, 579, 1376, 1682 Lincoln Castle, Siege of (1217), 482 Lindisfarne (793), 1611 Linggajati Accord (1946), 736 Linhas de Elvas (1659), 1461 Lipantitlán (1835), 1522 Lipany (1434), 715 Lisbon (1580), 56, 1460 Lisbon (1589), 96 Lisbon (1833), 1009 Lissa (1866), 773, 900-901 Litani, Operation (1978), 763 Literature, war in, 901-905 Lithuania, 1341, 1517; in the Habsburg-Bohemian War, 650 Little Belt (1535), 815 Little Bighorn (1876), 69, 389, 414, 905-906, 1426-1427 Little Crow, 1426 Little Turtle, 67, 71, 505, 663 Littler, John, 509 Liu Che. See Han Wudi Liu Rengui, 1423 Livonia, 1215 Livonian Knights, 907 Livonian War, 906-908, 1341 Livy, 500 Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, 463, 602 Lloyd George, David, 338, 621, 654, 908, 1125, 1655 Lobengula, 908-909 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 935, 1604 Lodi (1796), 561, 909-910, 1086 Lodi, Peace of (1454), 768, 1595 Lodi sultanate, 159 Lódy (1914), 1119 Logistics, 910 Lohamei Herut Yisrael. See Lehi Lolland (1644), 419 Lollard Revolt, 671 Lomas Valentinas (1868), 1562 Lombard League, 545, 587, 689, 884, 910; Wars of the, 544, 884, 910-912 Lombard War, 314 Lombards, 284, 1519; in the Wars of Charlemagne, 315 Lon Nol, 269, 1605 Londinium (61 c.e.), 207 London, Treaty of (1604), 96 London, Treaty of (1827), 626 London, Treaty of (1830), 391 Long Island (1776), 74, 385, 912, 1372 Long March (1877), 70 Long March (1934-1935), 326, 329, 912-913, 951, 1692 Long ships, 1611 Longbows, 390, 703, 913, 1016, 1209, 1492 Longest Day, The (Wicki, Annakin, Marton), 514 Longstreet, James, 240, 327, 597, 883, 913-914, 1202 Longwy (1792), 231 Looking Glass, 1113 Lookout Mountain (1863), 696 Loos (1915), 550 López, Carlos Antonio, 1562 López, Francisco Solano, 1562 López de Haro, Diego, 868 Lord Dunmore's War, 345 Lorencez, Charles Ferdinand Latrille, comte de, 1000 Loris-Melikov, Mikhail Tarielovich, 819, 1347 Lorraine, 539, 994 Los Angeles (1847), 287, 821 Los Calpules (1907), 690 Los Chancos (1876), 364 Los Obispo (1899), 1532 Lothair (king of France), 539 Lothair I (Holy Roman emperor), 286, 527 Lothair III (Holy Roman emperor), 587 Louis I (king of Hungary and Poland), 709 Louis II (king of Hungary), 152, 704, 708, 1030 Louis IV (king of France), 539, 1159 Louis VII (king of France), 399, 670, 1198, 1414 Louis VIII (king of France), 482 Louis IX (king of France), 172, 401, 948, 1593 Louis XI (king of France), 290, 318, 536-537 Louis XII (king of France), 537, 768, 873 Louis XIII (king of France), 89, 566, 1571 Louis XIV (king of France), 87, 129, 173, 211, 355, 450, 496, 541, 547, 567, 611, 756, 914-915, 919, 970, 1462-1463, 1572, 1591, 1639 Louis XV (king of France), 1259, 1300, 1377 Louis XVI (king of France), 186, 557, 559, 1588 Louis XVIII (king of France), 187, 373, 806, 1444 Louis of Nassau, 56, 452 Louis of Orléans, 537 Louis Philippe (king of France), 556, 1286, 1444 Louis the Bavarian (Holy Roman emperor), 916-917 Louis the German, 286, 527 Louis the Great, 1218, 1517 Louis the Pious, 285, 317, 527, 686 Louisbourg (1745), 150 Louisbourg, Siege of (1758), 280, 552, 698, 915, 1399, 1648 Louvois, François-Michel Le Tellier, marquis de, 915-916, 970 Lovek (1593-1594), 1412 Lovell, James, 403 Low Countries (Netherlands), 1589; Uprising, 55 Lowestoft (1665), 88 LTTE. See Liberation Tamils of Tamil Eelam Lu Bang, 330 Luanda (1641), 1228 Lübeck, Peace of (1629), 1529 Luca (1346), 709 Lucas, Jean, 1555 Lucas, John Porter, 107 Lucas García, Romeo, 634 Lucca; in the Florentine Wars, 525; in the Luccan-Florentine War, 916 Lucca, Sack of (1314), 526 Lucca, Siege of (1341-1342), 526 Luccan-Florentine War, 916-917 Lucknow, Siege of (1857), 273, 729, 1299, 1649 Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, 1023, 1316, 1538 Ludendorff, Erich, 79, 322, 674, 917-918, 972, 1352, 1503, 1651 Ludendorff Offensive (1918), 322, 918, 1655, 1684 Ludford (1459), 1322 Ludwig IV, duke of Upper Bavaria, 588 Luftwaffe, 221, 607, 822, 1210, 1472, 1664 Lugalzagessi of Uruk, 1373 Lugdunum (197), 1400 Lumbruschini, Armando, 112 Lumumba, Patrice, 371 Lund (1676), 419 Lund, Treaty of (1679), 419 Lundy's Lane (1813), 472, 1386 Lunéville, Treaty of (1801), 562, 960, 1087 Luoyang (755), 82 Luque, Hernando de, 1206 Lurigancho (1986), 1191 Lusaka Accords (1994), 97 Lusignan, Guy de, 668 Lusitania, sinking of, 1653 Luso (1979), 1696 Luther, Martin, 320 Lutter (1626), 1529 Lutterberg (1762), 1399 Lützen (1632), 648, 918, 1529, 1623 Lützen (1813), 194, 806, 1090, 1380 Luxembourg (1684), 918-919 Luxembourg, François-Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duke of, 919 Luxembourg, John von, 588 Luxembourg, Siege of (1684), 1591 Luzon (1945), 1673 Lvov (1920), 233 Ly Thanh-Tong, 1607 Lyautey, Louis H. G., 919-920 Lydenburg (1900), 241 Lydia; in the Persian Wars of Expansion, 1188 Lydians, 1185 Lyons, Council of (1245), 690 Lys (1918), 1655, 1684 Lysander, 14, 920, 1176, 1624 Lysias, 923 Lysimachus, 429 M M-19. See Movimiento 19 de Abril Ma Guiyuan, 1072 Ma Hualong, 1072 Ma Ling (353 b.c.e.), 1629 Ma Mingxin's Rebellion, 1071 Ma Wenlu, 1072 Maastricht, Siege of (1673), 1591 MacArthur, Douglas, 126, 175, 213, 473, 847, 921-922, 969, 1295, 1673; in Japan, 653; in Korea, 721, 834; in the Philippines, 933, 1621, 1668 Macarthy, Charles, 223 Macau, 1227 McAuliffe, Anthony C., 238 Maccabees, Revolt of the, 922-924, 1279, 1491 McClellan, George B., 59, 102, 240, 252, 413, 662, 882, 924-926, 1396, 1478 McCormick, Anne O'Hare, 1628 McDade, Robert, 718 Macdonald, Jacques-Étienne-Joseph-Alexandre, 194, 446, 1621 Macdonough, Thomas, 863 McDowell, Irvin, 59, 239, 925-926 Macedo, Antonio, 411 Macedonia; in the Macedonian Wars, 926; in the Spartan-Achaean Wars, 1464 Macedonian Wars, 414, 926-928 Macedonians, 1686 Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius Paulus, 927 Maceo, Antonio, 409 McFarlane, James, 1643 McGovern, George, 1605 Machado, Joaquim José, 1229 Machado, Tomas Basto, 1051 Machado y Morales, Gerardo, 407 Machanidas, 1201 Machel, Samora, 928-929, 1048, 1051 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 929, 1015, 1062 Machine guns, 522; in World War I, 1125 Maciejowice (1794), 850, 1213 Mackay, Hugh, 833 McKee, Alexander, 71 Mackensen, August von, 608, 929-930, 1503, 1653 McKinley, William, 427, 1319, 1451 McLaughlin, James, 1427 Maclodio (1427), 1595 MacMahon, Marie E. P. M. de, 594, 1032, 1388, 1437 McNamara, Robert S., 930 McNeill, Daniel, 1563 Macta (1835), 554 Madagascar, 574; in the French Colonial Wars, 552, 556 Madalinski, Antoni, 1213 Madeira, 1227 Madero, Francisco, 1001, 1005, 1615, 1689 Madison, James, 777 Madiun (1948), 736 Madras (1746), 282 Madrid (1808), 1085 Madrid, Siege of (1936-1939), 1457 Madrid, Treaty of (1526), 1589 Madrid Agreement (1975), 1640 Madrid Conference (1991), 763 Madura (1311), 424 Mael Sechnaill, 219 Maelius, Spurius, 342 Mafeking, Siege of (1899-1900), 197 Magadha (321 b.c.e.), 312 Magaia, Filipe, 1051 Magdala (1868). See Arogee (1868) Magdalo. See Aguinaldo, Emilio Magdeburg, Siege of (1631), 930-931, 1529, 1538 Magellan (1830), 790 Magenta (1859), 772 Magersfontein (1899), 197 Maginot, André, 932 Maginot Line, 534, 932-933, 1418 Magna Carta, 172, 482 Magnentius, 1308 Mago, 276, 659, 1385, 1540, 1558 Magsaysay, Ramón, 700, 933 Magyar invasions, 880, 1158 Magyars, 687, 880, 934, 1159, 1287 Maha Thihathura, 251 Mahachakrabarti, 250 Mahadji Shinde, 956 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 383, 934-935, 1017, 1103, 1107, 1542 Mahbes (1979), 1641 Mahdi. See Muhammad Ahmad Mahdist Unions, 606 Mahdist Uprising, 827, 1053 Mahdist War, 4 Mahdists, 10, 1152 Mahendra V, 336 Mahendra of Kosala, 1363 Mahendra of Pishtapura, 1363 Maherero, Samuel, 591 Mahidpur (1817), 957 Mahipala, 337 Mahiwa (1917), 591, 890 Mahmed (Tatar khan), 1326 Mahmūd Mirza, 1183 Mahmūd of Ghazna, 600, 935-936, 1578 Mahmud Shah, 1609 Maiceu (1936), 767 Mailberg, League of, 651 Maine county, Norman invasion of, 1646 Maine incident, 1451 Mainz (1793), 231 Mainz, archbishop of, 589 Maipo (1818), 871, 1367 Maitland-Wilson, Henry, 1416 Majapahit Empire, 1469 Majnoon Islands (1984), 748 Majorian, 936-937 Majuba (1881), 195, 809 Makarios, Michael, 416 Malacca, 1227 Malacca (1511), 35 Malaga (1937), 1457 Malaspina, Obizo, Marquis, 911 Malaspina, Spinetta, Marquis, 916 Malatesta, Carlo, 1595 Malaya; Japanese invasion of, 1673 Malayan Emergency, 937-939 Malbork (1457), 1219 Malcolm, John, 957 Maldon (991), 939, 1613 Máleter, Pál, 706 Mali Empire, 939-940, 1442, 1484 Malietoa Laupepa, 1361 Malietoa Talavou, 1361 Malik Ambar, 1025 Malik Mahmūd, 1184 Malik Shah, 1578 Malinche, 1459 Malinin, Sergei, 705 Malinke, 939 Malinke Wars, 1484 Malloum, Félix, 305 Maloyaroslavets (1812), 859 Malplaquet (1709), 497, 940-941, 966, 1463 Malraux, André, 1627 Malta, Siege of (1565), 941-942 Malvern Hill (1862). See Seven Days' Battles (1862) Malwa (1305), 424 Mamai, 1498 Mamanatowick. See Powhatan Mamercus, 1540 Mamlūk-Ottoman War, 942-943, 1162, 1390 Mamlūks, 154, 424, 600, 943-944, 985, 1034, 1251, 1391, 1499 Mamūn, al-, 257 Manassas. See Bull Run Manatowick, 1232 Manchu Conquest of China, 1675 Manchu Expansion, Wars of, 332-333, 944-946, 1691 Manchukuo, 786-787 Manchuria, 1659; Japanese in, 1673; in the Wars of Manchu Expansion, 944 Manchurian Conquest of China, 1145 Manchurian Incident (1931), 785-786 Manchus, 818; and China, 333 Manco Capac, 1459 Mandalay (1945), 946, 1431 Mandela, Nelson, 1081 Mandinka, 640 Mandinka Empire, 1362 Mandinka Wars, 1362 Mane, Ansumane, 642 Maneckshaw, Sam, 725 Mangalore, Peace of (1784), 1075 Mangalore, Siege of (1783-1784), 1075 Mangas Coloradas, 107 Mangashà, 766 Mangkubumi, 791 Mangu, 854, 1034 Maniak, 198 Manifest destiny, 996, 1114 Manikongo Garcia II, 57 Manila Bay (1898), 427, 1452 Manipu; in the Burmese-Manipuri Wars, 251 Manitoba Act, 1295 Manizales (1877), 364 Manjaco, 640 Mannerheim Line, 947 Mannerheim Line (1940), 1540 Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf, 518, 946-947 Mano, 897 Manouvers of Horse Artillery (Kosciuszko), 850 Mansfeld, Peter Ernst von, 1529 Manstein, Erich von, 827, 856, 947-948, 1472 Mansūr, al-, 9 Mansūr, Abū Yūsuf Yaqūb al-, 52 Mansura (1249-1250), 948-949 Mansurov, Voevoda, 1330 Manta, Opération (1983), 305 Manteuffel, Hasso von, 238 Mantinea (362 b.c.e.), 486, 949 Mantinea (207 b.c.e.), 1201 Mantua (1797), 561 MANU. See Mozambique African National Union Manual of Military Surgery, A (Gross), 984 Manuel I (Byzantine emperor), 1414 Manuel I Comnenus, 264 Manuel II Palaeologus, 260 Manzikert (1071), 54, 264, 949-950, 1129, 1578 Mao Khe (1951), 732 Mao Tse-tung. See Mao Zedong Mao Zedong, 329, 333, 357, 365, 639, 724, 899, 913, 950-951, 969, 1485, 1537; and guerrilla warfare, 637, 1018; Korean War, 847; and Zimbabwe, 1695 Maori, 224 Maori Wars, 224 Mapai (1977), 1695 Maps and cartography, 952-954 Marazha-Mogul Wars, 145, 954-956, 1026 Marazha Wars, 137, 223, 226, 868, 956-957, 1639 Marazhas, 1265; in the Marazha-Mogul Wars, 954; in the Marazha Wars, 956; in the Mysore Wars, 1076 Marathon (490 b.c.e.), 85, 141, 341, 619, 957-958, 1187, 1669-1670 Marbach, League of; in the German Civil War of 1400-1411, 589 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 958-959, 1109 March of the Ten Thousand, 413 March to the Sea (1864), 1094, 1375, 1404 Marcomanni, 1313 Marcomannic Wars, 959, 1313 Marcos, Ferdinand, 700 Marcus Antonius. See Antony, Marc Marcus Aurelius, 959 Marcus Ulpius Traianus. See Trajan Mardj Dabiq (1517), 1391 Mardonius, 1208 Marengo (1800), 562, 865, 960-961, 1060, 1086 Marga (1946), 736 Margaret (queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), 418, 814, 1379 Margaret (queen of England), 1322, 1519, 1553 Margaret of Parma, 452 Margrave War, 651 Margus River (285), 1308 Mari, 1373 Mari Jata. See Sundiata Maria II (queen of Portugal), 1008 María Cristina, 280 Maria Theresa, 149, 152, 546 Marianas, 1541 Marie-Antoinette (queen of France), 559 Marige Massacre (1953), 975 Marignano (1515), 769, 873, 961-962, 1042 Marines, 962 Marines, U.S., 962-964, 1012, 1105 Marion, Francis, 964-965 Maritz, Jean, 629 Marius, Gaius, 266, 965, 1304, 1316, 1483 Marj Rahit (684), 1069 Marlborough, first duke of, 190, 355, 497, 941, 965-967, 1163, 1266, 1389, 1462 Marmont, Auguste, 194, 1088, 1284, 1356 Marne (1914), 527, 550, 574, 802, 967-968, 1032, 1125, 1194, 1652 Maroon Wars, 450 Marroquín, José Manuel, 1533 Marsaglia (1693), 611 Marseilles (1524), 441 Marshall, George C., 213, 474, 968-969, 1242 Marshall, William, 482 Marshall Plan, 357, 969, 1668 Marsin, Ferdinand, comte de, 192 Marston Moor (1644), 483, 969-970 Martaban (1541), 247 Martí, José, 409, 411 Martial law, 970 Martinet, Jean, 970-971 Martínez de Campos, Arsenio, 409, 411 Martinique (1762), 1301 Martinuzzi, György, 704 Marwan II, 9 Marwar (1679), 1265 Marwitz, Georg von der, 79 Mary I, 89, 94, 1139 Mary, Queen of Scots, 93-94, 112, 1203 Mary of Burgundy, 318, 536, 538 Mary of Guise, 93 Mas Said, 791 Masada, Siege of (73 c.e.), 799, 971, 1418 Maserfield (642), 87 M*A*S*H (Altman), 514 Mashhad (1730), 1184 Mashonaland (1572), 1228 Masinissa, 1385, 1688 Masistius, 1208 Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik, 378, 888, 1070 Mason, John, 1177 Masri, Aziz Ali al-, 1350 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1177 Massasiot, 1198 Massawa (1990), 493 Masséna, André, 561, 909, 971-972, 1088, 1297, 1444, 1486, 1621 Massera, Emilio, 112 Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 1449 Massu, Jacques, 48 Mastino della Scala, 526 Masts (655), 1069 Masuda Shiro, 1406 Masuera y Masuera, Aurelio, 1533 Masurian Lakes (1914), 674, 972-973, 1119, 1652 Masyumi, 733 Mata'afa, 1362 Matabele War, 908 Mataram, 791 Matchlock, 520 Matsudaira Takechiyo. See Tokugawa Ieyasu Matsukura Katsuie, 1407 Matsukura Shigemasa, 1406 Mattathias, 923 Matthias I Corvinus, 199, 652, 710, 973 Matthias of Habsburg, Emperor, 1527 Mau Mau Rebellion, 79, 973-975 Maude, Stanley, 163 Mauga, 1361 Maui, 669 Mauldin, Bill, 1627 Maumee-Wabash Confederacy, 71 Maurice (Byzantine emperor), 262, 671, 975-976 Maurice, duke of Saxony-Dresden, 1382 Maurice of Nassau, Prince, 218, 647, 976-977, 1121, 1157, 1434 Maurice's Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy (Maurice), 975 Mauritania, 1640 Maurya-Greek War, 977 Mauryan Empire, 717, 977-978 Mauser, Peter Paul, 522 Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, 377, 1019, 1308 Maximian, 1308, 1314 Maximilian (archduke of Austria, emperor of Mexico), 1000 Maximilian I (Holy Roman emperor), 151, 318, 536, 538, 652, 769, 978-979 Maximilian II (Holy Roman emperor), 1163, 1483 Maximilian of Bavaria, 1527, 1644 Maximinus, 1307 Maximus, Magnus, 1308 Maximus, Petronius, 936 Mayan Empire, 979-980 Mayans, 633 Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, duke of, 565, 775 Mazaeus, 580 Mazarin, Cardinal, 371, 541, 567, 1572 Mazepa, Ivan Stepanovich, 320 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 215, 577 Mbulazi, 302, 1702 MDD. See Mouvement pour la Démocracie et le Développement Meade, George G., 356, 597, 980-981 Meade, Richard W., 1361 Meaux (1421-1422), 671 Mecca, Siege of (630), 825 Meccans, 1067 Mechanicsville (1862). See Seven Days' Battles (1862) Mecklenburg; in the Danish Wars with the Hanseatic League, 419 Medals, 692 Media, 1189 Media Atropatene (36 b.c.e.), 1201 Medici, Giovanni de' (1475-1521), 981-982 Medici, Giovanni de' (1498-1526), 982 Medici, Pietro de', 768 Medicine, military, 982-985 Medieval warfare, 117, 128, 985-988; England, 703; in Europe, 21 Medina, Ernest, 1074 Medina-Sidonia, duke of. See Pérez de Guzmán, Alonso, duke of Medina-Sidonia Médine (1857), 1581 Medinese-Meccan War, 825 Meeanee. See Miani Meerut (1192), 1055 Meerut (1857), 729 Megiddo (1469 b.c.e.), 465, 988, 1533 Megiddo (1918), 50, 989 Mehmandost (1729), 1184 Mehmed (Ottoman troop leader), 468 Mehmed I, 379 Mehmed II, 34, 261, 707, 712, 852, 989-990, 1159, 1163, 1289, 1575 Mehmed III, 152, 1576 Mehmed IV, 1216 Mehmed Bey, 1160 Mehmed Rasid (grand vizir), 468 Mehmet Ali. See Muhammad Ali Pasha Meiji Restoration, 784, 786, 1125, 1421 Meiji Restoration War, 666, 1546 Mejía, Tomás, 1000 Mejía Víctores, Oscar, 634 Melas, Michael Friedrich von, 562, 960 Meleager, 40 Melitene (575), 262 Melitene (1059), 264 Melo, Francisco de, 541, 1301 Melrichstadt (1078), 586 Memoirs of an Unconventional Soldier (Fuller), 569 Memoirs, military, 677 Menander, 40 Menelaeus, 429 Menelik II, 12, 490, 766, 990-991 Menem, Carlos, 112, 576 Mengistu Haile Mariam, 491, 1437 Mengli Giray, 774 Menin (1793), 560 Menou, Jacques-François de, 44 Menshikov, Aleksandr Sergeyevich, 51, 395, 741 Mentana (1867), 577, 773 Mercenaries, 991 Mercenary War, 658, 1249 Mercia, 14-15, 86, 230, 1147 Mercians; in Anglo-Saxon-Danish War, 230 Mercury, Operation (1941), 1478 Mercy, Claudius Florimund von, 1256 Merenre, 991 Merkits, 585 Merkus, Hendrik, baron de Kock, 790 Merneptah, 466 Meroë, Kingdom of, 991-992 Merovingian Dynasty, 542 Merrick, John, 1343 Merv (748), 3 Mesopotamia, 41, 83, 160, 342; in World War I, 163 Messana (312 b.c.e.), 19 Messenia, 993, 1465 Messenian Wars, 992-994, 1465 Messerschmidt 262, 607 Metacomet. See Philip, King (Metacomet) Metaurus River (207 b.c.e.), 293, 661, 1110 Metaxes, Ion, 622 Metcalf, Joseph, 627 Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, 1248 Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus Caecilius, 927 Metellus Numidicus, Quintus Caecilius, 1316 Methone, 1199 Metis, 1295 Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von, 373 Metz, Siege of (1552-1553), 643, 994, 1590 Metz, Siege of (1870), 994-995, 1032 Meuse-Argonne (1918), 995-996, 1171, 1182, 1647, 1655 Mexican-American War, 178, 234, 287, 301, 313, 421, 614, 660, 673, 695, 778, 804, 820-821, 882, 913, 925, 980, 996-999, 1041, 1105, 1179, 1202, 1223, 1369, 1385, 1507, 1531 Mexican Civil Wars, 556, 999-1001 Mexican Revolution, 1001-1003, 1615, 1689 Mexican Wars of Independence, 1003-1004 Mexico, U.S. Invasion of, 1005-1006 Mexico; in the Mexican-American War, 996; in the Texan War of Independence, 1521 Mexico City (1914), 1689 Mezö-Keresztes (1596), 152, 1576 Mfecane, 1699, 1702 Miaja, José, 1457 Miami (Native Americans), 68, 71, 505, 663, 1509 Miani (1843), 1006, 1083 Micar (237 b.c.e.), 658, 1249 Michael II Doukas (despot of Epirus), 872 Michael III (Byzantine emperor), 258 Michael VII (Byzantine emperor), 1129 Michael VIII Palaeologus (Byzantine emperor), 260, 872 Michael IX Palaeologus (Byzantine emperor), 1593 Michelangelo, 129 Middle Ages, 840; armies, 117; chemical and biological warfare, 323; civilians during, 343; cryptography, 402; ethics of warfare during, 487; infantry during, 738; maps and cartography, 952; martial music, 1061; military intelligence, 743; naval weapons, 1097; rank in the military during, 1267; tactics, 1493; war art, 129; war crimes during, 1624 Middleton, Frederick, 1296 Midlands (62 c.e.), 207 Midway (1942), 405, 1006-1008, 1080, 1124, 1467, 1665, 1673 Miguel, Dom, 1008 Miguelite Wars, 1008-1009 Mihajlović, Dragoljub, 1543 Mikhelson, I. I., 1246 Milam, Benjamin Rush, 30, 1521 Milan, 1589; in the Florentine Wars, 525; in the German Civil War of 1400-1411, 589; in the Venetian-Milanese Wars, 1594 Milazzo (1718), 1256 Miles, Dixon S., 662 Miles, Nelson A., 70, 108, 596, 1009-1010, 1113, 1454 Miletus (279 b.c.e.), 1490 Militarism, 1010; before World War I, 1651 Military academy, 1010-1011 Military Academy, U.S., 123, 460 Military history, 383, 898, 934, 1085 Military History of the Western World, A (Fuller), 569 Military intervention; Soviet Union, 359; United States, 359 Military organization, U.S., 1011-1013 Military theory, 806, 898, 1013-1019, 1021, 1254, 1377, 1381, 1386, 1592; China, 1629; and Niccolò Machiavelli, 929; Xenophon, 1669 Militia, 1019 Miliutin, Dmitri Alekseevich, 1209 Mill Springs (1861), 1531 Miloradovich, Mikhail A., 1046 Milošević, Slobodan, 1626, 1686 Miltiades, 341, 957, 1669 Milvian Bridge (312), 377, 1019-1020, 1308 Minamoto clan, 1547 Minamoto Noriyori, 583, 1020 Minamoto Yorimasa, 582 Minamoto Yoritomo, 582, 781, 1020 Minamoto Yoshinaka, 582, 1020 Minamoto Yoshitomo, 582, 1020 Minamoto Yoshitsune, 583, 1020 Minamoto Yukiie, 583 Minden (1759), 1020-1021, 1398 Minefields, 1102 Ming Dynastic War, 1681 Ming Dynasty, 332, 1691; in the Wars of Manchu Expansion, 944 Ming-Mongol Wars, 1681 Mingo, 71 Mingyi Swasawke, 246 Minh Mang, 555 Minhkaung, 247 Minkyinyo, 247 Minrekyawdin, 246 Minsk (1944), 1693 Mir Jaffar, 1207 Mir Mahmūd, 1182, 1184 Mir Mudin Khan, 1208 Mīr Wais Khan, 1182, 1184 Miramón, Miguel, 1000 Miranda, Francisco de, 200, 871 Missiles, 134 Mitanni, 465, 681, 712 Mitchell, Billy, 23, 1021-1022, 1293, 1352 Mithridates II, 1538 Mithridates VI Eupator, 307, 1022, 1221, 1304, 1316, 1484, 1538 Mithridatic Wars, 306-307, 1022-1024, 1221, 1304, 1483 Mitre, Bartolomé, 1562 Mitscher, Marc, 632 MK. See Umkhonto we Sizwe Mobile Bay (1864), 506 Mobilization, 1024; in World War I, 908; in World War II, 1665 Mobutu Sese Seko, 98, 372, 640, 1024-1025 Mochihito, 582 Model, Walther, 163 Modesto, Juan, 1457 Modrina (743), 377 Mogadishu (1991), 1438 Mogul Conquest of the Deccan, 29, 1025-1026 Mogul Dynasty, 160; founding of, 158 Mogul Empire, 1, 146, 1025-1026, 1028; decline of, 1265 Mogul-Persian War, 1, 1026-1027 Mogul-Sikh Wars, 145, 1027-1028 Mogul Wars of Succession, 145, 1028-1030 Moguls, 1167; in the Marazha-Mogul Wars, 954; in the Mogul-Persian War, 1026; in the Mogul-Sikh Wars, 1027; in the Rajput Rebellion, 1264 Mohács (1526), 152, 704, 708, 1030-1031, 1483, 1575 Mohamed, Ali Mahdi, 1438 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, 748, 750, 751 Mohammed Abd al-Rauf Arafat al Qudwa. See Arafat, Yasir Mohammed Hussain, 1185 Mohammed Shaybani, 158 Mohawk, 756 Mohegan, 1177 Mohnyin, 245 Moldavia, 393 Molina, Manuel Quezon y, 22 Molino del Rey (1847), 614, 998 Mollwitz (1741), 149, 546 Molokai, 669 Moltke, Helmuth von (1800-1891), 594, 844, 1031-1032 Moltke, Helmuth von (1848-1916), 501, 953, 967, 1032-1033, 1381, 1388, 1652 Mombasa (1631), 1150 Mombasa (1698), 1228 Mon kingdom, 570 Monagas, José Tadeo, 1596 Moncada Barracks (1953), 291 Moncada, José María, 1116, 1369 Monck, George, 397, 448, 484, 1033 Moncontour (1569), 361, 563 Mondlane, Eduardo, 928, 1050 Mongkut. See Rama IV Mongol Empire, 332, 854, 1033-1035, 1330, 1354 Mongols, 154, 310, 424, 585, 774, 1167, 1408; and China, 333; in the Wars of the Delhi Sultanate, 423 Monitor vs. Virginia (1862), 1035-1036, 1102, 1631; naval weapons, 1098 Monmouth (1778), 75, 863, 1036-1037, 1474, 1638 Monmouth, duke of. See Scott, James, duke of Monmouth Monmouth's Rebellion, 966, 1388-1389 Monongahela (1755), 578, 1037, 1633 Monro, Charles, 575 Monro, Robert, 755 Monroe Doctrine, 1655 Mons, 246, 248, 250-251 Mons (1691), 612 Mons (1914), 1651 Mons Graupius (84 c.e.), 21, 1037-1038 Mons Lactarius (552), 1092 Mons Lactarius (553), 812, 1158 Mons Seleucus (353), 1308 Montagnais, 756 Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de, 6, 532, 552, 1038, 1258, 1399, 1649 Monte Cassino (1943-1944), 346, 1038-1040 Monte Rotondo (1867), 773 Montebello (1800), 865 Montecatini (1315), 526 Montecuccoli, Raimondo, 1351 Montenegrin Wars of Independence, 1040-1041 Montenegrins, 1686; in the Montenegrin Wars of Independence, 1040 Montenegro, 165, 1687 Montenotte (1796), 561 Monterrey (1846), 804, 997, 1041, 1508, 1531 Montezuma, 386, 1459 Montfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester, 172, 463 Montgomery, Bernard Law, 36, 213, 238, 475, 1041-1042, 1288, 1357, 1665 Montgomery, Richard, 49, 73, 125, 1257 Montija (1644), 1461 Montjoy. See Blount, Charles, Baron Mountjoy Montlhéry (1465), 318, 538 Montmartre (978), 539 Montmirail (1814), 883 Montmorency, Anne, duke of, 563, 643, 1042-1043, 1352 Montonero, 111 Montreal (1760), 552, 1399 Montreal (1775), 49 Montrose, James Graham, marquess of, 1043-1044 Mook, Hubertus van, 736 Mookerheide (1574), 452 Moore, Harold G., 718 Moore, John (British lieutenant general), 387 Moore, John Henry (Texan colonel), 1521 Moors; in Frankish-Moorish Wars, 543; in the Wars of Charlemagne, 315 Morat (1476), 318, 538, 613, 1044 Moravia (1468), 199 Morazán, Francisco, 299 Moreau, Jean Victor, 562, 685, 960 Morelos y Pavón, José María, 870, 1004 Morgan, Daniel, 77, 389, 1372 Morgan, Henry, 1205 Morgarten (1315), 588 Mori clan, 1554 Moriscos, 1200 Moriscos, Revolt of the, 438 Morisini, Giovanni, 1576 Morison, Samuel Eliot, 679 Mormon Expedition, 804 Morocco, 52-53, 853, 1640 Morocco-Algeria Border War, 183 Morris, Richard Valentine, 1563 Morse, Samuel F. B., 368, 521 Morshead, Leslie, 1545 Mortemer (1054), 1646 Mortimer, Edmund, 602-603 Mortimer's Cross (1461), 1322 Moscardo, José, 630 Moscow (1610), 1341 Moscow (1941-1942), 635, 843, 1044-1045, 1302, 1693 Moscow, retreat from (1812), 37, 183, 187, 194, 1045-1046, 1090, 1112, 1165 Moshoeshoe, 223 Mosquera, Tomás Cipriano de, 363, 1532 Mosul (749), 3 Mosynopolis (1185), 1415 Motecuhzoma. See Montezuma II Mother Courage and Her Children (Brecht), 901 Motya, Siege of (397 b.c.e.), 433-434 Moudjebeur (1871), 555 Mount Badon (495/516), 86, 1046-1047, 1378 Mount Hope (1676), 1198 Mount Lebounion (1091), 45, 198 Mount Pichincha (1822), 871, 1447 Mount Tabor (1799), 839 Mountains, 558 Mountbatten, Louis, 228, 723, 1047-1048, 1137, 1510 Mouvement pour la Démocracie et le Développement, 306 Movement for the Triumph of Democracy, 183 Movimento das Forcas Armadas, 1051 Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola, 96-97 Movimiento 19 de Abril, 365 Mozambican Civil War, 1048-1049, 1051 Mozambican War of Independence, 928, 1049-1052 Mozambique, 1227-1228 Mozambique African National Union, 1050 Mozambique Liberation Front, 928, 1048, 1050 Mozambique National Resistance, 928, 1048, 1051 Mpande, 302, 1702 MPLA. See Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola MRTA. See Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Mtetwa, 431, 1701 Mtetwa Epansion, Wars of, 431, 1400 MTLD. See Movement for the Triumph of Democracy Muawiyah I, 81, 1064, 1069 Muazzam, Prince. See Bahadur Shah Mubarak, Hosni, 1052 Mudros, Armistice of, 989 Mugabe, Robert, 1695 Muhammad (founder of Islam), 81, 825, 1067 Muhammad I Askia, 1056, 1442 Muhammad VI, 140 Muhammad Ahmad, 4, 257, 665, 827, 1052-1053 Muhammad Alī Pasha, 282, 391, 468, 1053-1054 Muhammad al-Mutawakkil, 853 Muhammad al-Nāsir, 52, 868, 1276 Muhammad Azam, 1029 Muhammad Bello, 1587 Muhammad es-Sadok, 555 Muhammad Ghūrī. See Muhammad of Ghor Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karīm al-Khattabī. See Abd el-Krim Muhammad ibn Ali, 2 Muhammad ibn Tughluq, 424, 1167 Muhammad Khaljī, 1055 Muhammad Mirza, 1183 Muhammad of Ghor, 1054-1056 Muhammad Pasha, 1161 Muhammad Shāh, 18, 1029, 1185 Muhammad Shah I of Bahman, 1610 Muhammad Sultan, 1029, 1167 Muhammad Ture. See Muhammad I Askia Muhammed Ali, 1031 Muhammed bin Hamid. See Tippu Tib Muhī-ud-Dīn Muhammad Aurangzeb. See Aurangzeb Mühlberg (1547), 55, 1056-1057, 1382 Mühldorf (1322), 588 Muhtadi, al-, 1066 Muizz-ud-Dīn Muhammad ibn Sām. See Muhammad of Ghor Mujahideen, 1448 Mukden (1621), 944 Mukden (1905), 785-786, 1057-1058, 1126, 1339 Mukden (1947), 330 Mukhlisgarh (1712), 1028 Mukhtar Pasha, 1041 Mukti Bahini, 725, 737 Mülhausen. See Mulhouse Mulhouse (58 b.c.e.), 1058 Mulhouse (1674), 1572 Mulinu'u (1885), 1361 Mulinu'u Point (1887), 1362 Mulraj, 643 Multan, Siege of (712), 1070 Munda (45 b.c.e.), 267, 1058-1059, 1305 Munich Conference, 1658 Münnich, Burkhard C., 1346 Munster (Ireland), 219 Münster Episcopal Feud, 651 Muntasir, al-, 1065 Murābitūn, al-. See Almoravid Empire Murad (Gujarat governor), 1029 Murad I, 851, 1059, 1574 Murad II, 33, 260, 707, 712, 1575 Murad IV, 1161, 1578 Murad Bey, 1251 Murad Reis, 1563 Murat, Joachim, 446, 795, 1046, 1059-1060 Murchakhar (1729), 1184 Murena, Lucius Licinius, 1022 Muridism, 1332 Murray, Alexander, 1563 Murray, Andrew, the Elder, 91 Murray, Andrew, the Younger, 92 Murrow, Edward R., 1627 Mursa (351), 1308 Mursili I, 681 Mursili II, 682 Murten (1476). See Morat (1476) Mūsā, Mansa, 940, 1442 Musa ibn Mugha, 1066 Mūsā ibn Nusayr, 543, 1060-1061, 1507 Museveni, Yoweri, 1348 Music, martial, 1061-1063 Musketeer, Operation (1956), 1482 Muskets, 1063-1064 Muslim Civil War of 657-661, 81 1064-1065, 1069 Muslim Civil War of 680-684, 1069 Muslim Civil War of 861-870, 1065-1067 Muslim Conquests, 81, 825, 1060, 1067-1071, 1080, 1507, 1578, 1676 Muslim unrest in China, 1071-1072, 1703 Muslims, 255, 314, 1468. See also Religion and war Mussolini, Benito, 1072-1073, 1357, 1665 Mustafa III, 1346 Mustafa Bey, 1564 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. See Atatürk Mustafa Pasha (governor of Damascus), 1161 Mustafa Pasha (Ottoman commander), 506, 941 Mustafa Pasha (seraskier of Rumelia), 7 Mustaīn, al-, 1065 Mustard gas, 1074 Muster and review, 1074 Mutamid, al-, 1066 Mutasim, al-, 257, 943, 1065 Mutawakkil, al-, 1065 Mutazz, al-, 1066 Mutina (43 b.c.e.), 1306 Mutiny, 1074 Muwatallish, 682, 814 Muwatallish II, 682 Muzaffar Jang, 282 My Experiences in the World War (Pershing), 1182 My Lai Massacre (1968), 1074-1075, 1628 Mycale (479 b.c.e.), 1669 Mycenaeans; in the Dorian Invasion of Greece, 441 Mylae (260 b.c.e.), 1248 Mynyddog of Gododdin, 293 Myriokephalon (1176), 265 Mysore (1310), 424 Mysore Wars, 226, 385, 1075-1077, 1639 Mystic (1637), 1177 Mzilikazi, 909 N Nādr Qolī Beg. See Nādir Shāh Naaman ibn Muqarrin, 1080 Nabis, 1201, 1464 Nabonidus, 417, 1185, 1189 Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar, 161, 1189 Nachson, Operation (1948), 760 Nādir Shāh, 17, 1027, 1078, 1183-1184 Näfels (1388), 151 Nagao Tamekage, 783 Nagasaki, bombing of, 499, 1142, 1668 Nagashino (1575), 1078-1079, 1146 Nagpur (1854), 224 Naguib, Muhammad, 1079, 1095 Nagumo, Chuichi, 1007, 1079-1080, 1173 Nagy, Imre, 705 Nagykovácsi (1956), 706 Nahāvand (641-642), 1068, 1080, 1374 Nahāvand (748), 3 Nahdatul Ulama, 733 Nahhas, Mustafa al-, 467 Nájera (1367), 463 Najibullah, Sayid Mohammed, 1448 Nakajima, Kesago, 1083 Naked and the Dead, The (Mailer), 904 Nam Tha (1961), 867 Nama, 591 Namasigue (1907), 690 Namibian War of Independence, 1081-1082 Namur (1692), 355, 1591 Namur (1695), 355, 612 Nana of Itsekiri, 224 Nana Sahib, 296, 729 Nānak, 1027 Nancy (1477), 318, 538, 1044 Nanda Bayin, 247, 250 Nanjing (1402), 1681 Nanjing (1659), 1691 Nanjing (1853), 691, 1675 Nanjing (1863), 1690 Nanjing (1926), 329 Nanjing, Rape of (1937-1938), 1083 Nanjing, Treaty of (1842), 1155, 1495 Nantes, Edict of (1598), 565 Napata (1457 b.c.e.), 1533 Napier, Charles James, 1006, 1009, 1083-1084 Napier, Robert, 127, 1084, 1520 Napier, William, 1085 Naples, 1360 Naples (1503), 1100 Napoleon I, 7, 146, 194, 204, 231, 283, 387, 446, 470, 559, 561, 565, 770, 795, 869, 883, 885, 901, 909, 960, 1085-1087, 1286, 1297, 1444, 1550, 1617, 1621, 1635, 1639; and Louis Alexandre Berthier, 187; in Egypt, 625, 1108, 1251; exile of, 373; and French colonialism, 553, 1008; friendship with Jean Lannes, 865; and Antoine Henri, baron de Jomini, 806; and Andoche Junot, 811; maps and cartography, 953; and Joachim Murat, 1060; in Russia, 37, 183, 347, 859, 1046; in Saint-Domingue, 1552; and Maurice, comte de Saxe, 1377; in Spain, 1003, 1371, 1444; training of, 460 Napoleon III, 555, 577, 594, 772, 820, 1000, 1388, 1437 Napoleonic Code. See Cope Napoleon Napoleonic Wars, 6, 146, 162, 183, 203, 230-231, 273, 346, 422, 446, 603, 739, 794, 805, 810, 858, 865, 883, 885, 971, 1045, 1053, 1059, 1083, 1085, 1087-1091, 1108, 1165, 1257, 1371, 1380, 1444, 1486, 1555, 1635, 1639; art depicting, 131; effect on colonies, 869; conscription, 469; economic warfare, 456; Fifth Coalition, 1621; First to Seventh Coalitions, 1112; Fourth Coalition, 565; literature depicting, 902; military medicine, 983; naval weapons, 1098; Peninsular War, 387, 637, 1356, 1497, 1617 Naram-Sin of Akkad, 712 Naram-Sin of Eshnunna, 160 Narapati, 245 Narasimavarman, 309 Narasimha, 1609 Narbonne (719), 543, 1550 Narbonne (759), 543, 1551 Naresuan, 250, 1410, 1412 Narragansett, 1177 Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen's Captivity (Allen), 49 Narses, 812, 1091-1092, 1158, 1494 Narva (1700), 320, 617, 1092-1093, 1220 Narváez, Pánfilo de, 386 Naseby (1645), 483, 1093-1094, 1325 Nashan (1904), 1338 Nashville (1864), 66, 695, 1094, 1531 Nasir, Abd al-Rahman III al-, 1680 Nasir Jang, 282 Nāsir ud-Dīn Nusrat Shāh, 160 Nasr ibn Sayyār, 3 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 359, 468, 761, 1079, 1095-1096, 1350, 1428, 1481, 1679 Natal, 197, 1320, 1701; British colonialism in, 223 National Army of Democratic Kampuchea, 269 National Democratic Greek League, 623 National Democratic Union of Mozambique, 1050 National Front (Spain), 1456 National Guard, 1096 National Intelligence and Security Organization. See SAVAK National Liberation Front, 365 National Liberation Front-National Popular Liberation Army, 623 National Military Organization. See Irgun National Patriotic Front of Liberia, 897 National Security Agency, 745 National Sihanoukist Army, 270 National Socialist German Workers' Party. See Nazi Party Nationalism; before World War I, 1651; in the Revolutions of 1848, 1286 Nationalist Party (Guomindang), 325, 333, 336, 507, 785, 896, 899, 913, 951, 1535, 1674; in the Chinese Civil War, 328 Nationalist Party, Indonesian, 733 Native Americans; in the French and Indian War, 550 Native Americans and whites; conflicts between, 5, 67, 71, 107, 161, 214, 287, 352, 389, 413, 550, 596, 664, 756, 777, 808, 905, 1113, 1177, 1198, 1221-1222, 1231-1232, 1425, 1427, 1509, 1525 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization Naukluft (1893-1895), 591 Naushera (1948), 727 Nautilus, USS, 1099 Navajo, 287 Naval Academy, U.S., 460 Naval weapons, 1096-1100 Navarino Bay (1827), 626 Navarre, Henri, 430, 733 Navarro, Pedro, 1100, 1271 Navies, 1017, 1105, 1268; in the American Revolution, 807; in Anglo-Dutch Wars, 88; Arab, 1069; Athenian, 142; Australian, 148; British, 229, 1259; Canadian, 274; Egyptian, 466; English, 178; French, 178, 1259; German, 1263, 1542; Indian, 727; Iranian, 750; Iraqi, 754; Israeli, 764; Italian, 1505; Japanese, 786; North Korean, 844; organization and tactics, 383, 889, 934, 1100-1105, 1555, 1630; Soviet, 1104 Navigation Act of 1651, 87, 449 Navy, U.S., 701, 962, 1104-1108, 1659; aircraft, 28; American Civil War, 507; and Coast Guard, U.S., 350; nuclear submarines, 1293; and race, 1261; in World War II, 836 Nazi Party, 680, 1658; and Francisco Franco, 536; military propaganda, 1241 Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1659 Ndebele, 909, 1695 Ndebele Civil War, 908 N'Djamena, First (1979), 305 N'Djamena, Second (1980), 305 Ndonkakusuka (1856), 302 Ndwandwe, 1702 Ne Win, 249 Nebuchadnezzar I, 161 Necotomance, 1233 Nedao River (454), 711 Nedić, Milan, 1543 Neerlandia, Treaty of (1902), 1533 Neerwinden (1693), 612, 919 Neerwinden (1793), 560 Negrín, Juan, 1457 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 248, 724, 726; and Indian military, 728 Neill, James C., 30 Nelson, Horatio, 561, 1086, 1088, 1102, 1108-1109, 1555, 1564 Nemecký Brod (1422), 715, 1109, 1698 Neolin, 1222 Neon, 1540 Neoptolemus II, 1252 Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689), 332, 818, 946 Nero, 798, 1312, 1599 Nero, Gaius Claudius, 1109-1110 Nervesa (1373), 709 Nervii, 572 Netanyahu, Benyamin, 1403 Netherlands, 611; in the Dutch Wars of Independence, 451; German invasion of, 1664; German occupation of, 451; in the Indonesian War of Independence, 734; in the Thirty Years' War, 1527; in the War of the Grand Alliance, 611; in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1461 Neto, Agostinho, 96, 98 Neustria, 318, 542 Neutral maritime rights, 469 Neutrality, 1110 Nevers, Jean de, 1120 Neville, John, 1643 Neville, Richard, earl of Warwick, 1322 Neville's Cross (1346), 92, 1110-1111 New Amsterdam; in the Anglo-Dutch Wars, 88 New Granada, 870, 1446 New Guinea; in World War II, 921 New Haven (1637), 1178 New Mexico, 107, 821, 998 New Model Army, 396, 448, 483, 1093, 1234 New Orleans (1815), 472, 777, 1111-1112 New Orleans (1862), 506 New Principles of Gunnery (Robins), 1300 New South Wales, 222 Newport (1265), 463 Newport (1778), 697 Ney, Michel, 184, 565, 685, 795, 806, 1046, 1088, 1112, 1257, 1635 Nez Perce, 70, 1009 Nez Perce War, 70, 808, 1112-1114 Nezib (1839), 468 Nghia Lo (1951), 732 Ngo Dinh Diem, 430, 1602, 1618 Ngo Quang Troung, 699 Nguni, 1699, 1701 Nguyen Hue, 1608 Nguyen Lu, 1608 Nguyen Nhac, 1608 Nguyen Phuc Anh, 1413, 1608 Nguyen Van Thieu, 1604 Nian Rebellion, 1071, 1684, 1703 Niantic, 1177 Niazi, A. A. K., 725 Nicaea (1097), 45, 399 Nicanor, 40 Nicaragua, 299; in the Honduran-Nicaraguan War of 1907, 690; Walker's invasion of, 1114-1115, 1622 Nicaraguan Civil War of 1925-1933, 1115-1117, 1368 Nicaraguan Civil War of 1977-1989, 1117-1119 Nice, Truce of (1538), 1589 Nicea, 872 Nicene Creed, 378 Nicephorus I, 236-237, 257, 317, 666 Nicephorus II Phocas, 236, 258, 802, 1119 Nicholas I (czar of Russia), 1214, 1287, 1331, 1346 Nicholas I (king of Montenegro), 1040 Nicholas II (czar of Russia), 201, 1327, 1337 Nicholas, count of Salm, 1600 Nicholas, Grand Duke, 1119-1120, 1652 Nicias, 1175, 1489 Nicias, Peace of (421 b.c.e.), 35, 1175, 1489 Nicomedia (1090), 198 Nicopolis (1396), 260, 707, 1120 Nidau, Rudolf von, 874 Niemen (1920), 1340 Nieuport (1600), 976, 1120-1121 Niger, 1400 Nigeria; British colonialism in, 224 Nigeria-Biafra Civil War, 610, 1121-1123 Nightingale, Florence, 984 Nijmegen, Siege of (1591), 976 Nijmegen, Treaty of (1678), 88, 611 Nile (304-303 b.c.e.), 1245 Nile (1798), 222, 561 Nimeiri, Gaafer Muhammad al-, 1123, 1480 Nîmes (725), 543, 1550 Nimitz, Chester W., 632, 775, 837, 1123-1124, 1149, 1467, 1668 Ninety-six, Siege of (1781), 850 Nineveh (612 b.c.e.), 138, 161 Ninevah (627), 672 Ninfeo, Treaty of (1261), 1593 Ningpo (1842), 1155 Nió (1809), 1393 Nisibis (243), 1401 Nissage-Saget, 656 Nitrocellulose, 498, 1243 Nitroglycerin, 498 Nivelle, Robert, 1124-1125, 1654 Nixon, Richard, 324, 359, 653, 1604; and Iran, 750 Nkomati Accord (1984), 928, 1049 Nkomo, Joshua, 1695 Nkrumah, Kwame, 1050 Nkuwu, 1228 Nobel, Alfred, 498 Nocaima (1899), 1532 Noel, Roberto, 1191 Nogi, Maresuke, 785, 1057, 1125-1126, 1225 Nógrád (1544), 705 Nola (216 b.c.e.), 959 Nomonhan Incident. See Khalkin-Gol Nongovernmental organizations' roles in warfare, 1126-1128 Nördlingen (1634), 1128-1129, 1529 Nördlingen (1645), 371 Norfolk, 823 Norman-Byzantine Wars, 44, 254, 1129-1130, 1414 Norman Conquests, 666, 1130-1132, 1298, 1646 Norman French; in the British Dynastic Wars, 225 Normandy, 1303, 1612-1613; in the Norman-Byzantine Wars, 1129 Normandy Invasion (1944), 213, 352, 474, 663, 673, 1042, 1132-1134, 1171, 1294, 1318, 1668 Normans, 666, 688, 1298 Norodom Ranariddh, 269 Norodom Sihanouk, 268, 1605 North Africa; French colonialism in, 554; Muslim conquest of, 1060, 1069; Vandal invasion of, 1590; in World War II, 1665 North Africa (1940), 1637 North Africa Invasion (1942), 474, 1318, 1665 North America; in the Seven Years' War, 1396 North American Air Defense Pact (1958), 275 North Atlantic (1939-1945), 439, 837, 1103, 1134-1135, 1263, 1664 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 186, 354, 357, 642, 653, 969, 1051, 1126, 1135-1136 North Korea, 845. See also Korea North Korean military, 834, 844-846 North Point (1814), 170 North Vietnam; in Cambodia, 269; in Vietnam Conflict, 1602 Northampton (1460), 1322 Northampton, Treaty of (1328), 91 Northern Africa; British colonialism in, 224 Northern Expedition (1926-1928), 326, 328, 507, 896, 1674 Northern Ireland, 90 Northern Ireland Civil War, 1136-1138 Northern Song Dynasty, 332 Northern War, 547, 1138-1139 Northumberland, duke of, 208, 823, 1139-1140 Northumbria, 87, 294; Mercian invasion of, 15 Norway, 1613; German invasion of, 1664 Norwegians; in the British Dynastic Wars, 225 Notium (407-406 b.c.e.), 920 Nouakchott (1977), 1640 Novara (1500), 768 Novara (1513), 873 Novara (1849), 770 Novgorod (1441), 1326 Novgorod (1471), 773, 1140 Novgorod (1611), 1343 Novgorod, Muscovite Conquest of, 773, 1140-1141 Noyon in Picardy (1653), 567 NPFL. See National Patriotic Front of Liberia Nu, U, 248 Nubia, 465, 991 Nuclear and atomic weapons, 499, 1017, 1141-1144, 1512 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1962), 435 Numantia, Siege of (134-133 b.c.e.), 297 Numayrī, Jafar Muhammad an-. See Nimeiri, Gaafer Muhammad al- Numerian, 289, 432, 1308 Numidia, 965, 1385 Núñez, Rafael, 364, 1532 Núñez de Balboa, Vasco, 1206 Nuqrashi, Mahmad Fahmi, 467 Nur al-Din, 1355 Nur Ali Halife, 1160 Nur ed Din, 857 Nuremberg Trials, 607, 1144, 1625 Nurhaci, 944, 1144-1145 Nuuanu (1795), 669 Nyborg (1659), 1139 Nyerere, Julius, 1050, 1504 Nystad, Treaty of (1721), 321, 618, 1195, 1220 O Oahu, 669 Oaxaca City (1812), 870 Obando, José Maria, 363 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 1480 Obilić, Miloš, 851, 1059 Objective Burma (Walsh), 512 Obote, Milton, 79, 1504 Obregón, Álvervo, 1002 Obrenović, Miloš, 819, 1393 Observations on the Diseases of the Army (Pringle), 984 Observations upon Military and Political Affairs (Monck), 1033 Obwandiyag. See Pontiac Occupation of Japan, Allied, 921 Ochakov, Siege of (1789), 858, 1486 Octavius. See Augustus October Uprising (1641), 755 October War. See Israeli-Arab October War Octopus, Operation (1992), 897 Oda Nobunaga, 783, 788, 1078, 1146-1147, 1547, 1554 Odaenathus, 1307 Odawara (1491), 782 Odawara Castle, Siege of (1590-1591), 1554 Odes of Pindar, The (Pindar), 442 Odo of Blois, 568 Odoacer, 255, 1158, 1315 O'Donnell, Hugh Roe, 1677 Odyssey (Homer), 441 Oenophyta (457 b.c.e.), 1175, 1178 Offa, 15-16, 87, 1147 Offa's Dyke, 1147 Offa's Wars, 1147-1148 Office of War Information, U.S., 1241 Officers, 1148 Official Records (U.S. Army), 679 Offus (1706). See Ramillies (1706) Ogaden, 492 Ogata, Kiyochi, 1541 Ogatai, 585, 1034, 1148-1149, 1677 Oginski, Hetman Michal, 1212 Oglala (Sioux), 906 Oglethorpe, James, 1397 O'Hara, Charles, 1682 O'Higgins, Ambrosio, 1446 O'Higgins, Bernardo, 871, 1367, 1446 Ohio, 505 Ojibwa, 1509 Ojukwu, Chukuemeka Odunegwu, 1121 Okehazama (1560), 1146 Okinawa (1945), 1124, 1149-1150, 1467, 1668 Okopy Swietej Trojcy (1769), 1247 Oku, Yasukata, 1338 Olaf Guthfrithson, 230 Olaf I Tryggvason, 1487, 1613-1614 Olaf Skotkonung, 1487 Öland (1676), 419, 810 Old Northwest, 71, 505, 664, 864, 1180, 1221-1222 Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, 977 Oldham, John, 1177 Oldrich of Rozeberk, 199 Oliva, Treaty of (1660), 419, 1139, 1342 Olomouc (1470), 200 Olynthus, 1199 O'Mahony, John, 508 Oman, 1150, 1228 Oman, Charles, 1085 Omani Conquest of Eastern Africa, 1150-1151 Omar Latas Pasha, 51, 393, 1040 Omdurman (1898), 5, 838, 1152 Omi (1184), 583 O'More, Rory, 755 Omurtag, 236 On the Cavalry General (Xenophon), 1670 On the Elster (1080), 586 On War (Clausewitz), 346 Oneida, 756, 1397 O'Neill, Hugh, 838, 1677 O'Neill, Phelim, 755 Onin War, 782, 1152-1153 Onondaga, 756 Onondaga (1615), 311 Onslow, John, 504 Onslow, Richard, 274 Oorlam Khoikhoi, 591 Oostende, Siege of (1601-1604). See Ostend, Siege of (1601-1604) Opdam, Jacob van Wassenaar, 88 Opechancanough, 1231-1232 Opitchapan, 1232 Opium Wars, 224, 334, 606, 1153-1155, 1495 Oporto (1832), 1009 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 1141 Opposition to war, 511, 904, 1242, 1604 Oran (1509), 1100 Oran (1832), 554 Orange Free State, 195, 835, 853 Orchomenus (86 b.c.e.), 1022 Orders, military, 692, 842 Orel (1919), 1329 Orenburg (1919), 233 Oresteia (Aeschylus), 441 Organization of African Unity, 305, 1504 Organization of American States, 1127 Organization Spéciale, 183 Orhan, 254, 260, 1162, 1574 Orléans (451), 16, 145 Orléans, Siege of (1428-1429), 703, 800, 1156-1157 Orlov, Grigory, 1346 Orodes II, 1201 Orozco, Pascual, 1002 Orsza (1514), 1341 Ortega, Daniel, 1117 Orwell, George, 1627 OS. See Organization Spéciale Osaka Castle, Siege of (1614-1615), 1157, 1548 Osan (1950), 847 Osman, 1162 Osman II, 1216 Osman Nuri Pasha al-Ghazi. See Ghazi Osman Pasha Osollo, Luis, 1000 Ossetia, 1331 Ostend, Siege of (1601-1604), 1157-1158 Ostiaks, 1330 Ostrogoths, 237, 610, 1158, 1494, 1519, 1616; in the Gothic War, 608 Ostrogski, Konstanty, 1341 Ostrolenka (1831), 1214, 1285 Oswald of Northumbria, 87 Oswego (1756), 1038 Oswy of Northumbria, 87 Otakar II, 650 Otford (776), 1147 Other Side of the Hill, The (Liddell Hart), 898 Othman-ben-abu-Neza, 543, 1551 Othmān Pasha, Ghāzī, 1209, 1347 Otho, Marcus Salvus, 1312 Ottaniack. See Powhatan Ottawa, 71, 1221-1222, 1509 Otter, William, 1297 Otterburn (1388), 92 Otto I (Holy Roman emperor), 539, 685, 880, 934, 1158-1159 Otto II (Holy Roman emperor), 539 Otto IV (Holy Roman emperor), 208, 482, 545, 587 Ottoman Civil Wars, 1159-1160, 1162 Ottoman-Druze Wars, 1160-1162 Ottoman Empire, 7, 139, 236, 381, 393, 624, 707, 852, 1040, 1150, 1162-1163, 1251, 1578, 1601; in the Albanian-Turkish Wars, 33; in the Austro-Turkish Wars, 151; in the Cretan Uprisings, 391; in the Egypto-Turkish Wars, 468; end of, 165; in the Greco-Turkish War, 621; in the Hungarian-Turkish Wars, 707; and Hungary, 710; in the Italian Colonial Wars, 766; and Matthias I Corvinus, 973; in the Ottoman-Druze Wars, 1161; in the Polish-Turkish Wars, 1216; in the Russo-Turkish Wars, 1345; in the Serbo-Ottoman Conflict, 1393; in the Turkish War of Independence, 1572; in the Turko-Persian Wars, 1577; in World War I, 1653 Ottoman-Safavid War, 1390 Ottoman Turks, 102, 253, 379; in the Byzantine-Ottoman Wars, 260; in the Mamlwk-Ottoman War, 942 Oudenarde (1708), 497, 966, 1163-1164, 1463 Oudh (1856), 224 Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, 184, 446, 1164-1165 Ould Bouhali, Muhammad Lamine, 1640 Ould Mu;zapha, Ibrahim Ghali, 1640 Ourem, count of, 1226 Outlines of the Chief Camp Diseases of the United States Armies as Observed During the Present War (Woodward), 984 Outram, James, 1006 Ouwerkerk, Hendrik van Nassau, lord of, 1164 Overland Campaign (1864), 66, 1466, 1645 Overlord, Operation (1944), 1133 Oyama, Iwao, 1057 Ozawa, Jisaburo, 632, 893 P Pac, Michal, 1211 Pachacuti, 720 Pacific, War of the, 1166-1167 Pacific Fleet, 1124 Pacifism, 1167. See also Opposition to war Paekche, 1423 Paeonia, 1199 Páez, José Antonio, 201 Pagan, 83, 250 PAIGC. See Partido Africano pela Independencia da Guine-Bissau e Cabo Verde Painlevé, Paul, 932 Pakenham, Edward, 777, 1111 Pakistan, 1694; in the Indian border conflicts, 724; in the Indian Civil War, 726; in the Indo-Pakistani Wars, 736 Paksong (1971), 867 Pakubuwana I, 791 Pakubuwana II, 791 Pakubuwana III, 792 Palace of Justice (1985), 365 Palafox, Don José, 1371 Palestine, 1266, 1696; in the Israeli-Arab Wars, 760 Palestine Liberation Organization, 180, 638, 649, 760, 879, 1402 Palestine National Liberation Movement. See Fatah, al- Palestine War, 1095 Palestinian Authority, 110 Pallavas, 336; in the Chalukyan Wars, 308 Palmyra, 1307 Palo Alto (1846), 997, 1508 Palonegro (1900), 1532 Pamheiba, 251 Pamunkey Cornfields (1624), 1233 Pan Ch'ao. See Ban Chao Pan-Africanist Congress, 1081 Panama, Invasion of, 1230 Pāndyas, 308, 336, 424 Pang Zhuan of Wei, 1629 Pangeran Arya Mataram, 791 Pangeran Puger, 791 Panipat (1399), 1167-1168, 1499 Panipat (1526), 158, 160, 426, 1168 Panipat (1556), 29 Panipat (1761), 18, 956 Pannonia, 1515 Panormus (250 b.c.e.), 1248 Panthay Rebellion, 1071 Papagos, Alexandros, 624 Papel, 640 Papoulas, Anastasios, 742 Pappenheim, Gottfried H. zu, 219, 931 Papun (1955), 249 Parachute troops, 1168 Paraguay; in the Chaco War, 303; in the War of the Triple Alliance, 1561 Paramesvaravarman I, 1607 Parantaka I, 336 Paré, Ambroise, 983 Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano, 996 Parenda (1634), 954 Paris (885-886), 1612 Paris (978), 539 Paris (1648), 567 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 226, 552, 1399 Paris, Treaty of (1783), 78, 222 Paris, Treaty of (1809), 1380 Paris, Treaty of (1856), 395, 1346 Paris, Treaty of (1857), 1184 Paris, Treaty of (1898), 22 Paris Peace Accords (1991), 270 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 1126, 1340 Parker, Hyde, 1108 Parker, John, 892 Parker, Peter, 74 Parma (1248), 545 Parma, Alessandro Farnese, duke of, 95, 105, 439, 454, 1169 Parmenion, 40, 580 Paros (489 b.c.e.), 1669 Parr, William, 823 Parra, Aquileo, 364 Parthia, 1201 Parthian Empire, 1169-1170; wars with Roman Empire, 1535 Parthian-Roman Wars, 1169 Parthian-Sasanid War, 1169 Parthian-Seleucid Wars, 1169 Parthian Wars, 652, 959, 1308, 1310, 1312, 1400, 1557 Parti Progressiste Tchadien, 305 Partido Africano pela Independencia da Guine-Bissau e Cabo Verde, 641 Partido Democratico Angolano, 98 Partisans of Arab Sacrifice, 649 Pasargadae (550 b.c.e.), 417 Paschal II, Pope, 689 Pasco (1821), 1446 Pasdaran, 750 Pas-de-Calais (1544, 1549-1550). See Boulogne, Sieges of (1544, 1549-1550) Pasek, Jan, 1216 Paskany (1683), 1217 Paskevich, Ivan, 1214, 1346 Passarowitz, Peace of (1718), 152, 181, 497 Passchendaele, 1684 Pastrana, Andres, 366 Path of Valour, The (Budenny), 234 Pathet Lao, 866 Paths of Glory (Kubrick), 514 Patriotism, 1170-1171 Patton (Schafner), 514 Patton, George S., 213, 238, 1171-1172, 1288, 1668 Paul (king of Greece), 624 Paul I (czar of Russia), 562, 1108, 1486 Paul II, Pope, 199 Paul III, Pope, 1057 Paul IV, Pope, 55 Paulus, Friedrich von, 1472 Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, 276, 719, 1250 Paulus, Stephanus Johannes. See Kruger, Paul Paulus Hook (1779), 881 Pausanias, 141, 341, 1208 Pavia (774), 315 Pavia (1525), 769, 873, 982, 1042, 1172, 1589 Pax Romana, 1173, 1309, 1515 Payas (1488), 942 PDA. See Partido Democratico Angolano Peace for Galilee Operation (1982), 180, 879 Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 351, 658, 836, 1080, 1173-1174, 1318, 1408, 1659, 1665, 1672 Pearls Airport (1983), 627 Pearse, Patrick, 90 Pearson, Richard, 807 Peasants' Crusade, 399 Pecheneg-Byzantine War. See Bogomils' Revolt and Pecheneg-Byzantine War Pechenegs, 45; in the Pecheneg-Byzantine War, 197 Pécs (1543), 705 Pécs (1956), 706 Pedro I (emperor of Brazil), 215, 1008 Pedro I (king of León and Castile), 1226 Pedro II (emperor of Brazil), 215 Pedro II (king of Aragon), 868 Pedro de Zubiar, 838 Pedro the Cruel, 463 Pegu, 246 Pegu (1539), 247 Pegu (1551), 177 Peiwar Kotal (1878), 1299 Peixoto, Floriano, 217 Peking Treaty (1860), 1155 Pelagonia (1259), 872 Pelayo, 1274 Pelekanos (1329), 260 Pélissier, Aimable-Jean-Jacques, 395 Peloponnesian League, 1465; in the Peloponnesian Wars, 1174 Peloponnesian Wars, 14, 35, 140, 343, 920, 994, 1015, 1174-1176, 1178, 1187, 1465, 1488, 1669 Pemberton, John C., 1600 Pembla Tanah Air, 735 Pemuda, 735 Penda of Mercia, 87 Peng Dehuai, 720, 848, 951, 1224 Peniche (1589), 1460 Peninsular Campaign (1862), 925 Peninsular War, 162, 231, 387, 1085, 1089, 1356, 1371, 1444, 1497, 1617, 1639 Pennsylvania in the Whiskey Rebellion, 1642 Pensacola (1813), 472 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate, 499 Pentagon Papers, 1605 Penthesilea, 56 People's Armed Revolutionary Forces. See Forcas Armadas Revolucionarias Populares People's Liberation Army (China), 333, 951, 1534, 1536, 1692 People's Liberation Army of Colombia, 365 People's Liberation Army of Namibia, 1081 People's National Party (Ghana), 1271 People's Revolutionary Army, 111 Pepi I, 991 Pepi II, 991 Pépin (king of Italy), 317 Pépin II (king of Aquitaine), 527 Pépin II of Hérstal, 318, 542 Pépin III the Short, 284, 314-315, 318, 543, 1551 Pequot War, 5, 1177-1178 Peralonso River (1899), 1532 Péralte, Charlemagne Masséna, 656 Percival, Arthur E., 1421 Percobamba (1984), 1191 Percussion cap, 520 Percy, Henry, earl of Northumberland, 602-603 Percy, Hugh, 893 Percys' Revolt, 671 Perdiccas, 40, 428, 1199, 1245 Peregrino (1854), 1000 Pereira, Aristides, 641 Pereira, Nuno Álvares, 1226 Pérez de Guzmán, Alonso, duke of Medina-Sidonia, 94, 113 Pericles, 35, 1175, 1178-1179, 1669 Perjaslaw, Treaty of (1654), 1342 Perón, Isabel de, 111 Perón, Juan, 111 Perovskii, Vasilii Alekseevich, 1332 Peroz, 1374 Perpetual Peace of 532, 812 Perry, David, 1113 Perry, Matthew C., 784, 1179-1180, 1421 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 471, 664, 864, 1180-1181 Perryville (1862), 60, 1404, 1531 Persano, Carlo de, 901 Perseus, 927 Pershing, John J., 322, 527, 968, 995, 1003, 1005, 1171, 1181-1182, 1293, 1352, 1408, 1615, 1655 Persia, 975, 1313; in the Byzantine-Persian Wars, 261; in the Greco-Persian Wars, 619; Ottoman invasion of, 1163; in the Persian-Afghan Wars, 1182; in the Persian Wars of Expansion, 1188; in the Turko-Persian Wars, 1577 Persian-Afghan Wars, 1078, 1182-1184 Persian Civil Wars, 1078, 1184-1185 Persian Empire, 39, 84, 671, 1185-1187, 1387 Persian Revolution, 1187-1188 Persian-Roman Wars, 811 Persian Wars of Expansion, 396, 1188-1190 Personal Memoirs of Joffre, Field Marshal of the French Army (Joffre), 802 Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant (Grant), 679 Peru, 870; independence of, 201, 1367; in the Peruvian Wars, 1193; in the War of the Pacific, 1166 Perugia, 496 Peruvian Guerrilla War, 1191-1192 Peruvian Wars, 1193-1194 Pescara, Fernando, 1271 PETA. See Pembla Tanah Air Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 534, 920, 1125, 1194, 1598, 1653, 1664 Petchaburi, 1412 Peter III, 1399 Peter IV (king of Portugal). See Pedro I (emperor of Brazil) Peter the Great, 180, 320, 617, 774, 1092, 1194-1195, 1211, 1220, 1331, 1344, 1346, 1576, 1578 Petersburg (1864-1865), 66, 252, 615, 674, 883, 1009, 1196, 1404 Peterwardein (1691), 152, 1576 Peterwardein (1716), 497 Pétion, Alexandre, 201, 654 Petlura, Semyon, 1340 PETN. See Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Petrella, Guido dalla, 916 Petrograd (1917), 1568 Petrograd (1919), 1329 Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers, 202 Petrovic, Mirko, 1040 Pezuela, Joaquín de la, 1446 PFLP. See Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Phalanx, 85, 486, 738, 958, 1196-1197, 1492 Pharsalus (48 b.c.e.), 267, 1197, 1221, 1305 Philip (son of Menelaus), 41 Philip I (king of France), 1130 Philip II (1165-1223), 208 Philip II (1527-1598), 105, 888 Philip II (king of France), 11, 400, 1198, 1281, 1289 Philip II (king of Macedonia), 38, 40, 306, 738, 926, 1187, 1198-1199 Philip II (king of Spain), 55, 89, 94, 112, 438, 452, 587, 643, 775, 1043, 1169, 1199-1200, 1228, 1237, 1352, 1460, 1590 Philip III (duke of Burgundy), 318, 537, 800 Philip III (king of Spain), 454, 1158 Philip IV (king of France), 388 Philip V (king of Macedonia), 414, 927, 1464 Philip V (king of Spain), 1255-1256, 1462 Philip VI (king of France), 390, 701, 1431 Philip, Arthur, 222 Philip, count palatine of Austria, 1600 Philip, King (Metacomet), 5, 1197-1198 Philip, landgrave of Hesse, 1382 Philip of Hesse, 1057 Philip of Swabia, Duke, 587 Philip of Valois, 916 Philip the Arab, 1307 Philippi (42 b.c.e.), 289, 1200-1201, 1306 Philippine Insurrection, 22, 1181 Philippines, 427, 1452, 1621; and Douglas MacArthur, 921, 1621; in the Hukbalahap Revolt, 700; United States acquisition of, 410; in World War II, 174, 1621 Philippines (1944-1945), 1668 Philippon, General, 162 Philippsburg, Siege of (1688), 1591 Philistines, 421 Phillipa of Hainaut, 1110 Phillips, William, 1682 Philopoemen, 1201, 1464 Philotas, 40 Phnom Penh, 570 Phnom Penh, First (1975), 269 Phnom Penh, Second (1980), 269 Phocas, 671, 975 Phoenice, Peace of (205 b.c.e.), 927 Phoenicians, 1096 Photius, 1326 Phoumi Nosavan, 867 Phra Naret. See Naresuan Phraates IV, 1201-1202 Phraates V, 1202 Phraya Taksin, 1413 Piacenza (1746), 1038 Piacenza (456), 936 Pianosa (1519), 441 Picasso, Pablo, 131 Piccinino, Niccolò, 1595 Pichegru, Charles, 561 Pickett, George E., 61, 597, 914, 1202-1203; martial music, 1063 Pickett's Charge, 61, 597, 883, 1202 Pico, Andrés, 287 Picquart, Georges, 447 Picquigny, Peace of (1475), 538 Picric acid, 498 Picts, 1378 PIDE. See Policia Internacional para a Defesa do Estado Piedras, José de las, 1521 Pillow, Gideon, 302, 529 Pilsudski, Józef, 233, 1340, 1630 Pindale, 245 Pindar, 442 Ping, Chen, 937 Ping-Jin (1949), 899 Pinkie (1547), 94, 1203, 1439 Pir-Muhammad, 1167 Piracy, 1203-1205; Vandals, 1590 Pirmasens (1793), 231 Pirna (1813), 446 Pirvan (1221), 585 Pisa; in the Florentine Wars, 525 Pisan War, 670, 929 Pisani, Niccolò, 1594 Pisani, Vettore, 709 Pistoia, First (1325), 526 Pistoia, Second (1351), 526 Pistols, 523 Pitcairn, John, 892 Pitt, William, the elder, 552, 1205-1206, 1398 Pius V, Pope, 438, 506, 888 Pius IX, Pope, 578, 1287 Piye, 466, 991 Pizarro, Francisco, 323, 721, 1206-1207, 1459 Pizarro, Gonzalo, 1459 Pizarro, Hernando, 1206 Plague; in the Hundred Years' War, 800; and Huns, 1315; and the Roman Empire, 959 Plain of Jars (1959), 867 PLAN. See People's Liberation Army of Namibia Plan de Ayala, 1689 Plan de Ayutla, 1000 Plan de Iguala, 870, 1004 Plan de San Luis Potosí, 1002 Plan Seventeen, 1651 Plantagenet dynasty, 205, 1321 Planters' Protective Association, 190 Plassey (1757), 226, 348, 729, 1207-1208 Plataea (479 b.c.e.), 621, 1174, 1187, 1208, 1357, 1465 Plataeans, 957 Platoon (Stone), 514 Platt Amendment, 1454 Plattsburgh (1814), 170, 472 Plauen, Heinrich von, 1518 Plectrude, 318, 542 Pleistoanax, 1175 Plevna, Siege of (1877), 1209, 1347 Plutarch, 500 Pocahontas, 1231-1232 Podebrad, George von. See Podebrady, George Podebrady, George, 199, 651, 715 Poem of the Cid, 340 Pohlmann, Anthony, 137 Poimaneon (1224), 872 Point Salines Airport (1983), 627 Pointe, Ali la, 48 Poison gas, 767 Poitiers (1356), 463, 670, 703, 1209-1210 Pol Pot, 269 Pola (1379), 709 Poland, 1658; in the Great Northern War of 1700-1721, 617; in the Habsburg-Bohemian War, 650; in the Livonian War, 906; in Northern War of 1655-1660, 1138; in the Polish Rebellion of 1830-1831, 1214; in the Polish-Swedish Wars for Livonia, 1215; in the Polish-Turkish Wars, 1216; in the Revolutions of 1830-1831, 1284; in the Russo-Polish War of 1919-1921, 1340; in the Russo-Polish Wars of 1499-1667, 1341; in the Russo-Swedish Wars of 1590-1658, 1342; in the Thirteen Years' War, 1526; in the Turkish Wars of European Expansion, 1574; in World War I, 608, 1653 Polanowka, Treaty of (1634), 1342 Polay, Víctor, 1192 Poles; in the Thirteen Years' War, 1526 Police Action, First (1947), 736 Police Action, Second (1948), 736 Policia Internacional para a Defesa do Estado, 98, 1050 Polisario Front. See Frente Popular Para la Liberación de Saguia el-Hamra y Río de Oro Polish Campaign (1939), 607, 635, 680, 1210, 1324, 1659 Polish Campaign (1944), 843 Polish Civil War, 1211-1212, 1247 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1211-1212 Polish Partition, Wars of, 849, 1212-1214, 1486 Polish Rebellion of 1830-1831, 1214-1215, 1285 Polish Succession, War of the, 496, 1038, 1376 Polish-Swedish Wars (1654-1660), 804 Polish-Swedish Wars for Livonia, 647, 1215-1216 Polish-Turkish Wars, 1162, 1216-1217 Polish Wars of Expansion, 1217-1219, 1697 Political nature of war, 347 Politiques, 563 Polk, James K., 996 Pollentia (402), 32, 1475 Polo, Marco, 1593 Polock (1563), 1341 Poltava (1709), 320, 617, 1195, 1219-1220 Polybius, 402, 500, 719, 1061, 1201 Pompeius, Gnaeus, 1059 Pompeius, Sextus, 1059 Pompey the Great, 266, 289, 351, 798, 1023, 1058, 1197, 1221, 1304, 1316, 1538 Pondicherry, Siege of (1760-1761), 226, 282, 348 Ponhea-Yat, 831 Poniatowski, Jozef, 1212 Poniatowski, Stanislaw Augustus, 1211-1212 Pontiac, 1221-1222 Pontiac's Rebellion, 1222-1223 Pontics, 307; in the Mithridatic Wars, 1022 Pontius, 1361 Pontlevoy (1016), 568 Poona (1801), 957 Poor, Enoch, 1372 Pope, John, 60, 240, 252, 1223-1224, 1426, 1478 Popular Front (Spain), 1456 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 649, 1253 Porfiriato, 999, 1001 Pork Chop Hill (1953), 848, 1224 Pork Chop Hill (film), 513 Port Arthur (1894), 1125, 1422 Port Arthur, Siege of (1904-1905), 785, 1126, 1224-1226, 1338, 1546 Port Moresby, 381 Port Royal (1710), 6 Port San Carlos (1982), 504 Port Stanley (1982), 504, 576 Porter, David D., 1600 Porto Alegre (1835), 215 Porto Longo (1354), 1594 Porto Novo (1781), 1075 Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 785, 1225, 1339 Portugal, 1274; in the Angolan War of Independence, 97; and Ayutthaya, 1408; in the Guinea-Bissauan War of Independence, 640; independence of, 1461; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; in the Portuguese-Castilian War, 1226; in the Spanish-Portuguese Wars, 1460; in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1461 Portuguese-Castilian War, 1226-1227 Portuguese Colonial Wars, 34, 853, 1227-1230 Portuguese colonialism; Africa, 97, 640, 1049, 1150; Kongo Kingdom, 57 Portuguese Guinea, 1227 Portuguese Revolt, 541 Porus, 39, 43, 716 Posters, 131, 1240 Postumus, 1307 Potawatomi, 71, 1222, 1509 Potemkin, Grigori Aleksandrovich, 1230 Potidaea, 1199 Pottinger, Eldred Edward, 1183 Pottinger, Henry, 1155 Poundmaker, 1297 Powell, Colin, 1230-1231, 1263, 1384 Powhatan, 1231-1232 Powhatan War, 1231-1233 Pozharsky, Prince, 1343 PPT. See Parti Progressiste Tchadien Praga (1794), 1486 Pragmatic Sanction, 149 Prague (1419), 1233 Prague (1420), 715, 1698 Prague (1448), 199 Prague (1741), 1038, 1377 Prague (1757), 546, 1398 Prague, Four Articles of (1420), 715 Prague, Peace of (1635), 1529 Prajadhipok. See Rama VII Prasutagus, 206 Prat, Arturo, 1166 Prato (1512), 929 Premadasa, Ranasinghe, 1468 Prescott, William, 242 Preslav (971), 802 Preston (1648), 484, 1234 Prestopans (1745), 780 Pretorius, Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus, 193 Preveza (1538), 825 Prevost, Augustine, 1376 Prevost, George, 472, 863 Priam, 56, 1565 Price, Sterling, 384 Prieto, Manuel Bulnes, 1193 Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 1455 Primrose, James, 816 Prince, The (Machiavelli), 929 Princely Fronde, 567 Princes' Crusade, 399 Princeton (1777), 75, 385, 1234-1235, 1634 Principles of War, The (Foch), 527 Pringle, John, 984 Prisoners of war, 175, 488, 584, 1235-1237, 1622; Mayan, 980; Vietnam Conflict, 1605 Prithvirah Chouhan. See Prithviraj Prithviraj, 1054-1055 Prittwitz, Max von, 674, 1503 Probus, 1308, 1313 Probus, Marcus Aurelius, 289 Procles, 442 Procopius, 182 Procter, Henry, 664, 1525 Prokop the Great, 715 Prome (1542), 247 Propaganda, military, 129, 903, 931, 1237-1243; Basque, 173; Spanish-American War, 1451; in World War I, 1627 Propellants, 169, 1243-1245 Protestantism, 1281. See also Religion and war Provisions of Oxford (1258), 172 Provisions of Westminster (1259), 172 Prussia, 548; in the French Revolutionary Wars, 559; in German Wars of Unification, 592; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; in the Seven Years' War, 1396; in the War of the Austrian Succession, 149; in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1461 Prussia, Conquest of, 1516 Prussian League, 1526; in the Thirteen Years' War, 1526 Prusso-Austrian War, 674 Pruth, Treaty of (1711), 320, 618, 1195, 1346 Pskov, Siege of (1581-1582), 907 Pskov, Siege of (1615), 1343 Psychological warfare, 1237, 1404 Pteria (546 b.c.e.), 417 Ptolemies; in the Syrian-Egyptian Wars, 1490 Ptolemy I, 1490 Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 1490 Ptolemy III Euergetes, 1490 Ptolemy IV Philopator, 1270, 1490 Ptolemy Soter, 429, 1245, 1252, 1270 Public Weal, League of the, 318, 538 Publius Cornelius. See Scipio Africanus Publius Crassus, 1201 Puebla (1847), 998 Puebla (1863), 1000 Puerta del Conde (1844), 1370 Puerto Cabello (1812), 871 Puerto Rico; in the Spanish-American War, 1454; United States' acquisition of, 410 Pugachov, Yemelyan, 387, 1246, 1273 Pugachov's Revolt, 387, 1246-1247, 1486 Pulakesin I, 309 Pulakesin II, 309, 665 Pułaski, Count Kazimierz, 1211, 1247-1248 Pułaski, Jozef, 1211 Pulkovo (1917), 1568 Pulleine, Henry B., 757 Pulu. See Tiglath-Pileser III Pundra-Vardhana (c. 606-607), 665 Pungwe (1976), 1695 Punic Wars, 276, 293, 433, 496, 500, 658, 661, 864, 958, 1109, 1248-1250, 1316, 1361, 1384, 1464, 1557, 1688 Punitive Expedition, 1181 Purbaya, 791 Pursat (1593), 1412 Pusan Perimeter (1950), 847, 1250-1251 Putianbao (1937), 834 Pwll Melyn/Usk (1405), 603 P'ya Bodin, 1414 P'ya Taksin, 1411 Pydna, 1199 Pydna (168 b.c.e.), 927 Pye, 245 Pyle, Ernie, 1627 Pyongyang (688), 1423 Pyongyang (1894), 666, 784, 1672 Pyramids (1798), 561, 1060, 1086, 1251 Pyrenees (1813), 1639 Pyrenees, Treaty of the (1659), 371, 541, 1572 Pyrrhus, 429, 496, 1251-1252, 1361 Q Qadar, Abdul, 1448 Qaddafi, Muammar al-, 305, 1253, 1504 Qadiriyya, 1580 Qaghan, 672 Qajar Dynasty, 1183-1184, 1187 Qarakhanids, 263, 600 Qasr-a Shirin (1982), 748 Qassem, Abdul Qarim, 714 Qi (Chinese state), 1629 Qi Jiguang, 1253-1254 Qianlong, 332, 1035, 1254 Qin (Chinese state), 1629 Qin Dynasty, 330, 1255 Qin Gui, 1685 Qin Shihuangdi, 85, 330, 618, 1255, 1628 Qing Dynasty, 209, 332-333, 691, 944, 1145, 1254, 1495, 1675, 1690; and the Chinese Revolution, 334 Qing Gaozong. See Qianlong Qing Taizu. See Nurhaci Qingdao (1914), 785 Quadi, 959, 1313 Quadruple Alliance, War of the, 548, 1255-1256 Quang Trung. See Nguyen Hue Quartering Act of 1765, 72 Quasi-War, 1105 Quatre Bras (1815), 231, 1257, 1635 Quebec (1610), 311 Quebec (1629), 311 Quebec (1759), 698, 1399 Quebec (1775), 73, 125, 1257-1258 Quebec, Siege of (1759), 6, 280, 552, 1038, 1258, 1648 Quebec Act of 1774, 280 Queen Anne's War, 6, 550, 1397, 1463 Queenston Heights (1812), 471, 1386 Querétaro (1867), 1001 Querétaro (1914), 1002 Quetzalcóatl, 386, 1459 Quezon, Manuel, 921 Quiberon Bay (1759), 1259 Quiberon Bay (1795), 559 Quieret, Hugh, 1431 Quintilius, 1307 Quirino, Elpidio, 700, 933 Qutbuddin Aibak, 424, 1054-1055 Qutb-ud-din Aybak. See Qutbuddin Aibak Qutuz, 154 R Rabe, John, 1083 Rabin, Yitzhak, 110, 762, 1260 Race in the U.S. military, 1260-1263 Raclawice (1794), 850, 1213 Radagaisus, 1590 Radar, 477, 1263 Radcliffe, James, 780 Radetzky, Josef, 770, 1287 Radios, 368, 403, 476; military intelligence, 744 Radom Confederation, 1211 Radziwill, Krzysztof, 907 Raeder, Erich, 1263-1264 Ragaz (1446), 151 Ragenfrid, 542 Raghuji II Bhonsle I, 957 Raghunath Rao, 956 Ragusa (868), 258 Rai Pithora. See Prithviraj Raichur (1512), 1609 Rainald of Dassel, 910 Rais Mahomet Rous, 1563 Rajadhiraja I, 309 Rajaditya, 336 Rajaraja the Great, 309, 336 Rajaram, 956 Rajendra I, 337 Rajput Rebellion, 145-146, 1264-1265 Rajputs, 160, 424, 936, 1055; and the Conquests of Babur, 159; in the Rajput Rebellion, 1264; in the Wars of the Delhi Sultanate, 423 Raleigh, Walter, 96 Rall, Johann Gottlieb, 1559 Rama I, 251, 1409 Rama IV, 1409 Rama V, 1409 Rama VI, 1409 Rama VII, 1409 Rama VIII. See Ananda Mahidol Rama Khamheng, 830 Rama Thibodi II, 1524 Ramadhipati I, 830 Ramaraya, 1609 Ramero I, 1275 Rameses II, 465 Ramillies (1706), 966, 1266, 1463 Ramleh (1101), 1266-1267 Ramos, Domingos, 641 Ramses II, 682, 814 Ramses XI, 466 Rana Sanga, 160 Ranariddh. See Norodom Ranariddh Rancagua (1814), 871 Rangoon (1852), 223 Rank in the military, 118, 1267-1270, 1582 Rantzau, Daniel, 418 Raphia (217 b.c.e.), 1270, 1490 Rashtrakutas, 309 Rastatt, Treaty of (1714), 497, 1463 Ratana, 1524 Ratisbon (1809), 866 Ratubaka (856), 1469 Raucoux (1746), 1377 Ravenna (432), 16 Ravenna (538-539), 812 Ravenna (1512), 769, 981, 1100, 1270-1271 Ravivarman, 336 Rawlings, Jerry John, 1271-1272 Rawlinson, Henry, 79 Raydaniyya (1517), 943, 1391 Raymond of Antioch, 803 Raymond of Cardona, 526, 916, 1100, 1270 Raymond of Toulouse, 104, 797 Razadarit, 246 Razin, Stenka, 387, 1272 Razin's Revolt, 387, 1272-1273 Reagan, Ronald, 97, 627, 653, 749, 879, 1049, 1335, 1359; and Grenada, 1383 Real War, The (Liddell Hart), 898 Rearmament, 1273 Reason, the Only Oracle of Man (Allen), 49 Rebellion in the Backlands (Cunha), 218 Reconnaissance, 1273 Reconquest of Portugal, 1274 Reconquest of Spain, 46, 340, 508, 868, 1274-1277, 1458 Recruitment, 1277 Red Army, 163, 203, 856, 1302, 1568, 1570 Red Badge of Courage, The (Crane), 902 Red Baron. See Richthofen, Baron Manfred von Red Cloud, 69, 1426 Red Cloud's War, 389, 1426 Red Finns, 518 Redshirts, 771 Redwood Agency (1862), 1426 Reed, Walter, 984 Refet Pasha, 622 Reform Movement of 1898, 335 Refugees, 1277-1278; Biafra, 1122; Cambodian, 269 Refugio (1836), 1522 Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States (Steuben), 1474 Regulus, Marcus Atilius, 276, 1248 Rehman, Mujibur, 725 Reichswehr, 1389 Reid Cabral, Donald, 437 Reign of Terror (1793), 283, 558 Riel's Rebellions, 1649 Religion and war, 129, 198, 244, 344, 397-400, 486, 687, 707, 729, 876, 1043, 1232, 1278-1283, 1418; Buddhists and Hindus, 1468; Catholics and Hussites, 199; Catholics and Protestants, 55, 89, 94, 105, 219, 452, 562, 648, 754, 775, 779, 860, 918, 930, 1128, 1169, 1292, 1301, 1381, 1527, 1538, 1644; Christianity and Vietnam, 555; Christianity in Asia, 209, 691, 1675; Christians and Muslims, 52, 114, 255, 315, 318, 339-340, 438, 490, 543, 666, 672, 851, 878, 888-889, 941, 1274, 1303, 1393, 1480, 1550; in Crimean War, 393; France, 361, 643, 1042; Hindus and Muslims, 424, 723, 726, 936, 1609; Hussites, 715, 1233, 1698; Jews, 922; Jews and Muslims, 760, 1696; Mahdists, 827, 1053; Murids, 1332; Muslims, 4, 9, 53, 187, 600, 1449, 1581, 1586; Shiites and Sunnis, 748; Sikhs, 1419; Sikhs and Moguls, 1027 RENAMO. See Mozambique National Resistance Renaud de Dammartin, 209 Rennenkampf, Pavel, 674, 972, 1503, 1652 Reno, Marcus A., 906, 1426 Reparations, 1283; World War I, 515, 1656, 1658 Repnin, Nikolai, 1211 Republic of Korea. See South Korea Requesens, Don Louis de, 452 Resaca de la Palma (1846), 997, 1508 Resaina (243), 1401 Reserve Officers' Training Corps, 461, 1283 Reserves, 1283 Resistance, 1284 Reunions, War of the, 918-919 Revenue Cutter Service, 349 Reveries, or Memoirs upon the Art of War by Field-Marshal Count Saxe (Saxe), 1377 Revolt of the Princes, 1382 Revolution, 638 Revolutionary Alliance, 334 Revolutionary Armed Forces, 365 Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea, 269 Revolutions of 1830-1831, 1284-1285 Revolutions of 1848, 1285-1287 Reynaud, Paul, 577, 581 Reza Khan, 750. See Reza Shah Pahlavi Reza Shah Pahlavi, 1188 Rheinfelden, Rudolf von, duke of Swabia, 586 Rhine, Army of the, 194 Rhine Crossing (406), 1314 Rhine Crossings (1945), 213, 1171, 1287-1288 Rhineland Campaign (1793-1794), 347, 1571 Rhodes, Army of, 7 Rhodes, Cecil John, 835, 909, 1694 Rhodes, Siege of (305-304 b.c.e.), 429 Rhodes, Siege of (1522), 941, 1288-1289 Rhodesia, 1694. See also Zimbabwe Rhodian Memnon, 41 Riachuelo (1865), 1562 Ribaddi of Byblos, 713 Ricciardi, Arturo, 1505 Richard I, 11, 127, 400, 587, 743, 1281, 1289-1291, 1355 Richard II, 602, 671, 1227, 1321 Richard III, 204, 1291, 1323, 1520 Richard of York, 1322 Richelieu, cardinal de, 540, 566, 1291-1292, 1529, 1571 Richepanse, Antoine, 685 Richthofen, Baron Manfred von, 1292, 1654 Richthofen's Flying Circus, 1292 Ricimer, 936 Rickenbacker, Eddie, 1293 Rickover, Hyman G., 1293-1294 Ridda Wars, 825 Ridgway, Matthew B., 346, 847, 1294-1295 Riel, Louis, 1295, 1649 Riel's Rebellions, 1295-1297 Rif Rebellion, 3, 535, 1456 Riff War, 919 Rifles, 132, 522; semiautomatic, 522 Rifling, 521 Riga (1600), 1215 Riga (1657), 1344 Riga, Treaty of (1921), 1340 Rigaud, André, 1552 Rigveda, 135 Rijswijk, Treaty of (1690), 6 Rim-Sin, 161 Río de Oro, 1640 Río del Chaviano, Alberto, 409 Ríos Montt, Efraín, 634 River Ouche (500), 244 Rivera, Miguel Primo de, 3 Rivoli (1797), 561, 972, 1086, 1297-1298 Roatta, Mario, 630 Robeck, John de, 575 Robert I (king of France), 539 Robert I the Bruce, 91, 171, 463 Robert VI de Bruce, 91 Robert Curthose, 1646 Robert Guiscard, 44, 1129, 1298 Robert of Artois, 388, 948 Robert of Naples, 526 Roberto, Holden, 96, 98 Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, 241, 816, 835, 1298-1299 Roberts, J. H., 431 Robespierre, 559 Robins, Benjamin, 1299-1300 Rochambeau, comte de, 78, 186, 560, 1300-1301 Rochester Castle, Siege of (1216), 482 Rockets, 168, 1244 Rockwell, Norman, 131 Rocroi (1643), 371, 541, 1301 Roderick (king of the Visigoths in Spain), 1060, 1070, 1274, 1507 Rodgers, John, 1563 Rodney, George, 616, 1301-1302 Rodrigo. See Ciudad Rodrigo Rodríguez, Nicolás, 1522 Roger II (king of Sicily), 1414 Rogers, Robert, 6 Roggendorf, William von, 1600 Rojas, Pedro José, 1596 Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 856, 1302 Rokycany (1450), 199 Roland, 314, 317, 1302-1303 Rolfe, John, 1232 Rolling Thunder, Operation (1965-1972), 1604 Rollo, 1303, 1612 Roman Civil Wars of 88-30 b.c.e., 12, 266, 289, 965, 1058, 1197, 1200, 1221, 1303-1306 Roman Civil Wars of 235-394 c.e., 288, 377, 432, 1019, 1306-1308, 1313 Roman Conquest of Britain, 21, 1308, 1312, 1599 Roman Empire, 85, 254, 294, 811, 1308-1311; armies, 117; barbarian invasion of, 16; and Caledonians, 1038; and the Celts, 206, 298; conscription, 375; division of, 1314; end of, 1315; in the Etruscan-Roman Wars, 494; finances, military, 515; in the Gallic Wars, 572; and Goths, 610, 1616; Hun invasion of, 1310; martial music, 1061; and military engineering, 479; uniforms, 1582; and Visigoths, 1616; war art, 129; wars, 3, 288, 609, 811, 1037, 1311-1315, 1402, 1515, 1617; warships, 1630 Roman legions, 85, 738, 1309 Roman Republic, 85, 1434; conscription, 375; end of, 1200; in the Illyrian Wars, 718; military intelligence, 743; in the Mithridatic Wars, 1022; in the Samnite Wars, 1360; wars of the, 286, 1315-1317 Romania (1916), 501, 930, 1389 Romania, in World War I, 1653 Romanov, Michael, 1343 Romanovskii, Dmitri Il'ich, 1333 Romanus IV Diogenes, 54, 264, 950 Rome; in the Celtiberian Wars, 297; in the Macedonian Wars, 926; in the Punic Wars, 1248 Rome (387), 298 Rome (537-538), 182 Rome (1083), 688 Rome, Sack of (389 b.c.e.), 495 Rome, Sack of (410), 33, 610, 1310, 1314, 1378, 1519, 1617 Rome, Sack of (1084), 1298 Rome, Sack of (1527), 320 Romero, Carlos Humberto, 1359 Rommel Papers, The (Liddell Hart), 898 Rommel, Erwin, 36, 279, 475, 822, 1133, 1317-1318, 1433, 1544, 1665 Romulus Augustulus, 1315 Roncesvalles Pass (778), 284, 314, 317, 1303 Rong Lu, 210 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 921, 969, 1117, 1174, 1182, 1241, 1318-1319, 1368, 1475-1476, 1659 Roosevelt, Theodore, 427, 785, 935, 1181, 1319-1320, 1339, 1366, 1453 Rorke's Drift (1879), 1320, 1700 Rose, Hugh Henry, 730 Rose, Louis, 31 Rosebud (1876), 389, 1426 Rosecrans, William S., 60, 327, 384, 1320-1321 Roses, Wars of the, 204, 1237, 1291, 1321-1323, 1519, 1553 Roskilde, Treaty of (1658), 419, 1139 Ross, Robert, 170 Rossbach (1757), 546, 1323-1324, 1398 Rossignol, Albert, 403 Rot, Peter, 613 Rouen (1562), 563 Rough Riders, 1319, 1366, 1453 Rouville, Hertel de, 6 Royal Air Force College, 462 Royal Flying Corps, 663 Royal Laotian Government, 867 Royal Military Academy, 460, 462 Royal Military College, 460 Royal Naval College, 460, 462 Royal Proclamation of 1763, 1223 Rozhdestvensky, Zinovy P., 1339, 1546, 1570 RPF. See Rwandese Patriotic Front Rubicon Crossing (49 b.c.e.), 266 Rüchel, Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp von, 795 Rudolf I (Holy Roman emperor), 150, 650 Rudolf of Swabia, 688 Rudravarman III, 1607 Rueil, Peace of (1648), 567 Ruhengeri (1991), 1348 Ruin of Britain, The (Gildas), 1046 Rules and Regulations for the Field Exercise and Manoeuvres of Infantry (Scott), 1386 Rundstedt, Gerd von, 238, 534, 832, 1288, 1324-1325 Runjoor Singh, 48 Rupert III (king of Germany), 589 Rupert, Prince, 458, 483, 969, 1093, 1325 Ruperto, José, 1597 Russell, Edward, 860 Russell, William Howard, 1627 Russia, 387, 1195, 1220; in the Crimean War, 393; French invasion of, 347; in the French Revolutionary Wars, 559; German invasion of, 1471; in the Great Northern War, 617; in the Livonian War, 906; Mongol invasion of, 585, 1034, 1149; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; in the Polish Rebellion of 1830-1831, 1214; in the Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1335; in the Russo-Japanese War, 1337; in the Russo-Polish War of 1919-1921, 1340; in the Russo-Polish Wars of 1499-1667, 1341; in the Russo-Swedish Wars of 1590-1658, 1342; in the Russo-Swedish Wars of 1788-1809, 1344; in the Russo-Turkish Wars, 1345; in the Seven Years' War, 1396; in the Turkish Wars of European Expansion, 1574; in World War I, 1650 Russian Civil War of 1425-1462, 1325-1327 Russian Civil War of 1918-1921, 50, 233, 485, 786, 842-843, 1302, 1327-1330, 1340, 1470, 1540, 1567, 1570 Russian Colonial Wars, 1330-1333 Russian military, 1334-1335 Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1334-1337, 1511 Russo-Finnish Winter War, 946 Russo-Japanese War, 233, 666, 785-786, 855, 947, 1057, 1125, 1224, 1337-1339, 1510, 1546, 1569, 1671-1672 Russo-Polish War of 1919-1921, 233, 581, 1339-1341, 1570, 1629 Russo-Polish Wars of 1499-1667, 774, 804, 1341-1342 Russo-Swedish Wars of 1590-1658, 647, 1342-1344 Russo-Swedish Wars of 1788-1809, 37, 1344-1345 Russo-Turkish Wars, 37, 232, 618, 626, 807, 819, 858, 1162, 1195, 1209, 1212, 1230, 1332, 1345-1347, 1486 Ruyter, Michiel de, 88, 810 Ruzzini, Marco, 1593 Rwanda, 832 Rwanda and Burundi, Civil Wars of, 1347-1349 Rwandese Patriotic Front, 1348 Rwigyema, Fred, 1348 Rydz-Smigly, Edward, 1210, 1630 Rymnikskaia reka (1789), 1486 Ryswick, Treaty of (1697), 355, 450, 612, 1463 Ryūkyū Islands, 784 S Sá, Salvador Correia de, 1229 Saad-ed-Dowleh, 1266 Sabinada Movement, 216 Sac, 71 Sacasa, Juan Bautista, 1369 Sackett's Harbor (1813), 472 Sackville, George, 1021, 1398 Sacred War, 1199 Sadashiva, 1609 Sadat, Anwar el-, 468, 759, 762, 1052, 1095, 1350 Sadducees, 798 Sadowa. See Könnigrätz SADR. See Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic Safavid Dynasty, 17, 1026 Safavids, 158, 1078, 1182, 1390; in the Mogul-Persian War, 1026 Safi-Kuli Khan, 1183 Saguia el-Hamra, 1640 Sahara, Western. See Western Sahara conflict Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic, 1640 Saharawis, 1640 Sahkulu, 1160 Sahle Mariam. See Menelik II Sai Keo, 1523 Sai Tia Kaphat, 1524 Saigon (1788), 1608 Saigon (1858), 555 Saigon (1975), 1606, 1619 Sailendra Dynasty, 1469 St. Albans, First (1455), 1322 St. Albans, Second (1461), 1322 Saint-Arnaud, Armand-Jacques Leroy de, 51, 394 Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier (1488), 537, 873 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 362, 563 St. Clair, Arthur, 69, 71, 505 Saint-Denis (1567), 1043 Saint-Denis (1568), 563 Saint-Denis (1678), 919 St. Eustatius (1781), 1301 St. Francis (1759), 6 Saint-Germain, comte de, 629 Saint-Germain, Treaty of (1570), 563 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of (1629), 311 St. Gotthard Abbey (1664), 152, 1351, 1576 St. Helena, 373 St. Jakob an der Birs (1444), 151 St. John's (1775), 73, 125 St. Lawrence, Gulf of (1812), 472, 701 St. Martin-at-Palace-Gate Plain (1549), 823 St. Mihiel (1918), 1171, 1182, 1351-1352, 1475, 1655 St. Patrick's Battalion, 999 Saint-Quentin (1557), 89, 267, 361, 769, 1043, 1352-1353, 1590 Saintes (1782), 1302 Saipan (1944), 1353-1354 Saito, Yoshitsugo, 1353 Sajó River (1241), 1149, 1354-1355 Sak Sutsakhan, 270 Sakarov, Andrei, 1450 Sakarya (1921), 140, 622, 1573 Saladin, 11, 127, 399, 668, 1289, 1355-1356 Salamanca (1812), 1085, 1089, 1356 Salamanca (1858), 1000 Salamanca, Daniel, 303 Salamis (308 b.c.e.), 429 Salamis (480 b.c.e.), 141, 621, 1356-1357, 1526, 1670 Salazar, Antonio, 98, 1050 Salazar, Oliveira, 1229 Salbai, Treaty of (1783), 956 Saldanha Oliveira e Daun, João Carlos de, 1008 Salerno (1943), 346, 1357-1358 Salih ibn Wasif, 1065 Salisbury, earl of, 1156 Sallal, Abd Allāh-as-, 1679 Sallinwerder, Peace of (1398), 1517 Salmon Falls (1690), 6 Salnave, Albert, 656 Salvador (1837), 216 Salvadoran Civil War, 1358-1359 Sam, Guillaume, 656 Sam Fang Ken, 1523 Sam Neua (1953), 866 Samarkand (1511), 158 Sambhaji, 1265 Sambhupura Dynasty, 570 Sambhuvarman, King, 570 Samnite Wars, 496, 1360-1361 Samnites, 1484 Samoan Act (1888), 1362 Samoan Civil Wars, 1361-1362 Samogitians, 1517 Samory Toure, 1362-1363 Sampson, William T., 1452 Samsonov, Aleksandr, 674, 1503, 1652 Samudra Gupta, 646, 1363-1364 Samuel, 236 Samugarh (1658), 1029 Samurai, 985, 1364-1365, 1436 San Carlos (1860), 1596 San Diego (1846), 821 San Francisco Nentón, Massacre at (1982), 634 San Jacinto (1836), 31, 697, 996, 1365, 1369, 1522 San Juan Hill (1898), 1181 San Juan/El Caney (1898), 1365-1367, 1453 San Luis Potosí (1858), 1000 San Pasqual (1846), 287, 821 San Patricio (1836), 1522 San Stefano, Treaty of (1878), 820, 1345 Sana (1962), 1679 Sancho II (king of Castile), 339-340 Sancho III Garcés, 1274 Sancho VII (king of Navarre), 868 Sanclemente, Manuel Sergio, 1532 Sanctions, 455 Sand Creek (1864), 69 Sanders, Otto Liman von, 485, 575, 989 Sandile, 278 Sandinistas, 1117 Sandino, Augusto César, 1116-1117, 1368-1369 Sandomierz (1656), 1138 Sandrocottus. See Chandragupta Maurya Sands of Iwo Jima (Dwan), 513 Sands, Bobby, 1137 Sandy Hook (1778), 697 Sangibanus, 308 Sangineto, Filippo di, 917 Sanhājah, 53 Sanhājah Berbers, 9 Sanjurjo, José, 1456 San Martín, José de, 201, 870, 1367-1368, 1446 Sans culottes, 558 Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 30, 235, 302, 313, 996, 1000, 1365, 1369-1370, 1508, 1521 Santa Barbara (1986), 1191 Santa Clara (1958), 409, 640 Santa Cruz (1942). See Guadalcanal (1942-1943) Santa Cruz, Andrés de, 1193 Santa Fe (1846), 821 Santander (1878), 364 Santander, Francisco, 201 Santarém (1834), 1009 Santiago de Cuba (1898), 1453 Santo Domingan Revolution, 656, 1370-1371 Sara, 305 Saracens, 1298, 1303 Saragossa, Siege of (1808-1809), 866, 1085, 1371 Sarajevo, 1651 Saratoga (1777), 75, 125, 243, 280, 579, 698, 849, 1371-1373 Sardinia; in the Crimean War, 393 Sardinia-Piedmont; in the War of the Austrian Succession, 149 Sardis (546 b.c.e.), 396, 417, 1190 Sargon II, 138, 1392 Sargon of Akkad, 1373 Sarikamil (1914), 485 Sar-i-pol (1501), 158 Sarmatians, 289, 652, 959, 1314, 1387 Sarmizegetusa (105-106), 1557 Sarrail, Maurice, 576 Sarzana, Peace of (1353), 526 Sasanid Empire, 289, 600, 1313, 1373-1375, 1401-1402; Muslim conquest of, 1067 Sasanids, 672, 1080 Sasbach (1675), 1572 Sassacus, 1178 Sassoon, Siegfried, 904 Satara (1848), 224 Satellites, 369, 477, 745 Satha I, 1412 Satomi Yoshitaka, 783 Satsuma Rebellion, 666, 1125, 1671 Saul, King, 421 Saumur (1793), 558 Saunders, Charles, 1648 Savage Station (1862). See Seven Days' Battles (1862) Savai'i (1882), 1361 SAVAK, 751 Savannah (1864), 66, 1375-1376 Savannah, Siege of (1779), 75, 1247, 1376 Savenay (1793), 558 Savimbi, Jonas, 96, 98, 1082 Saving Private Ryan (Spielberg), 514 Savo Island (1942). See Guadalcanal (1942-1943) Savoy; in the War of the Grand Alliance, 611; in the War of the Quadruple Alliance, 1255; in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1461 Saw Ba U Gyi, 248 Saw Sankey, 248 Sawankhalok, 1524 Sawyer, Amos, 897 Saxe, Maurice, comte de, 150, 528, 628, 1376-1377 Saxe-Coburg, Josias, prince of, 560 Saxon Raids, 1378-1379 Saxon Wars, 314 Saxons, 284, 314, 1046, 1159, 1519; in Anglo-Saxon-Danish War, 230; in the Wars of Charlemagne, 315. See also Angles, Saxons, and Jutes Saxony, 684; in the War of the Austrian Succession, 149 Sayf ad-Dawlah, 258 Sayf Allāh. See Khālid ibn-al-Walīd Scanderbeg. See Castriota, George Scandinavian War, 1379-1380 Scanian War, 419, 810 Scarlett, James Yorke, 165 Scepeaux, François de, 952 Scerdilaides, 719 Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von, 194, 347, 460, 604, 1380-1381 Schaumburg-Lippe, Wilhelm von, 1461 Scheer, Reinhard, 813 Schenectady (1690), 6 Scheveningen (1653), 1567 Schinner, Matthäus, 961 Schlieffen, Count Alfred von, 1032, 1381 Schlieffen Plan, 967, 1032, 1651 Schliemann, Heinrich, 1565 Schmalkaldic League, 1056 Schmalkaldic War, 55, 685, 1056, 1381-1382 Schmidt, Harry, 1541 Schofield, John, 1094 Schola Militaris, 460 Schomburg, duke of, 211 Schultes, Johann, 983 Schultz, Arnold, 641 Schutzstaffel, 1382-1383 Schuyler, Philip, 125, 579 Schwarzenberg, Karl Philipp, 446, 885, 1089 Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, 645, 1383-1384 Schweidnitz, Siege of (1762), 629 Scipio, Publius Cornelius, 1249, 1384 Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus, Publius Cornelius, 297, 1316 Scipio Africanus, 293, 661, 1250, 1384-1385, 1688 Scipio Asina, 1248 Scoon, Paul, 627 Scotland, 1378; in the Anglo-Scottish Wars of 1290-1388, 91; in the Anglo-Scottish Wars of 1513-1560, 93; in the Hundred Years' War, 701; in the Jacobite Rebellions, 779 Scott, James, duke of Monmouth, 966, 1389 Scott, Winfield, 178, 302, 313, 472, 820, 998, 1202, 1385-1387, 1508 Scurvy, 984 Scutari (1478), 34 Scutari, Siege of (1912-1913), 166 Scyros (475-473 b.c.e.), 341 Scythia (c. 512 b.c.e.), 1190 Scythians, 1387-1388 Sea Beggars, 56, 452 Sea Lion, Operation (1940), 220 Search-and-destroy mission, 1388 Sebastian (king of Portugal), 853, 1228, 1460 Sebüktigin, 263, 600 Second Coalition, 561 Second Coalition, War of the, 7, 43, 685, 960, 1087 Second Day of Okewas (1644), 1233 Second Manassas Battle (1862). See Bull Run, Second (1862) Sedan (1870), 594, 995, 1032, 1388 Sedgemoor (1685), 966, 1388-1389 Sedgwick, John, 312 Seeckt, Hans von, 1389-1390 Segu (1861), 1581 Sehinsah, 1160 Sekigahara (1600), 789, 1390, 1548 Seleucids, 1538; in the Revolt of the Maccabees, 922; in the Syrian-Egyptian Wars, 1490 Seleucus I Nicator, 312, 429, 977, 1490 Seleucus II Callinicus, 1490 Self-Defense Force, 787 Self-Strengthening Movement, 895 Selim I, 268, 824, 888, 943, 1159, 1163, 1289, 1390-1391, 1575, 1577 Selim II, 1163 Selim III, 153, 1346 Seljuk-Byzantine Wars, 54 Seljuks, 44, 54, 104, 950; in the Byzantine-Seljuk Wars, 262; of Rum, 264 Sellasia (222 b.c.e.), 1201 Semendria (1441), 707 Semenyih (1956), 938 Seminara (1495), 508 Seminole, 777 Seminole War, 777, 1386, 1507, 1531 Sempach (1386), 150, 1391 Sempronius Longus, Tiberius, 1249, 1558 Semtex, 499 Sen Muang Ma, 1523 Sen Sanuk (1387), 1523 Senankoro (1867), 1362 Sendanno (1536), 783 Sendero Luminoso. See Shining Path Seneca, 756, 1222 Sengguolinqin, 1155 Senlis, Treaty of (1493), 537 Sennacherib, 138, 1391-1392 Senusi, 767 Seoul (1950), 834, 846 Seoul (1951), 847 Sepoy, 1392-1393 Sepoy Rebellion, 1298 September 30 Movement, 734 September Massacres (1792), 558 Septimania, 543, 1550 Serb Revolt, 803 Serbia, 165, 818, 1686, 1687; in the Serbo-Ottoman Conflict, 1393; in the Turkish Wars of European Expansion, 1574; in World War I, 1651 Serbia (1915), 930 Serbo-Ottoman Conflict, 818, 1393-1394 Sergeant York (Hawks), 512 Seringapatam, Treaty of (1792), 1076 Sertorius, Quintus, 1221, 1304 Serurier, Jaume Mathieu Philibert, 561 Servilius Geminus, 276 Servius Tullius, 494 Sestos (478 b.c.e.), 1669 Sethathirath I, 250 Seti I, 465, 682, 814 Settepozzi (1263), 1593 Seuthes II, 1670 Sevastopol (1942), 948 Sevastopol, Siege of (1854-1855), 165, 323, 395, 1346, 1394-1395, 1649 Seven Days' Battles (1862), 60, 882, 1395-1396, 1478 Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Lawrence), 679 Seven Pines (1862), 60, 805 Seven Samurai, The (Kurosawa), 514 Seven Weeks' War. See Austro-Prussian War Seven Years' War, 6, 230, 242, 280-281, 385, 418, 546, 551, 577, 628, 684, 815, 891, 1020, 1205, 1207, 1259, 1300-1301, 1323, 1396-1400, 1461, 1474, 1548 Severus, Julius, 799 Severus, Lucius Septimus, 1313, 1400 Severus Alexander, 1307 Sévres, Treaty of (1919), 140, 622, 1574 Seydlitz, Friederich von, 1324 Seymour, Edward, first duke of Somerset, 94, 823, 1139 Sforza, Francesco, 769, 1595 Sforza, Gian Galeazzo Maria, 768 Sforza, Ludovico, 768 Shaba, 1025 Shabako, 992 Shabatz (1806), 1393 Shafter, William R., 1366, 1452 Shah Fath Ali, 1183 Shāh Jahān, 145, 954, 1026-1029 Shah Muhammad, 585, 1034 Shah Safi, 1027 Shah Sultan Husayn, 1184 Shah Yazdigird III, 1080 Shahin, 672 Shahji Bhonsle, 954 Shahrvaraz, 672 Shahu, 956 Shaka, 303, 432, 1400-1401, 1699, 1701 Shakans, 647 Shakespeare, William, 1237 Shalateng (1947), 727 Shalmaneser I, 137, 682, 713 Shalmaneser III, 138 Shamun, Kamil. See Chamoun, Camille Shambhaji, 956 Shamil, 1332 Shamir, Yitzhak, 763 Shams al-Din Iltutmish, 424 Shamshi-Adad I, 160 Shangani (1893), 909 Shanghai (1853), 1495 Shanghai (1927), 329 Shans, 245-246, 250 Shāpūr I, 1313, 1374, 1401 Shāpūr II, 1402 Sharon, Ariel, 1402-1403, 1482 Sharpeville (1960), 1081 Sharrum-kinum. See Sargon of Akkad Shastri, Lal, 725, 737 Shatt al Arab, 747 Shawnee, 69, 71, 505, 664, 1222, 1508 Shays's Rebellion, 1643 Shebitku, 992 Sheikh, Sharm el-, 1482 Shein, Mikhail, 1342-1343 Shell shock, 984, 1403 Shelon River (1471), 1140 Shemyaka, Dmitry, 1326 Shenandoah Valley Campaign (1862), 778 Sher Shah, 29 Shere Singh, 328, 644 Sheridan, Philip H., 615, 1403-1404 Sheriffmuir (1715), 779 Sherman, William T., 66, 143, 327, 695, 805, 1094, 1375, 1404-1405 Shermarke, Abdi Rashid Ali, 1437 Sheshonq I, 466 Shewa, 1520 Shi Chaoyi, 82 Shi Kefa, 1675 Shi Siming, 82 Shias, 1054-1055 Shibasaki, Keiji, 1506 Shihāb-ud-dīn Muhammad Ghūri. See Muhammad of Ghor Shiloh (1862), 60, 178, 384, 528, 615, 805, 1404-1406 Shimabara Revolt, 1406-1407 Shimbra-Kure (1529), 490 Shimonoseki, Treaty of (1895), 784, 895 Shingle, Operation (1944), 1039 Shining Path, 1191 Ships of the line, 1098, 1102, 1631 Shirer, William, 1627 Shirkuh, 1355 Shivājī, 146, 954, 1265 Short, Walter C., 1174, 1407-1408 Short Timers, The (Hasford), 904 Showa Emperor. See Hirohito Shrapnel, 1408 Shrewsbury (1403), 602-603, 671 Shuisky, Dmitry, 1341 Shuja, 1029 Shulgi, 712 Shun Zhi, 944 Shuttarna II, 713 Sialkot (1965), 725 Siam, 1408-1409; in the Khmer-Thai Wars, 830; in the Siamese-Burmese Wars, 1409; in the Siamese-Cambodian Wars, 1411; in the Siamese-Vietnamese Wars, 1413 Siamese-Burmese Wars, 177, 1408-1411 Siamese-Cambodian Wars, 1408, 1411-1413 Siamese-Vietnamese Wars, 1408, 1413-1414 Siberia, 1330; Cossack invasion of, 387 Siberia (1918), 843, 1329 Sibley, Henry H., 1426 Sicarii, 971 Siceliot tyrants, 288 Sicels, 433 Sichelgaita, 1129 Sicilian-Byzantine Wars, 254, 1414-1415 Sicilian Wars, 18 Sicily (1943), 474, 1171, 1294 Sidi Barrani (1940), 1415-1416 Sidi Bilal (1912), 767 Siege towers, 1417 Sieges, 118, 323, 342, 355, 456, 480, 849, 976, 987, 1015-1016, 1416-1419; Antioch, 104; Antwerp, 106; Assyrian, 139; Badajoz, 162; Breda, 218; Calais, 267; Charleston, 75, 321; Chattanooga, 61; Jerusalem, 343, 487, 796; Kut-al-Amara, 857; La Rochelle, 861; Magdeburg, 930, 1529; Masada, 971; Metz, 994-995; Nicaea, 46; Orléans, 1156; Petersburg, 66, 1196; Romans, 85, 1310; Saragossa, 1371; Savannah, 75, 1376; and Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, 1591; Toulon, 1550; Tyre, 1579; Vicksburg, 61, 1599 Siegfried, 1612 Sierra Leone, 223 Sīf Allāh. See Khālid ibn-al-Walīd Siffīn (657), 81, 1064 Sigismund (Burgundian king), 244 Sigismund (Holy Roman emperor and king of Hungary), 199, 589, 651, 707, 715, 857, 1109, 1120, 1233, 1518, 1574, 1595, 1698 Sigismund III Vasa (king of Poland), 1215, 1343 Sigismund, János. See János Sigismund Sigismund of Austria, 151 Sigismund of the Tyrol, Duke, 651 Sihanouk. See Norodom Sihanouk Sikandar Lodi, 426 Sikh Golden Temple, Siege of (1984), 1419 Sikh Wars, 273, 1084 Sikhs; in the Mogul-Sikh Wars, 1027 Sil River (1238), 1149 Silao (1861), 1000 Silesia, 149, 684, 891, 1396; Prussian invasion of, 546 Silesian Wars, 546 Silistra (1089), 198 Silva, Flavius, 971 Silvestre, Manuel Fernández, 3 Sima al-Sharabi, 1066 Simbirsk (1670), 1273 Simbirsk (1919), 1329 Simeon bar Kosiba. See Bar Kokhba Simon, 924 Simon bar Giora, 798 Simpson, James, 395 Sinai (1956), 761, 1419-1420 Sinai (1967), 1428 Sinan Bey, 1160 Sinclair, Oliver, 93 Sind (1843), 224 Sind, emir of the, 1006 Sind Campaign, 1006 Singapore (1941-1942), 351, 1420-1421, 1665 Singhasari, 1469 Singu, 1411 Sinhalese, 1468 Sinn Féin, 90, 1137 Sino-Japanese War, First, 334, 666, 784, 833, 895, 1125, 1337, 1421-1422, 1546, 1671, 1684 Sino-Japanese War, Second, 325, 786-787, 826, 896, 899, 950, 1083, 1659, 1674, 1692 Sino-Korean Wars, 895, 1422-1423, 1674 Sino-Soviet Border Disputes, 1423-1424 Sino-Turkic War, 895 Sinope (1853), 1346 Sinric, 1612 Sin-shar-ishkun, 161 Sioux, 905, 1425 Sioux Wars, 69, 389, 413-414, 905, 1009, 1424-1427 Sippar (539 b.c.e.), 417 Sipri (1781), 956 Sirāj-ud-Dawlah, 1207 Sirhind, First (1748), 18 Sirhind, Second (1760), 18 Sis (1606), 1 Sisavang Vong, 866 Sistova, Treaty of (1791), 153 Sitabaldi (1817), 957 Sitalces, 40 Sitting Bull, 69, 906, 1009, 1113, 1426-1427 Siu Mah, 938 Sivansamudram (1512), 1609 Six-Day War, 422, 762, 1052, 1095, 1260, 1350, 1402, 1427-1429 Skagerrak (1916). See Jutland (1916) Skanda Gupta, 647 Skirmish, 1429 Skobelev, Mikhail D., 1333, 1347 Skopin-Shuisky, Mikhail Vasilievich, 1343 Slaughterhouse-Five (Vonnegut), 904 Slavery, 162, 223, 1228; American Civil War, 58; in Haiti, 553, 1552; Mamlūks, 944; Nicaragua, 1115; and Portugal, 57, 97, 640, 1050, 1227; Sparta, 993; Sudan, 1479; in Surinam, 450; in Texas, 1521; Venezuela, 1447 Slavs, 255, 671, 1429-1430 Slidell, John, 996 Slim, William Joseph, 946, 1430-1431 Slings, 167 Sloat, John D., 998 Slovenes, 1686 Slovenia, 1686 Sluis. See Sluys Sluys (1340), 464, 703, 1431 Smallpox; Aztecs, 157, 386, 1459; Incas, 721 Smara (1979), 1641 Smim Htaw, 177 Smissaert, A. H., 790 Smith, Erastus "Deaf," 1365, 1522 Smith, Francis, 892 Smith, Harry George Wakelyn, 48, 278, 509, 1434 Smith, Henry, 30, 1522 Smith, Holland M., 1353, 1506 Smith, Ian, 1694 Smith, John, 1564 Smith, Samuel, 170 Smith, Sidney, 561 Smokeless powder, 1243-1244 Smolensk (1514), 907, 1341 Smolensk (1633-1634), 1341, 1343 Smolensk (1656), 1344 Smolensk (1812), 422, 859 Smolensk (1941), 635, 1431-1432 Smuts, Jan Christian, 197, 1432-1433 Snaim (1443), 707 Snefru, 991 SNM. See Somali National Movement Sobraon (1846), 510, 1433-1434 Social War, 307, 747, 1316, 1361, 1464, 1483-1484 Society of Muslim Brothers, 467 Society of Worshipers, 1495 Socrates, 1669 Soerakarta (1826), 790 Soester Feud, 651 Sokoto (1903), 224 Sokoto caliphate, 224, 1587 Solachi (586), 262 Soldier's Notebook, 1914-1918, A (Brusilov), 232 Soldiers and society, 387, 462, 1434-1436, 1485; China, 1145; Spartan Empire, 1465 Solferino (1859), 772, 820, 1436-1437 Solomon, 421 Solway Moss (1542), 93 Somali National Movement, 1437 Somali Patriotic Movement, 1438 Somalia, 491, 1437-1439 Somalian War, 1073 Somerset (733), 15 Somerset, Edward Seymour, first duke of, 208, 1439 Somerset, Fitzroy James Henry, Baron Raglan, 51, 165, 394, 741, 898, 1395 Somesvara I, 309, 337 Somesvara IV, 309 Somme (1916), 31, 527, 654, 802, 1439-1441, 1488, 1500, 1653 Sommershausen (1648), 1571 Somnath (1024), 936 Somoza, Anastasio, I, 1117, 1369 Somoza, Anastasio, II, 1117 Son Tai (1883), 1441-1442 Sonar, 1442 Song Dynasty; Mongol invasion of, 854 Song of Lewes, The, 172 Song of Roland, The, 314, 317, 1303 Songhai, 940 Songhai Empire, 1056, 1442-1443 Songsten Gampo, 1535 Soninke, 9, 940 Son-Jara. See Sundiata Sonni Alī, 1056, 1442-1443 Sonni Dynasty, 1442 Sontay. See Son Tai Sonthonax, Léger Félicité, 1552 Soor (1745), 150 Sophia, 1326 Soryotei, 831 Sositratus, 19 Sosso, 599, 939 Soto Mayor, Álvarez de, 601 Souham, Joseph, 561 Souldiers Catechisme, The, 1238 Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, 387, 795, 1085, 1088, 1444 Sound, The (1658), 419 Souphanouvong, 866 Sousa Manuel, Antonio José de, 1009 South Africa, 205, 222, 278, 1081; and Angola, 96, 99; in the Boer Wars, 195; British colonialism in, 223; and Mozambique, 928, 1048 South African War, 223 South American Wars of Independence, 154, 200, 353, 1229, 1367, 1444, 1446-1448 South Kasai Province, 371 South Korea; in the Korean War, 845. See also Korea South Vietnam; in Vietnam Conflict, 1602 Southeast Treaty Organization, 357 Southern Policy, 1480 Southern Song Empire, 585 Southwest African People's Organization, 97, 1081 Soviet-Afghan War, 187, 1448-1449 Soviet Union; in the Cold War, 357; dissolution of, 360, 1449-1451, 1668; German invasion of, 338, 680, 947, 1665; in the Hungarian Revolt, 705; in the Korean War, 845; military intelligence, 745; in the Soviet-Afghan War, 1448; war art, 131; in World War II, 1656 Spain, 54, 297, 1659; in the Anglo-Spanish War, 94; in the Crusades, 397; in the Cuban War of Independence, 409; in Cuba's Ten Years' War, 410; in the Dutch Wars of Independence, 451; in the Franco-Spanish War, 539; in the French Revolutionary Wars, 559; Muslim conquest of, 1060, 1070; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; in the Spanish-American War, 1451; in the Spanish-Portuguese Wars, 1460; Visigoth invasion of, 1617; in the War of the Austrian Succession, 149; in the War of the Grand Alliance, 611; in the War of the Quadruple Alliance, 1255; in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1461 Spanish-American War, 22, 410, 427, 934, 1009, 1181, 1319, 1365, 1451-1454, 1642; Navy, U.S., 1107; war reporting, 1239 Spanish Civil War, 535, 630, 635, 1072, 1454-1458; war reporting, 1627 Spanish colonialism; Africa, 1640; Central America, 299; Cuba, 409, 411; Florida, 1398; Latin America, 870; Mexico, 1003; Morocco, 3; South America, 1446 Spanish Conquest, 385, 1206, 1458-1460 Spanish Fury (1576), 105, 453 Spanish Morocco, 535 Spanish Netherlands; in the Franco-Spanish War, 539 Spanish-Portuguese Wars, 55, 1460-1461 Spanish square, 509 Spanish Succession, War of the, 6, 181, 190, 355, 426, 450, 496, 611, 617, 914, 940, 966, 1163, 1255, 1266, 1397, 1461-1463, 1591 Spano, Pipo, 857 Sparta, 20, 1201; in the Messenian Wars, 992; in the Peloponnesian Wars, 1174; in the Spartan-Achaean Wars, 1464 Spartan-Achaean Wars, 1464-1465 Spartan Empire, 1465-1466 Spee, Graf Maximilian von, 502 Sphacteria (425 b.c.e.), 1175 Spinola, Ambrosio de, 218, 977, 1157, 1529 Spinola, Antonio de, 642 Spinola, Federico, 1157 Spion Kop (1900), 205, 241 SPLA. See Saharawi Popular Liberation Army SPM. See Somali Patriotic Movement Spotsylvania (1864), 356 Spotsylvania Court House (1864), 66, 615, 1009, 1466-1467 Sprague, Clifton, 893 Spruance, Raymond A., 775, 1007, 1124, 1467, 1506 Spurs (1513), 93 Sremski Karlovci, Treaty of (1699), 1217 Sri Lankan Civil War, 1467-1469 Sri Sutham Tilok, 1524 Srivijaya Kingdom, 1469-1470 SS, German. See Schutzstaffel Stahremberg, Count, 152 Stalin, Joseph, 233, 357, 624, 843, 846, 886, 951, 1302, 1334-1335, 1432, 1470-1471, 1541, 1568, 1570, 1659, 1693 Stalingrad (1942-1943), 681, 947-948, 1302, 1334, 1471-1473, 1665, 1693 Stamford Bridge (1066), 226, 1131, 1473 Stamp Act (1765), 72, 1642 Stanislaus I, 617 Stanisław I Leszczyński, 320 Stanley, Thomas, 204, 1323 Stanleyville (1963), 373 Stanton, Edwin; chemical and biological warfare, 323 Stark, accidental firing on, 749 Staufens, 587 Stealth weapons, 1473 Steel, Pact of (1939), 1073 Steel Helmet, The (Fuller), 513 Steenkerke (1692), 612, 919 Sten Sture the Elder, 418, 815, 1379 Sten Sture the Younger, 418, 815 Stephen I István, 934 Stephen II, Pope, 284-285 Stephen of Transylvania, 709 Stephens, James, 508 Stern gang. See Lehi Sterrett, Andrew, 1563 Stëssel, Anatolii, 1225, 1339 Stettin, Treaty of (1570), 418 Steuben, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von, 75, 1036, 1474 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 1204 Stewart, Herbert, 10 Stewart, Robert, 373 Stilicho, 32, 1315, 1474-1475 Stilwell, George, 330 Stilwell, Joseph Warren, 1475 Stimson, Henry L., 1476 Stirling Bridge (1297), 91, 501, 1476-1477 Stirrups, 100, 117, 294; Goths, 610 Stockholm, Treaty (1719), 548 Stockholm Bloodbath, 815 Stockton, Robert Field, 821 Stolowicz (1771), 1212 Stone, John, 1177 Stones River (1862-1863), 60, 1321, 1404, 1531 Stony Creek (1813), 472 Stony Point (1779), 1638 Stormberg (1899), 197 Story of G.I. Joe, The (Wellman), 513 Stoughton, Israel, 1178 Stralsund (1714-1715), 321 Strange, T. B., 1297 Straslund, Treaty of (1370), 420 Strassera, Julio, 112 Strategic Air Command, 23 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, 435 Strategy, 347, 1477; and Maurice, 975; Napoleon I, 1091; and Turenne, 1571 Stuart, Alexander, 78 Stuart, James (British commodore), 222 Stuart, James Ewell Brown (American general), 413, 1477-1478 Student, Kurt, 393, 1478-1479 Sturdee, Frederick Doveton, 502 Subatai, 585, 1034, 1148, 1354 Submarines, 1017, 1103, 1479, 1631; German, 1103, 1107; naval weapons, 1098; nuclear, 1294; in World War I, 675, 917, 1542, 1648, 1652; in World War II, 439, 1134, 1664 Sucre, Antonio José de, 154, 201, 871, 1447 Sudanese Civil War, 1123, 1479-1480 Sudanese People's Liberation Army, 1480 Sudas, 135 Suetonius Paulinus, Gaius, 206 Suevi, 572, 1058, 1314, 1519 Suez Canal, 467; nationalization of, 761 Suez War, 109, 1095, 1419, 1480-1482, 1586 Suffolk, William de la Pole, earl of, 1156 Suffren, Bailli de, 1075 Sugar Act of 1764, 72 Suharto, 734 Sui Dynasty, 331, 1674 Sui Yangdi, 1423 Suinia (625), 672 Suipacha (1810), 870 Sukarno, 451, 733, 735 Sukhothai, 830, 1523 Sukhothai Dynasty, 1408 Sulayman (Umayyad caliph), 888 Sulayman, Mulay, 1564 Sulayman Dandi, 1443 Sulayman Pasha, Wüsnü, 1346 Süleyman I, 151, 704, 708, 769, 824, 941, 1030, 1160, 1163, 1289, 1482-1483, 1575, 1577, 1589, 1600 Sulla, 266, 307, 965, 1022, 1304, 1316, 1361, 1483-1484, 1538 Sullivan's Island (1776), 74 Sully, Alfred, 1426 Sultan, Daniel, 946 Sumanguru, 599, 939, 1484 Sumatra, 450 Sumer, 160 Sumero-Akkadian Dynasty, 1373 Summary of the Art of War (Jomini), 806 Sun Chuanfang, 329 Sun Dance, 69, 1427 Sun Tzu. See Sunzi Sun Yat-sen, 326, 328, 334, 507, 896, 1674, 1685 Sundiata, 940, 1484 Sunzi, 1013, 1237, 1484-1485 Suppiluliumas I, 681, 713 Suppiluliumas II, 682 Surabaya (1945), 735 Surakarta (1748), 792 Surat (1664), 146 Surat (1670), 955 Surat, Treaty of (1775), 956 Surenas, 286 Surgery, 982 Surgions Mate: Or, Military and Domestique Surgury (Woodall), 983 Surinam, 88, 450 Suriyodaya, Queen, 1410 Surji Argaon, Treaty of (1803), 957 Surrender, 1485-1486 Suryavarman (sixteenth century Cambodian prince), 1412 Suryavarman I, 829 Suryavarman II, 829 Suryavarman III, 831 Susangerd (1982), 748 Sussex (771), 1147 Sutjeska River (1943), 1543 Suvla Bay (1915), 575 Suvorov, Aleksandr V., 561, 858, 1212-1213, 1346, 1486-1487 Suzdal (1445), 1326 Suzhou (1863), 606 Svalde (1000), 1487-1488, 1613 Sveaborg (1808), 1345 Svenskund (1788), 1344 Svjatoslav, 802 Swanage (876), 47 SWAPO. See Southwest African People's Organization Sweden, 1195; in the Danish-Swedish Wars, 418; in the Danish Wars with the Hanseatic League, 419; decline of, 1220; in the Franco-Spanish War, 539; in the Great Northern War, 617; in the Kalmar Wars, 814; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; in Northern War, 1138; in the Polish-Swedish Wars for Livonia, 1215; in the Russo-Swedish Wars of 1590-1658, 1342; in the Russo-Swedish Wars of 1788-1809, 1344; in the Thirty Years' War, 648, 931, 1527, 1529, 1538, 1549; in the War of the Grand Alliance, 611 Sweyn I Forkbeard, 225, 939, 1487, 1613 Świeźa (1462), 1527 Swinton, Ernest, 1488 Swiss Confederation, 150, 588 Swiss independence, 1530 Swiss Wars of Independence, 873 Switzerland; in Austro-Swiss Wars, 150; in the Franco-Burgundian Wars, 537; in the Napoleonic Wars, 1087; in the Thirty Years' War, 1527 Symeon, 236 Syphax, 1385 Syracuse, 434, 1539; in the Carthaginian-Syracusan War, 287; in the Dionysian Wars, 432 Syracuse (343 b.c.e.), 1540 Syracuse (212 b.c.e.), 959 Syracuse (868), 258 Syracuse (878), 257 Syracuse, Siege of (415-413 b.c.e.), 1175, 1488-1490 Syria, 468, 652, 942, 1355; in the Byzantine-Muslim Wars, 256; in the Crusades, 397; Mongol invasion of, 154; Ottoman conquest of, 1163; and Roman Empire, 286; in the Six-Day War, 1427 Syria (1940), 1637 Syria, March to (634), 825 Syrian-Egyptian Wars, 1270, 1490-1491 Szekesfehervar (1543), 705 Szitvatorok, Treaty of (1606), 152, 1576 Sztum (1629), 1215 T Tabinshwehti, 177, 247, 250, 1410 Tabor (1452), 199 Tabriz (1514), 1577 Tabriz (1603), 1 Tachos, 20 Tacitus, 1308; and Gnaeus Julius Agricola, 21 Tacna (1880), 1166 Tactics, 116, 629, 1492-1494; deception, 153; and Napoleon, 1091; Shaka, 1702 Tadukhepa, 713 Taejon (1950), 847 Tafra, Treaty of (1837), 4 Taft, William H., 1476 Taginae (552), 812, 1092, 1158, 1494 Taguang (1445), 245 Taharqa, 992 Tahmāsp I, 1026 Tahmāsp II, 1078, 1183-1184 Tahmāsp Qolī Khan. See Nādir Shāh Tahuantinsuyo, 720 Taierhchuang (1938), 896 Taikkyi (1949), 248 Taila II, 309 Tailappa III, 309 Taiping Rebellion, 334, 606, 691, 895, 1071, 1495-1496, 1649, 1675, 1689, 1703 Taira Kiyomori, 582, 1020 Taira-Minamoto War. See Gempei War Taisho Emperor, 675 Taiwan; Chinese exodus to, 330; Mandhu annexation of, 945 Takamatsu Castle (1582), 1554 Takamori Saigo, 784 Takeda clan, 1079 Takeda Katsuyori, 1078, 1146 Takeda Shingen, 783, 1146 Talana (1899), 205 Talas River (751), 332, 1070, 1496-1497 Talavera (1809), 1085, 1497, 1639 Tales of the South Pacific (Michener), 904 Talikota (1565), 1609 Tall al Kabir (1882), 109, 224, 1497-1498, 1649 Talladega (1813), 472 Tallard, Camille, comte de, 191 Tallasahatchee (1813), 472 Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de, 373 Tamasese, 1361 Tamerlane, 102, 260, 424, 1167, 1498-1500, 1574 Tamils, 1468; in the Sri Lankan Civil War, 1468 Tampere (1918), 519 Tancred of Lecce, Count, 689, 1415 Tang Dynasty, 82, 331, 1496 Tang Taizong. See Li Shimin Tanga (1914), 591, 890 Tanguts, 1677 Tanks, 32, 635, 1171, 1488, 1500-1502; in World War I, 270, 568, 1653; in World War II, 8, 856 Tanks, The (Liddell Hart), 898 Tannenberg (1410), 1219, 1502-1503, 1517-1518, 1698 Tannenberg (1914), 674, 917, 929, 972, 1503, 1652 Tan-Tan (1979), 1641 Tantia Topi, 296, 729 Tanwetamani, 992 Tanzanian-Ugandan War, 79, 1503-1505 Taormina (902), 257 Tarabai, 956 Tarain (1192), 1054-1055 Tarain (1193), 1054-1055 Taraki, Nur Mohammed, 1448 Taranto (1940), 1505 Tarapacá (1879), 1166 Tarawa (1943), 1505-1507 Tarentum (209 b.c.e.), 500 Targowica Confederation, 1212 Tarim Basin Campaign (73-90 c.e.), 170 Tāriq ibn-Ziyād, 543, 1060, 1274, 1507 Tarleton, Banastre, 389 Tarquinii, 496 Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius, 494 Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius, 494 Tarsus (965), 1119 Tarsus (1485), 942 Taruc, Luis, 700 Tashin, 251 Tashkent, Treaty of (1966), 725 Task Force Ranger (1993), 1438 Taskti (1968), 1424 Tassafronga (1942). See Guadalcanal (1942-1943) Tassilo III, 315, 317 Tatanka Iyotanka. See Sitting Bull Tatars, 585; in the Russo-Polish Wars of 1499-1667, 1341 Tatikios, 46, 104 Tatishchevo (1774), 1246 Tatobem, 1177 Taunggyi (1949), 248 Tax, whiskey, 1643 Taxes, war, 516 Tay Son Dynasty, 1608 Taya, Maaouiya Ould Sid Ahmed, 1640 Taylor, Charles, 897 Taylor, John, 216 Taylor, Maxwell, 1224, 1604 Taylor, Zachary, 235, 804, 996, 1041, 1387, 1507-1508 Tczew (1627), 1215 Tea Banh, 270 Tecoac (1876), 1001 Tecumseh, 69, 663, 1507-1510, 1525 Tedici, Filippo, 916 Teg Bahadur, 1028, 1265 Tegal Redjo (1825), 790 Tegea, 949 Tegetthof, Wilhelm von, 901 Tegortak, 198 Teias, 812, 1158 Tej Singh, 509, 1434 Tejada Sorzano, José Luis, 303 Telegraphy, 368, 403, 476; and the Crimean War, 395; flag, 368; wireless, 476 Telephones, 369 Telerig, 377 Telerig's War, 377 Teletz, 377 Teletz's War, 377 Te-lin. See Li Zongren Teller Amendment, 1454 Temenus, 442 Temesvär (1716), 152 Templer, Gerald, 938 Temüjin. See Genghis Khan Tenkamenin, 599 Tennant, James, 328 Tennis Court Oath, 557 Tenochtitlán, 155 Tenochtitlán, Siege of (1521), 386, 1459 Tenskwatawa, 664, 1509 Terapegui (1836), 281 Terauchi, Hisaichi, 1510 Terazawa Hirotaka, 1406 Terazawa Katakata, 1406 Terceira (1583), 1460 Terek River (1395), 1499 Terillos, 288 Termes, Paul de, 616 Terrorism, 111, 325, 1510-1513; Basques, 174; and George Habash, 649; Israel, 762; Libya, 1253; Osama bin Laden, 187; Palestine Liberation Organization, 110 Terry, Alfred H., 69, 1426 Teruel (1937-1938), 1457 Tet Offensive (1968), 8, 684, 828, 1513-1515, 1604, 1618 Tetela, 1542 Tetricus, 1308 Teuta, Queen, 719 Teutoburg Forest (9 c.e.), 1312, 1515-1516 Teutones, 965 Teutonic Knights, 907, 1218, 1341, 1502, 1516-1517, 1698; and Mongols, 1034; in the Thirteen Years' War, 1526; wars with Poland, 1502, 1517-1518 Teutonic tribes, 1518-1519 Teutons, 959, 1316 Tewkesbury (1471), 1291, 1323, 1519-1520 Tewodros II, 127, 490, 1084, 1520-1521 Texan War of Independence, 29, 696, 777, 804, 996, 1365, 1369, 1521-1523 Texas, 996 Texel (1673), 88 Thackwell, Joseph, 328 Thadominbya, 246 Thai Wars, 1408, 1523-1524 Thailand, 1408, 1409 Thames (1813), 471, 664, 1509, 1525 Thammaraja II, 1523 Than Tun, Thakin, 248 Thaneswar Magadha War, 665 Thanjavur, 1469 Thankmar, 1159 Thapsus (46 b.c.e.), 1305 Tharrawaddy Min, 177 Thatcher, Margaret, 1137 Theban Sacred Band, 306 Thebes, 20, 40, 464, 486, 890, 949, 1175, 1466 Themistocles, 620, 1357, 1669 Theodore Doukas, 872 Theodore Lascaris, 872 Theodore Trithourios, 1676 Theodoric, 308, 609, 812, 1158 Theodoric III, 542 Theodosiopolis and Melitene (752), 377 Theodosius I, 13, 32, 254, 1308, 1314, 1475 Theodosius II, 145 Theodosius III, 888 Theophilus, 257 Theory, military. See Military theory Thermopylae (480 b.c.e.), 620, 1525-1526, 1670 Thermopylae (191 b.c.e.), 293 Thessalian League, 1199 Thessalonica (615), 672 Thessalonica (903), 257 Thessalonica (1185), 1415 Thessalonica (1345-1350), 254 They Were Expendable (Ford), 512 Thi Sach, 1569 Thieu Tri, 555 Thihathura, 245 Things They Carried, The (O'Brien), 904 Third Coalition, War of the, 1054, 1087 Third Crusade, 11, 127, 400, 668, 1289, 1355 Third Red Line, The (Malick), 515 Third Republic, 1388 Thirteen Years' War, 1219, 1517-1518, 1526-1527 Thirty Years' Peace (446 b.c.e.), 142, 1178 Thirty Years' War, 219, 370, 418, 540, 547, 567, 617, 647, 685, 739, 918, 930, 1128, 1138, 1216, 1292, 1301, 1325, 1343, 1527-1530, 1538, 1549, 1571, 1623-1624, 1644 Thomas Aquinas, 487 Thomas, George H., 61, 327, 695, 1094, 1531-1532 Thomas, Lowell, 875 Thonganbwa, 245 Thorismund, 308 Thorn, First Peace of (1411), 1518 Thorn, Second Peace of (1466), 1518, 1527 Thousand Days, War of a, 1532-1533 Thousand Raid, 662 Thrace, 1199 Thrace (516 b.c.e.), 1190 Thrace (245 b.c.e.), 1490 Three Days' Battle (1653), 87 Three Feudatories, War of the, 818, 945 Three Henrys, War of the, 565 Three Kings (1578). See Alcazarquivir (1578) Three Kings (Russell), 515 Three Soldiers (Dos Passos), 903 Thucydides, 677, 1015 Thuku, Harry, 974 Thutmose I, 465, 713 Thutmose III, 465, 713, 988, 1533-1534 Thutmose IV, 713 Tiananmen Square (1989), 1534-1535 Tianjin, Treaty of (1858), 1155 Tiavzino, Peace of (1595), 1343 Tiberius, 975, 1312, 1515, 1535 Tibet; Chinese Occupation of, 724, 1535-1537; Manchu annexation of, 945 Ticinus (218 b.c.e.), 1249, 1384 Tieliekti (1968), 1424 Tientsin (1900), 210 Tiepolo, Lorenzo, 1593 Tiglath-Pileser I, 137 Tiglath-Pileser III, 138, 1537 Tigranes the Great, 1023, 1537-1538 Tigranocerta (69 b.c.e.), 1023, 1538 Tigray, 490 Tigray People's Liberation Front, 491 Tijaniyya, 1580 Tikal, 979 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 228 Tilly, Count Johan Tserclaes, 219, 931, 1528, 1538-1539, 1644 Tilsit, Treaty of (1807), 231, 566, 604, 1089, 1380 Time of Troubles, 1343 Timoleon, 433, 1539 Timoleon's War, 1539-1540 Timophanes, 1539 Timoshenko, Semyon, 234, 826, 1432, 1540-1541 Timur, 18, 1183 Timurid sultanates; and the Conquests of Babur, 159 Timurids, 102 Tinian (1944), 1541 Tippecanoe (1811), 69, 664, 1509 Tippu Tib, 1541-1542 Tipu, 1075 Tiridates II, 1202 Tirpitz, Alfred von, 890, 1542-1543 Tirumala, 1609 Tisamenus, 442 Tissaphernes, 412 Tite (1963), 641 Tito, 624, 1543-1544, 1686 Titus, 798, 1310, 1312, 1590, 1599 Tlaxcala (1519), 386 Tlaxcalan War, 155 Tlaxcalans, 386, 1459 Tlaxcalteca, 155 TNT, 498 To Dinh, 1569 Tobruk (1941-1942), 1318, 1416, 1544-1546 Todleben, Eduard Ivanovich, 1209, 1346, 1394 Toghrïl Beg, 263 Togo, 591 Tōgō, Heihachirō, 785-786, 1338, 1422, 1546, 1570 Tojo, Hideki, 1546-1547, 1625 Tokhtamysh, 1498 Tokugawa family, 1157, 1548 Tokugawa Iemitsu, 1406 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 788, 1078, 1146, 1157, 1390, 1421, 1547-1548 Tolbert, William R., 896 Toledo (1085), 1276 Toledo, Francisco de, 1459 Toleds (712), 1507 Tolentino (1815), 1060 Tolley, Barclay de, 859 Tolmides, 1175 Tolstoy, Leo, 902 Toltecs, 155 Tombalbaye, François, 305 Tombouctou (1468), 1443 Tomyris, 417, 1190 Tong Meng Hui. See Revolutionary Alliance Tonkin, 556, 570; and Champa, 310. See also Gulf of Tonkin resolution Tonkin War, 1441 Tonle Sap (1177), 830 Tontons Macoutes, 656 Toolhoolhoolzote, 1113 Topa Inca Yupanqui, 720 Tora! Tora! Tora! (Masuda, Fukasuku, Fleisher), 514 Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494), 1228 Torgau (1760), 547, 1398, 1548-1549 Toro, Battle of (1476), 290 Toro, Siege of (1475), 290 Toronto (880), 258 Torpedo boats, 1102 Torreón (1914), 1002 Torrington, Arther Herbert, earl of, 178 Torstenson, Lennart, 419, 1549-1550 Tostig, 226, 1131, 1473 Total war, 878, 917, 1014, 1375, 1405, 1653 Totila, 812, 1092, 1158, 1494 Toulon, Siege of (1793), 561, 1550 Toungoo Dynasty, 246, 1411; in the Burmese-Laotian Wars, 250 Tourane (1847), 555 Tourcoing (1794), 561 Toure, Sekou, 642 Tours (732), 318, 542-543, 1070, 1280, 1550-1551 Tourville, Anne-Hilarion de Cotentin, comte de, 173, 178, 860 Toussaint-Louverture, 553, 654, 1552 Toussaint-Louverture, Wars of, 1551-1553 Tovar, Manuel Felipe de, 1596 Townshend, Charles, 72, 857 Towton (1461), 1322, 1553-1554 Toyotomi Hideyori, 1157, 1547 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 788, 1078, 1146, 1157, 1406, 1547, 1554-1555, 1678, 1680 TPLF. See Tigray People's Liberation Front Trachenburg Plan, 1090 Trafalgar (1805), 470, 1086, 1088, 1102, 1108, 1555-1556 Traianus, Marcus Ulpius. See Trajan Training, 1556-1557 Trajan, 652, 1310, 1312, 1516, 1557 Trajan's Column, 129 Traktir Ridge (1855), 395 Tran Due Ton, 1607 Tran Thai Ton, 1607 Transoxiania, 263 Transport, 1557 Transvaal, 195, 852, 1699 Transylvania, 1574 Trapani (1264), 1593 Trautmannsdorf (1477), 710 Travendal, Peace of (1700), 617 Travis, William Barret, 30, 1521 Treatise on Military Surgery and Hygiene, A (Hamilton), 984 Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gun-Shot Wounds (Hunter), 983 Treaty of Anagni (1176), 911 Trebbia, The (1799), 561 Trebia, The (218-217 b.c.e.), 276, 500, 661, 864, 1249, 1384, 1557-1558 Trebíc (1468), 199 Trebizond (1141), 803 Trebizond (1461), 990 Trebuchets, 132, 167 Trench (627), 1067 Trench warfare, 119, 1500, 1558; in World War I, 968, 1652 Trent, Council of (1563), 452 Trenton (1776), 75, 626, 698, 1558-1559, 1634 Trevisani, Niccolò, 1595 Treviso, 709 Tribal warfare, 1559-1561 Trinh Giang, 1608 Trinitaria, La, 1370 Trinitrotoluene. See TNT Trinity of war, 347 Trinovantes, 206 Trinquier, Roger, 48 Tripartite Intervention, 785 Triple Alliance, 773 Triple Alliance, War of the, 1561-1563 Triple Entente, 1651 Tripoli (975), 803 Tripolis (1510), 1100 Tripolitan War, 1563-1564 Triremes, 85, 1630 Triumvirate, First, 1221 Triumvirate, Second, 1306 Trojan Horse, 1416, 1565 Trojan War, 1565-1566 Trojans, 56; in the Trojan War, 1565 Tromp, Cornelius, 810 Tromp, Maarten, 87, 810, 1566-1567 Trotha, Adolf von, 591 Trotsky, Leon, 203, 326, 1329, 1567-1570 Troy (c. twelfth or thirteenth century b.c.e.), 1565 Troyes, Treaty of (1420), 671, 703, 800, 1156 Trujillo, César Gaviria, 365 Trujillo, Julián, 364 Trujillo Molina, Rafael Leónidas, 437 Truman, Harry S., 126, 213, 357, 624, 700, 847, 921, 969, 1476; and race, 1260 Truman Doctrine, 357, 624 Trung Nhi, 1569 Trung Sisters, Rebellion of the, 1569 Trung Trac, 1569 Truscott, Lucian K., Jr., 107 Tryphon, 924 Tsaritsyn (1774), 1246 Tsaritsyn (1919), 233, 1329 Tseng Kuo-fan. See Zeng Guofan Tshaka. See Shaka Tshitshagov, Admiral, 183 Tshombe, Moïse, 371 Tso Tsung-T'ang. See Zuo Zongtang Tsushima (1905), 785-786, 1339, 1546, 1569-1570 Tu Duc, 555 Tuaregs, 940 Tubu, 305 Tucheng (1935), 329, 913 Tuchman, Barbara, 679 Tucle (1983), 1191 Tudela (1808), 866 Tudor, Jasper, 1520 Tudor Dynasty, 93, 1323 Tugela River (1856), 1702 Tugela River (1900), 241 Tughrul, 54 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 233, 569, 1329, 1500, 1570-1571, 1630 Tukulor Empire, 1581 Tukulti-Ninurta I, 137 Twmanbay, 943 Tunis (238 b.c.e.), 658, 1249 Tunis (1534), 824 Tunis (1943), 36 Tunis Campaign (1535), 55 Tunisia; in the French Colonial Wars, 552; Muslim conquest of, 1069 Tunisia (1942-1943), 474, 822 Tunner, William H., 186 Tupac Amaru, 1191, 1459 Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, 1192 Turbay, Julio, 365 Turco-German Alliance, 485 Turenne, 371, 541, 567, 970, 1529, 1571-1572 Turin (1706), 497 Turin, Treaty of (1379), 1594 Turin, Treaty of (1860), 772 Turkestan, 485 Turkey; in the Crimean War, 393; republic's founding, 139; in World War I, 1650 Turkheim (1675), 1572 Turkish War of Independence, 139, 1572-1574 Turkish Wars of European Expansion, 804, 851, 941, 1059, 1120, 1162, 1288, 1574-1578, 1600 Turkistan, 1332 Turkmenia, 1332 Turko-Persian Wars, 1, 268, 1078, 1161-1162, 1482, 1577-1578 Turks, 256, 1578-1579; in the Montenegrin Wars of Independence, 1040; in the Turkish Wars of European Expansion, 1574 Turner, William, 5 Turners Falls (1676), 5 Tuscany, 916 Tushratta, 713 Tutankhamen, 465, 682 Tutsi, 832, 1347 Tutu, Desmond, 1082 Tutuila (1881), 1361 Tuxtepec Rebellion, 1001 Tuyutí (1866, 1867), 1562 Tver (1609), 1343 Two Moon, 906 Two Ocean War, The (Morison), 679 Tyre, Siege of (332 b.c.e.), 38, 1579 Tyrone Rebellion, 838, 1676 Tzaka, 198 U U-boats, 1631. See also Submarines Ubaydullah, 158 Ucciali, Treaty of (1889), 766 Udaipur (1679), 1265 Udaipur (1852), 224 Udaipur, rana of, 1265 Udayadityavarman II, 829 UDENAMO. See National Democratic Union of Mozambique UDF. See United Democratic Front Uesugi Kenshin, 783 Ufa (1774), 1246 Uganda; in the Tanzanian-Ugandan War, 1503 Ugandan National Liberation Front, 1504 Ugarit, 682 Uguccione della Faggiuola, 526 Uwud (625), 825 Uighurs, 1254 Uí'Néill, 219 Uji (1184), 583, 1020 Ulászló I. See Wladyslaw III (king of Poland) Ulázló II, 704 Ulchi Mundok, 1423 Ulm (1805), 1087 Ulrica Leonora, 321, 618 Ulster, 219, 1580 Ulster Defense Association, 1137 Ulster Volunteer Force, 1137 ULTRA, 382 Ulug-Mahmed, 1326 Ulundi (1879), 224, 1701 Uman (1920), 233 Umar Tal, 1580-1581 Umayyad Dynasty, 2, 9, 1064; founding of, 1069 Umayyads, 1550; in the Abbāsid Revolution, 2 Umkhonto we Sizwe, 1081 Umm Diwaykrat (1899), 224 Umma, 1373 UNAMI. See African National Union of Independent Mozambique Under Fire (Barbusse), 902 União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola, 96, 98, 1082 Uniao Popular de Angola, 98 Unified Nicaraguan Opposition, 1118 Uniform Code of Military Justice, 1436 Uniforms, 1267, 1581-1583 Union General de Trabajadores, 1454 Union of Hadziacz, 1342 Union of Lublin, 1341 UNITA. See União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola UNITAF. See United Task Force in Somalia United Democratic Front, 1082 United East India Company, 449 United Front, 328 United Irishmen, 1584 United Irishmen Rebellion, 1583-1584 United Nations, 456, 623, 1126, 1433 United Nations and conflict resolution, 357, 456, 847, 1584-1586; Angola, 97; Congo, 371; Cyprus, 416; Gulf War, 645; India and Pakistan, 737; Iran-Iraq War, 749; Israel, 760; Korea, 845, 951; Somalia, 1438 United Provinces of Central America, 299 United Somali Congress, 1438 United States; American Northwest Indian wars, 71; in Apache Wars, 107; chemical and biological warfare, 324; coastal defense of, 351; in the Cold War, 357; economic warfare, 456; in the Grenada Invasion, 627; in the Gulf War, 644; in the American Indian wars, 67; in the Iran-Iraq War, 749; in the Korean War, 845; in the Mexican-American War, 996; military honors and awards, 692; military propaganda, 1241; in the Nez Perce War, 1112; in the Samoan Civil Wars, 1361; in the Sioux Wars, 1424; in the Spanish-American War, 1451; terrorism against, 1511; terrorism in, 188; in Vietnam Conflict, 1602; in War of 1812, 469; in World War I, 1650; in World War II, 1656 United States embassy, bombing of, 879 United Task Force in Somalia, 1438 UNLF. See Ugandan National Liberation Front UPA. See Uniao Popular de Angola Upolu (1882), 1361 Uqbah ibn Nāfir, 1069 Ur, 1373 Urābi Pasha. See Arabi Pasha Urābi Revolution, 1498 Urartu, 1537 Urban II, Pope, 45, 398, 688 Urbino, duke of, 981 Urgench, Siege of (1219), 1148 Urgent Fury, Operation (1983), 627, 1383 Uribe Uribe, Rafael, 1533 Uriteshup, 682 Urquhart, Robert, 124 Urrea, José de, 1522 Uruguay; independence of, 1446; in the War of the Triple Alliance, 1561 USC. See United Somali Congress Ushijima, Mitsuru, 1149 Ushiwaka. See Minamoto Yoshitsune Ustashe of Croatia, 1543 Utamish, 1065 Uthmān, 1064 Uthman dan Fodio, 1586-1587 Utica (308 b.c.e.), 19 Utrecht, Congress of (1712-1713), 1463 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 6, 427, 450, 1397, 1463 Utrecht, Union of, 454, 1169 Uxbridge, earl of, 1635 Uzbek-Persian War, 1 Uzbeks, 158 V Vaal Krantz (1900), 205, 241 Vaballathus, 1308 Vafis (1866), 391 Val-es-Dunes (1047), 1646 Valabhi (640?), 665 Valamer, 308 Valcenciennes, Siege of (1677), 1591 Valcour Island (1776), 125, 280 Valdemar IV Atterdag, 420 Valencia, 1276 Valencia (1093-1094), 339-340 Valenciennes (1567), 452 Valenciennes (1656), 541 Valenciennes, Siege of (1793), 7 Valengin, Gerard von, 874 Valens, 13, 610, 1314, 1519, 1616 Valentinian I, 1314 Valentinian III, 16, 145, 936 Valerian, 1307, 1313, 1374, 1401 Valladolid (1813), 870, 1004 Valle, José del, 299 Valley Forge, 75, 1474, 1638 Vallière, Jean-Florent de, 629 Vallière, Joseph-Florent de, 629 Valmy (1792), 231, 558, 560, 794, 1588-1589 Valois Dynasty, 318 Valois-Habsburg Wars, 300, 361, 440, 616, 643, 769, 824, 994, 1042, 1100, 1172, 1199, 1352, 1589-1590 Valverde (1862), 287 Van Tien Dung, 1619 Vandal War, 181, 811 Vandals, 182, 711, 936, 1378, 1519, 1590 Vandamme, Dominique Joseph René, 446 Vanderbilt, William K., 1114 Van Dorn, Earl, 384 Van Fleet, James, 720 Vang Pao, 867 Vaphiadis, Markos, 624 Värälä, Treaty of (1790), 1344 Varaville (1057), 1646 Varela, José, 1456 Varese (1859), 577 Varna (1444), 708, 712 Varna (1828), 806 Varro, Gaius Terentius, 276, 1250 Varus, Publius Quinctilius, 1312, 1515, 1535 Vasilevsky, Alexander, 163 Vasily, 198 Vasily II, 1326 Vasily IV Shuisky, 1343 Vasto, Marqués del, 301 Vasvar, Treaty of (1664), 1351 Vatapi (642), 309 Vatutin, Nikolai, 827, 856 Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de, 173, 355, 1591-1592 Vaucelles, Truce of (1556), 1590 Vaudreuil, marquis de, 1038 Vedder, Edward B., 984 Vedic civilization, 135 Vega, Lope de, 340 Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science (Vegetius), 459 Vegetius Renatus, Flavius, 459, 568, 952, 1592 Veientine Wars, 494 Veii (396 b.c.e.), 495 Velasco, Treaty of (1836), 1523 Velásquez, Diego de, 386 Velestinlis, Rigas, 624 Vélez, Marceliano, 364 Veloukhiotis, Aris, 623 Vendée, Wars of the, 559 Vendémaire Uprising, 559 Vendôme, Louis-Joseph de Bourbon, duke of, 1163 Venegas, Francisco Javier de, 870 Veneti, 572 Venetian-Genoese Wars, 1592-1594 Venetian-Milanese Wars, 1594-1596 Venetian War, 990 Venezuela, 201, 1446 Venezuelan Civil Wars, 1596-1597 Venice; in the Hungarian-Venetian Wars, 708; in the Norman-Byzantine Wars, 1129; in the Turkish Wars of European Expansion, 1574; in the Venetian-Genoese Wars, 1592; in the Venetian-Milanese Wars, 1594 Venice, League of, 768 Venice, Peace of (1177), 689, 884 Venizelos, Eleutherios, 622 Veracruz (1847), 998, 1179, 1387 Veracruz (1860), 1000 Veracruz (1914), 1002 Verano, Operation (1958), 409 Verbitza Pass (811), 236 Vercellae (101 b.c.e.), 965, 1316 Vercingetorix, 35, 266, 572, 1597 Verdier, Jean-Antoine, 1371 Verdun (1792), 231 Verdun (1916), 233, 501, 802, 1125, 1194, 1597-1598, 1647, 1653 Verdun, Treaty of (843), 286 Vere, Francis, 1157 Vere, John de, earl of Oxford, 205 Vereeniging, Treaty of (1902), 206 Vergara, Convention of (1839), 281 Verlanium (61 c.e.), 207 Verona (249), 1307 Verona (402), 32 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 206, 1389, 1432, 1656, 1658 Versinicia (813), 236 Verus, Lucius Aurelius, 1313 Vervins, Jacques de, 207 Vervins, Treaty of (1598), 565 Vespasian, 21, 798, 809, 1310, 1312, 1599 Veturius Calvinus, Titus, 1360 Vexillology, 1599 Vézeronce (524), 244 Vicenza (1236), 689 Vichy French, 1658 Vicksburg, Siege of (1863), 61, 615, 1599-1600 Victor III (antipope), 911 Victor III, Pope, 688 Victor, Claude P., 184 Victor Amadeus II, 496, 611 Victor Emmanuel II, 577, 770 Victorin, 199 Vicus Helena (c. 448), 936 Videla, Jorge, 112 Vieira, Bernardo, 641 Vieira, Joao "Nino," 642 Vieira, Osvaldo, 641 Vienna (485), 711 Vienna (1276), 650 Vienna (1526), 1483 Vienna (1529), 152, 704 Vienna (1532), 1576 Vienna, Siege of (1529), 1600-1601 Vienna, Siege of (1683), 180, 496, 804, 1217, 1576, 1601-1602 Vienna Peace Settlement (1815), 222 Vientiane (1575), 250 Vientiane kingdom, 1409 Viet Cong, 684, 1618 Viet Minh, 429, 683, 731, 1618; in Laos, 866 Vietinghoff, Heinrich von, 1039, 1357 Vietnam; in the French Colonial Wars, 552; in the Indochina War, 731; in the Rebellion of the Trung Sisters, 1569; in the Siamese-Vietnamese Wars, 1413; in the Vietnamese-Cham Wars, 1606 Vietnam Conflict, 8, 357, 556, 638, 653, 698, 718, 828, 886, 930, 1074, 1230, 1295, 1383, 1513, 1602-1606, 1617, 1641, 1703; aircraft, 24, 27; chemical and biological warfare, 324; conscription, 376; electronic warfare, 476; literature depicting, 904; military propaganda, 1242; and race, 1262; war reporting, 1628 Vietnamese-Cham Wars, 310, 830, 1606-1608 Vietnamese Civil War, 1608-1609 Vietnamization, 1604, 1703 Vijaya (1145), 829 Vijaya (1471), 1607 Vijayabahu, 83 Vijayalaya, 336 Vijayanagar Wars, 1609-1610; with Bahmani, 1610-1611 Viking Raids, 47, 344, 458, 939, 1303, 1473, 1487, 1611-1613 Vikings, 876, 1203, 1613-1615; and Brian Boru, 219; naval weapons, 1097; ships, 1487; warships, 1631 Vikramaditya I, 309 Vikramaditya II, 309 Vikramaditya VI, 309 Villa, Pancho, 1002, 1005, 1182, 1615-1616, 1689 Villafranca, Armistice of (1859), 1437 Villars, Claude-Louis-Hector, duc de, 426, 497, 941 Villeneuve, Pierre-Charles de, 1087, 1555 Villeroi, François de Neufville, marquis de, 1266 Villiers d L'Isle Adam, Auguste de, 1289 Vimeiro (1808), 811, 1089 Vimy Ridge (1917), 1125, 1616 Vincennes (1778), 345 Vindex, Gaius Julius, 1312 Vinegar Hill (1798), 1584 Vinh Yen (1951), 732 Viola, Roberto, 112 Virarajendra, 337 Virgin Bay (1855), 1114 Virginia, 1232 Virginius affair, 411 Viriatus, 297 Virupaksha II, 1609 Visby (1361), 420 Visconti, Bernabò, 670 Visconti, Filippo Maria, 1594 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 589, 1594 Visconti, Giovanni, 526 Visconti, Matteo, 1593 Vishnugopa of Kanchipuram, 1363 Visigoths, 16, 32, 244, 307, 543-544, 610, 711, 936, 1070, 1274, 1310, 1314, 1507, 1519, 1550, 1590, 1616-1617, 1619 Vitellius, Aulus, 1312 Vítkov Hill (1420), 715 Vitold of Lithuania, 1326 Vitoria (1813), 1085, 1089, 1617, 1639 Vo Nguyen Giap, 429, 683, 732, 828, 1513, 1604, 1617-1619 Voguls, 1330 Volga steppes, Avar invasion of, 153 Volivia; in the War of the Pacific, 1166 Vologases III, 959 Volsinii, 496 Vorskla (1399), 1517 Vortigern, 86, 1378 Vouillé (507), 1619-1620 Vranja (1878), 1394 Vrises (1866), 391 Vryheid Republic, 205 Vsevolozhskii, I. D., 1326 Vucji Do (1876), 1041 Vukovar (1991), 1686 Vulci, 496 Vyborg (1918), 519 Vytautas, 1219, 1502, 1517 W Wabash (1791), 69, 71 Wachirawut. See Rama VI Wadgaon (1779), 956 Wagon Box Fight (1867), 389, 1426 Wagram (1809), 187, 231, 422, 1086, 1089, 1165, 1621 Wahunsenacawh. See Powhatan Wainright, Jonathan, 1621-1622 Wakisaka Yasuharu, 1678 Wal-Wal (1934), 767 Waldersee, Alfred von, 1381 Wales, 91, 230, 602; in Glendower's Revolt, 602 Walid, al-, 1060 Walker, Walton, 721, 1250 Walker, William, 1114, 1622-1623 Wallace, George, 886 Wallace, William, 91, 171, 463, 501, 1477 Wallachia, 393 Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel von, 648, 918, 1529, 1623 Walls, E. P., 1695 Walter of Brienne, 916 Wampanoag, 1198 Wandiwash (1760), 226, 282, 1398 Wang Anshih, 332 Wang Chi, 245 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 902 War college, 1623 War crimes, 608, 801, 822, 1083, 1236, 1264, 1348, 1544, 1547, 1624-1627, 1673, 1687 War Hunt (Sanders), 514 War Medicine (American Medical Association), 984 War of attrition; Korean War, 848; in World War I, 1652 War Poetry of the South (Simms), 902 War Powers Act, 1606 War reporting, 1488, 1627-1628; and the Crimean War, 395; in World War I, 875 War with Jugurtha, The (Sallust), 459 Warangal (1308), 424 Ward, William, 1522 Warenne, John de, earl of Surrey, 1477 Warin, count of Macon, 527 Warlimont, Walter, 801 Warlords in China, 333 Warner, Seth, 533 Warren, John Borlase, 473 Warring Country, Epoch of the, 782 Warring States, 85, 1255, 1485, 1628-1629 Warsaw (1656), 1138 Warsaw (1831), 1214, 1285 Warsaw (1920), 1340, 1570, 1629-1630 Warsaw Pact, 357, 1126 Warsaw, Siege of (1794), 850, 1213 Warships, 1100, 1105, 1630-1633; American Civil War, 1036; steam-powered, 1179 Warwick, earl of. See Dudley, John, earl of Warwick Washington, George, 73, 122, 125, 469-470, 530, 551, 579, 595, 626, 698, 862, 881, 912, 1036-1037, 1234, 1247, 1300, 1372, 1398, 1474, 1493, 1558, 1563, 1633-1635, 1638, 1643-1644, 1682 Washita (1868), 69, 414 Wassenberg (1206), 587 Wat's Dyke, 15 Waterberg (1904), 591 Waterloo (1815), 187, 194, 347, 604, 1086, 1091, 1112, 1257, 1444, 1635-1636, 1639 Watson, William, 902 Wattignies (1793), 283, 561 Wavell, Archibald, 1545, 1636-1637 Wawrzeski, Tomasz, 1214 Wayne, Anthony, 69, 71, 505, 663, 1637-1638, 1682 Wazir, Khalil al-, 1638-1639 Wea, 1509 Webb, Daniel, 571 Wedei, Gukuni, 305 Wei (Chinese state), 1629 Wei Qing, 660 Weihaiwei (1895), 784, 1422 Weinshauks (1637), 1178 Weissenberg (1620). See White Mountain (1620) Weissenberg (1793), 231 Welf, Duke, 1415 Welf Dynasty, 689 Welfesholz (1115), 587 Welfs, 587 Wellesley, Richard, 223, 956, 1076 Wellington, duke of, 137, 162, 194, 373, 387, 460, 811, 863, 957, 972, 1076, 1085, 1089, 1257, 1356, 1444, 1497, 1617, 1635, 1639-1640 Welsh Annals, 1046 Welsh raids (777-784), 1147 Welsh Revolt, 463 Wen Di. See Yonglo Wenceslas (Holy Roman emperor), 589, 715, 1120, 1233 Wenceslas II (king of Bohemia), 650 Wendi. See Yang Jian Wenlock, Lord, 1520 Wentworth, Thomas, 267 Wessels, J., 834 Wessex, 87, 230, 458, 1147 Wessin y Wessin, Elías, 438 West India Company, 449 Western front, 1032, 1440, 1598, 1652 Western Sahara conflict, 1640-1641 Western Somali Liberation Front, 491 Western Xia; Mongol invasion of, 1033 Western Xia Rebellion, 1677 Western Xia War, 585 Westminster, Treaty of (1654), 88 Westminster, Treaty of (1674), 88, 450 Westmoreland, William, 828, 1051, 1514, 1604, 1641-1642 Westover, Ira J., 1522 Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 371, 449, 454, 541, 547, 567, 611, 1138, 1235, 1530 Wet, Christiaan De, 861 Wetwin (1648), 245 Weyand, Frederick, 1514 Weygand, Maxime, 534, 577, 1340 Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano, 410-411, 1642 What Price Glory? (Walsh), 511 Wheel cipher, 403 Wheel lock, 520 Wheeler, Hugh Massey, 296 Whiskey Rebellion, 1642-1644 Whitby, Synod of, 87 White, George Stuart, 809, 862 White, Julius, 662 White Bird Canyon (1877), 808, 1113 White Finns, 518 White Mountain (1620), 1528, 1538, 1644 White Oak Swamp (1862). See Seven Days' Battles (1862) White Plains (1776), 74, 1644-1645 White Russia, 163 Whittlesey, Charles, 995 Whompoa (1841), 1155 Why We Fight (Capra), 1242 Wichale, Treaty of (1889), 990 Widukind, 316 Wielkie Luki (1580), 907 Wiener Neustadt (1452), 651 Wiener Neustadt, Siege of (1486-1487), 711 Wilches, Solón, 364 Wilderness (1864), 66, 356, 615, 1466, 1645-1646 Wilhelm II. See William II (kaiser) Wilhelm, Crown Prince, 995 Wilhelmsthal (1762), 1399 Wilke, Charles, 1361 Will power, 347 William I (king of England). See William the Conqueror William I (king of Sicily), 1415 William I the Silent, 56, 452, 1169 William II (kaiser), 675, 929, 1032, 1381, 1542, 1647-1648, 1656 William II (king of Sicily), 1415 William II of Orange, 1285 William III (king of England), 89, 177, 211, 355, 450, 611, 779, 833, 918-919, 966, 1462 William IV of Orange, 1300 William V of Orange, 450 William, duke of Normandy, 701 William Augustus, 1398 William of Montferrat, Marquis, 911 William the Conqueror, 91, 226, 667, 701, 1131, 1646-1647 Williamsburg (1862), 820 Willson, A. E., 190 Wilmot, Henry, 458 Wilson, Henry Lane, 1002 Wilson, Woodrow, 621, 1002, 1005, 1432, 1647-1648, 1654 Wilton (871), 47 Winchester (1864), 1404 Winchester, James, 664 Windham, Charles Ash, 296 Windischgraetz, Alfred, 1287 Wingate, Francis Reginald, 5 Winter, Jan de, 274 Winwaed (655), 87 Wisborg, Folke Bernadotte af, 761 Wiseman, Richard, 983 Witbooi, Hendrik, 591 Witiges, 812 Wittelsbachs; in the German Civil War of 1314-1325, 588 Wittgenstein, Ludwig Adolf, 184, 1046 Wittlesbach, Rupprecht von, 271 Wittstock (1636), 1530, 1549 Władysław I Łokotiek, 1218, 1517 Władysław II Jagiełło (king of Poland), 200, 1218, 1502, 1517 Władysław III (king of Poland), 199, 651, 707, 710, 1219 Władysław IV Vasa (king of Poland), 1343 Wolfe, James, 6, 280, 552, 915, 1038, 1258, 1648-1649 Wolfpacks, 439, 1135 Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, First Viscount, 10, 80, 224, 241, 606, 1498, 1649 Wolsey, Thomas, 1439 Wood, Henry Evelyn, 1700 Wood, Leonard, 1319 Wood Lake (1862), 1426 Woodall, John, 983 Woodville dynasty, 1323 Woodward, Joseph Janvier, 984 Wool, John E., 998 Worcester (1651), 397, 484, 1649-1650 Worden, John, 1036 Wordinborg, Treaty of (1364), 420 World Crisis, The (Churchill), 338 World War I, 31, 36, 49, 51, 115, 139, 202, 232-233, 337, 346-347, 383, 444, 473, 485, 501, 524, 526, 550, 556, 568, 574, 607, 634, 654, 659, 662, 674, 793, 801-802, 821-822, 838, 842, 874, 890, 897, 908, 917, 919, 921, 929, 946-947, 968, 1021, 1032, 1041, 1047, 1119, 1124, 1171, 1181, 1194, 1263, 1292-1293, 1317-1318, 1324, 1381, 1389, 1430, 1432, 1475, 1488, 1542, 1621, 1636, 1647-1648, 1650-1657; and aircraft, 23, 25; Amiens, 78; artillery, 133; Baghdad, 162; Beersheba, 179; Brusilov Offensive, 232; Cambrai, 270; Caporetto, 279; Château-Thierry/Belleau Wood, 322; chemical and biological warfare, 323; civilians during, 344; conscription, 375; and cryptography, 403; electronic warfare, 476; Falkland Islands, 502; films depicting, 511; Gallipoli Campaign, 574; Gorlice-Tarnow, 608; infantry, 740; Isonzo, Eleven Battles of the, 758; Jutland, 812; Kut-al-Amara, 857; literature depicting, 902; maps and cartography, 953; Marne, 967; Masurian Lakes, 972; Megiddo, 989; Meuse-Argonne, 995; military intelligence, 744; military propaganda, 1240; Navy, U.S., 1107; St. Mihiel, 1351; Somme, 1439; tanks, 1500; Tannenberg, 1503; Verdun, 1597; Vimy Ridge, 1616; war crimes during, 1624; warships, 1631; Ypres, 1683 World War II, 8, 22, 31, 36, 79, 126, 183, 212, 233, 337, 346, 439, 444, 473, 556, 576, 581, 607, 634, 657, 662, 672, 675, 680, 801, 821-822, 835-836, 843, 885, 897, 921, 930, 933, 946-947, 968, 1041, 1047, 1072, 1079, 1123, 1171, 1194, 1263, 1293-1294, 1302, 1317-1318, 1324, 1334, 1389, 1407, 1430, 1432, 1467, 1470, 1475-1476, 1478, 1510, 1540, 1543, 1546, 1617, 1621, 1636, 1656-1668, 1672-1673, 1693-1694; aircraft, 23, 27; Anzio, 106; Arnhem, 123; artillery, 133; Operation Bagration, 163; Bataan, 174; Berlin, 184; Britain, 220; Bulge, 237; chemical and biological warfare, 324; civilians during, 344; conscription, 376; Coral Sea, 381; Crete, 392; cryptography, 404; Raid on Dieppe, 431; El Alamein, 475; electronic warfare, 476; explosives, 498; films depicting, 512; France, 534; Guadalcanal, 631; Guam, 632; infantry, 740; Iwo Jima, 775; Japanese military in, 787; Kharkov, 826; Kiev, 832; Kursk, 855; Siege of Leningrad, 886; Leyte Gulf, 893; literature depicting, 904; Mandalay, 946; maps and cartography, 953; Marines, U.S., 963; Midway, 1006; military intelligence, 744; military propaganda, 1241; military theory, 1017; Monte Cassino, 1038; Moscow, 1044; navies, 1103; Navy, U.S., 1107; Normandy Invasion, 1132; North Atlantic, 1134; Okinawa, 1149; Pearl Harbor attack, 1173; Polish Campaign, 1210; prisoners of war, 1236; and race, 1260; Rhine Crossings, 1287; Saipan, 1353; Salerno, 1357; Sidi Barrani, 1415; Singapore, 1420; Smolensk, 1431; Stalingrad, 1471; tanks, 1500; Taranto, 1505; Tarawa, 1505; Tinian, 1541; Tobrusk, 1544; uniforms, 1581; war crimes during, 1625; warships, 1631 Worms, Concordat of (1122), 689 Worth, William, 997 Wounded Knee (1890), 70, 1010, 1426 WSLF. See Western Somali Liberation Front Wu Huangdi. See Nurhaci Wu Ling of Chao, 1629 Wu Pei-fu, 329 Wu Sangui, 944-945 Wuchang (1853), 691, 1495, 1675 Württemberg, Eugen von, 446 Wyandot, 71, 1222, 1509 Wyatt, Francis, 1232 X Xanthippus, 1248, 1669 Xauen (1924), 3 Xenophon, 41, 413, 459, 677, 1669-1670 Xerxes I, 433, 619, 1187, 1357, 1465, 1525, 1669-1670 Xerxes II, 1187 Xhosa, 223, 278, 1700 Xia, Western. See Western Xia Xian Feng, 1155 Xiang River (1934), 329, 913 Xiangyang (1268-1273), 854 Ximénes de Rada, 868 Xinjiang, Conquest of, 1254 Xiongnu, 170, 330 Xiongnu War, 659 Xochiyaoyotl. See Flower Wars Xuanzong, 82, 332, 1496 Xueli, 895 Y Yacef, Saadi, 48 Yadin, Yigael, 760 Yaghi Siyan, 105 Yahyā al-Qādir, 340 Yahyā ibn Umar, 10 Yaik Cossacks, 1246 Yakob, Zara, 490 Yakov, 1326 Yalu River (1894), 784, 1422, 1546 Yalu River (1904), 666, 1338, 1671 Yamagata, Aritomo, 784, 1422, 1671-1672 Yamaguchi Motoomi, 210 Yamamoto, Isoroku, 1173, 1672-1673 Yamana Mochitoyo, 782, 1152 Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 1421, 1673 Yamato, 1149 Yan (Chinese state), 1629 Yan Xishan, 1673-1674 Yanagawa, Heisuke, 1083 Yang Chengwu, 329, 913 Yang Chien. See Yang Jian Yang Guang, 1674 Yang Guifei, 82 Yang Hsiu-ch'ing. See Yang Xuiqing Yang Jian, 331, 1422, 1674-1675 Yang Liang, 1423 Yang Xuangan, 1423 Yang Xuiqing, 1675 Yangzhou, Siege of (1645), 1675-1676 Yar Muwammad, 1183 Yarkand (1757), 1254 Yarmūk (636), 672, 1067, 1676 Yarumales (1984), 365 Yashima (1185), 583, 1020 Yasoharapura (1177), 830 Yassa, 1033 Yazid, 1065, 1069 "Ye Mariners of England" (Campbell), 901 Year of the Four Emperors, 21, 1599 Yellow fever, 984; Spanish-American War, 1454 Yellow Ford (1598), 1676-1677 Yellow River (1226), 585, 1677-1678 Yellow Sea (1592), 1678, 1680 Yellow Sea (1904), 1546 Yellow Tavern (1864), 1404, 1478 Yeltsin, Boris, 1336, 1450 Yemenite Civil War, 1678-1680 Yen Hsi-Shan. See Yan Xishan Yenan (1947), 330 Yenilehir, First (1481), 1160 Yenilehir, Second (1513), 1160 Yermak Timofeyevich, 387, 1330 Yeung Kwo, 938 Yi Kumkam, 1523 Yi Sun-shin, 1678, 1680-1681; and ironclads, 1098 Yoav, Operation (1948), 761 Yohannes IV, 127, 990 Yom Kippur War. See Israeli-Arab October War Yon Kaesomun, 1423 Yongli, 245 Yonglo, 332, 1681-1682 Yongyang, 1422, 1674 York (740), 15-16 York (1813), 472 York, Alvin, 995 Yorkists in the Wars of the Roses, 1321 Yorktown and Virginia Capes (1781), 78, 385, 863, 1300, 1474, 1634, 1682-1683 Yoruba, 224, 1121 Yoshihito. See Taisho Emperor Young Turk Revolution, 139, 485 Young Turks, 115 Ypres (1914-1918), 323, 501, 527, 550, 654, 1652, 1654, 1683-1684 Ypsilantis, Alexander, 625 Ypsilantis, Demetrios, 626 Yu Zhongwen, 1423 Yuan Dynasty, 332, 854 Yüan Shih-k'ai. See Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai, 326, 328, 333, 335, 1684-1685 Yue Fei, 1685 Yugoslav Partisans, 1543 Yugoslavia, 1543 Yugoslavian Civil Wars, 1685-1687 Yunfa, 1586 Yungay (1839), 1193 Yuri II, 1149 Yūsuf bin Hasan, 1150 Yūsuf ibn Tāshufin, 10, 53 Yuwen Shu, 1423 Z Zab River (750), 1070 Zacapa, 633 Zacatecas (1914), 1002 Zachariades, Nikos, 624 Zafar Khan, 1610 Zagwe, 490 Zama (202 b.c.e.), 500, 661, 927, 1250, 1385, 1688 Zambezi Rebellion, 1228 Zamora (1475), 290 Zamora, Ezequiel, 1596 Zanj Rebellion, 258 Zanjón, Pact of (1878), 411 ZANLA. See Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ZANU. See Zimbabwe African National Union Zapata, Emiliano, 1002, 1689 Zápolya, János. See János Zápolya Zápolya, John, 1030 ZAPU. See Zimbabwe African People's Union Zaragoza, 339-340, 1275 Zaragoza, Ignacio, 1000 Zarghan (1730), 1184 Zasulich, M. I., 1671 Zatoká Swieya (1463), 1527 Zawisza of Garbów, 1109 Zealand (1700), 320 Zelal Khan, 1183 Zelaya, José Santos, 690, 1115 Zelivský, Jan, 1233 Zenata, 10 Zenawi, Meles, 493 Zeng Guofan, 1689-1690 Zeno, 1158 Zenobia, 1307 Zenta (1697), 152, 181, 496, 1576, 1690-1691 Zeppelin, 1654 Zeta River (1876), 1041 Zeva Haganah le-Israel. See Israel Defense Forces Zhang Fakuei, 329 Zhang Guotao, 329 Zhang Qian, 660 Zhaohui, 1254 Zhen Bao/Damansky Island (1968), 1424 Zheng, King. See Qin Shihuangdi Zheng Chenggong, 944, 1691-1692 Zheng He, 1681 Zheng Jin, 1691 Zhou Dynasty, 1628 Zhou Enlai, 1424 Zhou Luohou, 1423 Zhu De, 1692-1693 Zhu Di. See Yonglo Zhu Youlang. See Yongli Zhu Yuanzhang, 332, 1681 Zhukov, Georgy, 163, 185, 706, 826, 843, 886, 1045, 1302, 1432, 1471, 1693-1694 Zia-ul-haq, Mohammad, 1694 Zibelu, 1702 Zielence (1792), 850, 1212 Ziethen, Hans J. von, 1635 Zimba, 1150 Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army, 1695 Zimbabwe African National Union, 1695 Zimbabwe African People's Union, 1695 Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army, 1695 Zimbabwean Independence, 1694-1696 Zimmermann, Arthur, 1005 Zimmermann telegram, 1005, 1655 Zionist Movement, 1696-1697 ZIPRA. See Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army Zitácauro (1812), 870 Ziyad ibn-Salih, 1496 Žižka, Jan, 715, 857, 1109, 1697-1698 Zojila (1948), 727 Zola, Émile, 447 Zółkiewski, Stanisław, 1341 Zorawano (1676), 804 Zorndorf (1758), 1398 Zoroastrianism, 1374 Zouerate (1977), 1640 Zuloaga, Félix, 1000 Zulu (Endfield), 515 Zulu Civil War of 1817-1819, 1702 Zulu Civil War of 1856, 302, 1702 Zulu Civil War of 1883-1884, 302, 1702 Zulu Kingdom, 193, 302, 1698-1699 Zulu War, 223, 241, 302, 757, 1320, 1649, 1699-1702 Zulu Wars of Empire, 193, 1400, 1561, 1698, 1701-1703 Zululand, 432, 1701 Zumwalt, Elmo, 1703 Zunghars, 1254 Zuo Zongtang, 1072, 1690, 1703-1704 Zurich (1799), 561 Zuurveld (1811), 278 Zwangendaba Kraal (1870), 909 Zwaniec (1769), 1247 Zwide, 432, 1702

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