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Magill's Encyclopedia of Social Science: Psychology Table of Contents Publisher's Note, vii Contributors, ix Introduction, 1 A Ability tests, 5 Abnormality: Biomedical models, 10 Abnormality: Legal models, 15 Abnormality: Psychological models, 20 Achievement motivation, 26 Addictive personality and behaviors, 29 Adler, Alfred, 34 Adlerian psychotherapy, 34 Adolescence: Cognitive skills, 39 Adolescence: Cross-cultural patterns, 44 Adolescence: Sexuality, 48 Adrenal gland, 52 Advertising, 56 Affiliation and friendship, 59 Affiliation motive, 63 Ageism, 67 Aggression, 71 Aggression: Reduction and control, 75 Aging: Cognitive changes, 78 Aging: Physical changes, 83 Aging: Theories, 87 Agoraphobia and panic disorders, 92 Alcohol dependence and abuse, 96 Allport, Gordon, 101 Altruism, cooperation, and empathy, 102 Alzheimer's disease, 106 American Psychiatric Association, 111 American Psychological Association, 114 Amnesia and fugue, 117 Analytic psychology: Jacques Lacan, 121 Analytical psychology: Carl G. Jung, 125 Analytical psychotherapy, 129 Anger, 132 Animal experimentation, 135 Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, 141 Antisocial personality, 145 Anxiety disorders, 150 Aphasias, 154 Archetypes and the collective unconscious, 159 Archival data, 164 Artificial intelligence, 167 Assessment, 172 Attachment and bonding in infancy and childhood, 174 Attention, 179 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 183 Attitude-behavior consistency, 187 Attitude formation and change, 191 Attraction theories, 195 Attributional biases, 200 Autism, 204 Automaticity, 208 Aversion, implosion, and systematic desensitization, 212 B Bandura, Albert, 217 Battered woman syndrome, 217 Beck, Aaron T., 220 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 221 Bed-wetting, 222 Behavior therapy, 226 Behavioral assessment, 231 Behavioral family therapy, 235 Behaviorism, 239 Bilingualism, 243 Biofeedback and relaxation, 248 Bipolar disorder, 251 Birth: Effects on physical development, 255 Birth order and personality, 260 Borderline personality, 263 Brain damage, 265 Brain specialization, 270 Brain structure, 274 Breuer, Josef, 281 Brief therapy, 282 Bystander intervention, 284 C California Psychological Inventory (CPI), 289 Cannon, Walter B., 291 Career and personnel testing, 291 Career Occupational Preference System, 296 Career selection, development, and change, 298 Case-study methodologies, 302 Causal attribution, 306 Child abuse, 311 Childhood disorders, 316 Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), 323 Circadian rhythms, 324 Clinical depression, 329 Clinical interviewing, testing, and observation, 335 Coaching, 339 Codependency, 341 Cognitive ability: Gender differences, 345 Cognitive behavior therapy, 349 Cognitive development: Jean Piaget, 354 Cognitive dissonance, 358 Cognitive maps, 361 Cognitive psychology, 366 Cognitive social learning: Walter Mischel, 372 Cognitive therapy, 376 College entrance examinations, 380 Community psychology, 384 Complex experimental designs, 389 Computer models of cognition, 393 Concept formation, 396 Conditioning, 400 Conduct disorder, 406 Confidentiality, 410 Consciousness, 412 Consciousness: Altered states, 415 Constructivist psychology, 420 Consumer psychology, 422 Cooperation, competition, and negotiation, 426 Cooperative learning, 430 Coping: Chronic illness, 433 Coping: Social support, 437 Coping: Strategies, 442 Coping: Terminal illness, 446 Couples therapy, 451 Creativity and intelligence, 456 Creativity: Assessment, 459 Crowd behavior, 463 Cultural competence, 467 D Data description, 469 Death and dying, 474 Decision making, 479 Defense reactions: Species-specific, 482 Dementia, 487 Denial, 491 Depression, 493 Depth and motion perception, 498 Development, 503 Developmental disabilities, 506 Developmental methodologies, 512 Diagnosis, 517 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 521 Disaster psychology, 524 Dix, Dorothea, 528 Domestic violence, 529 Down syndrome, 534 Dreams, 538 Drives, 542 Drug therapies, 546 Dyslexia, 550 E Eating disorders, 555 Educational psychology, 559 Ego defense mechanisms, 562 Ego psychology: Erik Erikson, 568 Ego, superego, and id, 574 Ellis, Albert, 576 Emotional expression, 577 Emotions, 580 Encoding, 584 Endocrine system, 587 Endorphins, 592 Environmental psychology, 595 Erikson, Erik, 599 Ethology, 600 Evolutionary psychology, 605 Existential psychology, 608 Experimental psychology, 612 Experimentation: Ethics and participant rights, 615 Experimentation: Independent, dependent, and control variables, 619 Eyewitness testimony, 623 Eysenck, Hans, 627 F Facial feedback, 629 Family life: Adult issues, 632 Family life: Children's issues, 635 Father-child relationship, 638 Feminist psychotherapy, 641 Field experimentation, 645 Field theory: Kurt Lewin, 649 Fight-or-flight response, 653 Forensic psychology, 656 Forgetting and forgetfulness, 658 Freud, Anna, 663 Freud, Sigmund, 664 Fromm, Erich, 665 G Gender-identity formation, 667 General adaptation syndrome, 671 General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), 675 Gesell, Arnold, 677 Gestalt therapy, 678 Giftedness, 681 Gilligan, Carol, 686 Gonads, 687 Grammar and speech, 691 Grieving, 695 Group decision making, 699 Group therapy, 702 Groups, 706 Guilt, 711 H Habituation and sensitization, 714 Hallucinations, 718 Health psychology, 721 Hearing, 725 Help-seeking, 730 Helping, 733 Histrionic personality, 738 Homosexuality, 740 Hormones and behavior, 744 Horney, Karen, 749 Human resource training and development, 750 Humanism, 754 Humanistic trait models: Gordon Allport, 758 Hunger, 762 Hypnosis, 767 Hypochondriasis, 771 Hypothesis development and testing, 777 Hysteria, 781 I Identity crises, 785 Imprinting, 789 Impulse control disorders, 793 Incentive motivation, 798 Incompetency, 802 Individual psychology: Alfred Adler, 804 Industrial and organizational psychology, 809 Inhibitory and excitatory impulses, 813 Insanity defense, 818 Insomnia, 819 Instinct theory, 823 Intelligence, 827 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 832 Intelligence tests, 834 Interest inventories, 838 Intergroup relations, 842 International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 847 Internet psychology, 849 Intimacy, 852 Introverts and extroverts, 855 J Jealousy, 858 Jung, Carl G., 861 Juvenile delinquency, 862 K Kelly, George A., 866 Kinesthetic memory, 867 Kinsey, Alfred, 870 Kraepelin, Emil, 871 Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS), 872 L Lacan, Jacques, 875 Language, 876 Law and psychology, 883 Leadership, 888 Learned helplessness, 892 Learning, 895 Learning disorders, 902 Lewin, Kurt, 906 Linguistics, 906 Logic and reasoning, 913 Long-term memory, 917 Lorenz, Konrad, 922 Love, 923 M Madness: Historical concepts, 928 Masters, William H., and Virginia E. Johnson, 935 Media psychology, 936 Meditation and relaxation, 941 Memory, 945 Memory: Animal research, 949 Memory: Empirical studies, 954 Memory: Physiology, 958 Memory: Sensory, 962 Memory storage, 966 Mental health practitioners, 970 Mental retardation, 974 Midlife crises, 979 Miller, Neal E., and John Dollard, 982 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 983 Misbehavior, 985 Mischel, Walter, 990 Mood disorders, 990 Moral development, 997 Mother-child relationship, 1000 Motivation, 1004 Motor development, 1008 Multiple personality, 1012 Murray, Henry A., 1016 Music, dance, and theater therapy, 1017 N Narcissistic personality, 1022 Nearsightedness and farsightedness, 1024 Nervous system, 1028 Neurons, 1031 Neuropsychology, 1035 Neurotic disorders, 1038 Nonverbal communication, 1042 O Obesity, 1047 Observational learning and modeling therapy, 1050 Observational methods, 1055 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 1059 Oedipus complex, 1063 Operant conditioning therapies, 1064 Optimal arousal theory, 1068 P Pain, 1073 Pain management, 1077 Paranoia, 1080 Parental alienation syndrome, 1083 Parenting styles, 1085 Parkinson's disease, 1089 Pattern recognition, 1092 Pattern vision, 1095 Pavlov, Ivan, 1098 Pavlovian conditioning, 1100 Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT), 1104 Penis envy, 1105 Person-centered therapy, 1108 Personal constructs: George A. Kelly, 1112 Personality disorders, 1116 Personality interviewing strategies, 1121 Personality: Psychophysiological measures, 1125 Personality rating scales, 1129 Personality theory, 1133 Personology: Henry A. Murray, 1137 Phobias, 1140 Physical development: Environment versus genetics, 1145 Piaget, Jean, 1149 Pinel, Philippe, 1150 Pituitary gland, 1151 Play therapy, 1155 Positive psychology, 1159 Postpartum depression, 1162 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 1164 Prejudice, 1169 Prejudice reduction, 1174 Prenatal physical development, 1177 Preparedness, 1183 Problem-solving stages, 1187 Problem-solving strategies, 1191 Profiling, 1194 Projection, 1198 Psychoanalysis, 1201 Psychoanalytic psychology, 1207 Psychoanalytic psychology and personality: Sigmund Freud, 1212 Psychobiology, 1216 Psychology: Definition, 1220 Psychology: Fields of specialization, 1223 Psychology: History, 1227 Psychopathology, 1235 Psychosexual development, 1241 Psychosomatic disorders, 1245 Psychosurgery, 1251 Psychotherapy: Children, 1255 Psychotherapy: Effectiveness, 1260 Psychotherapy: Goals and techniques, 1265 Psychotherapy: Historical approaches, 1268 Psychotic disorders, 1273 Q Quasi-experimental designs, 1277 R Race and intelligence, 1282 Racism, 1286 Radical behaviorism: B. F. Skinner, 1291 Rape and sexual assault, 1295 Rational-emotive therapy, 1299 Reactive attachment disorder, 1303 Reality therapy, 1306 Reflexes, 1310 Reflexes in newborns, 1313 Reinforcement, 1317 Religion and psychology, 1321 Religiosity: Measurement, 1327 Research ethics, 1332 Reticular formation, 1336 Retirement, 1340 Road rage, 1343 Rogers, Carl R., 1345 Rorschach, Hermann, 1345 Rorschach inkblots, 1347 Rule-governed behavior, 1349 S S-R theory: Neal E. Miller and John Dollard, 1353 Sampling, 1356 Schizophrenia: Background, types, and symptoms, 1360 Schizophrenia: High-risk children, 1365 Schizophrenia: Theoretical explanations, 1369 Scientific methods, 1374 Seasonal affective disorder, 1381 Self, 1386 Self-actualization, 1391 Self-disclosure, 1395 Self-esteem, 1398 Self-perception theory, 1402 Self-presentation, 1407 Selye, Hans, 1411 Sensation and perception, 1412 Senses, 1416 Separation and divorce: Adult issues, 1419 Separation and divorce: Children's issues, 1423 Separation anxiety, 1426 Sex hormones and motivation, 1428 Sexism, 1432 Sexual behavior patterns, 1436 Sexual dysfunction, 1440 Sexual variants and paraphilias, 1446 Shock therapy, 1450 Short-term memory, 1454 Shyness, 1458 Sibling relationships, 1460 Signal detection theory, 1463 Skinner, B. F., 1467 Sleep, 1468 Sleep apnea syndromes and narcolepsy, 1474 Smell and taste, 1478 Social identity theory, 1483 Social learning: Albert Bandura, 1487 Social networks, 1491 Social perception, 1496 Social psychological models: Erich Fromm, 1500 Social psychological models: Karen Horney, 1504 Social schemata, 1507 Speech disorders, 1511 Speech perception, 1515 Split-brain studies, 1520 Sport psychology, 1524 Stanford-Binet test, 1530 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, 1531 Statistical significance tests, 1533 Stepfamilies, 1537 Strategic family therapy, 1540 Stress, 1545 Stress: Behavioral and psychological responses, 1549 Stress: Physiological responses, 1555 Stress-related diseases, 1559 Stress: Theories, 1564 Strong Interest Inventory (SII), 1568 Structuralism and functionalism, 1569 Stuttering, 1574 Substance use disorders, 1578 Suicide, 1583 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 1587 Support groups, 1588 Survey research: Questionnaires and interviews, 1591 Synaptic transmission, 1595 Synesthesia, 1599 T Taste aversion, 1603 Teaching methods, 1607 Teenage suicide, 1611 Temperature, 1615 Testing: Historical perspectives, 1620 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 1624 Thirst, 1626 Thorndike, Edward L., 1628 Thought: Inferential, 1630 Thought: Study and measurement, 1633 Thyroid gland, 1637 Touch and pressure, 1641 Tourette's syndrome, 1645 Transactional analysis, 1648 Type A behavior pattern, 1653 U V Violence and sexuality in the media, 1657 Violence by children and teenagers, 1661 Virtual reality, 1664 Vision: Brightness and contrast, 1667 Vision: Color, 1671 Visual system, 1674 W Watson, John B., 1679 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 1680 Within-subject experimental designs, 1682 Women's psychology: Carol Gilligan, 1687 Women's psychology: Karen Horney, 1691 Women's psychology: Sigmund Freud, 1695 Work motivation, 1700 Glossary, 1705 Bibliography, 1730 Web Site Directory, 1742 Mediagraphy, 1751 Organizations and Support Groups, 1764 Pharmaceutical List, 1782 Biographical List of Psychologists,1794 Notable Court Cases, 1802 Complete List of Entries, LXXXI Categorized List of Entries, LXXXVII Index, CV X Y Z |
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