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Magill's Encyclopedia of Social Science: Psychology Carl G. Jung Born: July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, Switzerland Died: June 6, 1961, in Küsnacht, Switzerland Identity: Swiss psychiatrist Type of Psychology: Personality; psychopathology; psychotherapy Field of Study: Evaluating psychotherapy; personality assessment; personality theory Jung is one of the founders of modern psychoanalytic theory. As a young boy, Jung, developed an avid interest in superstition, mythology, and the occult. He attended the University of Basel for medical training in 1895. After earning a medical degree in 1900, Jung was employed as an assistant staff physician at the Burghölzli Mental Hospital. In 1902, he wrote his dissertation on occult phenomena and earned a degree in psychiatry from the University of Zurich. In 1905, Jung was appointed as the senior staff physician at the Burghölzli Mental Hospital and also became a lecturer on the medical faculty at the University of Zurich. He was instrumental in developing the concept of the autonomous complex and the technique of free association. After he met Sigmund Freud in Vienna in 1907, the two men became close friends and worked together on the advancement of psychoanalytical theories. In 1910, Jung was selected as the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association. By 1912, Jung believed that Freud was placing too much emphasis on sexual instincts in human behavior. Their friendship ended in 1913. Jung believed not only in the biological drives but also in metaphysical or spiritual aspirations as an integral part of human individuality. In formulating his theory of the collective unconscious, Jung included patterns of human thought that he called archetypes, which developed through heredity and included spiritual yearnings. He suggested that therapy was a way to bring people into contact with their collective unconscious. Jung also developed a groundbreaking personality theory that introduced the classification of psychological types into introverts and extroverts. He explained human behavior as a combination of four psychic functions, thinking, feeling, intuition, and sensation, and proposed the concept of individuation, which is the lifelong process of "self-becoming." Jung coined the term "synchronicity" as an explanation for extrasensory events that were typically deemed occult. He made significant contributions to the understanding of dreams, as well as the language and importance of myths and symbols. Jung published many important works, including Über die Psychologie der Dementia praecox: Ein Versuch (1907; The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, 1909), Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (1912; The Psychology of the Unconscious, 1915), Psychologische Typen (1921; Psychological Types, 1923), and Synchronizität als ein Prinzip akausaler Zusammenhange (1952; Synchronicity: An Acausal Connecting Principle, 1955). Honorary doctorates were awarded to Jung from many notable universities, including Harvard. In 1934, he founded the International General Medical Society for Psychotherapy and became its first president. He was awarded the Literature Prize of the city of Zurich in 1932, was made an Honorary Member of the Swiss Academy of Sciences in 1943, and was named the Honorary Citizen of Küsnacht in 1960. Sources for Further Study Blisker, Richard. On Jung. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2002. Insightful work on the life and contributions of Jung to the development of analytic psychology. Schoeni, William J., ed. Major Issues in the Life and Work of C. G. Jung. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1996. Discusses Jung's life and his contributions to Jungian psychology and psychoanalysis. Shamdasani, Sonu. Cult Fictions: C. G. Jung and the Founding of Analytical Psychology. New York: Routledge, 1998. An accurate, revealing account of the history of the Jungian movement in the development of analytical psychology. Alvin K. Benson See AlsoAnalytical psychology: Carl G. Jung; Archetypes and the collective unconscious; Dreams; Introverts and extroverts; Personality theory. |
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