To return to this sets' summary click Overview. For the general product directory, click Directory. Articles Gestalt therapy Carl G. Jung Phobias Psychobiology Other Elements Index Table of Contents It surpasses the four-volume Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Highly Recommended. Library Journal   Much has happened in the last 10 years, both in psychology and in people's information expectations, makng the revision worth consideration for libraries catering to an interested lay public, high-school students, and beginning college students. It also appears to be a useful ready-reference tool for librarians. Booklist   Reference Books Bulletin   The currency of the information makes this set useful for libraries needing a specialized resource on the topics. School Library Journal   Recommended. Choice   This encyclopedia is clearly written and neatly organized. ...on the whole, this is an excellent effort. American Reference   Books Annual 2004   A comprehensive introduction to psychology, this work will find a home in a broad range of library collections....High school students, undergraduates, and others will find a wealth of information in this useful set. American Libraries

Editor: Nancy A. Piotrowski, University of California, Berkeley ISBN: 978-1-58765-130-4 List Price: $404 January 2003 · 4 volumes · 1,904 pages · 8"x10" ALA/RUSA Outstanding Reference Source Magill's Encyclopedia of Social Science: Psychology Index A AARP Grief and Loss Program, 1777 Abandonment; codependency and, 342; fear and, 263 A-B-C theory of personality, 1302 A-B-C (D-E) theory of emotional change, 1302 Aberrant behavior, 928 Ability evaluative system, 561 Ability tests, 5-10 Ability tracking, 42 Abnormal behavior, 1235 Abnormality; behavioral models, 22; biological models, 20; biomedical models, 10-15; cognitive models, 23; diathesis-stress models, 25; humanistic models, 23; legal models, 15-20; psychoanalytic models, 21; psychological models, 20-26; sexual variations and, 1448; social-learning models, 22; sociocultural models, 24 Above-grade-level testing, 7 Abraham, Karl, 750 Abreaction, 37 Absent-mindedness, 661 Absolute threshold, 1705 Abstract thinking; dementia and, 487; language and, 880 Aburdene, Patricia, 300 Abuse, 529; amnesia and, 119; child abuse, 311; experimentation and, 618; feminist psychotherapy and, 644; juvenile delinquency and, 863 Academy for the Study of the Psychoanalytic Arts, 1764 Academy of Organizational and Occupational Psychiatry, 1764 Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine, 1765 Acceptance; death and, 476; divorce and, 1422 Accommodation, 1150, 1705 Accreditation Council of Psychoanalytic Education, 1202 Acetylcholine, 54, 1030, 1705 Achenbach, Tom, 324 Achievement, giftedness and, 681 Achievement motivation, 26-29, 800, 1705 Achievement need, 26, 1138 Achievement status, 787 Achievement testing, 292, 1226, 1622; gender differences and, 347; interest inventories versus, 839; Peabody Individual Achievement Test, 1104 Achievement Tests (ATs), 380 Ackerman, Nathan, 1256 Acoustic cues, 1517 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 90 Acquisition, 1705; conditioning and, 1101 Acrophobia, 1141 Act psychology, 1221, 1232 Action for Children's Television, 1659 Action potential, 1033, 1596, 1705 Action research, 906 Activating events, 1302 Activation-synthesis theory of dreams, 540 Activation theory of motivation, 1006 Active imagination, 131 Active methods of teaching, 1609 Active theories of speech perception, 1517 Activities of daily living (ADL), 487, 509 Activity, reinforcement and, 1319 Activity theory of retirement, 1341 Actor-observer bias, 201, 1497, 1705 Actualizing tendencies, 1391, 1705 Acupuncture, pain and, 1074 Acute disconnection syndrome, 1520 Adams, Jerome, 889 Adaptation, 1616, 1705; change and, 696; coping and, 443; mechanoreceptors and, 1643; defense mechanisms, 483, 565; intelligence and, 827; receptor cells and, 1481; sensory, 1412; social psychology and, 1500 Adaptive behavior, 233 Adaptive control of thought theory of memory (ACT), 170, 968 Adaptive denial, 492 Adaptive reactions, 672 Adaptive skills, mental retardation and, 974 Adaptive theory of sleep, 1471 Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE), 109 Addiction, 417, 1705; brain reward mechanisms and, 800; codependency and, 341; endorphins and, 593; impulse control disorders and, 795; Internet, 851; personality and behaviors, 29-33; support groups and, 1590 Addictive personality, substance use disorders and, 1582 Additive bilingualism, 244 ADHD. See Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Adjustment; children and divorce and, 1424; retirement and, 1341 ADL. See Activities of daily living Adler, Alfred, 34, 1209, 1233, 1394, 1794; aggression, 77; Allport, Gordon, and, 101; birth order, 262; coping, 443; Ellis, Albert, and, 1299; group therapy and, 703; Horney, Karen, and, 1506; motivation and, 66, 1006; suicide and, 1615 Adler, Norman, 1438 Adlerian psychotherapy, 34-39 Administration on Developmental Disabilities, 510 Adolescence, 1705; cognitive skills, 39-44; cross-cultural patterns, 44-47; domestic violence and, 531; eating disorders and, 142; family and, 633; gender differences in cognitive ability, 346; growth spurts, 48; identity crises and, 785; parenting styles and, 1088; psychosocial development, 572; schizophrenia and, 1364; self-esteem and, 1401; sexuality, 48-52; sibling relationships and, 1462; stepfamilies and, 1539; suicide and, 1612 Adorno, Theodor, 1287 Adrenal gland, 52-56, 133, 1705; general adaptations syndrome and, 672 Adrenaline, 53 Adult ego state, 1649 Adulthood; definitions, 48; gender differences in cognitive ability, 347; language acquisition, 244; personality and, 1134; sibling relationships and, 1462; stages, 633 Advanced Placement examinations (APs), 380 Adversarial relationships, legal system of divorce and, 1420 Advertising, 56-59; attitude-behavior consistency and, 189; attitudes and, 193; conditioning and, 402; consumer psychology and, 424; inferential reasoning and, 1631; perception and, 1412; Watson, John B., 1680 Advice columnists, 936 Advocacy, American Psychological Association and, 114 Affairs, 1421 Affect, 886, 1362, 1705; processes, 1497; states, 629 Affective disorders, 1705 Affective reactions, 1404 Affective states, 1221 Afferents, 1033, 1705 Affiliation; definition, 64; friendship and, 59, 63; motive, 63-67, 1396, 1705; social identity theory and, 1483; sports psychology and, 1525 Affirmative action programs, 1173 Age; child abuse and, 312; dreams and, 540; experimental design and, 1686; intelligence quotient and, 832; intelligence testing and, 835; suicide and, 1584; Tourette's syndrome and, 1646 Age Discrimination Act of 1967, 1341 Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 69 Ageism, 67-71; retirement and, 1341 Aggregation, 63 Aggression, 71-75, 600, 1705; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and, 184; aversive control and, 899; conduct disorder and, 406; displacement, 844; drives, 34; hormones and, 1153; impulse control disorders and, 796; instincts, 825; Lorenz, Konrad, 922; media violence and, 1657; Miller, Neal, and John Dollard, 982; misbehavior and, 987; neuroses and, 1040; pornography and, 1659; racism and, 1287; reduction and control, 75-78; road rage and, 1344; sex hormones and, 689; Type A behavior pattern and, 1655 Aging, 79, 84; cognitive changes, 78-83; forgetting and, 659; hormones and, 748; individual psychology and, 807; midlife crisis and, 980; physical changes, 83-87; retirement and, 1342; social networks and, 1493; theories, 87-92 Aging Network Services, 1777 Agnosia, 106, 1217 Agonists, 1597 Agoraphobia, 153, 1141, 1427, 1705; panic disorders and, 92-96 Agoraphobics in Motion, 1777 Ahrens, E. H., 1049 Ahrons, Constance, 1420 Aid to Capacity Evaluation, 803 AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS Clinical Trials Information Service, 1777 AIDS Health Project, 1777 Aiken, Lewis, 836, 1130 Ainsworth, Mary, 176, 1001 Air rage, 73 Ajzen, Icek, 188 Akil, Huda, 1075 Al-Anon/Alateen Family Group Headquarters, 1777 Alarm reaction, 672, 714 Albers, Josef, 1669 Albert, Robert, 457 Alberta Lessard et. al v. Wilbur Schmidt et. al, 1803 Alcohol; aggression and, 73; domestic violence and, 531; reticular formation and, 1337 Alcohol dependence and abuse, 96-101; depression and, 494; suicide and, 1585 Alcoholic neuritis, 98 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 33, 98, 1590, 1777 Alcoholism, codependency and, 343 Aldosterone, 53 Aldwin, Carolyn, 1551 Alexander, Charles, 943 Alexander, Franz, 283, 712 Alexithymia, 1551 Algorithms, 1188 ALI rule, 17 Alicke, Mark, 1258 Alienation, 608, 928; denial and, 492; midlife crisis and, 979; parental alienation syndrome, 1084 Alienists, 928 Allele, 1705 Allen, Andrea, 990 Alliance for Aging Research, 1777 Allport, Floyd, 1510 Allport, Gordon, 101-102, 193, 292, 756, 758, 1017, 1130, 1233, 1289, 1322, 1794; prejudice and, 807, 1169, 1174; religion and, 1328; self-actualization and, 1394; self and, 1387; stereotyping and, 1435 Alpha press, 1138 Altered states of consciousness, 413; hallucinations and, 718; hypnosis, 767. See also Consciousness Alternate personalities, 1013 Alternative assessment, 172 Alternative hypothesis of variables, 1534 Altman, Irwin, 596-597, 1395 Altruism, 64, 102-106, 734, 1705; ethology and, 603; paradox, 102 Altruistic suicide, 1583, 1614 Alvin Bernard Ford v. Louie L. Wainwright, 1809 Alzheimer, Alois, 106, 872 Alzheimer's Association, 106, 1777 Alzheimer's disease, 69, 81, 106-111, 368, 488, 1275, 1597, 1705; animal experimentation and, 953; Down syndrome and, 536; forgetting and, 659; neuropsychology and, 1036 Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral Center, 1777 Alzheimer's Disease Prevention Initiative, 110 Amabile, Teresa, 461 Amato, Paul R., 1424 Amatrude, Catherine, 677 Ambiguity, helping and, 735 Ambivalence, racism and, 1287 Ambivalence-induced behavior amplification, 1287 American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry, 1765 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1765 American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 1765 American Academy of Neurology, 1765 American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 1765 American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 1765 American Academy of Psychotherapists, 1765 American Art Therapy Association, 1765 American Association for Emergency Psychiatry, 1765 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 1765 American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 1765 American Association of Children's Residential Centers, 1766 American Association of Community Psychiatrists, 1766 American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training Department of Psychiatry, 1766 American Association of General Hospital Psychiatrists, 1766 American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging, 1778 American Association of Pastoral Counselors, 1766 American Association of Psychiatric Administrators, 1766 American Association of Suicidology, 1766 American Association of University Women, 347 American Association on Mental Retardation, 507 American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, 1766 American College of Forensic Psychiatry, 1766 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1766 American College of Psychiatrists, 1766 American College Test (ACT), 380 American College Testing Assessment Program (ACTAP), 381 American Council for Drug Education, 1778 American Counseling Association, 1767 American Federation for Aging Research, 1778 American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, 1778 American Geriatrics Society, 1778 American Group Psychotherapy Association, 1767 American Horticultural Therapy Association, 1767 American Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1506 American Medical Association (AMA), 113 American Medico-Psychological Association (AMPA), 113 American Mental Health Counselors Association, 1767 American Neurological Association, 1767 American Orthopsychiatric Association, 1767 American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, 1778 American Psychiatric Association, 111-114, 1764; disaster psychology and, 526 American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 1767 American Psychoanalytic Association, 1205, 1764 American Psychological Association, 114-117, 1764; disaster psychology and, 525 American Psychological Society, 1764 American Psychopathological Association, 1767 American Psychosomatic Society, 1767 American Psychotherapy Association, 1767 American Red Cross (ARC), 524 American Self-Help Clearinghouse, 1778 American Sleep Disorders Association, 1775 American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry, 1767 American Society of Addiction Medicine, 1767 American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1767 American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, 1767 American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama, 1768 American Society of Psychoanalytic Physicians, 1768 American Society on Aging, 1768 American Speech-Language- Hearing Association, 1514 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, 511 Ames, Carole and Russell, 561 Ames, Louise, 677 Aminoketones, 993 Amir, Yehuda, 1174 Amnesia, 117-121, 267, 918, 952, 958, 1456; shock therapy and, 1453 Amniocentesis, 1181 Amok, 25 Amphetamine psychosis, 1373 Amplification method of dreams interpretation, 131 Amplitude, 1705 Amygdala, 277, 1217 Anaclitic depression, 1304 Anal fixation, 37 Anal stage, 569, 1213, 1241, 1696, 1705 Analgesia, 594, 1705 Analogy, 1192 Analysis of variance, 392, 1536 Analytic language acquisition styles, 878 Analytic psychology, 1233; Lacan, Jacques, 121-125 Analytical psychology, 1208, 1705; Jung, Carl G., 125-129 Analytical psychotherapy, 129-132 Anastasi, Anne, 829, 1329 Anch, A. Michael, 822 Anchoring and adjustment, 480 Anderson, John R., 170, 968 Anderson, Lynn, 710 Androgens, 687, 1706 Androgyny, 742, 1706; theory, 1688 Anesthesia, 767 Angell, James Rowland, 1221, 1232, 1573 Anger, 74, 132-135, 263; death and, 448, 476; defense mechanisms and, 565; depression and, 334; divorce and, 1421; jealousy and, 858; rape and, 1298; road rage and, 1343; sexual desire and, 1441; stress and, 1567 Anima, 126, 161 Animal Behavior Society, 1768 Animal experimentation, 135-141, 590, 1221, 1332; behaviorism and, 240; brain specialization and, 273; endorphins, 594; learning and, 896; memory and, 950, 961; neuropsychology and, 1036; pain and, 1074 Animal Welfare Act, 139 Animals, sports psychology and, 1525 Animus, 126, 161 Ann Fasulo & Marie Barberi v. Mehadin K. Arafeh, 1805 Anna O., 773 Anomic suicide, 1583, 1614 Anonymity, 850 Anonymous questionnaires, 1592 Anorexia nervosa, 25, 141-145, 320, 555, 1048, 1706; hunger and, 764; types, 557 Anorgasmia, 1443 Anosodiaphoria, 492 Anosognosia, 267, 492 Anoxia, 256 Antagonists, 1597 Antecedents, 227, 241 Anterograde amnesia, 267, 952, 1456, 1706 Anthony, Albert, 45 Antianxiety drugs, 549 Anticipatory goal responses, 798 Antidepressants, 332, 495, 547, 993, 1062, 1706; tricyclic, 55 Antipsychotic drugs, 549, 931; schizophrenia and, 1363 Antisocial behavior, 406; affiliation versus, 65 Antisocial personality, 145-150, 739, 1117, 1706 Anti-Stigma Project, 1778 Antisuggestion, 37 Antonovsky, Aaron, 445 Anton's syndrome, 492 Antonucci, Toni, 1495 Anxiety, 21, 213, 447, 1265, 1354, 1545, 1706; amnesia and, 117; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and, 184; bulimia nervosa and, 557; compulsions and, 1060; conditioning and, 1101; consciousness and, 416; death and, 475; defense mechanisms and, 563; disaster psychology and, 524; existential psychology and, 610; freedom and, 755; fugue and, 117; Gestalt therapy and, 678; guilt and, 711; impulse control disorders and, 793; intimacy and, 853; meditation and relaxation and, 943; modeling and, 1053; neuroses and, 1040; post-traumatic stress disorder and, 1165; projection and, 1198; psychoanalysis and, 1203; psychosurgery and, 1252; sensitivity, 1127; separation anxiety, 1426; shyness and, 1459; social psychology and, 1500; sports psychology and, 1525; State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and, 1531; stress and, 1549; stuttering and, 1577; thyroid gland and, 1639 Anxiety disorders, 12, 150-154, 549; children and, 322; cognitive therapy and, 377; personality and, 1127; phobias, 1141; post-traumatic stress disorder and, 1164 Anxiety Disorders Association of America, 1775 Anxiety management training, 352 Anxiety neurosis, 95 Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), 1127 Anxiolytics, 549 Anzieu, Marguerite, 124 Apgar test, 258, 508 Aphasias, 106, 154-159, 266, 273, 1218, 1523, 1706 Aplysia californica, 952 Apperception, 1570, 1625 Appetite, hunger versus, 764 Applied behavior analysis, 206, 242, 405, 1467 Applied psychology, 613 Applied research, 1706 Appraisal; coping and, 443; death and, 447; stress and, 1565 Apprenticeships, 752 Approach-approach conflict, 1354 Approach-avoidance conflict, 1354 Appropriate disclosures, 1395 Apraxia, 106 Apter, Michael J., 1072 Apter, Terri, 634 Aptitude, 1706 Aptitude tests, 292; General Aptitude Test Battery, 675; interest inventories versus, 839 Aptitudes Research Project (ARP), 1226 Aquatic Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF), 869 Arachnophobia, 1141 Arbitrary inference, 378, 495 Arc-USA, 507 Archetypal dreams, 160 Archetypes, 126, 159-163, 861, 1208, 1706; modeling and, 1051; self, 1386 Archival data, 164-167, 1706 Arcuate fasciculus, 272 Argyris, Chris, 1393 Aristotle, 414, 540, 588, 824, 1154, 1229 Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), 294 Arnberg, Lenore, 246 Aronson, Elliot, 194, 359, 430, 884 Arousal, 308, 1440, 1442; addiction and, 31; altruism and, 102; antisocial personality disorder and, 148; emotional, 582; introversion and extroversion and, 856; personality disorders and, 1119; phobias and, 1142; reticular formation and, 1337; schizophrenia and, 1372 Arousal cost-reward model of helping, 733 Arousal disorders, 1442 Arousal theory of motivation, 1069 Arrangement problems, 1189 Arson, impulse control disorders and, 795 Art, sensation and perception and, 1415 Artemidorus Daldianus, 538 Arthritis, coping and, 437 Articulation disorders, 1512 Artifacts, 1043 Artificial intelligence, 167-171, 368, 956, 1706; concept formation and, 398; pattern recognition and, 1097; problem solving and, 1194; reasoning and, 916 Artificial neural networks (ANN), 170 Artificial somnambulism, 770 Artificial stimuli, 397 Artistic ability, intelligence quotient (IQ) and, 682 Asch, Solomon, 1497-1498 Aschoff, Jürgen, 325 Aserinsky, Eugene, 328, 1473 Assertiveness; guilt and, 712; training, 1300 Assessment, 172-174, 518-519; behavioral, 231; giftedness and, 683; personality, 1121, 1125; post-traumatic stress disorder, 1168 Assimilation, 1150, 1706; color and, 1669 Assisted Living Federation of America, 1768 Associated features, 518 Association; conditioning and, 1100; memory and, 660 Association for Academic Psychiatry, 1768 Association for Addiction Professionals, 1775 Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 231, 1768 Association for Ambulatory Behavioral Healthcare, 1768 Association for Behavior Analysis, 1292, 1768 Association for Death Education and Counseling, 476, 1768 Association for Humanistic Psychology, 757, 1768 Association for Media Psychology (AMP), 937 Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse, 1775 Association of Behavioral Group Practices, 1768 Association of Black Psychologists, 1769 Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AAII), 111 Association of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, 1769 Association of Sleep Disorders Centers (ASDC), 820 Association of Women Psychiatrists, 1769 Association theory of concept formation, 399 Associationism, 946 Associative learning, 400, 602 Assumptions, hypotheses and, 778 Astigmatism, 1026 Atkinson, John, 26, 1138 Atkinson, Richard, 587, 965, 967, 1454 Atmosphere hypothesis of reasoning, 915 Attachment, 174-179, 1706; siblings and, 1461; style, 1427 Attachment disorders, 1305 Attachment patterns, mother-child, 1001 Attachment relationship, 579 Attachment theory, 1460 Attachment therapies, 1305 Attention, 179-183, 366, 624, 1706; aggression and, 72; automaticity and, 209; dyslexia and, 551; histrionic personality disorder and, 739; memory and, 954; misbehavior and, 986; narcissism and, 1022; selective, 1413 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 183-187, 319, 549; antisocial personality disorder and, 146 Attention deviance, schizophrenia risk and, 1367 Attitude-behavior consistency, 187-191 Attitude change, 359, 391; media violence and, 1661; self-perception theory and, 1403 Attitude salience, 886 Attitudes, 358, 1706; consumer psychology and, 424; formation and change, 191-195; juries and, 884; media violence and, 1658; personality and, 1116; prejudice and, 1171; religiosity and, 1327 Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, 1659 Attractiveness; affiliation and, 60; juries and, 885 Attraction, 1396; affiliation and, 60; theories, 195-200 Attributes, 398 Attribution errors, racism and, 1288 Attribution processes, 1402, 1496 Attributional biases, 200-204, 1706 Attributional style questionnaire, 893 Attributions, 1399, 1526, 1706 Attrition, 1278 Audience inhibition, 285 Auditory dyslexia, 552 Auditory hallucinations, 718 Auditory Integration Training (AIT), 206 Auditory model of speech perception, 1519 Auditory system, speech perception and, 1519 Auerbach, Stephen, 1548, 1551, 1553 Augmented virtual reality, 1664 Augustine, Saint, 1229 Aural hallucinations, multiple personality disorder and, 1014 Austin, George A., 397, 916 Australian Psychological Society, Ltd., 1773 Ausubel, David, 562 Authentic self, 1651 Authoritarian personality, 1501 Authoritarian style of parenting, 1085 Authoritative style of parenting, 1086 Authority, power of, 618 Authority stage, 637 Autism, 204-208, 319, 1053 Autobiographical memories, 969 Autobiographies, 164 Autogenic training, 941 Autoimmune deficiency syndrome, 90 Automatic processes, 364 Automatic thoughts, 377 Automaticity, 208-212 Automaton conformist personality, 1501 Autonomic nervous system, 1029, 1311, 1706 Autonomy, 571 Availability heuristic, 370, 914, 1288, 1497, 1706 Aversion, 212-216, 1449, 1603; sexual, 1442 Aversion therapy, 1706 Aversive control, 899 Aversive racism, 1287 Avoidance, 404; agoraphobia and, 93; anxiety and, 151; phobias and, 1141 Avoidance-avoidance conflict, 1354 Avoidance learning, preparedness and, 1184 Avoidant attachment, 1002 Avoidant mother, 177 Avoidant personality disorder, 1118 Axel, Richard, 1482 Axes, 522 Axis I, 522 Axis II, 522 Axis III, 522 Axis IV, 522 Axis V, 522 Axline, Virginia, 1158, 1256 Axon, 1706 Axon hillock, 1033 Ayllon, Teodoro, 230, 1067 Azjen, Icek, 423 Azrin, Nathan, 230 B Babbie, Earl, 1358 Baby-boomers; ageism and, 69; religion and, 1323; retirement and, 1340 Back, Kurt, 61 Bacon, Francis, 1230 Baddeley, Alan, 371, 586, 945, 969, 1454 Bahrick, H. P., 80 Bailey, Kent, 1552 Bairstow, Phillip, 867 Bait shyness, 1603 Baker, Lester, 143 Balance, 130 Balanced Latin squares, 1684 Baldwin, James Mark, 121 Baltes, Paul, 82 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, 86 Banaji, M. R., 80 Bandura, Albert, 75, 217, 353, 363, 515, 1052, 1133, 1144, 1268, 1488, 1794; development, 504; misbehavior and, 989; personality and, 1125; self and, 1387 Bangert, Robert, 561 Bar graphs, 472 Barbiturates, 549 Barclay, J. Richard, 1630 Bard, Phillip, 1562 Bargaining; death and, 476; divorce and, 1421 Barker, Roger, 598 Baron, Robert J., 393 Barrett, William, 608 Bartlett, Frederic C., 421, 916, 946, 957 Barton, Walter, 113 Basal ganglia, 277 Basal levels, achievement tests and, 1104 Baseline observation, 1065 Basic anxiety, 1505 Basic trust, 570 Bass, Bernard, 889 Bates, Elizabeth, 882 Bateson, Gregory, 1371, 1541 Batson, C. Daniel, 103, 1329 Battered child syndrome, 314 Battered woman syndrome, 217-220, 530 Battle fatigue, 1167 Baumeister, Roy, 1388 Baumrind, Diana, 1085 Beauvoir, Simone de, 611 Bebbington, Paul, 329 Bechtel, William, 167 Beck, Aaron T., 24, 94, 220-221, 230, 331, 350, 376, 495, 583, 808, 1144, 1268, 1299, 1510, 1586, 1794; borderline personality disorder, 264 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 221-222, 323, 332, 1706 Becker, Ernest, 475 Beckwith, Barbara, 383 Bed-wetting, 222-226, 1473 Behavior; abusive, 311, 529; addiction and, 30; animal, 600; antisocial, 406; antisocial personality disorder and, 146; attitudes and, 191; attributional biases, 200; causal attribution and, 306; cognition and, 349; cognitive dissonance and, 358; communication and, 1541; concepts and, 396; constructs and, 1113; consumer psychology and, 423; criminal, 658; cultural competence and, 467; definition, 886; depression and, 329; development and, 503; drives and, 543; emotions and, 582; endocrine system and, 588, 745; environment and, 595; experimental design and, 389, 1683; gender and, 667; gonads and, 687; group therapy and, 704; groups and, 709, 1589; head injuries and, 1251; health and, 722; help-seeking, 730; homosexuality and, 741; hormones and, 1153; humanistic psychology and, 755; imprinting and, 789; impulse control and, 793; individual psychology and, 806; infants, 677; insomnia and, 822; instincts and, 824; interest and, 839; interviews and, 1124; intimacy and, 853; introversion and extroversion and, 856; language and, 881; leadership and, 888, 891; learned helplessness and, 893; learning and, 896; Lorenz, Konrad, 922; love and, 925; maladaptive, 1065; media violence and, 1657; misbehavior, 985; moral development and, 997; motivation and, 798, 1700; narcissism and, 1022; needs and, 1137; neuropsychology and, 1035; neuroses and, 1041; obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 1059; personality and, 1116, 1125, 1130, 1134; profiling and, 1195; psychoanalysis and, 1202-1203; reality therapy and, 1306; reflexes and, 1310; reinforcement and, 1317; religion and, 1325; reticular formation and, 1337; rules and, 1349; schizophrenia and, 1363; self-perception theory and, 1402; self-presentation and, 1407; separation anxiety and, 1426; sex hormones and, 1428; sexism and, 1432; sexual, 1446; shyness and, 1458; social learning theory and, 1488; social networks and, 1494; social perception and, 1496; stuttering and, 1513; substance use disorders, 1579; suicide and, 1613; taste learning and, 1604; testing and, 1621; transactional analysis and, 1649 Behavior disorders, 1235; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 183; hypnosis and, 769; Tourette's syndrome and, 1648 Behavior modification, 229, 1065; habituation and sensitization, 714; hunger and, 765 Behavior-oriented therapy, 1270 Behavior patterns, cognitive social learning and, 373 Behavior problems; children and divorce and, 1424; schizophrenia risk and, 1368 Behavior therapy, 226-231, 234, 1065, 1239, 1271, 1299, 1706; children and, 1256 Behavioral assessment, 228-231, 235 Behavioral checklists, 228 Behavioral control, parenting styles and, 1085 Behavioral decision theory, 482 Behavioral evidence analysis (BEA), 1196 Behavioral family therapy, 235-239 Behavioral insomnia, 820 Behavioral medicine, 1271 Behavioral neuroscience, 405 Behavioral observation, 336 Behavioral parent training, 641, 1256 Behavioral Science Unit (BSU), 1195 Behavioral taxonomy, 1056 Behavioral therapy, 1266; depression and, 332 Behaviorism, 239-243, 588, 651, 1055, 1221, 1232, 1706; aggression, 77; altruism, 104; artificial intelligence and, 168; attributional biases and, 203; causal attribution and, 309; cognitive behavior therapy and, 353; instincts and, 824; learning, 562; motivation and, 1005; personality, 1125; S-R theory and, 1355; Skinner, B. F., and, 1467; Watson, John B., and, 1679 Behaviorist theories of development, 504 Being-in-the-world, 609 Belenky, Mary Field, 347, 1389 Belief; cultural competence and, 467; reasoning and, 915 Belief congruence intervention, 1175 Bell, Charles, 1230 Bell, Richard, 1460 Bell-shaped curve, 471 Bellak, Leopold, 1199, 1625 Belonging, group therapy and, 704 Bem, Daryl, 990, 1402 Bem, Sandra, 669, 1088 Ben-Ari, Rachel, 1175 Benedict, Ruth, 1393, 1588 Benedikt, Moritz, 95 Bennet, A. E., 100 Benson, Herbert, 418, 1562 Benzodiazepines, 549 Bereavement, 475, 521, 696 Berger, Hans, 268, 1473, 1477 Bergin, Allen, 1263 Bergson, Henri, 969 Berkman, Lisa, 1492 Berkowitz, Leonard, 75, 736, 1657, 1794 Berlin, Rudolph, 551 Berlyne, D. E., 1069 Berman, Jeffrey, 141, 1258 Bernard, Claude, 291, 653, 674, 764 Berne, Eric, 703, 1649 Bernreuter Personality Inventory, 1131 Bernstein, Douglas A., 941 Bernstein, Ilene, 1605 Bersoff, Donald N., 294 Berthold, Arnold Adolphe, 588 Bertillon, Jacques, 848 Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1230, 1636 Beta endorphins, 592 Beta press, 1138 Bettelheim, Bruno, 1547 Bettman, James R., 422 Between-subject experimental designs, 1683, 1706 Between-subject variables, 1377 Beverly Ibn-Tamas v. U.S., 1805 Bias; actor-observer, 1497; archival data and, 166; college entrance examinations and, 382; cultural competence and, 468; decision making and, 481; diagnostic criteria and, 930; field experimentation and, 647; gender differences and, 1690; in-group, 1485; intelligence quotient tests and, 1283; juries and, 884; memory and, 661; questionnaire design and, 1592; reasoning and, 915; sampling and, 1360; social schemata and, 1509; testing and, 840 Bias shifts, signal detection theory and, 1465 Bidirectional influences, siblings and, 1460 Biederman, Irving, 1093 Big Five system of personality, 856, 1116, 1132 Bijou, Sidney, 1068 Bilateral prefrontal leucotomy, 1251 Bilingual education programs, 246 Bilingualism, 243, 248, 1706 Billig, Michael, 1486 Binet, Alfred, 5, 40, 458, 626, 827, 832, 834, 998, 1233, 1530, 1620, 1794 Binet-Simon scale, 458, 827, 832, 834, 1530, 1620 Binge eating, 141, 555, 762, 1048 Bingham, Walter Van Dyke, 810 Bini, Lucio, 1251, 1451 Binocular cues, 1707 Binswanger, Ludwig, 609 Binuclear families, 1537 Biochemical imbalances, 254 Bioengineering, 1417 Biofeedback, 248-251, 419, 631, 674, 942, 1557, 1707; pain management and, 1078; training, 1562 Biogenic approach to psychopathology, 1237 Biomechanics, 869 Biopsychiatry, 10 Biopsychology, animal experimentation and, 136 Biopsychosocial approach to psychopathology, 1238 Biopsychosocial model, 930 Biopsychosocial model of health, 721 Biopsychosocial view of illness, 1246 Bipolar disorder, 54, 251-255, 322, 548, 1274, 1707; depression and, 495; impulse control disorders and, 794 Bipolar neurons, 1033 Birdwhistell, Ray, 1042 Birth, physical development, 255-260 Birth control, 50 Birth order; giftedness and, 683; personality and, 39, 260-263, 805; siblings and, 1461 Birth weight, 259 Bivariate correlation, 1378 Black, Claudia, 343 Blackwell, Arshavir, 882 Blain, Daniel, 113 Blake, Robert, 892 Blame, anger and, 133 Blanchard, Fletcher, 1175 Blehar, Mary, 1384 Blended families, 1462, 1537 Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration Test, 490 Bleuler, Eugen, 1081, 1274, 1363, 1373 Blindness, somatoform disorders and, 774 Bliss point, 1320 Bloch, Vincent, 1339 Blocking, 401, 661 Blood pressure, emotions and, 582 Bloom, Benjamin, 682 Bloomfield, Leonard, 694 Blume, Sheila, 795 Blumenthal, David R., 734 Boas, Franz, 646, 1285 Body; clocks, 326; image and eating disorders, 141, 555; image and hunger, 764; integration, 1018; kinesthetic memory and, 867; senses, 1644; weight and hunger, 763 Body language, 35. See also Emotional expression Bogardus, Emory, 1289 Bogen, Joseph, 279, 1520 Bolles, Richard N., 300, 842 Bolles, Robert, 1184 Bond, Thomas, 1195 Bonding, 174, 179, 1002 Bonet, Theophile, 995 Boole, George, 916 Borderline personality disorder, 263-265, 739, 1117 Boring, Edwin, 828 Borkovec, Thomas D., 941 Bornstein, Marcy and Philip, 453 Boroditsky, Lera, 881 Borson, Soo, 1605 Bosard, James H. S., 708 Boscolo, Luigi, 1542 Boss, Medard, 609, 757 Bottom-up processing, 1707 Bottom-up theories of speech perception, 1517 Boundaries, 850; intimacy and, 853 Bourgondien, Mary Van, 206 Bowen, Murray, 1588 Bower, Gordon, 586 Bowker, Geoffrey, 848 Bowlby, John, 175, 696, 1001, 1426, 1460 Boyce, Philip, 1382 Bradley-Johnson, Sharon, 233 Bradley method, 257 Brady, Joseph V., 1546 Braid, James, 767, 770 Brain, 14, 393; addiction and, 31; adolescence and, 41; aggression and, 72; aging and, 79; alcohol dependence and, 97; aphasia and, 155; attachment and, 1003; chemistry, 21; cognition and, 78; dementia and, 487; development, 637; drugs and, 547; dyslexia and, 551; euphoria and, 1580; evolutionary psychology and, 605; imaging, 412; injuries, 368; kinesthetic memory and, 868; language and, 880; lateralization and sex hormones, 690; learning and, 897; memory and, 919, 946, 956, 958, 1457; mind and, 241, 1216; nervous system and, 1028; neuropsychology and, 1035; organization, 245; pain and, 1073; personality and, 1137; pituitary gland and, 1153; prenatal development and, 1180; psychopathology and, 1238; reinforcement and, 800; reticular formation and, 1336; schizophrenia and, 1371; self and, 1388; sense perception and, 1644; senses and, 1416; sex hormones and, 1428; specialization, 270-274; stress and, 1555; synesthesia and, 1601; vision and, 1676 Brain damage, 265-270; birth process and, 256; forgetting and, 659; juvenile delinquency and, 863 Brain Injury Association, 1775 Brain lesions, memory experimentation and, 951 Brain stem, 271, 1029, 1707 Brain structure, 274-281; homosexuality and, 741 Brain waves, consciousness and, 413 Brainstorming, 462, 1189, 1611 Brainwashing, 530 Brandon, Ruth, 625 Branscombe, Nyla, 1525 Bransford, D., 1630 Bransford, John, 1190 Braswell, Lauren, 186 Bray, James H., 1539 Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale, 258, 1316 Breathing reflex, 1314 Breech birth, 259 Breland, Keller and Marian, 405, 825, 1186, 1605 Brenner, Charles, 493 Brentano, Franz Clemens, 1221, 1232, 1794 Breuer, Josef, 281-282, 773, 1039, 1209, 1260, 1267, 1270, 1698, 1794; hysteria, 783 Brewer, Marilynn, 1176 Brickman, Philip, 733 Bridgman, Percy Williams, 1233 Brief psychotic disorder, 1274 Brief therapy, 282-284 Brigham, Carl, 383 Bright, Timothy, 497 Briquet syndrome, 773 British Association of Medical Officers of Lunatic Asylums, 112 British Psychological Society, 1773 Broadbent, Donald, 179, 965 Broca, Paul, 158, 266, 279, 1037, 1230, 1520 Broca's area, 272, 1218 Brody, Gene, 1462 Bronfenbrenner, Urie, 80, 1282 Bronstein, Phyllis A., 1172 Brooks, James, 332 Brooks, Rodney, 170 Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, 1388 Broverman, Inge, 1433 Brower, Lincoln, 1605 Browman, Carl, 822 Brown, Barbara B., 597 Brown, Paul, 1184 Brown, Paul K., 1673 Brown, Roger, 968 Brown, Rupert, 1174 Browne, Angela, 218, 530 Brucke, Ernest, 665 Brumberg, Joan, 143 Bruner, Jerome, 397, 562, 916, 1093, 1390, 1499, 1588 Bruning, Roger, 462 Brunswik, Egon, 597 Brussels, James, 1195 Bryan, James, 1052 Buck, Linda, 1482 Buck v. Bell, 1802 Bugental, James, 756 Buhler, Charlotte, 756 Bulimia nervosa, 25, 141-145, 320, 555, 1048 Bulletin boards, computer, 849 Bundey, Sarah, 975 Buranen, Cheryl, 776 Burkhauser, Richard V., 1342 Burr, David J., 395 Burrow, Trigant, 703 Burt, Cyril, 627, 829, 1283 Burton, Robert, 494 Bush, Robert P., 233 Business management, 756 Buss, Arnold, 583, 1388 Buss, David, 925 Butler, Charles, 394 Butler, Robert, 67 Buxbaum, Edith, 45 Buys, Christian, 710 Byproduct model of homosexuality, 742 Byrne, Donn, 196, 1170 Bystander effect, 1707 Bystander intervention, 103, 284-288, 465, 779 C Cacioppo, John, 193 Caillois, Roger, 125 California Psychological Inventory (CPI), 289-291, 294 Calkins, Mary W., 101, 1233 Calpain-Fodrin theory of memory formation, 959 Cameron, Judy, 896 Camouflage, 484 Campbell, David P., 841 Campbell, Donald T., 293, 1278 Camus, Albert, 611 Canadian Mental Health Association, 1764 Canadian Psychiatric Association, 1764 Canadian Psychological Association, 1764, 1773 Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognitive Science, 1773 Canady, Herman, 1285 Cancer; aging and, 90; coping and, 436; denial and, 492; personality and, 1248 Cannon, Walter B., 133, 291, 653, 674, 1548, 1555, 1562, 1564, 1627, 1794 Canter, David, 1196 Caplan, Jeremy and Paula, 345 Cardinal disposition, 759 Cardinal trait, 1707 Cardon, Lon R., 904 Care, ethic of, 1687 Career; choice, 873; midlife crisis and, 980; selection, development, and change, 298-302; testing, 291-296, 1622 Career Assessment Inventory (CAI), 839 Career Exploration Inventory (CEI), 301 Career Occupational Preference System (COPS), 296-298, 839 Carlisle, Jock A., 1577 Carlsmith, J. M., 359 Carlson, Michael, 735 Carr, Harvey A., 1221, 1232, 1573 Carryover effect, 1378, 1684 Carson, G., 1522 Cartensen, Laura, 1495 Carver, Charles, 436, 444, 723 Case studies, 1707; testing and, 1620 Case-study methods, 302-306, 1209, 1381; hypothesis testing and, 780 Casey, Rita, 1258 Castner, Burton, 677 Castration, 1449; penis envy and, 1106; sex drive and, 1429 Castration anxiety, 567, 571, 670, 1696 Cataplexy, 1475 Cataracts, 85 Catatonic schizophrenia, 1363 Catch trials, 1464 Catecholamines, 53, 1707 Categorical speech perception, 879, 1515 Categorization, 355, 1507; memory and, 956; social identity theory and, 1483 Category, concept and, 397 Catharsis, 774, 1660, 1707 Catholic Psychological Association, 1325 Caton, Richard, 1473 Cattell, James McKeen, 458, 834, 1232, 1573, 1621, 1795 Cattell, Raymond B., 7, 294, 761, 833, 835, 1131 Caudill, Maureen, 394 Causal attribution, 306-310, 1496 Causal self-knowledge, 1403 Causality, 392; scientific methods and, 1376 Cause-effect relationships, 621 Cavanaugh, Kenneth, 943 Cave virtual reality, 1664 Cecchin, Gianfranco, 1542 Ceci, S. J., 80 Ceiling level, achievement tests and, 1104 Cellular dehydration thirst, 1627 Censorship, 1660 Centenarians, 87 Center for Group Dynamics, 650 Center for Interest Measurement Research, 841 Center for Mental Health Services Knowledge Exchange Network, 1778 Central dispositions, 759 Central motive state, 545 Central nervous system, 274, 1029, 1707; reflexes and, 1314; reticular formation and, 1336; schizophrenia and, 1368; stress and, 1555; thirst and, 1627 Central sleep apnea (CSA), 1475 Central traits, 1707 Centration, 355 Cephalo-caudal development, 1009, 1707 Cerebellum, 275, 1029, 1707; memory storage and, 867 Cerebral commissures, 1707 Cerebral cortex, 265, 275, 1217, 1707 Cerebral dominance, 1523 Cerebral hemispheres, 1707 Cerebrospinal fluid, 1707 Cerebrovascular disease (CVD); coping and, 436 Cerebrovascular risk factors for dementia, 490 Cerebrum, 271, 1029, 1707 Cerletti, Ugo, 960, 1251, 1451 Cerney, Mary, 1200 Certificates of confidentiality, 411 Cesarean sections, 258 Chace, Marian, 1020 Chaffin, Roger, 345 Chaikin, Alan, 1397 Chaining, 1707 Challenge, stress and, 1566 Chambless, Dianne, 94 Chan, Walter, 748 Chandler, Alfred, 753 Change; midlife crisis and, 980; personality and, 1134; primary and secondary, 672; strategic family therapy and, 1543 Character armor, 1020 Character development, 666 Character neurosis, 1041 Charcot, Jean-Martin, 21, 665, 738, 782, 1039, 1210 Charles C. Rouse v. Dale C. Cameron, Supt., St. Elizabeths, 1803 Charlin, Ventura, 735 Charpentier, Paul, 546 Chat rooms, 850 Chemers, Martin, 891 Chemesthesis, 1479 Chemical transmission, 1596 Chemoreceptors, 1478, 1644 Cherry, Colin, 181 Chesler, Phyllis, 642 Chicago school of functionalism, 1573 Child abuse, 311-316; juvenile delinquency and, 862; multiple personality disorder and, 1013; sex offenders and, 1449; stepfamilies and, 1539 Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), 311 Child and Adolescent Bipolar Foundation, 1775 Child archetype, 163 Child behavior, siblings and, 1460 Child Behavior Checklist, 324 Child custody, parental alienation syndrome and, 1083 Child development; family and, 637; play and, 1155 Child ego state, 1649 Child Neurology Society, 1769 Child Protective Services (CPS), 312 Child psychology, Anna Freud and, 663 Child rearing; imprinting and, 791; parenting styles and, 1085 Child Welfare League of America, 1769 Childbirth; pain and, 1076, 1078; postpartum depression, 1162 Childhood; anxiety disorders, 1426; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 183; disorders, 316-323; irrational beliefs and, 1301; personality and, 1116, 1134, 1213; schizophrenia, 1364; self-esteem and, 1401; self-perception theory and, 1403; sibling relationships and, 1461 Children; bilingualism and, 244; gender differences in cognitive ability, 346; grieving and,696; homosexuality and, 742; learned helplessness and, 893; media violence and, 1659; obesity in, 1047; psychotherapy and, 1255 Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorders, 1775 Children of Alcoholics Foundation, 1778 Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), 323-324, 332, 1707 Children's Hospice International, 1769 Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, 233 Chodoff, Paul, 738 Chodorow, Nancy, 1389, 1687 Choice shift, decision making and, 699 Chomsky, Noam, 362, 371, 693, 879, 907 Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), 1181 Christian Association for Psychological Studies, 1325 Chromosomal abnormalities; mental retardation and, 974 Chromosomes, 1707 Chronemics, 1043 Chronic disease, health psychology and, 722 Chronic illnesses, coping, 433 Chronic lung disease, coping and, 436 Chronobiology, 327 Chronotherapy, 822 Chunking, 585, 1455 Cialdini, Robert, 102, 194, 1408, 1526 Cicirelli, Victor, 1461 Circadian rhythms, 324-329, 417, 1707; hormones and, 746; insomnia and, 820; seasonal affective disorder and, 1382; sleep and, 1468; temperature, 1618 Circle theory of profiling, 1196 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 295, 1172 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 676 Civil Rights movement; prejudice and, 1172; social identity theory and, 1484 Clang associations, 1362 Clark, David, 94 Clark, Kenneth and Mamie, 1169, 1485 Clark, L. Verdelle, 1527 Clark, Margaret, 737 Clark, Russell, 733 Class intervals, 470 Class status, 1170 Classical conditioning, 23, 58, 235, 239, 400, 1100, 1312, 1707; advertising and, 56; ethology and, 602; language acquisition and, 878; learning and, 896; memory and, 950; preparedness and, 1184; psychopathology and, 1237 Classification of mental illnesses, 872 Claustrophobia, 1141 Cleckley, Hervey, 147 Click insertion studies, 879 Client-centered therapy, 1270; Gestalt psychology versus, 680; interviews, 1123; Rogers, Carl, 1345; self-actualization and, 1392 Client-referenced interpretation, 233 Clinchy, Blythe McVicker, 347 Clinical depression, 329-335, 494 Clinical interviewing, 335-339, 1592 Clinical psychologist, 1707 Clinical psychology, 971, 1225, 1233; origin of, 1228 Clinical research, experimentation and, 617 Clitoris, 1440 Cloninger, C. Robert, 740 Clore, Gerald, 196 Coaching, 339-341; sports psychology and, 1527 Coalition for Marriage, Family and Couples Education, 1769 Cobb, Sidney, 438 Cobb, Stanley, 1016 Cochlea, 1708 Cocktail party phenomenon, 181 Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire, 525, 696 Codependency, 341-345 Co-Dependents Anonymous, 1778 Code-switching, 245, 1708 Codes, nonverbal communication and, 1043 Coe, W. C., 768 Cog (robot), 170 Cognition, 78, 886, 932, 1625, 1708; causal attribution and, 309; environmental, 595; motivation and, 1004; pain and, 1078; play and, 1156; sleep and, 1470; social learning theory and, 1488 Cognitive ability; gender differences, 345-349; intelligence quotient and, 833 Cognitive appraisal, 1546, 1708 Cognitive approach to motivation, 1007 Cognitive approach to psychopathology, 1237 Cognitive architecture, 170 Cognitive behavior therapy, 349-354, 1708 Cognitive behavioral approach to pain management, 1079 Cognitive behavioral modification, 1299 Cognitive behavioral school of psychotherapy, 1302 Cognitive behavioral therapy, 230, 264, 531; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and, 186; children and, 1257; separation anxiety and, 1428 Cognitive bias, prejudice and, 1169 Cognitive consistency theories, 360 Cognitive deficits, brain lesions and, 1035 Cognitive development; adolescence and, 41, 44; gender identity and, 667; language and, 880; moral development and, 998; Piaget, Jean, 354-357 Cognitive disorders, depression as, 331 Cognitive dissonance, 192, 358-361, 1708; self-perception theory and, 1405 Cognitive distortions, 24; depression and, 495 Cognitive domains, 1036 Cognitive function, dementia and, 487 Cognitive impairments, schiophrenia risk and, 1367 Cognitive maps, 361-366, 596, 1708 Cognitive models; anxiety, 152; motivation, 363, 1701; panic disorders, 94 Cognitive neuroscience, language and, 880 Cognitive Neuroscience Society, 1769 Cognitive personality theory, 1133 Cognitive priming approach to media violence, 1660 Cognitive processes, 1497, 1608, 1708; decisions and, 479 Cognitive psychology, 366-372, 757, 1224, 1708; attributional biases and, 203; education and, 562; linguistics and, 907-908; logic and reasoning, 913; origin of, 1228; psychosomatic disorders and, 1247; thought and, 1633 Cognitive restructuring, 230 Cognitive revolution, 1457 Cognitive science, 1708; artificial intelligence and, 168 Cognitive skills, 560 Cognitive social learning, Mischel, Walter, 372-376 Cognitive stage theory, 40 Cognitive structures, juries and, 885 Cognitive style, 347 Cognitive theory, memory and, 946 Cognitive therapy, 230, 350, 363, 376-380, 1240, 1299; children and, 1256; depression and, 496 Cohabitation, domestic violence and, 532 Cohen, Louis, 885 Cohen, Sheldon, 1493, 1552 Cohesion, groups and, 1589 Cohesive family model of conduct disorder, 408 Cohort, 1708 Cold thermoreceptors, 1616 Cole, K. C., 816 Cole, Michael E, 10 Coleman, Marilyn, 1538 Collaborative relationship, 1266 Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression, 495 Collective unconscious, 126, 129, 159-160, 163, 539, 861, 1208, 1708 College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB), 381 College entrance examinations, 380-384 Collett-Lester Scale, 447 Colliculi, 276 Color, 1708; blindness, 1673, 1708; brightness and, 1669; pattern vision and, 1095; perception, 1413; prejudice and, 1169; synesthesia and, 1600; vision, 1671 Colorado v. Francis Barry Connelly, 1809 Columbia school of functionalism, 1573 Coma, reticular formation and, 1337 Coma Recovery Association, 1775 Combat neurosis, 1167 Combs, Arthur, 1394 Command hallucinations, 719, 1163 Commission for the Education of Retarded Children, 1530 Commission on Community Interrelations, 652 Commission on Obscenity and Pornography of 1970, 1659 Commissures, 279 Commissurotomy, 1520 Commitment, stress and, 1566 Commitments, identity crises and, 786 Committee on Psychiatric Dimensions of Disaster (CPDD), 526 Common-enemy strategy, 1176 Common traits, 759 Commonwealth v. Kenneth Kobrin, M.D., 1808 Communal relationships, 61 Communication, 849, 1334; aphasias and, 157; behavior and, 1541; couples therapy and, 452; cultural competence and, 468; disorders, 319; emotions and, 577; feminist psychotherapy and, 643; friendship and, 61; grammar and, 693; groups and, 1589; inferential reasoning and, 1631; language and, 876; nonverbal, 680; play and, 1156; primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and, 156; self-disclosure and, 1395; signal detection theory and, 1463; speech disorders and, 1512; strategic family therapy and, 1540; suicide prevention and, 1614 Community; group therapy and, 705; paranoia and, 1081 Community Mental Health and Retardation Act, 933 Community mental health centers, 928 Community Mental Health Centers Act, 388 Community psychology, 384-389; disaster psychology and, 525 Comparative psychology, 1225 Compensation, 1708; brain damage and, 269; inferiority and, 806 Compensatory model of helping, 736 Compensatory rape, 1298 Competence, 362; child rearing and, 1087; intelligence and, 830; motivation and, 1005 Competence Questionnaire (CQ), 803 Competency, 373, 656, 818; confidentiality and, 411; evaluations, 803 Competition, 426, 430; altruisim and, 103; interspecific, 483 complimentary color, 1708 Complex experimental designs, 389-393 Complexes, 126 Complexity, groups and, 708 Compliance, self-perception theory and, 1404 Composition, group, 709 Compound brain organization, 245 Comprehension learning, 561 Comprehensive sampling, 1359 Compte, August, 1229 Compulsions, 337, 1060, 1236, 1708; addiction and, 31; eating, 762 Compulsive behaviors, codependency and, 341 Computational neuroscience, 394 Computer aided instruction (CAI), 171 Computer modeling; animal experimentation versus, 140; cognition, 368 Computed tomography (CT), 268 Computers; archival data and, 166; cognition and, 393-396; encoding and, 586; human resources training and, 753; intelligence modeling and, 9; intelligence testing and, 837; interview administration and, 1122; kinesthetic memory and, 868; pattern recognition and, 1096; problem solving and, 1194; reasoning and, 916; sampling and, 1359; testing and, 1623; virtual reality and, 1664 Comrey, Andrew, 1131 Concentration, memory and, 662 Concept Assessment Kit, 356 Concept formation, 396-400, 1630 Conceptualization, 351 Concrete operational stage, 40, 355, 505, 1150, 1708 Conditional positive regard, 23 Conditional probability, 1533 Conditioned emotional reactions (CER), 1101 Conditioned learning, 586 Conditioned response (CR), 401, 897, 1099, 1100, 1708 Conditioned stimulus (CS), 401, 897, 1100, 1603, 1708 Conditioned suppression, 401 Conditioned taste aversion, 1708 Conditioning, 400-406, 1099, 1312, 1318, 1603, 1708; ethology and, 602; imprinting versus, 792; instincts and, 825; language acquisition and, 878; learning and, 896; motivation and, 1005; Pavlovian, 212; phobias and, 1141; preparedness and, 1184; psychopathology and, 1237; substance use disorders and, 1580. See also Classical conditioning; Instrumental conditioning; Operant conditioning Conditioning factors, general adaptation syndrome and, 673 Conditions of worth, 1108, 1708 Conduct disorder, 146, 319, 406-410, 1117, 1255 Conduction aphasia, 267 Cones, 1671, 1709 Confabulation, 492 Confession, 130 Confidence; group, 700; sampling and, 1358 Confidentiality, 410-412, 1205, 1333; limits to, 1333 Confirmation bias, 915 Conflict; attributional biases and, 202; children and divorce and, 1424; intergroup, 652; resolution, 452; S-R theory and, 1354; separation and, 1420 Conflicts of interest, 1334 Conformity, 64, 441, 464; racism and, 1288 Confounding of variables, 1709 Confrontation, reality therapy and, 1307 Congruence, 1109 Congruence effect, 1601 Conjoint marital therapy, 452 Conjunction, 397 Connectionism, 170, 1232 Connections, social networks and, 1492 Conscience, 575; guilt and, 711 Consciousness, 412-415, 613, 1570, 1709; altered states, 415-420; humanistic psychology and, 755; meditation and, 942; perception and, 1412; personality and, 760; psychology and, 1221; self and, 1388; sleep and, 1473; states, 416 Consciousness-raising groups, 642 Consecutive bilingualism, 244 Consensual validation, 60, 1709 Consensus, 308; information, 1709 Consent, 1333; incompetency and, 802; process, 410 Consent to Treatment Instrument (CCTI), 803 Consequences, 1051, 1065, 1291 Cultural competence, 467-468 Cultural congruence, 385 Cultural differences; diagnosis and, 520; emotional expression, 578 Cultural-historical theory of development, 562 Cultural influences; grieving and, 698; women's psychology and, 1691 Cultural isolation, social networks and, 1492 Cultural paranoia, 1172 Cultural racism, 1287 Culture, 1228; causal attribution and, 309; jealousy and, 858; mental illness and, 930; nonverbal communication and, 1044; pain and, 1078; personality and, 1107; psychopathology and, 1239; self and, 1389; self-actualization and, 1392 Culture-bound syndromes, 523 Cunningham, Chris, 536 Curriculum content, gifted students and, 684 Curtis, Rebecca, 1498 Custer, Robert, 794 Cutaneous senses, 1417, 1710 Cybernetics, 167 Cycles, hormones and, 746 Cycling, 996 Cyclothymia, 253, 995, 1710 Cynthia E. Petersen v. State of Washington, 1808 Cytowic, Richard, 1600 D D sleep, 539, 1470 DaCosta, Jacob, 95 Daily hassles, 1710 Daley v. Koch, 1809 Dallenbach, Karl, 179 Damasio, Antonio, 1389 Dance therapy, 1017, 1021 Dandy, Walter, 267 Dark adaptation, 1672, 1676, 1710 Darley, J. G., 841 Darley, John, 82, 284, 465, 779 Darrow, Clarence, 884 Darwin, Charles, 1221; emotional expression, 629; emotions, 577, 584; ethology and, 601; Fromm, Erich and, 1503; functionalism and, 1572; instincts, 824; nonverbal communication, 1042; race and intelligence and, 1285; sexual selection and, 1436; Skinner, B. F. and, 1294 Das, Jagannath, 833 Data, 1710; archival, 164, 167; storage, 1334; verification, 1334 Data analysis, statistical methods, 1533 Data collection, 620, 646, 1592 Data description, 469-474 Dating; adolescence and, 45; violence and, 531, 1662 Davidson-Podgorny, Gaye, 1175 Davidson, Bernard, 236 Davies, Christie, 625 Davis, Clara, 1604 Davis, Elizabeth, 1111 Davis, Gary, 457, 461 Davis, James H., 699 Davis, Keith, 1496 Davis, Mark, 1388 Davis, Martha, 76 Dawis, Renee, 293-294 Dawkins, Richard, 66 Dawson, Geraldine, 206 Dax, Marc, 1523 Daycare, separation anxiety and, 1426 Daydreams, 417, 538 Deans, Ashley, 943 Death, 573; coping, 447; denial and, 492; dying and, 474-479; existential psychology and, 610; grieving and, 696; instinct, 1005, 1710; panic attacks and, 92; suicide and, 1612; symbolic, 45 Death instinct, 1710 Deaux, Kay, 1433 DeBono, Edward, 1611 Debriefing, 1710; experimentation, 617 Decay, 1710 Deception, 1333; experimentation and, 617 Deci, Edward, 831 Decision criteria, 1464 Decision making, 479-482, 1630; arousal and, 1070; cognitive dissonance and, 360; cognitive psychology and, 370; consumer psychology and, 422; groups, 699; juries and, 884; motivation and, 1700 Declarative memory, 968, 1219 Decoding, speech perception and, 1518 Deduction, 1630, 1710 Deductive reasoning, 913 Deep Blue, 169 Deep structure, 879, 907 Defense mechanisms, 22, 1710; death and, 475; denial and, 435, 491; dissociation, 1013; ego and, 1212; misbehavior and, 988; neuroses and, 1039, 1505; projection, 1198 Defense reactions, species-specific, 482-487; somatoform disorders and, 775 Defense systems, 563 Defensive aggression, 72 Defensive attribution, 201 Defining Issues Test (DIT), 1689 DeFries, John C., 904 Deindividuation, 464, 709, 1710 Deinstitutionalization, 932; schizophrenia and, 1364 Delirium, 487, 720 Delirium tremens (DTs), 97 Delk, John, 1670 Dell, Gary, 969 DeLoache, Judy, 364 Delphi techniques, 701 Delusional disorder, 1274 Delusions, 336, 933, 1273, 1710; dementia and, 487; hallucinations and, 719; obsessions versus, 1059; paranoia and, 1081; schizophrenia and, 1361 Demand characteristics, 617 Demaree, Robert G., 1131 Dement, William, 1473 Dementia, 106, 487-491, 1090, 1275, 1710; forgetting and, 659; incompetency and, 803 Dementia praecox, 1274, 1364, 1373 Demoniacal possession, madness and, 928 Demonstrations, 1608 Dendrite, 1710 Denial, 435, 491-493, 564; ageism and, 68; death and, 448, 475; divorce and, 1421; grieving and, 696 Dennett, Daniel, 169 Density, group, 709 Denver Developmental Screening Test, 509 Departure stage, 638 Dependent personality disorder, 739, 1118 Dependent variables, 473, 614, 621, 1376, 1683, 1710 De Perczel, Maria, 1586 Depersonalization, 92, 118 Depolarization, 814, 1710 Depression, 54, 493-498, 547, 933, 1265, 1710; aggression and, 76; agoraphobia and panic disorder and, 93; anger and, 133; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and, 184; attributional biases and, 202; battered women and, 218; Beck, Aaron T., 220; Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 221; bulimia nervosa and, 557; children and, 322-323, 329; clinical, 329, 335; cognition and, 79; cognitive therapy and, 376; death and, 448, 476; dementia and, 487; disaster psychology and, 524; divorce and, 1422; emotions and, 583; feminist psychotherapy and, 643; hallucinations and, 719; jealousy and, 858; learned helplessness and, 892, 900; neurosis and, 1039; obesity and, 1048; obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 1061; pain and, 1074, 1078; personality and, 1127; post-traumatic stress disorder and, 1165; postpartum, 1162; psychoanalysis and, 1203; psychopathology and, 1237; psychosomatic disorders and, 1248; psychosurgery and, 1252; screening questionnaires, 222; seasonal affective disorder, 1381; sexual desire and, 1441; shock therapy and, 1452; stress and, 1547, 1551; suicide and, 1584, 1612; thyroid gland and, 1639 Depression After Delivery, 1778 Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association, 1775 Depression effect, 799 Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (DMDA), 254 Depressive disorders, 11 Deprivation dwarfism, 1148 Depth perception, 498-502, 1710 Derangement, 928 Derealization, 92 Derlega, Valerian, 1397 Derogatis, Leonard, 1171 Descartes, René, 158, 412, 826, 1216, 1229, 1386 Descriptive data, 512 Descriptive research, 614, 620, 1593 Descriptive statistics, 1710 Desegregation, 1175 Desensitization, 1102, 1267, 1300, 1710; hierarchies, 214; phobias and, 1144; shyness and, 1459; stuttering and, 1577; virtual reality and, 1665. See also Systematic desensitization Design, experimental, 389 Desire, 121, 1441; energy and, 569 Desktop virtual reality, 1664 Destructive personality, 1501 Desynchronization, 326 Determinism, 1710 Detterman, Douglas, 828 Deuteranopes, 1673 Deutsch, Diana and J. Anthony, 180 Deutsch, Morton, 426 Development, 503-506, 1710; children, 677; experimental design and, 1686; genes and, 1146; giftedness and, 683; infancy and, 1316; language and, 877; midlife crisis and, 981; moral, 997; motor, 1009; parenting styles and, 1085, 1088; personality and, 1116; play and, 1155; prenatal, 1178; psychoanalysis and, 1203; psychosexual, 1106; schizophrenia and, 1366; self and, 1387; separation anxiety and, 1426; sibling relationships and, 1461; stepfamilies and, 1538 Development program, 751 Developmental change, Erik Erikson and, 599 Developmental coordination disorder, 869 Developmental disabilities, 506-512; Down syndrome and, 534 Developmental Disabilities Act of 1984, 511 Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 1990, 507 Developmental Disabilities Services and Facilities Construction Act of 1970, 507 Developmental disorders, 338, 1305; genes and, 1147 Developmental methodologies, 512-517 Developmental perspectives, child abuse and, 313 Developmental processes, fathers and, 639 Developmental psychology, 1225, 1234, 1710; feminist, 686; linguistics and, 908 Developmental trait factor, 299 Deviancy, 1711 Deviant behavior, 928; moral development and, 999 Devine, Patricia, 1177 DeVito, Joseph, 1043 Dewey, John, 432, 561, 1190, 1221, 1224, 1231, 1573, 1607, 1795 Diabetes mellitus, coping and, 436 Diagnosis, 338, 517-521, 1711; somatoform disorders and, 773 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 517, 521-524, 1711 Diagnostic assessment, 173 Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, 324 Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 264, 1120 Diathesis, 992 Diathesis-stress model, 1238; bipolar disorders, 253; borderline personality disorder, 263; schizophrenia, 1371 Dichotic listening, 1522, 1711 Dichotomies, self-actualization and, 1393 Dichotomy corollary, 1113 Dickson, William, 1702 Dictionary of Occupational Titles, 301, 840 Diencephalon, 1029 Diener, Ed, 709 Diet, hunger and, 764 Dieting; bulimia nervosa and, 141; eating disorders and, 556; obesity and, 1048 Difference; cultural competence and, 467; Lacanian, 123 Difference reduction, 1192 Differences, experimental design and, 1683 Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), 1226 Differential diagnosis, 518, 522 Differential psychology, 1435 Diffusion of responsibility, 285, 1711 Diffusion status, 787 Dimberg, Ulf, 1186 Dimensionality, depth perception and, 499 Direct competition, 1484 Direct intervention, 733 Direct observations, 303 Direct speech acts, 911 Direction, intelligence and, 828 Directive interviews, 1121 Directorates, 115 Disabilities; giftedness and, 685; prejudice and, 1171; somatoform disorders and, 772 Disabled American Veterans, 1778 Disassociation, violence and, 1662 Disaster Mental Health Institute, 527 Disaster Mental Health Services (DMHS), 525 Disaster Psychiatry Outreach (DPO), 526 Disaster psychology, 524-528; post-traumatic stress disorder and, 1164 Disaster Relief Act of 1974, 525 Disaster Response Network (DRN), 525 Disasters, media psychology and, 938 Disavowal, 491 Discipline, stepfamilies and, 1539 Disclosure, confidentiality and, 411 Discontinuous theories of development, 504 Discounting, 1711 DISCOVER, 294 Discovery learning, 562 Discrepancies, 1404 Discrimination, 1176, 1497, 1711; ageism and, 67; prejudice and, 1169; racism and, 1287; sexism and, 1432 Discriminative stimuli, 232, 1292, 1349, 1711 Disease; classification, 847; learned helplessness and, 894; psychiatric symptoms and, 11; stress and, 673, 1560; thirst and, 1628 Disease model of mental disorders, 928 Disengagement theory of retirement, 1341 Disequilibrium, midlife crisis and, 979 Disjunction, 397 Disorder of written expression, 902 Disorganized/disoriented attachment, 1003 Disorganized schizophrenia, 1363 Dispersion, 1711 Displaced aggressive rape, 1298 Displacement, 22, 564, 877, 1040, 1711 Display rules, 1711 Displays, 1711; defensive mechanisms and, 484 Disposition, personality traits and, 759 Dispositional, 1711 Dispositional attributions, 1496 Dispositional optimism, 723 Dispositional variables, 374 Dissociation, 117, 969, 1013 Dissociative disorders, 22, 118, 322, 739, 783, 1711 Dissociative fugue, 118 Dissociative identity disorder, 118, 1013, 1275 Dissociative processes, 770 Dissonance, 358, 1711 Distal stimulus, 1711 Distancing, 379, 1692 Distinctiveness, 307; information, 1711 Distractor recall, 955 Distributed practice, 751 Diurnal, 325 Diurnal enuresis, 223, 1711 Divergent thinking, 1711; creativity and, 460 Division, 115 Divorce, 451; adult issues, 1419, 1422; children's issues, 1423, 1426; parental alienation syndrome and, 1083; separation and, 1420; stepfamilies and, 1537 Divorce-stress-adjustment model, 1424 Dix, Dorothea, 14, 528-529, 931, 1270, 1795 Dobelle, William H., 1673 Doise, Willem, 1176 Dollard, John, 75, 982-983, 1005, 1052, 1287, 1353, 1795 Domestic violence, 218, 529-534, 1711; jealousy and, 860; learned helplessness and, 893; rape and sexual assault and, 1296 Dominance, 1045; hierarchies, 63, 483, 1711; sexual selection and, 1437 Dominant responses, 1353 Dominative racism, 1287 Donders, Frans C., 1634 Donlon, Thomas, 382 Dopamine, 53, 547, 1030, 1091, 1711 Dorpat, Theodore, 493 Double bind, 1711 Double-bind theory of schizophrenia, 1371, 1541 Double-blind method, 1711 Double depression, 994 Douglas, John, 1195, 1298 Dovidio, John, 733, 1287 Down, John Langdon, 534, 976 Down, Reginald, 536 Down syndrome, 534-538, 1711; development and, 505; mental retardation and, 975 Downing, Leslie, 465 Dowrick, Peter, 1053 Dreams, 538-542; Adlerian psychology, 36; analytical psychology, 128, 131, 160; consciousness and, 413; defense mechanisms and, 566; Freud, Sigmund, and, 665; Freudian interpretation, 1697; Gestalt psychology and, 678; Horney, Karen, and, 1505; incubation, 540; narcolepsy and, 1476; psychoanalysis, 1206, 1214; sleep and, 1470 Dreikurs, Rudolf, 36, 986 Drilling, automaticity and, 210 Drive motivation, incentive motivation versus, 798 Drive-reduction theory, 1626, 1712 Drive theory, 1660 Drives, 542-546, 1712; learning and, 1353 Drozdovitch, V., 975 Drug abuse, suicide and, 1613 Drug Information Association, 1769 Drug Information Association, Europe, 1773 Drug Information Association, Japan, 1773 Drugs; addiction, 594; memory and, 952, 960; neurotransmitters and, 1031; prescription abuse, 547; rape and, 1298; side effects, 547; substance use disorders and, 1580; suicide and, 1585; therapies, 546-550; tolerance and habituation, 716 Dual code theory, 364 Dual-mode processing, attitudes and, 192 Dual Recovery Anonymous World Service Central Office, 1778 Dual-task methodology, 210 Dualism, 1216 Dubois, Rachel, 1175 Duke Longitudinal Studies, 86 Dunbar, Flanders, 724, 1245 Duncker, Karl, 1190, 1193 Dunn, Judy, 1462 Dunn, Lloyd M., 1104 Durham test, 17, 819 Durkheim, Émile, 165, 1492, 1583, 1614 Durkin, M. S., 975 Dusky v. U.S., 1802 Dutton, Donald, 218 Duty to protect, 410 Duty to warn, 410 Duvall, Evelyn Millis, 636 Dweck, Carol, 27 Dying. See Death and dying Dynamic adaptation, 1500 Dynamic play therapy, 1020 Dynamic psychology, 1573 Dynamics, group, 704 Dyscalculia, 903 Dysfunctional family, 1712 Dysgraphia, 552, 903 Dyslexia, 550-554, 903, 1522, 1712; kinesthetic memory and, 868 Dyspareunia, 1444 Dysphoria, 1712 Dyssocial psychopathy, 147 Dysthymic disorder, 253, 330, 740, 994, 1712 D'Zurilla, Thomas, 351 E Eardrums, 727 Earls, F., 731 Early recollections, 1712 Ears, 1416 Easterbrook, J. A., 1070 Eating disorders, 141, 555-559, 1712; codependency and, 344; hunger and, 763; obesity, 1047; virtual reality and, 1666 Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 202, 586, 624, 659, 834, 918, 946, 957, 961, 967, 1457, 1634, 1686, 1795 Ebbinghaus forgetting curve, 1635 Eccles, John, 1388 Echoic memory, 963, 1712 Echolalia, 206, 1646, 1712 Eclectic therapy, 1712 École Française de Psychanalyse, 125 École Freudienne de Paris (EFP), 125 Ecological model of child abuse, 314 Ecological validity, 622 Economy, synergy and, 1393 Ecstasy (drug), 720 Education, 456; analytical psychology, 130; bilingualism and, 244; concepts development and, 398; Dix, Dorothea, and, 528; drilling and, 211; dyslexia and, 554; humanistic psychology and, 757; intelligence quotient and, 833; Piaget, Jean, and, 356; sensation and perception and, 1414 Education directorate, 116 Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, 511, 903 Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986, 511 Educational counseling, 839 Educational psychology, 515, 559-562, 1225, 1712 Educational Testing Service (ETS), 381 EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society (ECNS), 1769 Efferent nerve, 1712 Efferents, 1033 Efran, Michael, 885 Egas Moniz, António, 266, 1251, 1795 Ego, 22, 504, 544, 563, 568, 574-576, 1133, 1208, 1212, 1242, 1386, 1651, 1712; analytical psychology, 126, 129; anxiety and, 151; Lacan, Jacques, and, 122; mirror stage and, 875 Ego defense mechanisms, 491, 562-568 Ego identity, 787 Ego psychology, 575, 1206, 1233; Erikson, Erik, 568-574 Egocentric speech, 881 Egocentric thought, 1712 Egocentrism; adolescent, 42; Piaget, Jean, 355 Egoistic motivation, altruism and, 102 Egoistic suicide, 1583, 1614 Ehrenfels, Christian von, 1232 Eisenberger, Robert, 896 Ejaculation, 1440; premature, 1443; retarded, 1444 Ekman, Paul, 580, 1043, 1546 Ekstrom, Ruth, 382 Elaboration; attitudes and, 193; encoding and, 585 Elaborative rehearsal, 918, 1454, 1712 Elasticity, 726 Elation effect, 799 Electra complex, 711, 1039, 1242 Electric shock therapy, 73, 931 Electrical transmission, 1596 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 994, 1251, 1450, 1712 Electroencephalogram (EEG), 250, 268, 1712 Electromyograph (EMG), 1078 Eliason, Grafton, 447 Elimination disorders, 320 Elkind, David, 42 Ellenberger, Henri, 1272 Elliott, Jane, 1169 Ellis, Albert, 23, 134, 230, 350, 363, 576-577, 808, 1144, 1299, 1325, 1506, 1795 Ellis, Henry, 965, 1455 Ellis, Thomas, 1586 Elucidation, analytical psychology, 130 Embryo stage, 1178 Embryonic hormones, 591 Embryonic phase, 1712 Emergency reaction, 674 Emergent processes, 503 Emergent systems, self and, 1389 Emmetropia, 1024 Emotion, 1712 Emotion-focused coping strategy, 434, 444 Emotional abuse, 530; child abuse, 312 Emotional disorders, 1235; cognitive therapy and, 377 Emotional displays, histrionic personality disorder and, 739 Emotional expression, 577-580 Emotional instability, 263 Emotional intensity, 582 Emotional motivations, denial and, 491 Emotional support, 439; parenting styles and, 1085 Emotions, 580-584, 1030, 1625; advertising and, 58; aggression, 72; anger, 133; arousal and, 1070; attachment and, 176; behavior and, 349; causal attribution and, 308; cognitions and, 1000; depression and, 329, 494; disaster psychology and, 524; dreams and, 539; ego defense mechanisms and, 563; encoding and, 586; evolutionary psychology and, 606; feminist psychotherapy and, 643; Gestalt therapy and, 678; grieving and, 696; habituation and, 716; insomnia and, 820; intimacy and, 852; irrationality and, 1300; jealousy, 858; memory and, 947; narcissism and, 1022; nonverbal communication and, 1043; pain and, 1074; physiology and, 1126; play and, 1156; psychoanalysis and, 1203, 1214; psychology and, 1525; psychopathology and, 1237; religion and, 1328; social networks and, 1495; somatoform disorders and, 772; stress and, 674, 1550, 1565; suicide and, 1613; violence and, 1662 Empathy, 36, 102-103, 106, 1110, 1712; moral development and, 999; narcissism and, 1022; projection versus, 1198; suicide prevention and, 1614 Empathy-altruism hypothesis, 103 Empedocles, 1229 Empirical criterion keying, 289 Empirical evidence, 1712 Empiricism, 1229, 1712 Employee motivation, 1702 Employees, 751 Employment interviews, personality interviews and, 1123 Empowerment movements, prejudice and, 1172 Emptiness, 263 Empty-chair technique, 679 Encephalograms, 267 Encoding, 368, 584-587, 624, 659, 1712; memory and, 919; specificity, 585; strategies, 373 Endocrine gland, 1712 Endocrine system, 587-592, 745, 1712; adrenal glands, 52; gonads, 687; nervous system and, 1028; obesity and, 1048; thyroid gland, 1637 Endocytosis, 1638 Endogenous behavior, 486, 789, 1712 Endogenous disorders, 872 Endorphins, 592-595, 1030, 1563, 1712 Eneuresis, 320 Engineering psychology, 1225 Engram, 950, 961 Enkephalins, 592, 1030, 1713 Enlightenment model of helping, 736 Enmeshment, 1713 Enrichment objectives, 1610 Entitlement, 1713; narcissism and, 1022 Entropy, 1713; aging and, 91 Enuresis, 223, 1473, 1713 Environment; abnormality and, 23; aggression and, 76; animal experimentation and, 950; antisocial personality disorder and, 148; attention and, 180; attraction and, 196; behavior and, 241; child abuse and, 313; community psychology and, 385; conduct disorder and, 407; coping and, 445; Down syndrome and, 535; dreams and, 540; ego and, 575; genetics and, 1145; imprinting and, 789; information processing and, 80; intelligence and, 6, 829, 830, 1282; intelligence quotient and, 833; learned helplessness and, 892; life space and, 650; meditation and, 943; mental retardation and, 975; motivation and, 798; newborns and, 1314; panic disorder and, 94; Parkinson's disease and, 1091; personality and, 1116; prenatal development and, 1178; psychology and, 1127; radical behaviorism and, 1291; sensation and, 1412; senses and, 1416; shyness and, 1458; violence and, 1662 Environmental psychology, 595-599, 1225, 1713; senses and, 1417 Environmental stressor, 1713 Envy, 859, 1022 Enzymes, 53 Epictetus, 1299 Epicurus, 801 Epidemiology, 386 Epidural blocks, 258 Epilepsy, 1520, 1713 Epinephrine, 53, 133, 1713 Episodic memory, 367, 918, 945, 955, 966, 1219, 1634, 1713 Epstein, Seymour, 1546, 1552 Equilibration, 1150 Equipotentiality, 81, 265, 951, 1183, 1713 Equity theory, 196, 844, 1713 Equivalence, 1713 Erasing the Stigma of Mental Illness Serving Hands International, 1778 Erectile difficulties, 1442 Erectile dysfunction, 1442 Erection, 1440, 1442 Ergonomics, 810 Erik Menendez v. Superior Court of Los Angeles, 1809 Erikson, Erik, 44, 160, 342, 599-600, 633, 981, 1208, 1233, 1330, 1795; development, 504; Freud, Sigmund, versus, 1106; guilt, 712; identity crises, 785; personality disorders and, 1119; self and, 1387 Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L., 1366 Eros, 65, 162, 574, 1208 Erotomanic delusional disorder, 1081 Error, sampling, 1357 Error catastrophe, aging, 89 Ervin, Frank, 1606 Escape from freedom, 1501 Esdaile, James, 769 Esquirol, Jean-Étienne- Dominique, 834 Essence, personality and, 1133 Establishing operation, 1320 Esteem needs, 1701 Estradiol, 687, 1429, 1713 Estrogen, 1429; Alzheimer's disease and, 107 Estrous cycles, 1437 Estrus, 590 Ethic of care, 1687 Ethics, 166; American Psychological Association and, 114; animal experimentation and, 136, 1332; confidentiality and, 410; experimentation and, 616; industrial and organizational psychology and, 812; media psychology and, 936; research, 1332, 1336; scientific methods and, 1375; sports psychology and, 1528; testing and, 1623 Ethnicity; Alzheimer's disease and, 106; college entrance examinations and, 383; cultural competence and, 467; domestic violence and, 532; help-seeking and, 731; motivation and, 28; race and, 1288 Ethnocentrism, 1713 Ethology, 600-605, 714, 1713; animal experimentation and, 136; attachment and, 1001; Lorenz, Konrad, 922; preparedness and, 1186 Etiology, 1713 Eugenics, 1285 Euphoria, 1579 European Federation of Professional Psychologists Associations, 1773 European Federation of Psychology Students' Associations, 1773 European Health Psychology Society, 1774 Eustress, 1411, 1526, 1548, 1713 Euthanasia, 478 Evaluation; attitudes and, 193; educational psychology, 561; problem solving and, 1188 Evaluation/policy-analysis model, 386 Evans, Gary, 1552 Evans, Larry D., 233 Event-related potentials (ERPs), 880 Everett, Craig and Sandra, 1421 Evidence, thought and, 1630 Evoked potential, 1713 Evolution, preparedness and, 1184 Evolutionary psychology, 605-608; attraction and, 198; love and, 925 Evolutionary theory of sleep, 1471 Excessive desire disorder, 1441 Exchange relationships, 60 Exchange theory, groups and, 1589 Excitation-transfer process, 1071, 1713 Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), 815 Excitatory stimulus, 814 Excitement, 1440 Excuses, 309 Executive coaching, 339 Executive monkey study, 1546 Exercise; bulimia nervosa and, 141; endorphins and, 593; kinesthetic memory and, 869; stress and, 1562; thirst and, 1628 Exercises in Divergent Thinking and Divergent Feeling, 461 Exhaustion, general adaptation syndrome and, 672 Exhaustive hypotheses, 778 Exhibitionism, 1296, 1446 Existential guilt, 712 Existential psychology, 608-612; self-actualization and, 1394 Existentialism, 1713; humanistic psychology and, 757; transactional analysis and, 1650 Exit, social identity theory and, 1484 Exner, John, 1199, 1347 Exner Comprehensive System, 1347 Exogenous behaviors, 486 Exogenous disorders, 872 Exogenous substances, 1713 Expanded-tip tactile receptor, 1642 Expansive behavior, 1692 Expectancy, 480 Expectancy confirmation bias, 201, 1713 Expectancy theory, 800, 1700, 1713 Expectancy-value model, 27 Expectations, 27 Experiment, 1713 Experimental brain damage, 950 Experimental data, 513 Experimental designs, 1376, 1683; complex, 389-393 Experimental neurosis, 1101 Experimental psychology, 612-615, 1225; origin of, 1228 Experimental research methods, 513 Experimentation, 164, 304; animal, 135, 141, 1332; ethics and participant rights, 615-619, 1333; field, 645, 649; field versus laboratory, 646; human, 1333; independent, dependent, and control variables, 619-623; scientific method and, 1376; testing and, 1620 Experimenter bias, 1714 Expert systems, 171, 368 Explanatory style, immune system and, 894 Exploitative rape, 1298 Exposure therapy, 229; phobias and, 1143 Expression; gender stereotypes and, 1433; music, dance, and theater therapies and, 1018 Expressive aphasia, 155, 1714 Expressive language acquisition styles, 878 External attributions, 306 External inducements, self- perception theory and, 1403 External locus of control, 1128, 1248 External success, neurosis versus, 1504 External threats to validity, 1279 External validity, 1714 Externality-internality, 289 Externalization, 1714 Externalized speech, 881 Externalizing disorders, 1255 Extinction, 1066, 1100, 1102, 1353, 1714; conditioning, 212 Extramarital affairs, 1421 Extraneous variables, 303, 1714 Extrasensory perception (ESP), 1413 Extrinsic motivation, 27, 1524, 1700, 1714; intelligence and, 831 Extrinsic religious orientation, 1322, 1328, 1714 Extroversion, 66, 127, 855, 857, 861, 1069, 1127, 1209; introversion and, 627 Eye-hand coordination, 1010 Eyeblink reflex, 951, 1311 Eyeglasses, 1026 Eyes, 1416 Eyewitness testimony, 623-627, 887, 1058; cognitive psychology and, 369; inferential reasoning and, 1632; memory and, 779, 919 Eysenck, Hans, 627-628, 761, 1069, 1125, 1130-1131, 1260, 1271, 1796; introversion and extroversion and, 856 Eysenck, Michael, 398 F F-test, 1536 Facial expressions; emotional expression and, 577; nonverbal communication and, 1045; stress and, 1546 Facial features, 198 Facial feedback, 629-632 Facial tics, 1646 Factitious disorders, children and, 322 Factor analysis, 1714; introversion and extroversion and, 856 Factor-analytic research, 829 Factorial designs, 389, 1377 Facultative homosexuality, 742 Failure, 1399 Failure-to-thrive, 1304; child abuse and, 314 Fairweather, George, 387 Falret, Jules, 995 False memories, 661 False Memory Syndrome Foundation, 1776 False negatives, 518 False positives, 518 Falsifiability, 778 Faludi, Susan, 1171 Familiarity, affiliation and, 60 Familiarization, imprinting and, 791 Families; adolescent suicide and, 1612; codependency and, 342; conduct disorder and, 407; cultural patterns and, 1504; individual psychology and, 805; juvenile delinquency and, 862; midlife crisis and, 980; misbehavior and, 986; retirement and, 1342; sibling relationships and, 1460; stepfamilies, 1537; strategic family therapy and, 1540; support groups versus, 1590 Family composition, children and divorce and, 1423 Family development stage theory of families, 636 Family environment, giftedness and, 682 Family interaction theories of schizophrenia, 1370 Family life; adult issues, 632-635; children's issues, 635-638 Family process, children and divorce and, 1424 Family stress models of stepfamilies, 1538 Family system model of stepfamilies, 1538 Family systems theory, 530, 1460 Family therapy, 703, 1714; behavioral, 230; children and, 1256; fathers and, 640; Gestalt psychology and, 679; play therapy and, 1157 Fanning, Patrick, 76 Fant, Gunnar, 1519 Farberow, Norman, 1585 Faris, Robert, 1492 Farr, William, 847 Farsightedness, 1024, 1028, 1714 Fathers, 1086; divorce and, 1423; relationship with child, 638-641 Father's "No," 122 Fatigue, 714 Fausto-Sterling, Anne, 345 Fazio, Russell, 189 FBI Behavioral Sciences Unit, 658 Fear, 92, 213, 1354, 1545; abandonment and, 263; anxiety and, 151, 564; conditioning and, 1101, 1185; death and, 447, 475; failure and, 341; hypochondriasis and, 772; impulse control disorders and, 795; intimacy and, 854; jealousy and, 858; modeling and, 1053; phobias and, 1141; sports psychology and, 1525; success and, 1139, 1693; weight and, 141 Fear of fear model of panic disorders, 94 Fear Survey Schedule for Children, 233 Feared self, 1404 Feature-comparison model of memory, 967 Feature integration theory, 180 Fechner, Gustav, 412, 729, 1131, 1224, 1230, 1686 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 525 Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health, 1769 Feedback; coaching, 339; motivation and, 1702; paradoxical procedures and, 1543; self-esteem and, 1399; self-presentation and, 1408; training and, 751 Feeding disorder, 320 Feelings; analytical psychology, 127; codependency and, 341; emptiness, 263 Feingold, S. Norman, 300 Female athletic triad, 556 Female stereotypes, 1433 Feminist analysis, 1714 Feminist psychological theory, 530; sex therapy and, 1445 Feminist psychotherapy, 641-645 Fenz, Walter D., 1546, 1552 Fernald, Grace, 552, 868 Fernberger, Samuel, 1435 Festinger, Leon, 60, 62, 358, 441, 1007, 1405 Fetal alcohol syndrome, mental retardation and, 977 Fetal stage, 1178, 1714 Fetish, 124 Fetishism, 1447, 1714 Fetoscopy, 1181 Fever, 1618 Fiedler, Fred, 888 Field experimentation, 623, 645-649, 780 Field research, 1714; industrial and organizational psychology and, 810 Field theory, 598, 906; Lewin, Kurt, 649-653 Fight-or-flight response, 53, 133, 653-655, 673, 747, 1548, 1555, 1562, 1564, 1714 Figley, Charles, 1167 Fillenbaum, Samuel, 1670 Films, violence and, 1657 Fine, Mark A., 1538 Fingertips, touch and, 1642 Firstborn children, 260 Fischoff, Stuart, 937 Fishbein, Martin, 188, 423 Fishbein, Sanford, 308 Fisher, Roger, 428 Fisher, Ronald A., 1280, 1536 Fixation, 1714; psychosexual development and, 1243 Fixed action patterns, 602 Fixed role therapy, 1114 Flashbacks, 1164, 1714 Flashbulb memories, 968 Flavell, John, 41 Fleischman, Edwin, 891 Flexion reflex, 1310 Floaters, 1677 Flocking, 1714 Flooding, 95, 230, 1102, 1167, 1459, 1714; obsessive- compulsive disorder and, 1061 Flourens, Pierre, 265, 1230 Flow, 1160 Floyd, Frank, 1340 Fluency disorders, 1512 Fluid abilities, 7 Fluid intelligence, 82, 833, 835, 1714 Folie à deux, 1274 Folie circulaire, 995 Folk concepts of personality, 289 Folk process, 1228 Folkard, Simon, 328 Folkman, Susan, 443, 447, 1550, 1565 Food aversion, 1603 Food preferences, taste aversions and, 1604 Foot-in-the-door effect, 194, 1404 Forebrain, 1217, 1714 Foreclosure status, 787 Forehand, Rex, 1256 Forensic psychology, 656-658, 884, 938, 1196, 1714 Forgetting, 1714; forgetfulness and, 658-663; memory and, 918, 1455, 1635 Formal operational stage, 40, 44, 355, 505, 1150, 1714 Formal thought, 41 Formants, 1516 Formative assessment, 173 Forms, 1229 Forsyth, D. R., 1589 Foss, R. D., 734 Foulkes, David, 540 Foundation for Depression and Manic Depression, 1776 Fourier, Jean, 728 Fovea, 1715 Fragile X syndrome, 977 Fragment-completion tasks, 967 Frame of orientation, 1500 Francis, Allen J., 930 Francis, Greta, 233 Frank O'Neal Addington v. State of Texas, 1805 Frank, Jerome D., 1263 Frank, Lawrence, 1200 Frankel, Arthur, 309 Frankl, Viktor, 757 Franklin, Benjamin, 1026 Franklin, Rosalind, 347 Franklin, Stan, 169 Franks, Jeffrey J., 1630 Franz, Shepard Ivory, 1231 Franzoi, Stephen, 1388 Free association, 564, 1123, 1202, 1271, 1697, 1715; dreams and, 1214; Horney, Karen, and, 1505; S-R theory and, 1355 Free nerve endings, 1642 Free radicals, 88 Free recall, 954 Freedom; existential psychology and, 610; humanistic psychology and, 755; social psychology and, 1501 Freedom from Fear, 1779 Freedom of speech, media violence, and pornography, 1660 Freeman, Derek, 47 Freeman, Walter, 1219, 1251 Fremouw, William, 1586 French, Thomas, 283 Frequency, 1715 Frequency distributions, 470, 1715 Frequency polygons, 472 Freud, Anna, 493, 563, 599, 663-664, 1210, 1233, 1256, 1796; coping, 443; play therapy and, 1158 Freud, Sigmund, 568, 574, 586, 599, 664-665, 931, 1207, 1224, 1233, 1252, 1260, 1267, 1269, 1392, 1588, 1796; abnormality, 21; achievement motivation, 28; Adler, Alfred, versus, 34, 808; aggression, 77; Anna O. and, 773; anxiety, 150; Breuer, Josef, and, 281; consciousness, 412, 416; coping, 443; death anxiety, 447; defense mechanisms, 563; denial, 493; development, 504; dreams and, 540, 541; drives and, 544; Freud, Anna, and, 663; Fromm, Erich, and, 1503; gender identity and, 670; Gilligan, Carol, and, 1688; grieving, 696; guilt, 711; homosexuality, 741; Horney, Karen, and, 1504, 1692; hysteria, 738, 783; intergroup theories and, 843; Jung, Carl, and, 128, 861; Lacan, Jacques, and, 121; moral development and, 997; motivation and, 65, 1005; neurosis and, 1039; Oedipus complex, 1064; panic disorders and, 95; paranoia and, 1081; penis envy, 1106; personality and, 1116, 1125, 1133, 1212; phobias and, 1141; projection and, 1198; psychoanalysis, 1202; psychopathology and, 1237; psychosexual development and, 1241; psychosomatic disorders and, 1246; religion and, 1322; Rogers, Carl, versus, 1111; schizophrenia and, 1370; self and, 1386; separation anxiety and, 1426; suicide and, 1615; women's psychology and, 1695 Freudian slips, 22, 1698 Freudian theory, feminism and, 750 Freund, Kurt, 1449 Friedan, Betty, 635 Friedman, Meyer, 445, 1560, 1567, 1653 Friendship, 1395 Friesen, Wallace V., 1043, 1546 Frigidity, 1692 Frisch, G. R., 795 Frisch, Karl von, 601 Fritsch, Gustav, 266, 279, 1230 Fromm, Erich, 569, 665-666, 712, 757, 869, 1006, 1330, 1394, 1500, 1796 Frontal lobe dementias, 489 Frontal lobes, 271, 278, 1218, 1715 Frost, Nancy, 9 Frotteurism, 1296, 1448 Frustration, 1715; aggression and, 72, 75, 1715 Fugue, 117, 121, 1715 Function word, 1715 Functional analysis, 375 Functional autonomy, 759, 1715 Functional disorders, 1715 Functional enuresis, 223 Functional fixedness, 1192, 1715 Functional mental illnesses, 54 Functional scales, 1329 Functionalism, 613, 1221, 1224, 1231-1232, 1418, 1569-1570, 1574, 1715 Fundamental attribution error, 201, 1497, 1715 Fundamental frequency, 1715 Funding, experimentation, 616 Fusion, 499 Fuster, J. M., 1338 Futrell, B. A., 81 G G, 829 Gaertner, Samuel L., 733, 1287 Galanter, Eugene, 1412 Galen, 21, 303, 782, 1236 Galinsky, Ellen, 636 Galt, John M., 112 Galton, Francis, 831, 834, 1131, 1230, 1285, 1530, 1536, 1572, 1600, 1621 Galvani, Luigi, 1230 Galvanic skin response (GSR), 250 Gamblers Anonymous- International Service Office, 1779 Gambler's fallacy, 915 Gambling, 793; codependency and, 344 Games, transactional analysis and, 1649 Gamete, 1715 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 547, 1030, 1715 Ganong, Lawrence, 1538 Gap junction, 1596 Garcia, John, 1184, 1605 Gardner, Howard, 8, 460, 830, 838, 869 Gardner, Richard A., 1085, 1421 Garfield, Sol, 1263, 1268 Garfinkel, Barry, 1585 Garvey, Michael, 1381 Gatekeepers, 651 Gating mechanism, 1074 Gauss, Karl F., 1130 Gaussian distribution, 1130 Gay men. See Homosexuality Gazzaniga, Michael, 273, 1520 Geese Theatre Company, 1019 Geist Picture Interest Inventory (GPII), 839 Gellar, E. Scott, 1344 Gender, 1715; feminist psychotherapy and, 642; sibling relationships and, 1461 Gender bias, personality disorders and, 1119 Gender constancy, 668 Gender differences; achievement need and, 1139; antisocial personality disorder and, 146; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 183; attraction, 199; cognitive ability, 345; college entrance examinations and, 382; color blindness, 1673; cooperation and competition, 429; depression, 329, 494; dreams and, 540; dyslexia, 552; emotional expression decoding, 578; evolutionary psychology and, 606; friendship, 62; Gilligan, Carol, 1687; hypothyroidism and, 1639; jealousy, 859; leadership and, 889; learning disorders, 904; love and, 925; moral perspective, 686; motivation and, 27; parenting styles and, 1088; retirement and, 1342; seasonal affective disorder and, 1384; self and, 1389; spatial knowledge, 365; stress and, 1565; stuttering, 1575; suicide, 1583; Tourette's syndrome and, 1646; youth violence and, 1662 Gender dysphoria, 743 Gender identity, 49, 1715; formation, 667-671; ideals, 50; sex hormones and, 690 Gender-identity disorder, 669 Gender-role analysis, 643 Gender-role socialization, 530 Gender-schema theory, 669, 1715 Gender stereotypes, 1432 Gene, 1715 Gene derepression, 53 General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 135, 248, 655, 671-675, 1411, 1548, 1556, 1559, 1564, 1715 General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), 293, 675-677 General problem solver (GPS), 1190 Generalizability, 513; survey research and, 1593 Generalization, 41, 1630, 1715; case studies and, 305; conditioning and, 1100-1101; fallacy, 202; memory and, 968 Generalized anxiety disorder, 23, 1236 Generative grammar, 693 Generativity, 572, 981, 1715 Genetic disorders, 1147; mental retardation and, 974 Genetic engineering, animal experimentation and, 950 Genetic knockouts, 952 Genetic psychology, 1225 Genetics, 1335, 1715; addictive behavior and, 31; affiliation and, 66; aggression and, 75; aging and, 85, 89; alcohol dependance and, 98; altruism and, 64; Alzheimer's disease and, 107; animal experimentation and, 136; antisocial personality disorder and, 148; autism and, 205; behavior and, 21, 241, 602, 1291; bipolar disorder and, 253, 992; color blindness and, 1677; conduct disorder and, 407; confidentiality and, 411; depression and, 495; development and, 503; developmental disabilities and, 507; Down syndrome and, 534; dyslexia and, 904; eating disorders and, 556; enuresis and, 224; environment and, 1145; homosexuality and, 741; imprinting and, 789; intelligence and, 6, 831, 1282; intelligence quotient (IQ) and, 833; introversion and extroversion and, 1127; juvenile delinquency and, 863; language and, 907; mental disorders and, 11; mental retardation and, 975; obesity and, 1048; panic disorder and, 93; personality and, 1022, 1116, 1160; personality disorders and, 1119; phobias and, 1141; schizophrenia and, 1364-1365, 1370; social structure and, 65; stuttering, 1575; substance use disorders and, 1579; taste aversions and, 1184; Tourette's syndrome and, 1646 Genie, 694 Genital stage, 571, 1213, 1242, 1697, 1715 Genocide, prejudice and, 1172 Genotypes, 1146, 1715 Genovese, Kitty, murder of, 104, 284, 779 Genuineness, 1110 Geons, 1093 Gerbner, George, 1657 Gergen, Kenneth, 1389 Geriatrics, 69 Germ theory of disease, 848 German Psychological Society, 1774 Germinal stage, 1178 Gerontology, 83 Gerontophobia, 70 Gesell, Arnold, 677-678, 1011 Gestalt, 1715 Gestalt psychology, 1232, 1716 Gestalt therapy, 678-681, 1394, 1716; group therapy and, 703; learning and, 562; Lewin, Kurt, and, 906; memory and, 948 Gibson, James J., 501, 505, 1092 Gifford, Robert, 597 Gifted education programs, 683 Giftedness, 681-686, 1622, 1716 Gilbert, Daniel, 201 Gilbert Seiling v. Frank Eyman, warden, Arizona state prison, 1804 Gilbreth, Frank, 810 Giles-Sims, Jean, 1539 Gilligan, Carol, 686-687, 1389, 1699, 1796 Gillingham, Anna, 552 Giorgi, Amedeo, 756 Glass, Gene, 1262 Glass ceiling, 1171 Glasser, William, 1306 Glaucoma, 85 Glen Burton Ake v. Oklahoma, 1809 Global aphasia, 156 Global Assessment of Functioning scale, 338, 522 Global self-esteem, 1400 Globus hystericus, 1640 Glover, John, 462 Glucocorticoids, 53 Gluconeogenesis, 1639 Goal-oriented responses, 798 Goal setting, 1716; motivation and, 1702 Goals; decision making, 699; misbehavior and, 986; motivation and, 1004; psychotherapy, 1265; self-presentation and, 1407 Godden, Duncan, 586 Goffman, Erving, 18, 1409 Gold, Mark, 11 Goldberg, Dick, 300 Goldberger, Nancy Rule, 347 Goldfried, Marvin, 232, 351 Goldiamond, Israel, 1066 Goldstein, Alan, 94 Goldstein, Joseph, 664 Goldstein, Kurt, 65, 505, 757, 808, 1394 Golgi, Camillo, 1031 Golgi tendon organs, 1644 Gonads, 687-691 Gondolf, Edward, 218 Goodness; prosocial behavior and, 734; religion and, 1324 Goodnow, Jacqueline J., 397, 916 Goodwin, Donald, 776 Goodwin, Frederick K., 1274 Gordon, William, 458, 1611 Gormezano, Isadore, 1312 Gorney, Roderic, 1393 Gorsuch, Richard L., 1329, 1531 Gottman, John M., 452 Gough, Harrison, 289, 294 Gouldner, Alvin, 736 Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT), 172 Graduate Record Examination (GRE), 172 Graham, George, 167 Gramling, Sandra, 1551 Grammar, 876, 909; code-switching and, 245; speech and, 691-695; transformational generative, 879 Grammatical semantics, 876 Grandiose delusions, 1081, 1273 Grandiosity, narcissism and, 1022 Graphs, 472 Grasping reflex, 1312, 1316 Graunt, John, 847 Graves, Robert, 1640 Graves' disease, 1640 Gray, Laura, 885 Gray matter, 1716 Gray Oral Reading Test (GORT-III), 904 Great Mother, 162 Gredler, Margaret, 562 Greene, David, 622, 1405 Greeno, J. G., 1189 Greenwald, Anthony, 1412 Gregory, Richard, 1415 Grice, H. P., 910 Grief counseling, 524 Grieving, 475, 695-698, 1420 Griffin, John Howard, 647 Griffith, Coleman R., 1527 Grismer, B. A., 81 Grosjean, François, 246 Groth-Marnat, Gary, 1122 Group cohesion, 845 Group couples treatment programs, 453 Group decision making, 699-702 Group discussion, 652 Group dynamics, 1589, 1716 Group factors, 829 Group identity, 845 Group influence, family and, 637 Group Inventory for Finding Talent (GIFT), 461 Group prejudice, 1169 Group processes, 426 Group psychology, guilt and, 712 Group therapy, 702-706; dieting and, 765 Group work, 644 Grouped frequency distribution, 470 Grouping, laws of, 1413 Groups, 706-711; affiliation and, 61; bystander effect, 285, 287; codependency and, 341; cooperative learning, 430; cultural competence and, 467; leadership and, 891; networks and, 1492; prejudice reduction and, 1174; religion and, 1323; social identity theory and, 1483 Growth; adolescent, 48; motivation and, 1702; play and, 1156; self-actualization and, 1392 Grundman, Michael, 81 Guerney, Bernard, 454 Guidano, Vittorio, 352 Guided imagery, 942 Guilford, J. P., 7, 830, 1131 Guillemenault, Christian, 1477 Guilt, 575, 711-713, 1165; race and, 1288 Gull, William, 144, 1639 Gur, Ruben, 774 Gustation, 1716 Gustavson, Carl, 1605 Guze, Samuel, 776 Gyrus, 1716 H H-Y antigen, 687 Haan, Norma, 443 Habit, 1716 Habits, 1354; hypnosis and, 769; prejudice and, 1177 Habituation, 95, 714-718, 950, 1056, 1061, 1126-1127, 1716 Haffner, Debra W., 51 Haggard, E. A., 578 Hair end organs, 1642 Halberg, Franz, 325 Haley, Jay, 1541 Hall, Calvin, 1697 Hall, David, 780 Hall, G. Stanley, 1210, 1231, 1285, 1325, 1796 Hall, James, 770 Hall, Richard, 12 Hallucinations, 337, 538, 718-721, 932, 1273; alcohol and, 97; aural, 1014; dementia and, 487; postpartum psychosis and, 1163; schizophrenia and, 1361; synesthesia versus, 1600 Hallucinogens, 719, 1716 Halstead-Reitan battery, 552, 1036 Hamilton, David L., 1287 Hamlet, Oedipus complex and, 712 Hampstead Child Therapy Courses, 664 Hand preference, 1011 Handelman, George H., 1025 Hansen, Jo-Ida, 842 Hanson, Stephen J., 395 Happiness, intimacy and, 854 Haptics, 1043 Hardiness, 1128, 1248, 1561, 1716; stress and, 1566 Hare, Robert, 147 Harlow, Harry, 138, 178, 1119 Harlow, Margaret, 178 Harman, Denham, 88 Harmonics, 728 Harré, Rom, 1389 Harris, John, 1631 Hart, Betty M., 1684 Hart, Roger A., 595 Harter, Susan, 1690 Hartman, Barbara, 787 Hartmann, Heinz, 569, 1005 Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A), 768 Harvard Negotiation Project, 428 Harvey, E. N., 1473 Harvey, William, 1230 Hatchard, Guy, 943 Hate crimes, prejudice and, 1173 Hatha yoga, 942 Hathaway, S. R., 294, 984 Hauri, Peter, 822 Hawaii Psychiatric Society v. Geo Ariyoshi, Governor, 1806 Hawthorne effect, 646, 1716 Hayes, Steven C., 1350 Head injuries, 1251 Head Start, 516 Healing, psychotherapy and, 1263, 1269 Health; psychology and, 1161; social networks and, 1493 Health care, 850 Health care system, death and, 477 Health psychology, 721-725, 1222 Healthy speech, 350 Hearing, 725-730; aging and, 85; dyslexia and, 552; synesthesia and, 1599 Heart disease; coping and, 435; health psychology and, 722 Heat, 1616 Heat stroke, 1619 Hebb, Donald O., 946, 952, 961, 1006, 1069, 1231 Hecht, Michael, 1043 Hedonic, 1716 Hedonic values, 1070 Hedonism, motivation and, 801 Hedonistic theory of motivation, 1006 Heft, Harry, 597 Heidegger, Martin, 609, 757 Heider, Fritz, 201, 309, 1496, 1499 Heller, Frank, 890 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 179, 729, 1024, 1092, 1230, 1670 Help-seeking, 730-732 Helpfulness, siblings and, 1462 Helping, 733-738; social networks and, 1495 Helplessness, 38, 1716; aging and, 86; depression and, 1128 Hemi-inattention, 1218 Hemispheres, brain, 279 Hemispheric asymmetries, 1520 Hemispheric dominance, 419 Henderson, Lynne, 1459 Henle, Mary, 1632 Henley, Nancy, 1045 Heraclitus, 1229 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 412, 1229 Herd defense, 484 Heredity, 1716; behavior and, 602; intelligence and, 1282 Hering, Ewald, 1230, 1670 Hering-Breuer reflex, 281 Herman, Judith, 218 Herr, Edwin L., 839 Herrnstein, Richard, 8, 1282 Herzberg, Frederick, 1702 Heterogeneity, group, 700 Hetherington, E. Mavis, 1423 Heuristics, 370, 479, 914, 1188, 1497, 1716 Hewstone, Miles, 1174 Hibernation, sleep and, 1471 Hidden observer effect, 768 Hierarchy of needs, 58, 1701; motivation and, 1006; Murray, Henry A., and, 1137 Higgins, E. Tory, 1404 High revealers, 1396 Higher-order conditioning, 1716 Hilgard, Ernest, 418, 767 Hilgard, Josephine, 769, 1078 Hill, Peter C., 734, 1323, 1329 Hill, Reuben, 636 Hill climbing, 1188 Hinckley, John, 18, 657, 819 Hindbrain, 1217, 1716 Hineline, Philip, 1184 Hinshelwood, James, 553 Hintzman, Douglas, 969 Hippocampus, 277, 951, 1217, 1716 Hippocrates, 14, 20, 134, 782, 929, 1235, 1557 Histograms, 472 Histrionic personality, 738-740, 1118; hysteria and, 783 Hitzig, Eduard, 266, 279, 1230 Hobart, G. A., 1473 Hoberman, Harry, 1585 Hobfoll, S. E., 1566 Hobson, J. Allan, 540 Hock, R. A., 81 Hodges, Larry F., 1665 Hodgkin, Alan, 816 Holding therapy, 1305 Holist learning styles, 560 Holistic approaches, reality therapy, 1308 Holistic language acquisition styles, 878 Holland, John L., 292, 298, 839, 1568 Holland reporting system, 873, 1568 Hollingworth, Leta, 685 Holmes, Thomas, 434, 1553, 1559 Holtgraves, Thomas M., 882 Homelessness, schizophrenia and, 1364 Homeostasis, 543, 653, 674, 745, 1556, 1617, 1626, 1716; hunger and, 764 Homophobia, 743, 1716 Homosexuality, 740-744; sex hormones and, 1430; sexual dysfunction and, 1444 Hood, Ralph W., Jr., 1329 Hopelessness Scale, 1586 Hormic psychology, 1232 Hormone receptors, 53 Hormones, 52, 588, 1716; aging and, 89; anger and, 134; behavior and, 744-749; birth and, 256; circadian rhythms and, 326; general adaptation syndrome and, 672; gonads and, 687; homosexuality and, 741; pituitary gland and, 1151; postpartum depression and, 1162; sexual behavior and, 1437; thyroid gland and, 1638; Type A behavior pattern and, 1654 Horner, Matina, 1139 Horney, Karen, 348, 569, 666, 749-750, 757, 1107, 1209, 1386, 1394, 1504, 1697, 1796 Hospice, 447; death and, 477 Hospitalization, schizophrenia and, 1363 Hostile aggression, 1716 Hostility, stress and, 1551, 1567 Hot seat, 678 Hotlines, 1586 House, James, 445, 1494 Hovland, Carl, 192 Huarte, Juan, 837 Hubel, David, 138 Hue, 1716 Hull, Clark, 543, 799, 983, 1005, 1353, 1626 Human Aging Study, 86 Human development, identity crises, 785 Human factors engineering, 810, 1417 Human Genome Project, 87, 1181 Human nature, personality and, 1135 Human potential, 678 Human potential movement, 757, 1703 Human relations, 1702 Human resource training and development, 750-754 Human science, 756 Human-services initiatives, 386 Humanism, 754-758 Humanistic moratorium, 786 Humanistic psychoanalysis, 666 Humanistic psychology, 754, 1224, 1234, 1716; existential psychology versus, 611; origin of, 1228; personality and, 1125; self-actualization and, 1391; self and, 1387 Humanistic theories of personality, 1133 Humanistic therapy, 1266, 1299; play therapy and, 1158 Humanistic trait models, Gordon Allport and, 758-762 Hume, David, 1386 Humoral theory, 588; madness and, 928 Humors, 1229 Hunger, 762-767 Hunt, Earl B., 9, 399 Hunt, Morton, 82 Hunt, Reed, 965 Hunter, John, 674 Hunter, Walter S., 1467 Huntington's disease, 488 Hurry sickness, 1655 Husserl, Edmund, 611, 757, 1796 Hutman, Lucinda, 1669 Huxley, Andrew, 816 Hyde, Janet Shibley, 345, 1434 Hydraulic model of motivation, 1006 Hypermetropia, 1716 Hyperopia, 1024 Hyperplasia, 1047 Hyperpolarization, 815 Hypersexuality, 1441 Hyperthermia, 1619 Hyperthyroidism, 1639 Hypertrophy, 1047 Hypnagogic hallucinations, 1475, 1716 Hypnagogic imagery, 1470 Hypnagogic reverie, 538 Hypnagogic state, 417 Hypnopompic reverie, 538 Hypnopompic state, 417 Hypnosis, 418, 767-771, 1039, 1269, 1557, 1716; encoding and, 586; fugue sand, 120; multiple personality disorder and, 1015; pain management and, 1078 Hypnotic hypermnesia, 770 Hypnotic susceptibility, 1717 Hypoactive sexual desire, 1441 Hypochondriasis, 771-777, 782, 1249, 1717 Hypomania, 253 Hypomanic episodes, 991 Hypothalamus, 271, 277, 325, 589, 654, 745, 764, 1029, 1152, 1217, 1617, 1654, 1717 Hypothermia, 1619 Hypotheses, 1717; development and testing, 777, 781; experimentation and, 620; statistical significance and, 1534 Hypothesis-testing theory of concept formation, 399 Hypothetical-deductive reasoning, 41 Hypothyroidism, 1639 Hypovolemic thirst, 1627 Hypoxia, 953 Hysteria, 124, 564, 781-784; grieving and, 696; histrionic personality disorder and, 738 Hysterical blindness, 774 I I/O psychology. See Industrial and organizational psychology Iconic memory, 945, 963, 1717 Id, 21, 504, 544, 563, 568, 574, 576, 1133, 1208, 1212, 1241, 1386, 1651, 1695, 1717 Idealization, 564 Idealized self, 1404, 1717 Ideational apraxia, 868 Identification, 564, 1717 Identity, 1500, 1717; groups and, 710; intimacy and, 852; music, dance, and theater therapies and, 1018; self and, 1388 Identity crisis, 44, 785-789, 1717; midlife versus adolescent, 980 Identity development, codependency and, 341 Identity status paradigm, 786 Ideomotor apraxia, 868 Idiographic psychology, 101 Idiographic research, 760 Idiographic study, 1717 Igumnov, S., 975 Ilg, Frances, 677 Illness, stress and, 11, 1566 Illocutionary intent, 876 Illusions, 1717 Illusory conjunctions, 181 Image, self-presentation and, 1407 Imagery, 213, 367, 414, 1717; encoding and, 585 Imaginal realm, 571 Imaginary, the, 122 Imaginary audience, 42 Imagination, concepts and, 399 Imitation, 1717; media violence and, 1657; misbehavior and, 989; modeling and, 1051 Immature defense mechanisms, 565 Immersive virtual reality, 1664 Immune response, 1717 Immune system; aging and, 85, 90; Alzheimer's disease and, 108; explanatory styles and, 894; stress and, 1557, 1560 Immutable characteristics, 1717 Implantation, 1178 Implicit communication, 1043 Implicit personality theory, 1497 Implosion, 212, 216 Implosion therapy, 1717 Impotence, 1442 Impression management, 1407, 1717 Imprinting, 600, 1717; dyslexia and, 551; learning and, 789-793 Improvisation, theater therapy and, 1019 Impulse control disorders, 793-798; children and, 322 Impulses, 574; inhibitory and excitatory, 813-818 Impulsive rape, 1298 Impulsivity, 263; arousal and, 1071 In-grade-level testing, 7 In-group bias, 1717 In-groups, 1483, 1717; versus out-groups, 1169 In re Joseph E. Lifschutz, MD, on Habeas Corpus, 1803 Inadequacy, misbehavior and, 986 Inappropriate disclosures, 1395 Incentive motivation, 798-802, 1006 Incentives, 1335, 1717; affiliation and, 64; altruism and, 103 Incest taboo, 122 Incompetency, 802-804, 1717; legal requirements, 18 Incongruence, 1109, 1717 Incubation, problem solving and, 1188 Indecent exposure, 1446 Independent variables, 304, 473, 614, 621, 1277, 1376, 1683, 1717 Indirect assistance, 733 Indirect reinforcement, 196 Indirect speech acts, 911 Individual accountability, 1610 Individual family service plan (IFSP), 510, 905 Individual processes, 595 Individual psychology, 34-35, 262, 1209, 1233, 1717; Adler, Alfred, 804-809; misbehavior and, 986 Individual racism, 1287 Individuality, 464 Individualized education programs (IEPs), 510, 685, 905 Individuals, groups and, 706 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, 510-511, 903 Individuation, 160, 861 Indoleamines, 54 Induced compliance, 1403 Induced motion, 502 Induction, 1630, 1717 Inductive reasoning, 913, 1277 Inductive research, 647 Industrial and organizational psychology, 809-813, 1225, 1717 Inequality, intergroup relations and, 844 Inertia, 726 Infant development, emotional expression, 579 Infant sexuality, 1695; Oedipus complex and, 1064 Inferences, thought and, 1630 Inferential statistics, 474, 1533, 1684 Inferiority complex, 34-35, 66, 805, 1006, 1209 Inflection, 1718 Influence, decision making and, 700 Information; decision making and, 481; gathering, 1188; overload, 662; processing model, 1718; transmission, 814 Information processing, 366, 393, 423; advertising and, 57; aging and, 79; attention and, 179; existential psychology and, 611; forgetting and, 660; intelligence and, 831; lateralization and, 1520; memory and, 1455; model, 1718; motivation and, 1004; parallel versus serial, 9; pattern recognition and, 1097; sensory, 867; sensory memory and, 963; systems, 1634; theory of concept formation, 399 Information-providing methods of teaching, 1608 Information retrieval, 1189; cognitive maps and, 364 Informational influence, 61, 700 Informational support, 439 Informed consent, 1333; contracts, 616; incompetency and, 802 Infrasound, 1417 Ingratiation, self-presentation and, 1407 Inhelder, Barbel, 40, 668 Inhibited sexual desire, 1441 Inhibitions; reduction, 73; social learning theory and, 1489 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), 815 Inhibitory stimulus, 815 Initial hierarchies, 1353 Initial interviews, 1122 Initiating structure, leadership and, 888 Initiation rituals, 45 Inkster, James, 360 Innate, 1718 Innate behavior, 602, 717 Innate hierarchies, 1353 Innate language-acquisition device (LAD), 879 Innate reflexes, 1312 Inner speech, 881 Inquiry-oriented methods of teaching, 1608 Insanity, 928, 1718 Insanity defense, 16, 657, 818-819 Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, 19, 819 Insecure attachment, 1001 Insight, 1267, 1718; learning and, 562 Insight meditation, 942 Insomnia, 819-823, 1475, 1718 Instinct theory, 823-827, 1660 Instinctive drift, 825 Instincts, 574, 605, 1718; bonding, 175; personality and, 1695; sexual behavior and, 1439 Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy, 1303 Institute for Reality Therapy, 1309 Institute for Sexual Research, 870 Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), 140 Institutional racism, 468, 1287, 1718 Institutional review board (IRB), 615, 1333 Institutionalization; law and, 16; legal requirements, 18 Instone, Debra, 889 Instructions, rules and, 1350 Instrumental aggression, 1718 Instrumental avoidance learning, 1603 Instrumental conditioning, 249, 897, 1319, 1603, 1718; learning and, 896; phobias and, 1141 Instrumental responses, 1354 Instrumentality, 1700; gender stereotypes and, 1433 Insulin shock therapy, 931 Intake interviews, 1122 Intake process, 410 Integration, 1718; multiple personality disorder and, 1015 Integrity, 573, 635 Intellectual giftedness, 682 Intellectual operations, 830 Intellectualization, 564 Intelligence, 827-832, 1718; Binet-Simon scale and, 1530; cognitive psychology and, 367; cognitive theories, 9; creativity and, 456, 459, 461; dyslexia and, 551; evolutionary psychology and, 606; forms, 82; language and, 880; measurement, 6; mental retardation and, 974; types, 6 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 5, 627, 828, 832-833, 1282, 1530, 1622, 1681, 1718; bilingualism and, 246; giftedness and, 681; learning disorders and, 902; mental retardation and, 974 Intelligence tests, 40, 138, 292, 317, 810, 834-838, 1621, 1680; age-scale principle, 5; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 184; birth order and, 260; college entrance examinations and, 383; giftedness and, 681; Piaget, Jean, and, 1150 Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS), 171 Intensity, 1718 Intensity patterns, vision and, 1095 Intentionality, 755 Inter-scorer reliability, 174 Interactional family therapy, 1541 Interactionism, 1229 Interactionist theories of language, 880 Interactions, 390; transactional analysis and, 1650 Intercourse; painful, 1444; premarital, 48 Interdependence, self-disclosure and, 1397 Interest Determination, Exploration, and Assessment System (IDEAS), 839 Interest inventories, 838-842, 1718 Interest tests, 295 Interference, 624, 660, 1718 Intergroup conflict, 652 Intergroup relations, 842-847 Intermediate cortex, 271 Intermittent explosive disorder, 793 Intermittent reinforcement, 1320, 1718 Internal attributions, 306 Internal-consistency reliability, 174 Internal frame of reference, 1108 Internal locus of control, 1128, 1248 Internal motivation theory, 1069 Internal validity, 1718 Internalizing disorders, 1256 International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1774 International Association of Applied Psychology, 1774 International Association of Eating Disorders Professionals, 1776 International Association of Psychosocial Rehabilitation Services, 1774 International Center for Genetic Epistemology, 1150 International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 521, 847-849 International Committee Against Mental Illness, 1774 International Ergonomics Association, 1774 International General Medical Society for Psychotherapy, 862 International Institute of Stress, 1411 International Psychoanalytic Association, 128, 861, 1205 International Psychoanalytic Societies, 1205 International Psychogeriatric Association, 1769 International School Psychology Association, 1774 International Society for Mental Health Online, 1770 International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1770 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 1774 International Society of Political Psychology, 1774 International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP), 1774 International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, 1770 International Statistical Institute (IST), 848 International Union of Psychological Science, 1774 Internet psychology, 849-852 Internet support groups, 440 Interneurons, 1033, 1311, 1336, 1718 Interpersonal attraction, 196 Interpersonal power, 1407 Interpersonal psychology, 1209 Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), 496 Interpersonal relationships, 37, 808; couples therapy and, 451 Interpersonal skills, intelligence and, 830 Interpersonal values, cultural competence and, 467 Interpretation, 566, 1266; sensation and, 1413 Interpretive stage, 637 Interquartile range, 472 Interrater reliability, 1055, 1718 Interrupted tape studies, 879 Interval scales of measurement, 469 Interval schedules, 403, 1320, 1718 Intervals, class, 470 Intervention, domestic violence and, 532 Interview strategies, personality assessment and, 1121 Interviews, 513, 1592; behavioral therapy and, 228; diagnostic, 518 Intimacy, 633, 852-855; adolescent, 48; codependency and, 342; histrionic personality disorder and, 739; isolation versus, 572; jealousy and, 858; nonverbal communication and, 1044; self-disclosure and, 1395 Intimidation, self-presentation and, 1408 Intonation, 878 Intracranial self-stimulation, 800 Intraoccular rings, 1027 Intrapersonal pathology, 531 Intrinsic motivation, 27, 1404, 1524, 1700, 1718; intelligence and, 831 Intrinsic neurons, 1033 Intrinsic religious orientation, 1322, 1328 Introjection, 564, 575 Introspection, 370, 1375, 1571, 1718 Introversion, 66, 127, 855-857, 861, 1127, 1209; extroversion and, 627 Intrusiveness, intimacy versus, 1396 Intuiting, 127 Inventories, personality, 1130 Invertebrates, endocrine systems, 588 Inverted projection, 1199 Investigative psychology (IP), 1196 Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS), 172 Irradiation, 1718 Irrational beliefs, 152, 576; religion and, 1325; rules and, 1351 Irrationality, 1300; decision making and, 481; intergroup theories and, 843 Irresistible impulse rule, 17, 819 Isaacs, F. S., 578 Isaacs, Wayne, 1066 Isms, 1171 Isolation, 564, 633; intimacy versus, 572 Itard, Jean-Marc-Gaspard, 1053 Izard, Carroll, 580, 630 J J. B. O'Connor v. Kenneth Donaldson, 1804 J. K. v. Eden, 1810 Jac, Demick, 597 Jack the Ripper, 1195 Jacklin, Carol, 345 Jackson, Don, 1541 Jackson, Douglas, 294, 1131 Jackson, John Hughlings, 1037, 1523 Jacobs, Gerald A., 1531 Jacobson, Edmund, 249, 941 Jacobson, Lenore, 1007, 1498 Jakobson, Roman, 123 James, Leon, 1344 James, William, 179, 211, 416, 561, 586, 629, 659, 808, 918, 943, 961, 1221, 1224, 1231, 1316, 1325, 1386, 1399, 1409, 1439, 1454, 1572, 1629, 1670, 1796 James Carter v. General Motors Corp. (Chev. Gear & Axle), 1802 James-Lange theory, 630 James Parham v. J. R. et. al, 1805 Jamison, Kay R., 1274 Jane Doe v. Joan Roe, M.D. & Peter Poe, Ph.D., 1805 Janet, Pierre, 808, 1270 Janis, Irving, 700, 1552 Janowsky, David, 55 Japan, adolescence in, 46 Japanese Psychological Association, 1774 Jaques, Elliott, 981 Jauregg, Julius Wagner von, 674 Jealous delusional disorder, 1081 Jealousy, 858-861; projection and, 1200 Jean Piaget Society (JPS), 1770 Jellen, Hans, 461 Jenkins Activity Survey, 1654 Jenkins, C. David, 1654 Jenkins, Herbert, 1184 Jenkins, James, 560 Jensen, Arthur R., 8, 1282 Jessen, Raymond, 1359 Jet lag, 327 Jewell, Linda, 811 Jigsaw, 1610 Jigsaw learning, 430 Job analysis, 751, 812 Job aptitude tests, 676 Job design, 810 Job enrichment, motivation and, 1702 John Rennie v. Klein, 1806 Johnnie K. Baxstrom v. Herold, 1803 Johnson, David, 1019, 1609 Johnson, Robert, 465 Johnson, Roger, 1609 Johnson, Virginia E., 935-936, 1440, 1698, 1797 Johnson, Wendell, 1575 Johnson-Laird, Philip, 1633 Jones, Edward, 1136, 1407, 1496, 1498 Jones, James M., 1287 Jones, Mary Cover, 1256 Jones, R. K., 1522 Jones, Randall, 787 Jordan, Dale R., 551 Joseph Vitek v. Larry D. Jones, 1806 Jouissance, 123 Jourard, Sidney, 1395 Julesz, Bela, 500 Julie Roy v. Renatus Hartogs, M.D., 1804 Jung, Carl G., 126, 129, 160, 861-862, 1131, 1208, 1233, 1394, 1797; development, 504; dreams, 539, 541; introversion and extroversion and, 855; midlife crisis, 981; motivation, 66; Murray, Henry A. and, 1016, 1137; religion and, 1330; self and, 1386 Juries, 884 Justice, intergroup relations and, 844 Justice in Mental Health Organization, 1770 Justice system; eyewitness testimony and, 625; psychology and, 656 Juvenile delinquency, 47, 862-865; antisocial personality disorder and, 148 Juvenile Parkinsonism, 1090 K Kagan, Jerome, 1388, 1458 Kahlbaum, Karl, 1081 Kahn, William A., 76 Kahneman, Daniel, 211, 370, 480, 1497 Kaimowitz v. Michigan Dept. of Mental Health, 1804 Kako, Edward, 876 Kalish, Richard, 477 Kallmann, Franz J., 1372 Kamen, Leslie, 894 Kamin, Leon, 627, 1285 Kandel, Eric R., 715, 897, 900, 948, 952, 959, 1313 Kanner, Leo, 204 Kant, Immanuel, 357, 412, 421, 1186, 1229 Kaplan, Harold, 1123 Kaplan, Helen Singer, 1441 Karpman, Benjamin, 149 Kasper, Siegfried, 1382 Kastenbaum, Robert J., 447-448, 477 Katz, Irwin, 1287 Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), 173 Kegel exercises, enuresis and, 226 Keller, Helen, 685, 867 Kelley, Harold, 307, 1496 Kelley, Truman, 829 Kelly, George A., 866-867, 990, 1113, 1133, 1797 Kendall, Philip, 186 Kendrick, Carol, 1462 Kennedy, John F., 388 Kennedy, Melinda, 68 Kenneth Donaldson v. J. B. O'Connor, 1804 Kerlinger, Fred, 1121 Kerner Commission Report of 1968, 1286 Kety, Seymour, 1372 Key values, 886 Kibbutzim, 45 Kierkegaard, Søren, 610, 757 Kilbride, Thomas, 112 Kimble, Gregory A., 1318 Kin selection model of homosexuality, 741 Kindling, 253 Kinesics, 1043 Kinesthetic, 1719 Kinesthetic imprinting, 552 Kinesthetic memory, 867-870 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1172 Kinnebrook, David, 1636 Kinsey, Alfred, 86, 513, 743, 870-871, 1593, 1797 Kinship, affiliation and, 65 Kismet (artificial intelligence), 170 Kitayama, Shinobu, 1389 Klasen, Edith, 554 Klein, Donald, 93 Klein, Melanie, 712, 1158 Kleitman, Nathaniel, 328, 1473 Kleptomania, 793 Klerman, Gerald, 496 Kline, Paul, 457 Klineberg, Otto, 578, 1175 Klotz, M. L., 1258 Kluckhohn, Clyde, 1017, 1133 Kluckholm, Richard, 45 Knight, James, 712 Knott, David H., 99 Knowledge; language and, 882; reasoning and, 915 Knox, Robert, 360 Kobasa, Suzanne, 436, 444, 1561, 1566 Koch, August, 149 Koelling, Robert, 1606 Koenig, Harold G., 450, 734 Koestler, Arthur, 969 Koffka, Kurt, 1224, 1232 Kohlberg, Lawrence, 357, 667, 686, 736, 998, 1688, 1797 Köhler, Wolfgang, 650, 1194, 1224, 1232 Kohut, Heinz, 1387 Kojéve, Alexandre, 124 Koop, C. Everett, 722 Korchin, Sheldon, 1198 Koretz, Jane F., 1025 Korner, Anneliese, 1199 Korsakoff, Sergei, 961 Korsakoff's syndrome, 97, 492, 659, 1719 Kovacs, Maria, 323, 332 Kovel, Joel, 1287 Kraepelin, Emil, 497, 871-872, 931, 995, 1081, 1236, 1252, 1274, 1364, 1373, 1384, 1797 Krannich, Ronald L., 301 Kraut, Robert, 630 Kroger, Jane, 785 Kruschwitz, Stanley V., 77 Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 448, 476, 697 Kuder, G. Frederic, 842, 873 Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS), 293, 840, 872-874 Kulik, James, 561, 968 Külpe, Oswald, 414, 1221, 1571 Kurdek, Lawrence A., 1538 L L'Abate, Luciano, 1543 Labels, prejudice and, 1171 LaBerge, Stephen, 539 Labor, birth and, 256 Laboratories, experimentation and, 613 Labov, William, 363 Lacan, Jacques, 875-876, 1797 Laing, R. D., 609, 757, 1587 Laird, James, 630 Lamaze, Ferdinand, 257 Lamaze method, 257 Lambert, Wallace, 247 Lamplugh, Diane, 76 Lamson, Ralph, 1665 Landmarks, 364 Landy, David, 884 Lang, Peter, 153, 214 Lange, Carl, 630 Langer, Ellen J., 723, 1547 Langer, Walter, 1195 Langewisch, M. W., 795 Language, 691, 876-883; aphasia and, 154; bilingualism and, 243; cognitive psychology and, 367; dyslexia and, 551; evolutionary psychology, 607; Lacan, Jacques, 121, 875; lateralization and, 1521; legal testimony and, 887; linguistics and, 907; play and, 1156; preparedness and, 1185; sexism and, 1434; Skinner, B. F., 1293; social learning theory and, 1489; speech perception and, 1516 Language acquisition, 693; developmental disabilities and, 511; Down syndrome and, 536 Lanzetta, John, 630 Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 1130 Large groups, 708 Larson, John, 1344 Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), 1027 Laser thermokeratoplasty, 1027 Lashley, Karl, 266, 946, 950, 961, 1231 Laszlo, Judith, 867 Latan, Bibb, 148, 284, 465, 779 Latency, 1719 Latency stage, 569, 1213, 1242, 1697 Latent content, 1719 Latent learning, 361 Later-born children, 260 Lateral geniculate nucleus, 1719 Lateral thinking, 1611 Laterality, 1719 Lateralization, 272, 279, 1520; language acquisition and, 245 Latham, Gary, 1702 Law; confidentiality and, 410; psychology and, 883-888; sexual variations and, 1448 Law of closure, 1413 Law of common fate, 1413 Law of Effect, 236, 402, 629, 896, 1294, 1317, 1719 Law of equipotentiality, 1605 Law of exercise, 1629 Law of good continuation, 1413 Law of large numbers, 1533 Law of nearness, 1413 Law of readiness, 1629 Law of similarity, 1413 Law of the Father, 122 Laws of probability, 1533 Lawton, M. Powell, 597 Lazarus, Arnold, 1268 Lazarus, Richard, 434, 443, 447, 724, 1548, 1550, 1565 Leadership, 888-892; groups and, 708 Leakage, 1719 Learned defensive mechanisms, 483 Learned drives, 1354 Learned helplessness, 218, 308, 892-895, 899, 1248, 1719; depression and, 332; domestic violence and, 530; learning and, 896; stress and, 1547, 1551 Learned insomnia, 820 Learned needs theory, 26 Learned responses, prejudice and, 1177 Learned variability, 900 Learning, 559, 895-902, 1030, 1051, 1219, 1607, 1719; animal experimentation and, 136; cognition and, 80; conditioning and, 400, 1101; cooperative, 430; ethology and, 602; gender identity and, 667; habituation and sensitization, 714; hormones and, 591; imprinting and, 789; Internet-based, 850; kinesthetic memory and, 867; memory and, 661, 918, 945, 950, 956, 1457; misbehavior and, 989; motivation and, 798, 1004; neurons and, 1034; performance versus, 362, 1489; Piaget, Jean, and, 1150; preparedness and, 1183; psychopathology and, 1237; reflexes and, 1311; rules and, 1350; S-R theory and, 1353; Thorndike, Edward L., 1629 Learning disabilities, imprinting and, 791 Learning Disabilities Association of America, 1776 Learning disorders, 318, 902-905 Learning theory, 235, 360, 531, 1239, 1257; antisocial behavior and, 1119; Bandura, Albert and, 217; language and, 878; phobias and, 1141; schizophrenia, 1371; senses and, 1418 Leary, Mark, 1409 Leary, Timothy, 720 Least-preferred coworker scale, 888 Le Bon, Gustave, 463, 1435 Lecky, Prescott, 1394 Lectures, 1608 Left brain hemisphere, 272, 1520; aphasia and, 155 Legal competency, 15 Legal defenses, battered women, 219 Legal system; incompetency and, 802; juvenile delinquency and, 863; parental alienation syndrome and, 1084 Legislation; child abuse, 311; experimentation and, 615; industrial and organizational psychology and, 812 Lehrman, Daniel, 1437 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 412, 1229 Leisure; retirement and, 1342; sports and, 1527 Lenneberg, Eric, 693 Leopold, Werner, 246 Lepper, Mark, 622, 1405 Lerner, Harriet Goldhor, 1693 Lerner, Melvin, 202 Lesbians. See Homosexuality Lesieur, Henry, 794 Lesions, 265, 1719; neuropsychology and, 1035 Leucine enkephalin, 592 Leucotomy, 266, 1251 Levels-of-analysis model of memory, 967 Levels-of-processing model of memory, 918, 1719 Levels of thinking, 1608 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 123 Levine, Charles, 785 Levine, Robert, 648 Levinson, Daniel, 979 Levitt, Eugene, 332 Levy, Jere, 1521 Lewin, Kurt, 429, 598, 650, 808, 906, 1007, 1486, 1510, 1798 Lewinsohn, Peter, 332 Lewis, Helen, 713 Lewis, Laurie, 1433 Lewis, Michael, 1388 Lewy body disease, 489 Lexical decision tasks, 967 Lexical semantics, 876 Li, Choh, 1075 Liberman, Alvin M., 1518 Libido, 65, 121, 127, 150, 504, 1106, 1208, 1241, 1719; introversion and extroversion and, 856 Lidz, Theodore, 1370 Lie detection, 582; emotional expression and, 579 Life cycle, identity crises and, 788 Life expectancy, 83 Life instinct, 1005 Life scripts, 1650 Life space, 650 Life structures, midlife crisis and, 979 Lifespan, 83; theory, 1106 Lifestyle; consumer psychology and, 424; diseases, 722; postpartum depression and, 1162 Light therapy, 1383 Likelihood estimation, 480 Likert, Rensis, 1393, 1595 Likert scales, 1130, 1171, 1595 Liking, love and, 62 Lima, Pedro A., 1252 Limbic system, 271, 277, 1030, 1217, 1719; psychosurgery and, 1253 Limen, 1466 Limitations of data, 165 Lindemann, Erich, 475, 525, 696 Lindsley, Donald, 1338 Lindsley, Ogden, 230 Lindzey, Gardner, 760 Linehan, Marsha M., 264, 1120 Linguistic determinism, 881 Linguistic lateralization pattern, 880 Linguistic relativity, 693, 881; hypothesis, 1719 Linguistic universals, 907 Linguistics, 695, 906-913, 1719; logic and, 1632 Linton, Marigold, 968 Liotti, Gianni, 352 Lipids, 1719 Lippmann, Walter, 1435 Lips, touch and, 1642 Lipsitt, Lewis, 1316 Liptak, John, 301 Lithium, 55, 548 Lithium carbonate, 1719 Little Hans, 1144 Live modeling, 1051 Lobbying, 114 Lobotomy, 55, 73, 266, 931, 1218, 1251; brain specialization and, 273 Localizationism, 265 Lochman, John, 77 Loci, 920 Loci method, 1719 Locke, Don, 969 Locke, Edwin, 1702 Locke, John, 412, 801, 1186 Lockhart, Robert, 918, 967 Lockheed, Marilane, 382 Locomotion, 651 Locus of control, 27, 1127, 1248, 1562, 1719 Lodge concept of prevention programs, 387 Loebner Prize Competition, 169 Loewald, Hans, 713 Loewen, James, 383 Loewi, Otto, 541, 1598 Lofquist, Lloyd, 293-294 Loftus, Elizabeth, 79, 369, 624, 779, 919, 1632 Logic, 40, 79, 913-917; attribution and, 201; decision making and, 700; formal operations stage and, 355; private, 806; problem solving and, 1191 Logic Theorist (artificial intelligence program), 168 Logical inferences, 1630 Logical positivism, 1233 Long, Howard, 1285 Long-term incubation, 484 Long-term memory, 78, 367, 585, 660, 917-921, 945, 954, 1454, 1634, 1719; sensory memory and, 963 Long-term potentiation, 1034 Longitudinal research designs, 514 Longitudinal study, 1719 Looking-glass self, 1390 Loomis, A. L., 1473 Loose associations, schizophrenia and, 1362 Lorenz, Konrad, 600, 790, 922-923, 1006, 1439 Loss; divorce and, 1420; grieving and, 696 Lotka, Alfred, 484 Loudness, 1719 Lovaas, Ivar, 206, 1053, 1068 Love, 633, 923-927; attraction and, 196; guilt and, 712; intimacy and, 854; liking and, 62 Love at first sight, 1397 Low birth weight, 259 Low revealers, 1396 Low self-esteem, 1399 LSD. See Lysergic acid diethylamide Lubin, Bernard, 332 Luchins, Abraham, 1193 Lucid dreams, 539 Lucy, John, 881 Lunacy, 928 Lunatic asylums, 928 Lunneborg, Clifford E., 9 Luria, Aleksandr, 268, 271, 304, 1038, 1600 Luria, S. E., 1283 Luria-Nebraska battery, 1036 Lurking (Internet), 850 Lushene, Robert, 1531 Lyerly, J. G., 1252 Lykken, David, 147 Lynch mobs, 465 Lyons, Henry, 738 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 413, 719 M McAdams, Dan, 1390 McAllister, Ronald, 646 MacArthur Competency Assessment Tools, 803 McBride, K. E., 1523 McCall, William A., 1280 McCarley, Robert, 540 McCarthy, Diane, 1465 McClelland, David, 26, 1138 McClelland, J. L., 882 Maccoby, Eleanor, 345 McConahay, John B., 1288 McCrae, P. T., Jr., 856 McCrae, R. R., 1131 McDaniels, Carl, 298 McDougall, William, 824, 1232, 1439 McGinty, D. J., 1338 McGregor, Douglas, 756, 1393 McGuire, William, 191 Mach, Ernst, 1670; Skinner, B. F., and, 1294 Mach bands, 1670 McKay, Matthew, 76 McKinley, J. C., 294, 984 McKinley, Nita, 345 MacKinnon, Donald, 682 McKoon, Gail, 969 Mackworth clock, 1465 MacLean, Paul, 270 Macleit, Uwe, 1175 McMillan, James H., 172 McNally, Richard, 1186 McNamara, Timothy, 364 MacNichol, Edward F., 1673 Macroallocation decisions, 616 McVeigh, Timothy, 72 Madanes, Cloe, 1541 Madness, historical concepts, 928-935 Magendi, François, 1230 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 268 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 268 Magnification, 378, 495 Magnitude estimation, 1719 Mahler, Margaret, 1386 Mahoney, Michael, 352 Maier, Normal R. F., 1193 Maier, Steven F., 895-896 Main effect, 1719 Mainstreaming, 432 Maintaining conditions, 228 Maintenance rehearsal, 1454 Major depressive disorder, 991 Major depressive episode, 1719 Maladaptation, general adaptation syndrome and, 673 Maladaptive behavior, 405, 1065 Maladaptive denial, 492 Maladjustment, community psychology and, 385 Malan, Daniel, 283 Male norms, 348; feminist psychotherapy and, 642; language and, 1434; women and, 1691 Male stereotypes, 1433 Malingering, 1245 Malnutrition, eating disorders and, 558 Maltreatment, 311 Management, self-actualization and, 1393 Management by objectives (MBO), 1702 Managers, 751 Mania, 54, 933, 1719 Maniaco-melancholicus, 995 Manic-depression, 252, 548, 995, 1274. See also Bipolar disorder Manic-depressive psychosis, 872 Manic episodes, 991 Manic grandiosity, 252 Manifest content, 1720 Manipulated variables, 389 Mann, Horace, 111 Mann, James, 283 Mann, Leon, 465 Manning, Maurice, 748 Manque, 122 Mapping, automaticity and, 209 Maratsos, Michael, 882 Marcia, James, 785, 1387 Marcus Aurelius, 1299 Marecek, Jeanne, 1690 Margin of error, 472 Marijuana Anonymous, 1779 Marital counseling, domestic violence and, 532 Marital dissatisfaction, midlife crisis and, 981 Marks, William B., 1673 Markus, Hazel, 1388 Markwardt, Frederick C., 1104 Marland definition of giftedness, 682 Marland, Sidney, 682 Marriage, 451; retirement and, 1342; separation and divorce and, 1420 Marriage therapy; divorce and, 1421; reality therapy and, 1308 Marsh, Cody, 703 Martin, Lenny, 631 Martin, Roy, 1181 Marx, Karl, 666; Fromm, Erich, and, 1503 Masculine protest, 806, 1720; penis envy and, 1106 Maskelyne, Nevil, 1636 Maslow, Abraham, 23, 58, 65, 756, 760, 808, 943, 1006, 1133, 1137, 1224, 1234, 1330, 1387, 1391, 1506, 1701, 1798 Masochism, 1106, 1296, 1446, 1692 Mason, John, 1565 Mass action, 951 Mass communication, 56 Mass hypnosis, 464 Mass-to-specific development, 1009 Massed practice, 751 Master motive, 1322 Masters, William H., 935-936, 1440, 1698, 1798 Mastery, 443, 875; identity crises and, 787; learning, 1610; orientation, 27 Masturbation, 1446 Matching phenomenon, attraction and, 197 Maternal deprivation, 1304 Maternal imprinting, 790 Maternity blues, 1162 Mathematics disorder, 318, 902 Matheny, Laura, 882 Mating behavior, endocrine system and, 590 Mating systems, sexual behavior and, 1437 Matlin, Margaret, 964 Maturation, 1278, 1720 Mature mechanisms, 565 Maultsby, Maxie C., Jr., 350, 1299 May, Rollo, 77, 608, 756, 1387, 1394 Mayo, Elton, 1702 Mayo, Julia, 731 Mead, George Herbert, 1390, 1400, 1409, 1588 Mead, Margaret, 46, 647, 826 Mean, 471, 1720 Mean world syndrome, 1658 Meaning, 421; apperception and, 1625; consciousness and, 414; grammar and, 692; health and, 1161; language and, 876, 910; memory and, 662; midlife crisis and, 979; nonverbal communication and, 1042; pattern and, 1094 Means-ends analysis, 1188, 1192 Measurement; attitude-behavior consistency and, 188; intelligence, 829, 834; personality and, 1130; signal detection theory and, 1463 Measures; central tendency, 469, 471; variability, 469, 472 Measuring, 172 Mecca, Andrew M., 98 Mechanoreceptors, 1641, 1720 Méconnaissance, 122 Media; ageism and, 68; archival data and, 165; prejudice and, 1175; violence and, 1657 Media psychology, 936-941 Media Psychology Research Institute (MPRI), 937 Median, 471 Mediation, divorce and, 1420 Medical decision-making capacity, 802 Medical model, 1720 Medical model of helping, 736 Medical technology, death and, 478 Medicated childbirth, 258 Medicine, Internet-based, 851 Meditation, 249, 418, 941-944, 1557 Mednick, Sarnoff, 1182, 1366 Medulla, 271, 275 Medulla oblongata, 1720 Mehrabian, Albert, 1042 Meichenbaum, Donald, 24, 76, 350, 1256, 1299, 1798 Meissner's corpuscles, 1642 Melamed, Barbara, 214, 1054 Melancholy, 495 Melanchthon, Philipp, 1220 Melatonin, 746, 1720; bipolar disorders and, 253; seasonal affective disorder, and, 1382 Melzack, Ronald, 1074, 1078 Memory, 40, 421, 945-949, 1720; amnesia and, 118; animal research, 949-954; attitude-behavior consistency and, 189; brain and, 1217; cognitive psychology and, 367; computers and, 395; consciousness and, 416, 755; deficits and disorders, 1456; dementia and, 487; dreams and, 539; dyslexia and, 551; emotional expression and, 630; empirical studies, 954-957; encoding and, 585; experiments, 1686; eyewitness testimony and, 624, 780; forgetting and, 659; hormones and, 591; hypnosis and, 418; identity and, 124; intelligence and, 5; interrupted tasks, 650; learning versus, 950; mediation and, 80; modalities, 867; pattern vision and, 1098; physiology, 958-962; problem solving and, 1191; reality and, 893; reflexes and, 1311; repressed, 1015; sensory, 962-966; Shereshevskii, 304; social schemata and, 1507; spatial, 362; storage, 624, 966-970; testing, 1635; thought and, 1634. See also Long-term memory; Short-term memory Men, parenting and, 1086 Meninges, 275 Menninger, Karl, 1798 Menninger, William, 113 Mental age, 1530 Mental capacity, incompetency and, 802 Mental disorder, terminology, 930 Mental health practitioners, 970-974 Mental health services, 730; disaster psychology and, 524; trauma and, 1166 Mental hospitals, 928; Dix, Dorothea, 528; history of American, 111; Pinel, Philippe, 1151; regulation, 112 Mental illness, 1235; functional, 54; incompetency and, 803; law and, 656; legal definitions, 17; organic, 54 Mental processes, 1633 Mental quotient, 832 Mental representations, 354 Mental Research Institute (MRI), 1541 Mental retardation, 317, 902, 974-979; developmental disabilities versus, 507; Down syndrome and, 535; incompetency and, 803; Stanford-Binet scale and, 1530 Mental set, 1193 Mental states, 1221 Mental status examinations, 336, 1122 Mentalism, behaviorism versus, 1292 Mentoring, gifted students and, 684 Menzel, Emil W., 362 Mercaptans, 1482 Mere exposure, 1720; attraction and, 197 Merikle, Phil, 963 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 611, 757 Merriam, Sharan, 969 Merrill, Maude, 6 Mescaline, 413, 720 Mesibov, Gary, 206 Mesmer, Franz, 418, 770 Mesulam, M.-M., 156 Meta-analysis, 942, 1262, 1720 Metabolism, 1638; aging and, 84 Metacognition, 41, 560; memory and, 969; processes, 1608 Metamemory, 367, 414, 947 Metaphor, 123; synesthesia and, 1601 Metastasis, 1720 Metempsychosis, 162 Methionine enkephalin, 592 Metonymy, 123 Meyer, Adolf, 930, 1587 Michael, Jack, 1067 Michael Jones v. U.S., 1808 Micromomentary expressions, 579 Midbrain, 1217, 1720 Midlife, retirement and, 1342 Midlife crises, 127, 132, 788, 979-982, 1720 Midtown Manhattan study, 1049, 1170 Midwives, 257 Milan systemic family therapy, 1541 Mild cognitive impairment, 82 Milgram, Stanley, 618 Mill, John Stuart, 1229 Miller, George, 168, 1234, 1455 Miller, Jean Baker, 1699 Miller, Kim, 1498 Miller, Marian, 885 Miller, Neal E., 248, 982-983, 1005, 1052, 1353, 1798 Miller, Norma Reno, 300 Miller, Norman, 735, 1175 Miller, Suzanne, 1548 Miller, Thomas, 1262 Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI), 803 Mills, Judson, 737 Milner, Peter, 800 Mimicry, 484 Mind; body and, 1557; brain and, 1038, 1216; psychoanalysis and, 1202; psychology and, 1221; psychosomatic disorders and, 1246 Mind-body problem, 1720 Mindfulness, 942 Mineka, Susan, 152, 1144 Mineralocorticoids, 53, 1720 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 109, 490 Minimization, 378, 495 Minnesota Couples Communication Program, 454 Minnesota Importance Questionnaire (MIQ), 294 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 983-985, 1131 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory II (MMPI-2), 294, 337 Minnesota Vocational Interests Inventory (MVII), 840 Minority groups, intelligence tests and, 8 Minuchin, Salvador, 143, 1258 Mirror stage, 121, 875 Misattribution, 661, 1720 Misbehavior, 985-989 Mischel, Walter, 190, 667, 990, 1133, 1798 Miscomprehension, advertising and, 58 Mitchell, Stephen, 713 Mitler, Merrill, 822 Mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS), panic attacks and, 93 Mixed designs, 1378 Mixed episodes, 991 Mixed sleep apnea (MSA), 1475 M'Naghten test, 15, 656, 818 Mnemonic techniques, 920 Mnemonics, 662, 1720 Modalities, 570, 867; sensory memory and, 963 Mode, 471 Model Penal Code test, 819 Modeling, 23, 350, 1267; behavior and, 983; groups and, 1589; learning and, 1354; symbolic, 1489 Modeling therapies, 230; observational learning and, 1050, 1055 Models, learning and, 1354 Moderation Management Network, 1779 Modus ponens, 914 Modus tollens, 914 Monahan, John, 18 Money, John, 1446 Mongolism, 534 Monism, 1216 Monitoring, 1065 Monkeys, 178, 1438 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 55, 547, 993, 1720 Monoamines, 1720 Monocular depth cues, 500, 1720 Monogamy, 1437; jealousy and, 859 Monolingualism, 245 Monosynaptic reflexes, 1310, 1720 Monotic, 1720 Montagu, Ashley, 1282 Monte Durham v. U.S., 1802 Montvilo, Robin, 68 Mood, helping and, 733 Mood congruent psychotic symptoms, 1274 Mood disorders, 990-997; eating disorders and, 556; postpartum depression and, 1163 Mood Disorders Support Group, 1779 Mood incongruent psychotic symptoms, 1274 Mood-stabilizing drugs, 548 Moore, Gary T., 595 Moos, Rudolf, 435 Moral development, 997-1000; Dix, Dorothea, 528; Gilligan, Carol, 686; helping and, 736 Moral Judgement Interview (MJI), 1689 Moral model of helping, 736 Moral psychology, Carol Gilligan and, 1687 Moral responsibility system, 561 Moral treatment, 1151 Morality; play and, 1156; reality tharapy and, 1306 Morals, experimentation and, 616 Moratorium, identity crises and, 786; status, 787 Moreno, Jacob, 703 Morgan, C. D., 1017 Morgan, C. Lloyd, 1572 Morgan, Christiana, 1138 Morgan, W. A., 553 Morganstern, Kenneth P., 1123 Moro reflex, 1316 Morphemes, 692, 876, 909, 1720 Morphine, 592 Morphogenic research, 760 Morphology, 876, 908, 1720; language, 692 Morris, Desmond, 1044 Morrison, Frederick, 965 Morrison, Randall, 233 Mortality, 573, 979 Mosaicism, 535 Mother archetype, 162 Mothers; fathers versus, 639; relationship with children, 606, 1000-1004, 1696 Motion; pattern recognition and, 1093; perception, 498, 501-502; vision and, 1096 Motion-picture violence; aggression and, 77 Motivation, 391, 1004-1008, 1622, 1625-1626, 1720; biological factors, 1626; brief therapy and, 283; decision making and, 480; drives and, 543; humanistic psychology and, 756; incentive, 798; instincts and, 825; interest and, 839; opponent process theory, 716; pain and, 1074; personality and, 1133; reinforcement and, 1318; self-perception theory and, 1404; sports psychology and, 1524; testing and, 836; work, 1700 Motivation theory of arousal, 1069 Motor coordination disorders, 318 Motor development, 1008-1012; kinesthetic memory and, 867 Motor functions, schizophrenia risk and, 1367 Motor logic, 869 Motor neurons, 1720 Motor theory of speech perception, 1518 Motor tics, 1646 Mourning, 696 Mouton, Jane, 892 Movement, emotions and, 1018 Mowrer, O. Hobart, 151 Mullany, Pat, 1195 Mullen, Brian, 465, 708, 1177 Müller, Johannes, 1230 Mulley, John C., 977 Multiculturalism, 468; prejudice and, 1172; race and, 1288 Multimodal behavior therapy, 1268 Multiphasic tests, 984 Multiple-factor analysis, 297 Multiple intelligences, 460, 830, 838 Multiple Neural Network Learning System (MNNLS), 394 Multiple personality disorder, 22, 118, 1012-1016, 1275, 1720; schizophrenia versus, 1361 Multiple regression, 1378 Multiple Sleep Latency Test, 1476 Multipolar neurons, 1033 Multisensory Teaching Approach (MTA), 868 Multistage cluster sampling, 1359 Multi-store model of memory, 967 Munchausen's syndrome, 783 Münsterberg, Hugo, 1232, 1270 Murphy, Debra, 1131 Murray, Charles, 8, 1282 Murray, Henry, 26, 28, 294, 756, 1016-1017, 1625, 1798 Muscarine, 817 Muscle memory, 869 Muscle spindles, 1644 Musculoskeletal disorders, coping and, 437 Music, synesthesia and, 1601 Music therapy, 1017-1021 Mustin, Rachel Hare, 1690 Mutations, aging and, 89 Mutual exclusivity hypothesis of language, 879 Mutuality, 633 Mutually exclusive hypotheses, 778 MYCIN (artificial intelligence), 171 Myelin, 1034 Myers, David G., 1160 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 132, 1226 Myoclonias, 1470 Myopia, 1024, 1720 Myths, analytical psychology and, 161 Mythseeker, 1666 Myxedema madness, 1639 N Naisbett, John, 300 Nakata, Mizuho, 1253 Nanometer, 1720 Nar-Anon Family Groups, 1779 Narcissism, 124 Narcissistic neurosis, 1039 Narcissistic personality, 38, 739, 1022-1024, 1118 Narcolepsy, 1474-1475, 1478, 1720 Narcotics Anonymous, 1779 Narrative scripts, 57 Narratives, 421 Nasal mucosa, 1417 National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, 1776 National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 254, 1779 National Aphasia Association, 155 National Association for Children of Alcoholics, 1776 National Association for Home Care, 1770 National Association for Human Development, 1770 National Association for the Dually Diagnosed, 1776 National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 1776 National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists, 1770 National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems, 1770 National Association of Psychiatric Treatment Centers for Children, 1770 National Association of School Psychologists, 1770 National Association of Social Workers, 1770 National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, 1771 National Attention Deficit Disorder Association, 1776 National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC), 1195 National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, 1779 National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information, 1779 National Council for Community Behavioral Healthcare, 1771 National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, 1779 National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence, 1779 National Council on Patient Information and Education, 1779 National Depression Survey, 332 National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association, 1776 National Empowerment Center, 1779 National Families in Action, 1779 National Federation of Societies for Clinical Social Work, 1771 National Foundation for Depressive Illness, 1776 National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, 1771 National Hospice Reimbursement Act of 1983, 448 National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities, 1780 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 1780 National Legal Support for Elderly People with Mental Disabilities, 1780 National Mental Health Association, 1764; Information Center, 1780 National Mental Health Consumers' Self Help Clearinghouse, 1780 National Mental Health Services Knowledge Exchange Network, 1780 National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis, 1771 National Resource Center on Homelessness and Mental Illness, 1780 National Self-Help Clearinghouse, 1780 National Society for Autistic Children, 207 Nativism, 1720 Natural childbirth, 257 Natural selection, 1721; ethology and, 600; evolutionary psychology and, 605; love and, 925; preparedness and, 1185 Naturalistic observation, 229, 1055, 1380 Nature-nurture debate, 503, 603; intelligence and, 6 Nearsightedness, 1024-1028 Necrophilia, 1448 Needs, 28, 66, 1721; behavior and, 1137; drive versus, 543; hierarchy, 58; hunger, 762 Needs models of motivation, 1701 Negation, denial and, 491 Negative affect theory, 76 Negative ageism, 67 Negative attributional style, jealousy and, 859 Negative contrast effect, 799 Negative correlation, 1379 Negative distinctiveness, 1483 Negative feedback, 653; homeostasis, 745; hormones and, 1153 Negative identity, 786 Negative punishment, 1067 Negative reinforcement, 1318, 1721. See also Reinforcement Negative responses, 213 Negative schemas, 24 Negative self-esteem cycle, 1400 Negative state relief, 102 Negatively skewed distributions, 471 Neglect, child abuse, 311 Negotiation, 426, 430 Neisser, Ulric, 180, 626, 963, 968 Nelson, Katherine, 878 NEO Personality Inventory, 856 Neobehaviorism, 1233 Neocortex, 271 Neodissociation theory, 767 Neo-Freudian, 1721 Neofunctionalism, 1234 Neologisms, 156; schizophrenia and, 1362 Nerenberg, Arnold, 1344 Nerve impulse, 1721; transport, 54 Nervous system, 653, 1028-1031, 1721; anger and, 133; general adaptation syndrome and, 672; habituation and sensitization, 715; hormones and, 745; memory and, 950, 958; motor development and, 1009; self and, 1388; speech perception and, 1516; synaptic transmission and, 1597 Nestle, P. J., 1048 Networks, 1492 Neugarten, Bernice, 980 Neural signals, 1416 Neuringer, Allen, 896, 900 Neuroactive drugs, 1597 Neurobiologists, 601 Neurocomputing, 394 Neurodes, 394 Neuroendocrine system, 1152 Neurologic damage, developmental disabilities and, 510 Neurologic development, reflexes and, 1316 Neurologic dysfunction, autism and, 205 Neurologist, 1721 Neuromuscular junctions, 1596 Neuron theory of the brain, 1031 Neurons, 271, 274, 813, 1028, 1031-1035, 1219, 1336, 1721; habituation and sensitization and, 715; learning and, 901; memory and, 958; pain and, 1073; pituitary gland and, 1152; reflexes and, 1310; synaptic transmission and, 1595 Neuropeptides, 1030 Neurophysiology, learning disorders and, 904 Neuropsychology, 1035-1038, 1721; memory and, 946, 958; origin of, 1231 Neuropsychopharmacology, 1721 Neuroscience, behavioral, 405 Neurosecretory cells, 588 Neurosis, 933, 1062, 1064, 1721; archetypes and, 161; culture and, 1504; drives and, 1354; guilt and, 711; penis envy and, 1107; psychosexual development and, 1243; repression and, 564; stuttering and, 1577; women and, 1697 Neurotic defenses, 565 Neurotic disorders, 1038-1042 Neurotic psychopathy, 147 Neuroticism, 627; introversion and extroversion and, 856 Neurotics, 124 Neurotransmitters, 14, 54, 547, 715, 745, 815, 951, 1028, 1219, 1238, 1337, 1451, 1596, 1721; depression and, 495; eating disorders and, 143, 556; endorphins and, 592; motivation and, 800; obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 1062; pain and, 1073 Nevill, Doris, 294 New York High Risk Project, 1366 Newborn screening programs, mental retardation and, 978 Newborns; development, 514; reflexes, 1312, 1314 Newell, Allen, 9, 170, 916, 1190 Newman, Joan, 1462 Newton, Isaac, 1230 Nicotine, 817 Nidorf, J. F., 45 Night blindness, 1676 Night eaters, 1048 Night terrors, 539 Nightmares, 539, 1164; disaster psychology and, 524 Nisbett, Richard, 622, 1077, 1136, 1403, 1405 Nobles, Wade, 1285 Nociceptors, 1417, 1644 Nocturnal emissions, 49 Nocturnal enuresis, 223 Nominal scales of measurement, 469 Nomothetic study, 1721 Nonassociative learning, 950 Nonconformity, identity crises and, 786 Nondirective interviews, 1121 Nonparametric tests, 474 Nonparticipant observation, 1721 Nonprobability sampling, 1357 Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 1468 Nonverbal behavior; Gestalt psychology and, 679; intimacy and, 853; nonverbal communication versus, 1044 Nonverbal communication, 577, 1042-1046, 1721; dance and music therapies and, 1018 Nonverbal cues, emotional expression, 578 Nordlie, Johanna, 774 Norepinephrine, 53, 547 Norm of reciprocity, 1396 Norm-referenced interpretation, 233 Normal distribution, 1721 Normative decision theory, 480 Normative influence, 61, 700 Normative samples, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 984 Norms, 289; cultural competence and, 467; social, 441 Norton, G. Ron, 93 Nosology, 930 Novelty, concept formation and, 398 Nuclear families, 1537 Null hypothesis, 1534 Nurturing stage, 637 O Obesity, 142, 1047-1050; eating disorders and, 555 Object little a, 123 Object permanence, 355 Object relations, 575 Objective assessment instruments, 1625 Objectivity, 614 Obscene telephone calls, 1446 Observation, 335, 339; behavioral therapy and, 229; industrial and organizational psychology and, 811 Observational learning, 989, 1051, 1721; modeling therapy and, 1050-1055; psychopathology and, 1237; social learning theory and, 1488 Observational methods, 164, 233; research, 513, 1055-1058; testing and, 1620 Observational study, 1721 Observer ratings, 1130 Obsessional doubting, 1059 Obsessional neurotics, 124 Obsessions, 337, 1059, 1236, 1721; postpartum psychosis and, 1162 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 214, 1059-1063, 1118, 1236, 1721 Obsessive Compulsive Foundation, 1776, 1780 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 1118 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 1474 Occipital lobes, 271, 278, 1217, 1721 Occupational information systems, 297 Occupational Outlook Handbook, 301, 840 Occupational testing, 1568 Occupational theory, 839 Oedipus complex, 37, 121, 567, 571, 711, 1039, 1063-1064, 1106, 1210, 1242, 1370, 1696, 1721 Offensive aggression, 72 Office for the Advancement of Telehealth, 851 Ohio Vocational Interest Inventory (OVII), 840 Ohm, Georg, 728 Öhman, Arne, 1185 Okamura, Amy, 731 Oklahoma City bombing, 72 Olds, James, 800 Olfactics, 1043 Olfaction, 1721 Olfactory cells, 1480 Olfactory memory, 1046 Oliner, Pearl and Samuel, 734 Ollendick, Thomas, 233 Olmstead v. L. C., 1810 Olton, David S., 362 Omission training, 1318 On-line groups, 850 On-the-job training, 752 Oneironmancy, 539 Operant, 1721 Operant approaches to pain management, 1079 Operant chamber, 898, 1293 Operant conditioning, 23, 151, 236, 240, 249, 897, 1300, 1349, 1721; ethology and, 602; language acquisition and, 878; learning and, 896; memory and, 950; misbehavior and, 989; preparedness and, 1184; therapies, 1064-1068 Operant response, 403 Operational definitions, 1056, 1378, 1380, 1721 Operational learning, 561 Operationism, 614, 1233 Opiate peptides, 592 Opiates, 1721 Oppositional defiant disorder, 146, 319, 406 Optic array, 502 Optimal arousal theory, 1068-1072 Optimal experience, 1160 Optimism; coping and, 445; self-actualization and, 1392 Optimistic thinking, health and, 1161 Oral stage, 569, 1213, 1241, 1695, 1721 Ord, William, 1639 Order effects, 1377 Ordinal scales of measurement, 469 Organ dialect, 35 Organ pleasure, 1695 Organic disorder, 1722 Organic enuresis, 223 Organic lamp theories of development, 504 Organic mental illness, 54 Organic theories of schizophrenia, 1371 Organismic theory of personality, 1394 Organismic variables, 232 Organization; encoding and, 585; memory and, 956 Organization for Bipolar Affective Disorders, 1777 Organizational behavior modification (OBMod), 1702 Organizational effects, 1722 Organizational psychology, 1280. See also Industrial and organizational psychology Organizations, coaching and, 340 Orgasm, 1440, 1443 Orgasmic disorders, 1443 Orgel, Leslie, 89 Orientation, religiosity and, 1329 Orlich, Donald, 173 Orme-Johnson, David, 943 Ornstein, Robert, 419 Orton, Samuel T., 552, 904, 1522 Orton-Gillingham-Stillman method of dyslexia treatment, 552 Osmosis, 1627 Ossicle, 1722 Öst, Lars-Göran, 1186 Osteoarthritis, 85 Osteoporosis, 84 Ostrom, Thomas, 1176 Ostrove, Nancy, 885 Other, the, 122 Otis Self-Administering Tests of Mental Ability, 293 Ought selves, 1404 Out-group homogeneity hypothesis of racism, 1287 Out-groups, 1483, 1722 Outcome expectancies, 1489 Overdetermination, 1203 Overextension, 1722 Overgeneralization, 378, 495 Overjustification effect, 1404, 1722 Overlearning, 661 Overmier, J. Bruce, 895-896 Overnutrition, 1049 Overregularization, 877 Overshadowing, 401 Overtone, 1722 Owsley, Cynthia, 1669 Oxford Group, 1590 P Pacinian corpuscles, 1642 Pain, 772-773, 1073-1077; hypnosis and, 418; management, 447, 592, 1077-1080; receptors, 1616; substance use disorders and, 1579; suicide and, 1584 Painful intercourse, 1444 Painter, Susan, 218 Paivio, Allen, 364 Paleocortex, 271 Palliative medicine, 447 Pallidotomy, 1091 Palmer, John, 369 Palmore, Erdman, 67 Panic, separation anxiety disorder and, 1427 Panic attacks, 655; anxiety and, 153; phobias and, 1141 Panic disorder, 92, 378; anxiety sensitivity and, 1127 Papilla, 1722 Paradoxical intention, shyness and, 1459 Paradoxical intervention, 1722 Paradoxical procedures, 1541 Paradoxical sleep, 1470 Paralanguage, 1043 Parallel distributed processing (PDP), 170, 962, 1722 Parallel processing, 1636 Paralysis, conversion disorder and, 774 Parametric tests, 474 Paranoia, 124, 1080-1083, 1722; anger and, 133; dementia and, 487; projection and, 1198 Paranoid personality disorder, 1117 Paranoid schizophrenia, 1363 Paraphasias, 155 Paraphilias, 1296, 1446, 1450 Parasitism, 483 Parasympathetic nervous system, 654, 1029, 1722 Paratelic system of arousal, 1072 Parens patriae, 15 Parent-child relationship; guilt and, 712; inferiority and, 805 Parent development, family and, 636 Parent education, misbehavior and, 986 Parent ego state, 1649 Parental alienation syndrome, 1083-1085, 1421 Parental attachment, 637 Parental investment, 925 Parental manipulation model of homosexuality, 741 Parenting; authoritative style, 640; gender and, 640; giftedness and, 682; identity crises and, 787; juvenile delinquency and, 862; skill training, 408; stepfamilies and, 1539; youth violence and, 1662 Parenting styles, 1085-1089; homosexuality and, 741 Parents; abusive, 313; family and, 633; gender identity and, 667 Pargament, Kenneth I., 450, 1323, 1327 Parietal lobes, 271, 278, 1218, 1722 Park, Robert, 646 Parker, Gordon, 1382 Parkinson, James, 1089 Parkinson's disease, 488, 1089-1092, 1598 Parole, psychologists and, 657 Parry, Caleb, 1640 Parsons, Frank, 298, 841 Participant observation, 647 Pask, Gordon, 560 Passing, social identity theory and, 1484 Passive aggression, 134 Passive learning, 1609 Passive theories of speech perception, 1517 Paterson, D. G., 841 Pathophobia, 1141 Pattern recognition, 1092-1095 Pattern vision, 1095-1098 Patterning, 551 Patterns, 1266; grammar and, 693; problem solving and, 1189; profiling and, 1195 Patterson, Gerald, 236, 1256 Paula Frendak v. U.S., 1806 Pavlov, Ivan, 58, 230, 235, 239, 400, 586, 602, 897, 950, 1005, 1098-1100, 1233, 1311, 1317, 1799 Pavlovian conditioning, 151, 212, 400, 896, 1100-1104, 1141, 1312, 1318, 1603, 1722 Peabody Individual Achievement Test, 552, 1104-1105 Peal, Elizabeth, 247 Pearson, Karl, 1131, 1230, 1536 Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r), 1378 Peck, Robert, 1341 Pecking orders, 63, 483 Pedophilia, 1296, 1448; homosexuality versus, 743 Peer groups, 45; adolescents and, 572 Peer pressure, 64 Peg-word system, 920 Penfield, Wilder, 969 Penis, 1440, 1442 Penis envy, 571, 670, 1105-1107, 1692, 1696, 1722 Pennebaker, James, 1551 Pennington, Bruce, 904 Penrose, Roger, 393 People of California v. C. W. Stritzinger, 1808 Pepper, Stephen C., 597 Percent savings, 1635 Perception, 366, 481, 932, 1722; environmental, 595; feelings and, 349; hallucinations and, 718; observation and, 1055; pattern recognition and, 1092; sensation and, 1412, 1416; social schemata and, 1509; stress and, 1559, 1565; vision, 1668 Perceptual constancy, 1515, 1722 Perceptual processing, 1517 Perceptual recognition, 1094 Perceptual vigilance, 1465 Performance; evaluation programs, 751; learning versus, 362, 1489; motivation and, 27; orientation, 27 Performance-based methods of teaching, 1609 Peripheral nervous system, 1029, 1722 Perlmutter, Marion, 86 Perls, Fritz, 678, 703, 1394, 1799 Permissive style of parenting, 1086 Permissiveness, 50 Perry, William, 347 Persecutory delusions, 1081, 1273 Persistence, 661 Persistent psychophysiological insomnia (PPI), 820 Person; humanistic psychology and, 755; life space and, 650 Person-centered therapy, 756, 1108-1112; children and, 1256 Person perception, 1496 Person-situation debate, 375 Persona, 1722 Persona archetype, 126 Personal attributions, 200 Personal constructs, 373; Kelly, George A., 1112-1116 Personal disposition styles, 436 Personal dreams, 160 Personal equation, 1636 Personal fable, 42 Personal growth, 1108 Personal identity, 1483 Personal prejudice, 1169 Personal science, 352 Personal space, 596 Personal unconscious, 126, 129, 1208; dreams and, 539 Personalistic psychology, 101 Personality, 932, 1722; addiction and, 29; adolescent, 42; amnesia and, 117; analytical psychology, 125; behavior and, 227; brain and, 1137; California Psychological Inventory, 289; cognitive social learning, 373; creativity and, 461; environment and, 595; Freud, Sigmund, 1212; fugue and, 117; habits and, 1354; helping and, 736; humanistic trait model and, 758; identity crises and, 786; individual psychology and, 805; integration, 635; interviewing strategies, 1121-1125; juries and, 886; midlife crisis and, 981; penis envy and, 1106; profiling and, 1195; psychophysiological measures, 1125-1129; psychosomatic disorders and, 1246; rating scales, 1129-1133; religiosity and, 1330; road rage and, 1344; Rorschach, Hermann, 1346; self-actualization and, 1394; self and, 1386; social psychology and, 1500; stress and, 1566; testing, 292, 1134, 1226; theory, 1133-1137; transactional analysis and, 1649 Personality assessment, 1625; Rorschach inkblot test and, 1347 Personality changes, dementia and, 487 Personality disorders, 146, 1116-1120, 1265, 1722; histrionic, 738; neurotic styles and, 1505 Personality inventories, introversion and extroversion and, 855 Personality paradox, Walter Mischel and, 990 Personality psychology, 1225 Personality Research Form (PRF), 294 Personality sphere, 1131 Personality theories, 1266; existential psychology and, 609; feminist psychotherapy and, 642; Rogers, Carl, 1108 Personality traits, 231, 298, 1126, 1130, 1722; codependency and, 343; coping and, 444; Eysenck, Hans, 627; gender stereotypes of, 1433; happiness and, 1160; hypnosis and, 769; impulse control disorders and, 795; leadership and, 891; narcissism, 1022; psychoanalysis and, 1203; shyness, 1458 Personality types; dreams and, 540; Jungian, 861 Personhood, 610 Personnel testing, 291, 296 Personology, 1016; Murray, Henry A., 1137-1140 Persuasion, 192; attitudes and, 192; juries and, 886; perception and, 1412; self-perception theory and, 1403 Pert, Candace, 594, 1075 Pervasive developmental disorders, 319, 507, 902 Perversion, 124 Petersen, Ronald C., 81 Peterson, Lloyd, 1455 Pettigrew, Thomas F., 1169, 1287 Petty, Richard, 193 Peyote, 720 Phallic stage, 564, 569, 741, 1213, 1242, 1696, 1722 Phallus, 123 Phantom limb pain, 1076 Pharmaceuticals, pain management and, 1079 Phase differences, 728 Phases, groups and, 707 Phases of mourning, 697 Phasic activity, 1126 Phenomenological therapy, 1108 Phenomenology, 611, 757, 1722 Phenotypes, 1146 Phenylketonuria (PKU), mental retardation and, 977 Pheochromocytoma, 53 Pheromones, 590, 747, 790, 1154, 1429, 1437, 1722 Phi phenomenon, 502, 1232 Philosophy, 1228 Phobias, 242, 337, 1140-1145, 1267, 1722; agoraphobia, 92; anxiety and, 151; cognitive therapy and, 377; emotions and, 582; learning and, 897; neuroses and, 1040; preparedness and, 1185; sexual, 1442; shyness and, 1459; stress and, 1546, 1550; treatments, 212; virtual reality and, 1664; weight, 141 Phobics Anonymous, 1780 Phonemes, 876, 908, 1516, 1723 Phonological loop, 1455 Phonology, 692, 876, 908, 1723 Photoreceptors, 1644, 1671, 1723 Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), 1027 Phototherapy, 1383 Phrase structure boundaries, 912 Phrase structure rules, 909 Phrenology, 270, 1230 Phylyshyn, Zenon, 364 Physical abuse, 311 Physical appearance, 1043 Physical attractiveness; affiliation and, 60; attraction and, 197; stereotype, 197 Physical contact, imprinting and, 790 Physical development, environment versus genetics, 1145-1149 Physical health, psychology and, 1161 Physical Therapy Laboratory for Cumulative Trauma Disorders, 868 Physiological arousal, 1069 Physiological habituation, 1126 Physiological needs, 1701 Physiological patterns, personality and, 1126 Physiological psychology, 1225 Physiological reactions, fight-or-flight response, 653 Physiology, 1230; aging, 88; death, 88 Piaget, Jean, 40, 347, 354, 421, 513, 668, 736, 1012, 1149-1150, 1234, 1588, 1799; adolescence and, 44; consciousness, 413; development, 505; intelligence, 835; kinesthetic learning and, 869; language, 880; moral development and, 997 Pibloqtoq, 25 Pica, 320 Pick's disease, 488 Pilates, 869 Piliavin, Jane Allyn, 102, 733 Pineal gland, 276, 1723 Pinel, Philippe, 14, 148, 929, 1150-1151, 1270, 1799 Piotrowski, Zygmunt, 542 Pitch, 1723 Pittman, Thane, 1407 Pituitary-adrenal axis, 1555 Pituitary gland, 53, 277, 589, 1151-1155, 1638, 1654, 1723 Placebo, 1723; depression and, 333 Placebo effect, 777, 1030, 1376, 1723; endorphins and, 593; pain and, 1075, 1077 Placement assessment, 173 Plaques, Alzheimer's disease and, 107 Plasticity, 1723 Plateau, 1440 Plato, 414, 540, 1229 Play, fathers and, 639, 1086 Play therapy, 1155-1159, 1256, 1723 Pleasure, 1580; motivation and, 801 Pleasure principle, 544, 574, 1005, 1208; addiction and, 31 Pleck, Joseph, 669 Plomin, Robert, 583, 1148 Plous, S., 139 Plutchik, Robert, 581 Plya, Gyrgy, 1190 Pneumoencephalography, 267 Pneumonia, Alzheimer's disease and, 110 Polanyi, Michael, 1388 Polls; religiosity, 1328; sampling and, 1357; survey research and, 1594 Polyandry, 1437 Polygraphs, 582 Polygyny, 1437 Polysynaptic reflexes, 1311 Pons, 275, 1723 Poppen, Roger L., 1350 Popular culture, psychology in, 940 Popular psychology, 936 Population, 1723 Populations, scientific methods and, 1375 Pornography, 1659 Porter, Natalie, 1434 Positive ageism, 67 Positive contrast effect, 799 Positive distinctiveness, 1483 Positive examples, 398 Positive interdependence, 1610 Positive psychology, 1159-1162 Positive punishment, 1067 Positive reinforcement, 1066, 1318, 1723. See also Reinforcement Positively skewed distributions, 471 Positivism, 1229 Positron emission tomography (PET), 268, 1723 Posner, Michael, 182 Possession, madness and, 928 Possessiveness, jealousy and, 859 Post, Stephen G., 734 Postformal thought, 43 Postmodernism, self and, 1389 Postpartum depression, 1162-1164; postpartum thyroiditis and, 1640 Postpartum mood episodes, 996 Postpartum psychosis, 1162 Postpartum thyroiditis, 1640 Postsynaptic potential (PSP), 815, 1723 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 524, 530, 1164-1169, 1551, 1723; battered women and, 218; nightmares and, 539; virtual reality and, 1666 Posture, emotional expression and, 631 Power, family and, 634; inferiority complex and, 806; jealousy and, 858; leadership and, 889; misbehavior and, 986; nonverbal communication and, 1044; road rage and, 1343; sibling relationships and, 1462; structures, 64, 643 Power law, 1723 Power of authority, 618 Practice; automaticity and, 209; development and, 1147 Practice directorate, 116 Pragmatic inferences, 1631 Pragmatics, 876, 910 Pragmatism, 1723; behaviorism and, 1294 Prata, Guiliana, 1542 Pratkanis, Anthony, 194, 1412 Pratt, Joseph, 703 Preattentive stage, 180 Preconscious, 126, 416 Precursors of schizophrenia, 1366 Predation, interspecific, 483 Predator-prey interactions, 484 Predator saturation, 484 Predatory aggression, 72 Predatory violence, 1662 Predictability, 308 Prediction, hypotheses and, 778 Prefrontal cortex, 951 Prefrontal leucotomy, 1251 Pregnancy, 50; adolescents, 51; sexual behavior patterns and, 1437 Preimplantation diagnosis, 1181 Prejudice, 1169-1174, 1497, 1723; ageism and, 67; Allport, Gordon, 760; cultural competence and, 468; individual psychology and, 807; intergroup relations and, 845; juries and, 884; racism and, 1287; reduction, 1174-1177; religion and, 1324; sexism and, 1432; social identity theory and, 1486 Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (PSAT/NMSQT), 380 Premack, David, 404, 1319 Premack principle, 1320 Premarital intercourse, 48 Premarital intervention, 454 Premarital Relationship Enhancement Program, 454 Premature birth, 258 Premature ejaculation, 1443 Prenatal development, 256, 1047 Prenatal physical development, 1177-1183 Prenatal testing, mental retardation and, 978 Preoperational stage, 354, 505, 1150, 1723 Prepared childbirth, 257 Prepared learning, 1606 Preparedness, 151, 1183-1187, 1723; instincts and, 825 Preparedness theory, phobias and, 1141 Presbyopia, 85, 1024, 1723 Preschool stage, 637 Prescription drug abuse, 547 Presentence investigations, 657 Preseparation period of divorce, 1420 President's Committee on Mental Retardation (PCMR), 507 Pre-Socratics, 1229 Press, 1137 Pressure, 1641 Pressure wavefronts, 726 Prevalence, 522 Prevention; community psychology and, 386; programs, 1586 Pribram, Karl, 416 Primacy effect, 1497, 1723 Primal scene, 122 Primary change, 672 Primary drives, 1354, 1626 Primary emotions, 581, 606 Primary insomnia, 820 Primary memory, 1454 Primary Mental Abilities test, 838 Primary Mental Health Project (PMHP), 387 Primary motives, 762, 1723 Primary needs, 1137 Primary process, 574, 716 Primary progressive aphasia (PPA), 156 Primary reinforcers, 1319, 1723 Primary sex characteristics, 48, 1723 Priming, 364, 967, 1723 Primitive reflexes, 1315 Prince, Morton, 1016 Principled negotiation, 428 Principles Concerning the Counseling and Therapy of Women, 644 Principles of Psychology, The (James), 1231 Prisoner's dilemma, 426, 1723 Pritchard, James, 149 Privacy, 596, 1333; experimentation and, 616 Private logic, 35, 806 Proactive interference, 660, 918 Probability, 1723; sampling, 1357; theory, 1130 Probe recall, 955 Problem factors, help-seeking and, 732 Problem-focused coping strategy, 434, 444 Problem solving, 40, 351; creativity and, 457; intelligence and, 9, 831; play therapy and, 1158; self-disclosure and, 1396; stages, 1187-1191; strategies, 1191-1194; therapy, 351 Procedural memory, 918, 1219 Procedural memory system, 968 Productive love, 1501 Productive work, 1501 Productivity; incentive motivation and, 801; work motivation and, 1701 Profiling, 657, 1194-1198 Progeria, 90 Progesterone, 687, 1429, 1724 Prognosis, 519 Programmed instruction, 753, 1724 Progressive lateralization hypothesis of learning disorders, 904 Progressive muscle relaxation, 249, 1724 Progressive relaxation, 941 Project Chronos, 87 Projected virtual reality, 1664 Projection, 22, 564, 1198-1201; guilt and, 712 Projective assessment instruments, 1625 Projective hypothesis, 1199 Projective task, 1724 Projective techniques, 36; Rorschach inkblot test and, 1347 Prolates, 869 Propaganda, attitudes and, 194 Proposition, 1724 Propositional hypothesis, 364 Proprioception, 867, 1643 Proprium, 101, 759 Prosocial behavior, 102, 1724; crowds and, 465; helping and, 736 Prosody, 878 Prospective memory, 371, 969 Prostaglandins, 1618 Protanopes, 1673 Protection and Advocacy for Individuals with Mental Illness, 1780 Protestant work ethic, 1502 Prototypes, 1724; cognitive, 373 Proxemics, 596, 1043, 1724 Proximity, attraction and, 196 Proximo-distal development, 1009, 1724 Pryor, John, 1176 Pseudodementia, 487 Psi Beta National Honor Society in Psychology for Community and Junior Colleges, 1771 Psi Chi, The National Honor Society in Psychology, 1771 Psilocybin, 720 Psyche, 126 Psychiatric social workers, 972 Psychiatric Society for Informatics, 1771 Psychiatrists, 971 Psychoactive drugs, 417, 1724; hallucinations and, 719 Psychoanalysis, 1201-1207, 1244, 1697; children and, 1256; Freud, Sigmund, 665; group, 703; Lacan, Jacques, 875; origin of, 1233; women's psychology and, 1691 Psychoanalytic psychology, 1207-1212; Freud, Sigmund, 1212-1215 Psychoanalytic psychotherapy, 1204 Psychoanalytic theories of homosexuality, 741 Psychoanalytic theories of personality, 1133 Psychoanalytic theory, 1724; domestic violence, 531; obsessive-compulsive disorder, 1061 Psychoanalytic therapy, depression and, 330 Psychobiology, 1216-1220, 1724 Psychodynamic play therapy, 1257 Psychodynamic theory, 213; development, 504; schizophrenia, 1370 Psychodynamic therapies, 130, 1266 Psychogenic amnesia, 118 Psychogenic disorder, 1724 Psychological assessment batteries, 833 Psychological disorders, 1235 Psychological disturbance, fathers and, 640 Psychological moratorium, 786 Psychological testing, 335 Psychologists, 928, 971 Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 139, 1771 Psychology, 1228; definition, 1220-1223; fields of specialization, 1223-1227; history, 1227-1235 Psychometrics, 6, 40, 828, 1327, 1724; Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS), 873; personality rating scales, 1130 Psychoneuroimmunology, 724, 1561 Psychonomic Society, 1771 Psychopathic personality, 147 Psychopathological violence, 1662 Psychopathology, 1127, 1235-1241; positive psychology versus, 1159; psychosexual development and, 1243 Psychopharmaceuticals, 931 Psychopharmacology, 546 Psychophysics, 729, 1724 Psychophysiology, 674, 1724 Psychoses, 1265 Psychosexual development, 1106, 1241-1245; Freud, Sigmund, 569; homosexuality and, 741 Psychosexual stages, 1208, 1213 Psychosis, 98, 933, 1724; postpartum, 1162; schizophrenia and, 1361; thyroid gland and, 1639 Psychosocial adjustment; adolescent, 50 Psychosocial crisis, 1724 Psychosocial development, 599, 1208; Erikson, Erik, 569 Psychosocial dwarfism, 1304 Psychosocial moratorium, 572 Psychosocial variables, 721 Psychosomatic disorders, 248, 1245-1251, 1546, 1724; emotions and, 583 Psychosomatic medicine, 673 Psychosurgery, 1219, 1251-1255, 1724 Psychotherapy, 1724; brief therapy, 282; children, 1255-1260; constructivist, 421; effectiveness, 1260-1265; existential psychology and, 609; goals and techniques, 1265-1268; group, 703; historical approaches, 1268-1273; transactional analysis versus, 1649 Psychotic defense mechanisms, 565 Psychotic disorders, 1273, 1276; bipolar disorders and, 252 Psychoticism, 627 Psychotics, 123 Psychotropic drugs, 546; shock therapy versus, 1453 Puberty, 44, 48; gonads and, 688 Public health, 386 Public interest directorate, 116 Public policy, consumer psychology and, 424 Publications, 1334; credit, 1334 Pueschel, Siegfried M., 536 Pulfrich pendulum effect, 1669 Punishers, 898, 1292 Punishment, 229, 241, 359, 404, 1052, 1066-1067, 1724; psychosexual development and, 1243; reality therapy and, 1309; reinforcement and, 1318 Pure tone, 1724 Pyrogens, 1618 Pyromania, 793 Q Quality time, 639 Qualls, Christopher, 141 Quantitative psychology, 481 Quasi-experimental designs, 303, 1277-1281, 1724 Quay, Herbert, 148 Quest orientation, 1324 Quest Scale, 1329 Questionnaires, 513, 518, 1380, 1592; hypothesis testing and, 780; Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 984; personality, 1130 Quetelet, Adolphe, 1131 Quina, Kathryn, 1172 Quinlan, Donald, 1019 Quinn, Joseph F., 1342 Quinn, William, 236 R Rabin, Albert, 1198 Race; definition, 1283; intelligence and, 1282-1286, 1622; juries and, 885; prejudice and, 1169 Rachlin, Howard, 1184 Racial prejudice, 652 Racial profiling, 468, 1197 Racism, 1286-1291; cultural competence and, 468; feminist psychotherapy and, 642; sexism and, 1435; social perception and, 1498 Racket feelings, 1650 Radical behaviorism, 240; Skinner, B.F., 1291-1295 Radio, media psychology and, 936 Rage, 133 Rahe, Richard, 434, 1553, 1559 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 1031 Random assignment, 1724 Random sampling, 1357 Range, variability, 472 Range corollary, 1113 Rank, Otto, 1111, 1394 Rape, 1295-1299; domestic violence and, 530; media violence and, 1659 Rapid cycling, 996 Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 275, 326, 417, 539, 1468, 1724 Raskin, N. J., 1110 Ratcliff, Roger, 969 Rating scales, 228, 231; personality, 1130 Ratio scales of measurement, 469 Ratio schedules, 403, 1320, 1725 Rational behavior therapy, 350 Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), 576 Rational-emotive therapy, 230, 350, 363, 1299-1303, 1725 Rationalism, 1229 Rationality, 1300 Rationalization, 564 Rayner, Rosalie, 240, 1102, 1144, 1679 Reaction formation, 22, 564, 1040; neurosis and, 1505 Reaction time; aging and, 84; memory and, 967; situations, 1311 Reactive attachment disorder, 321, 1303-1306 Reactivity, 1126 Reading, 551, 1011 Reading disabilities, sensory memory and, 965 Reading disorder, 318, 902 Real, the, 122 Real-time spectrum analyzer, 728 Realistic conflict theory, 845, 1725; of prejudice, 1170 Reality; existential psychology and, 610; hallucinations and, 718; hypnosis and, 767; memory and, 893 Reality principle, 575, 1005, 1208 Reality therapy, 1306-1310 Reappraisal, midlife crisis and, 980 Reasoned action theory, 188; of consumer psychology, 423 Reasoning, 367, 913, 917, 1630; adolescence and, 41; hypothetical-deductive, 41; problem solving and, 1190, 1191 Rebellion, 46 Rebirth archetype, 162 Rebirthing, 1305 Recall, 954 Re-careering, 300 Reception learning, 562 Reception technique, 397 Receptive aphasia, 156, 1725 Receptive field, 1725 Receptors, 1416, 1725; hormone, 53 Recessive gene, 1725 Reciprocal determinism, 1488, 1725 Reciprocity; attraction and, 196; self-disclosure and, 1396 Recognition; memory and, 955; reflex, 988 Recollections, 36 Reconciliation, divorce and, 1421 Reconditioning, 1256 Reconstituted families, 1537 Recovered memories, 661 Recovery times, 715 Recruiting, 812 Reductionism, 1725 Reed, Thomas, 1415 Referential language acquisition styles, 878 Referral questions, 335 Reflective thinking, 43 Reflex, 1725 Reflex arc system, 715, 1725 Reflexes, 1310-1313; learning and, 896; motor skills versus, 1011; newborns, 1313-1317; prenatal development and, 1180 Refractive surgery, 1027 Reframing, 1543 Regions, life space and, 650 Regression, 22, 564, 1725; psychosexual development and, 1243; transactional analysis and, 1652 Regulation mechanisms, hunger, 762 Regulators, 1725 Rehabilitation, neuropsychology and, 1037 Rehearsal; memory and, 660, 954; strategies, 585 Rehm, Lynn, 352 Reich, Wilhelm, 1020, 1045 Reicher, Stephen, 465 Reiff, Robert, 969 Reilly, Richard, 233 Reincarnation, 162 Reinforcement, 23, 229, 237, 241, 249, 1051, 1317-1321, 1349, 1353, 1725; aggression and, 987; altruism and, 104; attraction and, 195; conditioning and, 1103; enuresis and, 225; learned helplessness and, 893; positive, 1066; social learning theory and, 1488. See also Negative reinforcement; Positive reinforcement Reinforcement-affect model, 196 Reinforcers, 403, 800, 898, 1292, 1725 Reinforcing stimuli, 403, 1292 Reiss, Steven, 1127 Rejection, divorce and, 1421 Relapsing, 1544 Relatedness, 1500 Relational schemata, 1507 Relational violence, 1662 Relationship dysfunction, 453 Relationships; attraction and, 195; groups and, 708; nonverbal communication and, 1044; self-disclosure and, 1395; unstable, 263; well-being and, 1160 Relative deprivation theory, 844, 1725 Relaxation, 248, 251, 418, 941, 944, 1557; hypnosis and, 767; phobia treatment and, 1142; response, 1562; training, 1267 Reliability, 174, 840, 1725; archival data and, 164 Religion; death and, 450; helping and, 734; psychology and, 1321-1327 Religiosity, measurement, 1327-1332 Religious Orientation Scale, 1329 Remarriage, family and, 636, 1537 Reminiscence therapy, 969 Repair and restoration theory of sleep, 1471 Repetition compulsion, 123 Repisodic memories, 968 Replicability, 614 Repolarization, 814 Representation, 364 Representativeness, 914, 1725 Representativeness heuristic, 1497 Repressed memories, multiple personality disorder and, 1015 Repression, 22, 126, 563, 660, 1725; anxiety and, 151; denial and, 491; dissociation and, 1013; emotional expression and, 579; neuroses and, 1039; panic disorders and, 95; S-R theory and, 1355 Reproduction, aging and, 88 Reproductive behavior; endocrine system and, 590; hormones and, 746 Reproductive Biology Research Foundation, 935 Rescorla, Robert, 1313 Rescorla-Wagner Model, 401 Research; animal, 136, 1332; confidentiality and, 411; experimentation versus, 620; sampling and, 1357; surveys and, 1592 Research Center for Group Dynamics, 906 Research ethics, 1332-1336 Research methods, 513; cognitive psychology and, 368 Research processes, 614 Resentment, sexual desire and, 1441 Residual schizophrenia, 1363 Resiliency, 1368 Resistance, 39, 1122, 1265; general adaptation syndrome and, 672; paradoxical procedures and, 1543; repression and, 564 Resistant attachment, 1002 Resistant mother, 177 Resolution, 1440 Resources, stress and, 1566 Respiratory system, aging and, 85 Respondent conditioning, 1100 Response, 1545 Response cost, 1067, 1725 Response hierarchies, 1353, 1725 Response-outcome expectancies, 373 Response variables, 232 Responses; cues and, 1353; motivation and, 798; reflexes and, 1310 Responsibility; helping and, 733; reality therapy and, 1307 Responsiveness, 1085 Ressler, Robert, 1195, 1298 Resting potential, 1033, 1725 Restoration, brain damage and, 269 Restraining, 1544 Restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST), 419 Resurrection, 162 Retardation, 1725 Retarded ejaculation, 1444 Reticular formation, 275, 1336-1339, 1725; pain and, 1073 Reticular theory of the brain, 1031 Retina, 1725 Retinal maps, 1675 Retirement, 1340-1343; family and, 634 Retirement History Study, 1340 Retirement Satisfaction Inventory, 1340 Retrieval, 624, 1725; memory and, 919 Retroactive interference, 660, 918 Retrograde amnesia, 267, 1725 Retrospective memory, 969 Reuptake, 547 Revenge; media violence and, 1657; misbehavior and, 986 Reversal, 564 Reversal design, 1685 Reversal Theory Society, 1771 Reverse discrimination, 1173 Reversibility, 40 Reversibility method, 1611 Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Tests (RMPFBT), 293 Reward learning, preparedness and, 1184 Reward models, attraction and, 196 Rewards, 232, 349, 359, 431, 622, 1292, 1405; altruism and, 103; conditioning and, 1101; helping and, 733; learning and, 896; motivation and, 799; reinforcement and, 1317; situational variables and, 374 Rex v. M'Naghten, 1802 Rhodopsin, 1725 Rhythmic breathing, 249 Ribot, Thodule Armand, 961 Rice, Robert, 889 Richardson, Frank, 1389 Richter, Curt, 328 Ricky Wyatt by his aunt Mrs. W. C. Rawlings v. Aderholt (Stickney), 1804 Riecken, Henry, 62 Riesman, David, 1394 Right brain hemisphere, 272, 1520 Rimm, Sylvia, 457, 461 Riots, 464 Rips, Lance, 967 Risk, intimacy and, 853 Rites of passage, 45 Ritualized behaviors, 603, 1059 Rituals, grieving and, 696 Riva, Giuseppe, 1666 Rivalry, siblings and, 806, 1462 Riverside Cooperative Learning Project, 431 Road rage, 73, 1343-1344; impulse control disorders and, 794 Roberts, William, 362 Robins, Lee, 146, 731 Rod, 1725 Rodin, Judith, 723, 894, 1547, 1552 Rods, 1671 Roe, Anne, 839 Roethlisberger, Fritz, 1702 Rogers, Carl, 23, 299, 680, 756, 760, 808, 1007, 1108, 1123, 1125, 1133, 1224, 1233-1234, 1256, 1267, 1270, 1345, 1387, 1391, 1506, 1799 Rogers v. Okin, 1806 Rogoff, Barbara, 597 Role Construct Repertory Test, 1114 Role enactment, hypnosis and, 768 Role models, adolescence and, 45 Role playing, 229, 1300; moral development and, 999; theater therapy and, 1019; transactional analysis and, 1651 Roles, 1725; groups and, 1589; networks and, 1492 Romanes, George, 1572 Ronjat, Jules, 246 Röntgen, Wilhelm, 267, 291 Roof, Wade Clark, 1323 Rootedness, 1500 Rooting reflex, 1312, 1314 Rorschach, Hermann, 1345-1347, 1799 Rorschach inkblots, 292, 337, 1017, 1199, 1347-1349 Rosario, Margaret, 51 Rosch, Eleanor, 397 Rosenhan, David L., 24, 648, 933 Rosenkrantz, Paul, 1433 Rosenman, Ray, 445, 1560, 1567, 1653 Rosenthal, Norman, 1381 Rosenthal, Richard, 794 Rosenthal, Robert, 1007, 1055, 1498 Rosman, Bernice, 143 Ross, Lee, 201 Rosser, Phyllis, 382 Rothbart, Myron, 1287 Rothbaum, Barbara, 1665 Rotter, Julian, 990, 1127, 1133 Route knowledge, 364 Routh, Donald K., 552 Royal Society of London, 847 Royal Society of Psychiatrists, 112 Rozin, Paul, 1604 Rubin, Zick, 62, 199, 1397 Ruffini's end organ, 1643 Rule-governed behavior, 1293, 1349-1352, 1726 Rule systems, linguistics and, 908 Rules, 397; decision making and, 479; information processing and, 79; nonverbal communication, 1044 Rumination, 320 Runner's high, 593, 1076, 1562 Rush, Benjamin, 111, 931, 1799 Rushton, William A. H., 1674 Russell, Bertrand, 1229 Ruth Ann Lipari and Bank of Elkhorn v. Sears, & Sears v. U.S., 1806 Rutsein, Jeffrey, 308 Ryan, Richard, 831 S S-R theory, Miller, Neal E., and John Dollard, 1353-1356 S sleep, 539, 1468 Saari, Lise, 1685 Sabsin, Melvin, 113 Sackheim, Harold, 774 Sacks, Oliver, 1094 Sacrificial care, helping and, 734 Sadism, 1297, 1446 Sadistic rape, 1298 Sadock, Benjamin, 1123 Sadomasochism, 1446 Safety needs, 1701 Saint Augustine, 164 Sajwaj, Thomas, 1067 Salience, 398 Salutogenic focus, 724 Salvador Godinez, warden, v. Richard Moran, 1810 Salvia, John, 173 Sampling, 164, 1356-1360, 1726; random, 469; scientific methods and, 1375; statistics and, 1534; survey research and, 1593 Sampling error, 1726 Sampson, Edward, 1389 Samuelson, Robert J., 362 Sandler, Joseph, 565 Sapir, Edward, 694, 1588 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 881 Sarbin, T. R., 768 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 415, 611, 757 SAT. See Scholastic Aptitude Test Satiety, 1726; boundary, 762 Satir, Virginia, 1541 Satisfaction, decision making and, 701 Sattler, Jerome M., 836 Saunders, Cicely, 447 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 123 Save Our Sons and Daughters (SOSAD), 1780 Scale for Suicide Ideation, 220 Scales; measurement, 469; personality rating, 1130 Scapegoating, racism and, 1287 Scarr, Sandra, 1148, 1284 Scatter plots, 1378 Schachter, Stanley, 60, 62, 148, 262, 308, 583, 724, 766, 1077 Schactel, Ernest, 969 Schacter, Daniel, 659, 661 Schaeffer, Bob, 383 Scheckenbach, Albert F., 77 Schedules of reinforcement, 1292 Scheerer, Martin, 969 Scheier, Michael F., 723 Schema, 1726 Schemata, 181, 354, 377, 1497; gender, 669 Schildkraut, Joseph, 54 Schizoaffective disorder, 1274 Schizoid personality disorder, 1117 Schizophrenia, 11, 550, 872, 960, 1031, 1236, 1274, 1726; autism and, 204; background, types, and symptoms, 1360-1365; bipolar disorders versus, 252; children and, 322; existential psychology and, 609; hallucinations and, 719; high-risk children, 1365-1369; paranoia versus, 1081; personality disorders and, 1117; psychosurgery and, 1251; shock therapy and, 1451; theoretical explanations, 1369-1374 Schizophrenia Society of Canada, 1777 Schizophrenia spectrum of illness, 1372 Schizophreniform disorder, 1274 Schizotypal personality disorder, 1117, 1372 Schlenker, Barry, 1409 Schlossberg, Nancy, 299 Schmitt, Alicia, 383 Schnarch, David, 1444 Schneider, Kurt, 149 Schneider, Walter, 209 Schoenrade, P., 1329 Schofield, Janet Ward, 1175, 1290 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), 8, 172, 374, 380, 1623 School, separation anxiety and, 1426 School and College Ability Test (SCAT), 7 School shootings, 1662 Schreibman, P. H., 1048 Schulsinger, Fini, 1366 Schultz, Johannes, 941 Schwann cell, 1726 Schwartz, Hillel, 764 Schwartz, Robert, 765 Science; religion and, 1327; religion versus, 1325 Science directorate, 116 Scientific management, 1702 Scientific method, 620, 1228, 1374-1381; case studies and, 303; research methods and, 1593 Scoring systems, 1380 Scott, Walter Dill, 810 Scoville, William, 962, 1456 Screening, 12, 517 Script redecision, 1651 Scripts, 1507, 1726 Sdorow, Lester, 79 Searle, John, 169 Sears, David O., 1287 Seasonal affective disorder, 253, 327, 996, 1381-1385, 1726 Sechenov, Ivan, 1311 Second-signal system of conditioning, 1101 Secondary aging, 86 Secondary dispositions, 759 Secondary drives, 1354, 1626 Secondary emotions, 581 Secondary memory, 1454 Secondary needs, 1137 Secondary process, 575 Secondary reinforcement, 1726 Secondary reinforcers, 1319 Secondary sex characteristics, 48, 1726 Secular humanism, religion versus, 1331 Secularization, religion and, 1323 Secure attachment, 1001 Seduction phase, 122 Seduction theory, 1698 Seitz, Jay A., 868 Sekule, Robert, 1669 Selection, 1278 Selection technique, 397 Selective abstraction, 378 Selective attention, 1413 Selective mutism, 321 Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 993 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 547, 993 Self, 1386-1390, 1726; analytical psychology, 126; codependency and, 341; person-centered therapy and, 1108; theories, 1689 Self-actualization, 23, 34, 66, 755, 1109, 1391-1395, 1726; meditation and, 943; needs, 1701 Self-analysis, Karen Horney and, 1505 Self-assessment, 172 Self-awareness, Gestalt psychology and, 678 Self-characterization sketch, 1114 Self-concept, 23, 1726; Japan, 46; self-esteem and, 1399; self-presentation and, 1408; social identity theory and, 1483 Self-confidence, stuttering and, 1575 Self-control, 374 Self-control therapy, 352 Self-definition, groups and, 707 Self-directed Search (SDS), 293, 301 Self-direction, 1109 Self-disclosure, 1395-1398; intimacy and, 852 Self-discovery, analytical psychology, 132 Self-effacing behavior, 1692 Self-efficacy, 1488, 1726; theory, 1490 Self-esteem, 35, 58, 805, 1109, 1398-1402, 1726; addiction and, 30; attributional biases and, 202; jealousy and, 858; learned helplessness and, 893; play and, 1155; prejudice and, 1169; shyness and, 1458; sports psychology and, 1524 Self-fulfilling prophecies, 1497 Self-generated persuasion, 194 Self-hatred, social identity theory and, 1485 Self-help groups, terminal illnesses, 449 Self-identity, personality and, 759 Self-image, 1726; aggression and, 72 Self-inflated personality, 1501 Self-instructional training, 350 Self-interest, 426; altruism and, 102 Self-medication theories of substance use disorders, 1580 Self-modeling, 1053 Self-monitoring, 188, 228, 233, 379; self-presentation and, 1409 Self-mutilation, 263; impulse control disorders and, 797 Self-perception theory, 192, 1402-1407, 1726 Self-presentation, 1407-1411 Self-promotion, self-presentation and, 1407 Self psychology, 1233 Self-punishment paranoia, 124 Self-rating scales, depression, 222 Self ratings, 1130 Self-realization, 755 Self-regulation, social learning theory and, 1488 Self-regulatory systems, 373 Self-report inventories, behavioral therapy and, 228 Self-report measurement, 1592 Self-report questionnaires, emotions, 581 Self-report research methods, 513 Self-sabotage, 1301 Self-schema, 1507 Self-serving bias, 201 Self-socialization, 669 Self-talk, 350 Selfish gene, 66 Seligman, Martin E. P., 308, 331, 724, 808, 892, 896, 1159, 1183, 1248, 1547, 1551, 1604 Sells, S. B., 1131, 1632 Selman, Robert, 43, 357 Selvini-Palazzoli, Mara, 1542 Selye, Hans, 135, 248, 655, 672, 674, 1245, 1411, 1548, 1553, 1556, 1559, 1564, 1799; endocrine system and stress, 588; grieving and stress, 697 Semantic differential, 1171 Semantic-encoding hypothesis of synethesia, 1601 Semantic memory, 367, 918, 945, 955, 966, 1634, 1726 Semantic verification tasks, 967 Semantics, 876, 910 Semen, 1440 Semi-interquartile range, 472 Semicircular canals, 1726 Sensation, 1571, 1726; perception and, 1412-1416; senses and, 1416 Sense of coherence, 445 Senses, 1416-1419, 1641; aging and, 85; memory and, 963; synesthesia and, 1599 Sensing, analytical psychology, 127 Sensitivity, signal detection theory and, 1464 Sensitization, 714, 718, 950 Sensorimotor stage, 354, 505, 1150, 1726; kinesthetic memory and, 869 Sensoriperceptual changes; aging and, 80 Sensory adaptation, 714, 1412 Sensory deprivation, 419; blindness and, 1675 Sensory leakage theory of synesthesia, 1600 Sensory memory, 918, 945, 1726 Sensory receptors, endorphins and, 592 Sensory register, 587, 965 Sensory thresholds, 1412 Separation; adult issues, 1419-1422; children's issues, 1423-1426 Separation anxiety, 321, 1003, 1426-1428 Separation protest, 176 Sequential bilingualism, 244 Sequential research designs, 514 Sequential Tests of Educational Progress (STEP), 7 Serbin, Lisa, 670 Serial learning, 955 Serial-position effect, 967 Serial processing, 1635, 1726 Serialist learning styles, 561 Seriation, 355 Serotonin, 54, 547, 992, 1030; memory and, 960 Set point, 1618, 1726 Seven sins of memory, 661 Sex, 1726; intimacy and, 854 Sex differences, birth order and, 261 Sex drive, neuroses and, 566 Sex hormones, 746; motivation and, 1428-1432 Sex organs, 687 Sex-role transcendence, 669 Sex roles, 49; Japan, 46 Sex therapists, 1444 Sex typing, 667, 1726 Sexism, 642, 1432-1436 Sexual abuse, 1448; child abuse, 311; eating disorders and, 556 Sexual assault, 1295, 1299 Sexual aversion, 1442 Sexual behavior, 1030; experimentation and, 616; gonads and, 687; Masters and Johnson, 935; patterns, 1436-1440; pituitary gland and, 1153; sex hormones and, 1428 Sexual dysfunction, 1440-1445 Sexual instinct, 1726 Sexual orientation, 742; adolescent, 51; sex hormones and, 689 Sexual relationships, jealousy and, 858 Sexual response cycle, 1440 Sexual scripts, adolescent, 50 Sexual selection, 925, 1436 Sexual variants, 1446-1450 Sexual violence, 530 Sexuality; adolescence and, 44; age and, 70; aggression and, 74; aging and, 86; Freud, Sigmund and, 1244; Kinsey, Alfred, and, 870; media and, 1657, 1661; midlife crisis and, 980; neuroses and, 1040 Sexually aggressive rape, 1298 Shading, vision and, 1096 Shadow archetype, 126, 129, 160 Shadowing, 182 Shame, guilt and, 713 Shaping, 1293, 1726; learning and, 898 Shared psychotic disorder, 1274 Sharing, intimacy and, 852 Shaver, Kelly, 201 Shaw, J. C., 1190 Sheehy, Gail, 979 Sherif, Carolyn, 1176, 1287 Sherif, Muzafer, 429, 843, 846, 1176, 1287, 1486 Sherrington, Charles, 1032, 1312 Shevrin, Howard, 1040 Shiffrin, Richard, 209, 587, 965, 967, 1454 Shisslak, Catherine, 144 Shneidman, Edwin, 476, 1585 Shoben, Edward, 967 Shock therapy, 1450-1454; memory and, 960 Shockley, William, 8, 1282 Shoda, Yuichi, 990 Shontz, Franklin, 434 Shoplifting, impulse control disorders and, 795 Shore, Cecilia, 878 Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, 490 Short-term anxiety-provoking psychotherapy, 283 Short-term memory, 79, 367, 585, 918, 945, 951, 954, 1454-1458, 1634, 1726; sensory memory and, 963 Short-term psychotherapy, 282 Shyness, 1458-1460 Sibling relationships, 1460-1463; stepsiblings and, 1539 Sibling rivalry, 806, 1462; jealousy and, 859 Side effects, drugs, 547 Siegal, J. M., 1338 Siegall, Marc, 811 Siffre, Michel, 325 Sifneos, Peter, 283 Sigall, Harold, 885 Sighele, Scipio, 463 Sight, 1416 SIGI PLUS, 294 Sign stimuli, 602, 715 Signal detection theory, 1463-1466 Signal recognition, 1412 Significance, practical versus statistical, 1534 Significance level, 1534, 1727 Signifier and signified, 123 Signs, 517 Similarity, attraction and, 197 Similarity-attraction hypothesis, 845 Simmelhag, V., 404 Simon, Herbert, 9, 916, 1190 Simon, Théodore, 458, 827, 832, 834, 1530, 1620, 1800 Simple frequency distribution, 470 Simple projection, 1199 Simulated observation, 229 Simulator training, 752 Simultaneous bilingualism, 244 Simultaneous conditioning, 401 Simultaneous contrast, 1668 Singapore Psychological Society, 1775 Singer, Jerome E., 308, 724 Single-parent families, divorce and, 1423 Singleton, Royce, Jr., 646 Situational attributions, 200, 1496 Situational control, 889 Situational variables, 373-374, 736 Situational violence, 1662 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), 294 Skewed distributions, 471 Skill memory, 918 Skills training, modeling and, 1053 Skin, 1417 Skin color, prejudice and, 1169 Skinner, B. F., 23, 230, 236, 240, 403, 950, 1067, 1140, 1233, 1270, 1291, 1349, 1467-1468, 1574, 1800; development, 504; experiments, 1686; language acquisition and, 907; language and, 878; learning and, 896; memory, 957; personality and, 1125; Piaget, Jean, versus, 357; reinforcement and, 1319 Skinner box, 1727 Skrzypek, George, 148 Slavin, Robert, 431, 561, 1610 Sleep, 417, 1468, 1474; defense mechanisms and, 566; enuresis and, 224; memory and, 947; pituitary gland and, 1153; reticular formation and, 1337 Sleep apnea syndromes, 1474, 1478; obesity and, 1048 Sleep deprivation, 720 Sleep disorders, children and, 322 Sleep mentation, 538 Sleep patterns, insomnia and, 821 Sleep research, 822 Sleep-wake cycle, 325 Slingerland, Beth, 868 Slingerland Approach, 868 Slobin, Dan Isaac, 879 Small-n experimental designs, 1684 Small nonprimary groups, 708 Small primary groups, 708 Smell, 1417, 1478-1483; imprinting and, 790 Smith, Edward, 967 Smith, Margaret Taylor, 868 Smith, Mary, 1262 Smith, Robert, 32 Smith, Stephanie, 309 Sniezek, Janet A., 700 Snow, Katherine, 908 Snyder, C. R., 309 Snyder, Mark, 188, 1388 Snyder, Melvin, 309 Snyder, Solomon H., 594 Snygg, Donald, 1394 Soar (artificial intelligence), 170 Sobel, Nathan, 625 Sociability, arousal and, 1071 Social aggregation, 63 Social anxiety, self-presentation and, 1409 Social anxiety disorder, 1239 Social attitudes, prejudice and, 1171 Social behavior, parenting styles and, 1087 Social bonding; autism and, 205; imprinting and, 790 Social categorization, 1727 Social change, 651 Social cognition, 371, 1727; moral development and, 1000 Social cognitive psychology, self and, 1387 Social cognitive theory, 1488; Bandura, Albert and, 217 Social comparison theory, 60, 441, 1727 Social constructionism, 1228, 1234 Social contexts, learning and, 1354 Social control, nonverbal communication and, 1043 Social convoy model of social networks, 1495 Social creativity, 1484 Social Darwinism, 1231 Social density, 709 Social distance scale, 1289 Social environment, coping and, 445 Social exchange theory, 196 Social facilitation, 1070, 1589, 1727 Social identity theory, 464, 844, 1483-1487, 1727; sports psychology and, 1524 Social influence, 285; attitudes and, 191 Social inhibition, 1589 Social insects, 483 Social interactions; case studies and, 305; cooperative learning and, 431 Social interest, individual psychology and, 806 Social isolation, suicide and, 1583 Social judgment theory, 192 Social learning, Albert Bandura and, 1487-1491 Social learning model of personality, 1125 Social learning theory, 531, 1660, 1727; aggression, 77; groups and, 1589; Miller, Neal, and John Dollard and, 983; personality, 1133; phobias and, 1141 Social limits, 571 Social loafing, 1727 Social mobility, social identity theory and, 1484 Social needs, 1701 Social Network Index (SNI), 1494 Social networks, 1491-1496; Internet and, 850 Social order, moral development and, 998 Social penetration, 1398 Social perception, 1496-1500 Social phobias, 1141, 1727; panic disorder and, 93; shyness and, 1459 Social processes, 595 Social psychological models; Fromm, Erich, 1500-1504; Horney, Karen, 1504-1507 Social psychological theory, 768 Social psychology, 190, 884, 1225, 1727; intergroup theories, 843 Social Readjustment Rating Scale, 434, 1559 Social reinforcement, 1318 Social roles, sexism and, 1434 Social schemata, 1507-1511 Social Security Act of 1935, 1340 Social skills, Down syndrome and, 537 Social status, race and, 1283 Social structure; defensive mechanisms and, 483; synergy and, 1393 Social support, 1727; aging and, 86; coping and, 438; depression and, 496; groups and, 710; networks and, 1492; religion and, 1330; stress and, 1565; trauma and, 1167; well-being and, 1160 Social workers, 972 Socialization, 290, 1727; adolescence and, 46; altruism and, 104; hunger and, 763; identity crises and, 786; jealousy and, 859; juvenile delinquency and, 863; misbehavior and, 986; self-perception theory and, 1403; women's psychology and, 1688 Societal processes, 595 Société Française de Psychanalyse (SFP), 125 Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and Life Sciences, 1771 Society for Computers in Psychology, 1771 Society for Consumer Psychology, 1772 Society for Development and Behavioral Pediatrics, 1772 Society for Disability Studies, 1772 Society for Free Psychoanalysis, 34 Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications (GTA), 1772 Society for Individual Psychology, 34 Society for Judgment and Decision Making, 1772 Society for Mathematical Psychology, 1772 Society for Neuroscience, 1772 Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP), 1772 Society for Psychophysiological Research, 1772 Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD), 1772 Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI), 1772 Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1325 Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 1168 Society of Behavioral Medicine, 1772 Society of Biological Psychiatry, 1773 Society of Psychologists in Management (SPIM), 1773 Sociobiology, 603, 1727; affiliation and, 64, 66; animal experimentation and, 136; groups and, 1589 Socioemotional selectivity theory of social networks, 1495 Sodomy, 1298 "Soldier's heart," 1167 Solman, Robert, 964 Solms, Mark, 1206 Solnit, Albert, 664 Somatic delusional disorder, 1081 Somatic senses, 1644 Somatic sensory cortex, 1644 Somatic therapy, 1240 Somatization disorder, 146, 739, 771, 777, 1727 Somatoform disorders, 772, 1078, 1245, 1727; children and, 322; hysteria and, 783 Somatoform pain, 771, 777 Somnambulism, 770, 1727 Soul, self versus, 1386 Soul loss, 163 Sound, 1416 Sound pressure level (SPL), 726 Sound waves, 726 South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), 795 SOYBAR Criterion Tests, 552 Space, existential psychology and, 609 Spatial density, 709 Spatial memory, 362 Spatial summation, 1617 Spearman, Charles, 6, 829 Special education, 905; developmental disabilities and, 510 Specialization, media psychology and, 938 Species-specific behavior, 825 Specific phobias, 1141 Specifiers, 522 Spector, Paul E., 76 Spectrum analysis, 1727 Speech; aphasia and, 154; autism and, 205 Speech acts, 911 Speech disorders, 1511-1515; primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and, 156; stuttering, 1575 Speech-language pathology, 1514 Speech perception, 1515-1519 Speech registers, 876 Spencer, Herbert, 1231, 1800; functionalism and, 1572 Spencer, K. W., 799 Sperling, George, 963 Sperry, Roger, 272, 279, 1231, 1521 Spiegel, Harold, 770 Spielberger, Charles, 1531, 1546, 1552 Spinal cord, 1029, 1727 Spinal reflex, 1310 Spirit possession, fugue and, 120 Spiritual reality, 1328 Spirituality; death and, 450; helping and, 734; religion and, 1323 Spitz, Rene, 138, 493, 1303 Split attention, 180 Split-brain studies, 266, 279, 1520-1524 Splitting, 1117 Spongiform encephalopathy, 489 Spontaneous recovery, 1727 Spontaneous remission, 1260 Sport psychology, 1524-1530, 1727 Sprouting, 1727 SQ3R method, 920, 947 Sroufe, Alan, 178 Stability, 27; causal attribution and, 306; introversion and extroversion and, 856 Staddon, J. E. R., 404 Stage model of memory, 1454 Stage theories; development, 1727; family life, 636; language acquisition, 877 Stages; adulthood, 633; dying, 448, 476; group therapy, 703 Stagnation, 572, 981 Stampfl, Thomas, 213 Standard deviation, 471, 1727 Standardization, 1727 Standardized assessment, 172 Standardized instruments, 228 Standardized interviews, 1121 Standardized Mental Status Tests, 490 Standardized score, 472 Standardized testing, 513; college entrance examinations and, 383 Stanford-Binet scale, 5, 292, 832, 834 Stanford-Binet test, 681, 1530-1531, 1622 Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C), 768 Stanton, H. E., 770 Stanton, M. Duncan, 1544 Starko, Alane, 462 Startle response, 714, 1316 Starvation, anorexia nervosa and, 557 State-dependent memory, 919, 947 State emotion, 581 State of Louisiana v. Michael Perry, 1810 State of Minnesota v. David Andring, 1808 State of New Jersey v. Paul Hurd, 1806 State system, 715 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, 1531-1533, 1546 States of consciousness, 416 Static adaptation, 1500 Statistical analyses, field experimentation and, 646 Statistical data, 165 Statistical hypothesis testing, 1463 Statistical regression, 1279 Statistical reliability, 297 Statistical significance, 1727 Statistical significance tests, 1533-1537; hypothesis testing, 781 Statistical theory, sampling and, 1359 Statistics, 469, 1684; decision making and, 481; inferential, 474 Status; identity crises, 787; offenses, 862 Stein, Barry, 1190 Steiner, Ivan, 699 Stepchildren, stepfamilies and, 1538 Stepfamilies, 1537-1540; divorce and, 1423; fathers and, 639 Stepfamily Association of America, 1539 Stephan, Walter G., 1287, 1290 Stepparent involvement and style models of stepfamilies, 1538 Stepper, Sabina, 631 Stepping reflex, 1315 Stereogram, 1727 Stereopsis, 500 Stereoscopic vision, 1675 Stereotypes, 1497, 1507, 1728; ageism and, 67; attributional biases and, 202; evolutionary psychology and, 607; feminist psychotherapy and, 642; gender, 669; prejudice reduction and, 1176; racism and, 1287; sexism and, 1432 Stereotypic movement disorder, 321 Stern, William, 101, 626, 832, 1530, 1800 Sternberg, Robert, 61, 457, 828, 830 Sternberg, Saul, 1635 Steroid sex hormones, 53 Steroids, 747 Stevens, Albert, 364 Stewart, John, 885 Stigma, mental illness and, 730 Stillman, Essie, 552 Stimulants, 1728 Stimulation; arousal and, 1069; vision and, 1668 Stimuli, 814, 1545, 1728; antecedents, 232; attention and, 179; conditioning and, 1100; control, 241; drives and, 543; error, 1571; extinction, 212; generalization, 1354, 1728; habituation and sensitization and, 714; learning cues, 1353; mechanoreceptors and, 1643; pain and, 1073; reflexes and, 1310; responses and, 58; senses and, 1418 Stimulus-discrimination training, 1067 Stimulus-outcome expectancies, 373 Stimulus substitution, learning and, 562 Stjermsward, Jan, 1076 Stogdill, Ralph, 891 Stokols, Daniel, 1551 Stomach, hunger and, 765 Storage, 1728; capacity, 1455; memory and, 919 Storfer, Miles, 458 Stories, 1625 Storms, Philip L., 76 Stott, Clifford, 465 Strack, Fritz, 631 Straits, Bruce and Margaret, 646 Strange situation, 176, 1001, 1728 Strategic family therapy, 1540-1545 Strategic negotiation, 427 Strategic paradox, 1543 Stratified sampling, 1358 Straus, Murray, 899 Strentz, Thomas, 1553 Stress, 248, 653, 672, 1545-1549, 1728; aging and, 91; amnesia and, 117; anger and, 133; behavioral and psychological responses, 1549-1555; children and divorce and, 1423; coping and, 438; death and, 447; defense mechanisms and, 565; denial and, 492; depression and, 329, 495; endocrine system and, 588; endorphins and, 593; group support and, 1590; hormones and, 746-747; impulse control disorders and, 793; insomnia and, 820; management, 1549; meditation and relaxation and, 943; midlife crisis and, 979; pain and, 1073; phobias and, 1142; physiological responses, 1555-1559; postpartum depression and, 1163; prenatal development and, 1181; psychosomatic disorders and, 1245; resistance, 315; retirement and, 1341; Selye, Hans and, 1411; sexual desire and, 1441; sleep deprivation and, 1471; sports psychology and, 1525-1526; suicide and, 1584; theories, 1564-1568; trauma and, 1164; Type A behavior pattern and, 1653 Stress-induced analgesia, 1077 Stress inoculation training, 76, 230, 351 Stress psychology, 674 Stress-related diseases, 1559-1564 Stressors, 1545, 1728 Striate cortex, 1728 Stroke, 1728; aphasia and, 155; brain damage and, 266 Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII), 293 Strong Interest Inventory (SII), 839, 1568-1569 Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), 293 Strong's Vocational Interest Blank for Men, 1131 Stroop, J. Ridley, 180 Structural family therapy, 1258 Structural model of personality, 574 Structural psychotherapy, 352 Structuralism, 613, 1221, 1224, 1231, 1418, 1569-1574, 1728 Structure-of-intellect (SOI) model, 830 Structured interviews, 1121 Stuart, Richard, 236 Student teams-achievement divisions (STAD), 431 Study of Values, 760, 1131 Stumpf, Carl, 906, 1232, 1800 Stunkard, Albert J., 1049 Stuttering, 1512, 1574-1578; lateralization and, 1522 Subclinical, 518 Subclinical hypothyroidism, 1639 Subconscious, evolutionary psychology and, 605 Subgoal analysis, 1188 Subgoals, 1192 Subject-object distinctions, 122 Subject selectivity, 1380 Subject variables, 389, 621 Subjective expected utility theory, 479 Subjective experience, 412 Subjective norms, 188 Subjective stimulus values, 373 Subjectivity, social perception and, 1499 Sublimation, 22, 564, 1728 Subliminal messages, 59 Subliminal signals, 1412 Submission, 1045 Subsequent families, 1537 Substance abuse; eating disorders and, 556; identity crises and, 787; personality disorders and, 1120 Substance dependance disorders, 1579 Substance-induced psychotic disorder, 1275 Substance P, 1030 Substance use disorders, 1578-1583 Substantia nigra, 1091 Substantive scales, 1329 Subtraction technique of thought measurement, 1634 Subtractive bilingualism, 244 Subtypes, 522 Success, 1399; fear of, 1139, 1693; intelligence tests and, 9 Success identity, 1307 Successive contrast, 1668 Sucking reflex, 716, 1312, 1315 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 1316 Suffering, pain and, 1073 Suffix, 1728 Sufi Psychology Association, 1773 Sugerman, Roger, 821 Suggestibility, 661; hypnosis and, 768 Suicidal gestures, 1585 Suicide, 1583-1587; depression and, 329, 494; teenage, 1611-1615 Suinn, Richard, 352 Sullivan, Anne, 867 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 569, 666, 1209, 1370, 1386, 1587-1588, 1800; suicide and, 1615 Summative assessment, 173 Summer depression, 1381 Sun, Yongmin, 1424 Sung, B. L., 45 Super, Donald, 294, 299 Superego, 22, 504, 563, 574, 576, 711, 998, 1005, 1133, 1208, 1212, 1243, 1386, 1651, 1696, 1728 Supernatural, mental illness and, 14 Supernatural beliefs, madness and, 928 Superstition, 404; compulsions versus, 1060 Supervisors, work motivation and, 1701 Supplication, self-presentation and, 1408 Support, rationale-motive therapy and, 1300 Support groups, 1588-1591; dementia, 490 Support systems, violence and, 1662 Suppression, 565 Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior of 1972, 1659 Surgical birth, 258 Surrealism, Jacques Lacan and, 124 Surrogates, sexual, 1441 Survey knowledge, 364 Survey methods, 518, 1380 Survey research, questionnaires and interviews, 1591-1595 Survey statistical computations, 1358 Survival, imprinting and, 789 Survival reflexes, 1315 Survivor guilt, 524 Sussman, L. K., 731 Sutherland, Grant R., 977 Sutich, Tony, 757 Swallowing reflex, 1315 Swimming reflex, 1316 Sydenham, Thomas, 782 Syllogism, 1728 Symbiotic relationship, 1728 Symbol system hypothesis, 170 Symbolic, the, 122 Symbolic modeling, 1051, 1489 Symbolic racism, 1287 Symbolism, play therapy and, 1158 Symbols; dyslexia and, 551; language and, 876; social learning theory and, 1488 Syme, Leonard, 1492 Symonds, Alexandra, 1693 Sympathetic nervous system, 654, 1029, 1728; shyness and, 1459; stress and, 1555, 1564 Symptom neurosis, 1041 Symptom prescription, 1543 Symptom specificity, 674 Symptoms, 517 Synapses, 1030, 1032, 1728 Synaptic gaps, 54 Synaptic transmission, 1595-1599 Synchronized electroencephalogram, 1728 Syndromes, 232 Synectics, 1611 Synergic society, 1393 Synesthesia, 1599-1602 Syntax, 692, 876, 908 System of Multi-Cultural Pluralistic Assessment (SOMPA), 835 Systematic desensitization, 212, 216, 230, 236, 242, 897, 1167, 1728; phobias and, 1144; relaxation techniques and, 942 Systematic experimental introspection, 1571 Systematic naturalistic observation, 229 Systematic rational restructuring, 351 Systematic sampling, 1358 Systems theory, 1694, 1728; of families, 636 Syzygy, 161 Szasz, Thomas, 17, 21 T T-test, 1535 Tachistoscope, 1728 Tafrate, R. Chip, 134 Taft, Jessie, 1111 T'ai Chi, 942 Tajfel, Henri, 464, 843, 1483 Talent, creativity and, 460. See also Giftedness Talk shows, media physchology and, 936 Talking, therapy and, 704 Tangible support, coping and, 439 Tantrums, 72 Tardive dyskinesia, 1728 Target behavior, 228 Target cells, 1638 Target organs, 53 Tarnow, Eugen, 464 Tart, Charles, 417 Tarule, Jill Mattuck, 347 Task mastery system, 561 Task-oriented behavior, 26 Task structure, 889 Taste, 1478, 1483; smell and, 1478 Taste aversions, 401, 606, 897, 951, 1184, 1603-1607; instincts and, 825 Taste buds, 1416 Taste receptor cells, 1479 Tau proteins, 107 Taylor, Dalmas, 1395 Taylor, Donald, 1174 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 810, 1702 Taylor, Shelley E., 724, 1565 Teacher Report Form, 324 Teaching methods, 559, 1607-1611; adolescent cognitive skills and, 42; giftedness and, 682 Teams, 1528 Teams-games-tournament (TGT), 431 Technological moratorium, 786 Tectum, 276 Teddie, Charles, 308 Teenage pregnancy, 51 Teenage suicide, 1584, 1611-1615 Tegmentum, 276 Telegraphic speech, 877 Telehealth, 851 Telemedicine, 851 Telepresence, 1664 Television, media psychology and, 936 Television violence, 1052, 1279, 1657; aggression and, 77; development and, 514 Telic system of arousal, 1072 Temperature, 1615-1620 Temperature feedback, 1079 Temporal lobes, 271, 278, 1218, 1728; hallucinations and, 719 Tensions, 651 Teratogens, 1178; mental retardation and, 977 Terman, Lewis, 5, 677, 681, 828, 832, 834, 1233, 1531, 1622, 1800 Terminal illnesses; death and, 476; denial and, 491 Territoriality, 485, 596, 746 Test, Mary Ann, 1052 Test for Creative Thinking and Drawing Production (TCT-DP), 461 Test of English as Foreign Language (TOEFL), 172 Test-retest reliability, 174, 1728 Test situations, 778 Testing, 172, 335, 339, 1278, 1625; gender differences and, 347; historical perspectives, 1620-1624; industrial and organizational psychology and, 811; intelligence, 827; memory, 954; origin of, 1233; Peabody Individual Achievement Test, 1104; personality and, 1134; personality interviews and, 1122 Testosterone, 73, 590, 687, 747, 1428, 1728 Teten, Howard, 1195 Thalamotomy, 1091 Thalamus, 271, 277, 1029, 1217, 1728 Thales, 1229 Thanatology, 447, 476 Thanatos, 574, 1208 The State of Texas v. Andrea Pia Yates, 1810 Theater therapy, 1017, 1021 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 1017, 1138, 1199, 1226, 1624-1626, 1728 Theology, psychology and, 1326 Theon Jackson v. State of Indiana, 1803 Theories, psychotherapy and, 1266 Theory, 1728 Theory Y of business management, 1393 Therapeutic alliance, 1266 Therapeutic interviews, 1592 Therapeutic parenting, 1305 Therapeutic relationship, analytical psychology, 130 Therapeutic resistance, 238 Therapy, 1728; group, 703; learning and, 1355 Thermoreceptors, 1417, 1616, 1644, 1728 Thinking; analytical psychology, 127; behaviorism and, 241; psychopathology and, 1237 Thirst, 1626-1628 Thoits, Margaret, 1494 Thomas, James, 1066 Thomas A. Barefoot v. W. J. Estelle, Jr., 1808 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 1229 Thomas H. Washington v. U.S., 1803 Thompson, Clara, 666, 1587 Thompson, Helen, 677 Thompson, Richard F., 1312 Thorndike, Edward L., 230, 235, 402, 545, 838, 896, 950, 1193, 1232, 1291, 1317, 1573, 1628-1630, 1800 Thought, inferential, 1630-1633; language and, 693; obsessions and, 1059; Piaget, Jean, and, 1150; schizophrenia and, 1362; sexist language and, 1434; study and measurement, 1633-1637 Thought disorder, 1273 Threat, stress and, 1551 Threat simulation theory, 414 Thresholds, 1729; signal detection theory and, 1466 Thurstone, L. L., 6, 829, 838, 1131, 1594 Thurstone scale, 1171 Thyroid gland, 1048, 1637-1641 Thyrotoxicosis, 1640 Thyroxine, 1729 Tichener, Edward B., 1800 Tics, 320, 1532, 1646 Timbre, 728, 1729 Time, existential psychology and, 609 Time and motion studies, 810 Time-limited psychotherapy, 282 Time loss, multiple personality disorder and, 1014 Time-out, 237, 562, 1067 Timothy Floyd Clities v. State of Iowa D.S.S., 1807 Tinbergen, Nikolaas, 601, 790, 1439, 1605 Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, 660 Tissot, Simon, 1431 Titchener, Edward, 179, 1221, 1224, 1231, 1570 Toffler, Alvin, 1411 Token economy, 229, 405, 1066 Tokenism, 1171 Tolman, Edward C., 138, 361, 1007, 1194 Tomer, Adrian, 447 Tomkins, Silvan, 580, 630 Tonic activity, 1126 Top-down processing, 1729 Top-down theories of speech perception, 1517 Topography, groups, 708 Torrance, E. Paul, 458, 461 Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, 458, 461 Torrey, E. Fuller, 12 Touch, 1417; pressure and, 1641-1645 Tourette, Gilles de la, 1646 Tourette's syndrome, 320, 1645-1648 Tourette's Syndrome Association, 1777 Tousignant, James, 780 Trace life, 1455 Training, 812; gender differences and, 348 Training law, 394 Training programs, 751 Trait clusters, 627 Trait emotion, 581 Trait-factor model, 298 Trait-factor theory, 841 Trait psychology, 1130 Trait theory, 759, 1729 Traits; genetics and, 1146; personality, 1116 Trance state, 767 Tranquilizers, 55 Transactional analysis, 703, 1648-1653 Transactional model, 434, 443 Transcendence, 1500 Transcendental meditation (TM), 413, 942 Transducers, 1416 Transduction, 1729 Transfer function, 394 Transference, 36, 130, 1204, 1214, 1269, 1698, 1729; neurosis and, 1039; S-R theory and, 1355 Transformation, 162; analytical psychology, 130 Transformation problems, 1189 Transformational generative grammar, 879 Transformational grammar, 909 Transformational leadership, 889 Transgenics, 952 Transience, 661 Transient insomnia, 820 Transitional periods, midlife crisis and, 979 Transitional stage, 638 Transitions; career, 299; divorce and, 1423 Translation, bilingualism and, 245 Translocation, 535 Transmission, synaptic, 1595 Transpersonal therapy, 703 Transsexualism, 669, 743; sex hormones and, 1431 Transvestic fetishism, 1448 Transvestism, 743 Transvestite, 1729 Trauma; amnesia and, 119; disaster psychology and, 524; multiple personality disorder and, 1013; post-traumatic stress disorder and, 1164 Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH), 206 Treatment formats, couples therapy, 452 Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program, 333 Treatment, withholding of, 1333 Treisman, Anne, 180 Trephination, 14 Trial and error, 897, 1188 Triarchic theory of intelligence, 457 Trichotillomania, 793 Tricyclic antidepressants, 55, 547, 993 Tricyclics, 1729 Triggers, 23 Triple-response system, 232 Trisomy 21, 535 Tritanopes, 1673 Triune brain, 270 Trivers, Robert, 603 Troll, Lillian, 1342 True negatives, 518 True positives, 518 Trust; personality disorders and, 1119; self-disclosure and, 1396 Truth, logic and, 913 Tryon, Robert, 138 Tuckman, Bruce, 707 Tuke, Daniel H., 1270 Tuke, William, 14 Tulving, Endel, 80, 585, 918, 966 Turing, Allen, 169 Turkish Psychological Society, 1775 Turner, John, 464, 1483 Turner, Ralph, 1400 Turning against self, 564 Turvey, Brent, 1196 Tversky, Amos, 370, 480, 1497 Twelve-step programs, 33, 1590; helping and, 734 Twin studies; antisocial personality disorder, 148; intelligence and, 6, 7, 1282; panic disorder and, 93; personality and, 1125; psychopathology and, 1238; schizophrenia and, 1372; temperament and, 1561; Tourette's syndrome and, 1647 Two-dimensional circumplex model of stress, 1549 Two-factor model of phobias, 1141 Two-factor theory, 151, 1319, 1729 Type A behavior pattern, 445, 724, 1128, 1247, 1560, 1653-1656; stress and, 1566 Type A personality, 1729 Type B, Type A versus, 1653 U Ultimate attribution error, 1169 Ultrasound, 1181, 1417 Umwelt, 1417 Unabomber, 1197 Uncertainty, personal constructs theory and, 1112 Unconditional positive regard, 23, 1729 Unconditioned response (UR), 401, 897, 1099-1100, 1604, 1729 Unconditioned stimulus (US), 401, 897, 1100, 1603, 1729 Unconscious, 39, 416, 1208, 1237, 1695, 1698, 1729; collective, 126, 129, 160, 861; dreams and, 539; Lacan, Jacques, 875; Lacanian, 123; personal, 126, 129; personality and, 1116, 1125, 1212; projection and, 1198; psychoanalysis and, 1202; sleep and, 1468 Unconscious guilt, 712 Unconscious inference, 1092 Unconscious motivation, 22 Unconscious transference, 624 Undesired self, 1404 Undifferentiated schizophrenia, 1363 Undoing, 564 Uninvolved style of parenting, 1086 Unipolar depression, 495, 1729 Unipolar neurons, 1033 United States v. John Hinckley, Jr., 1807 Universal grammar, 879 Unpreparedness, 1184 Unrealistic expectations, rules and, 1351 Unstandardized interviews, 1121 Unstructured interviews, 1121 Urban, Klaus, 461 Urbina, Susana, 1329 Urges, sexual, 1441 Urine alarm, 225 Ury, William, 428 U.S. v. John J. Torniero, 1808 Utility, 480 V V-code, 521 V.A.K.T. method of kinesthesia, 868 Vagg, Peter R., 1531 Vagina, 1440 Vaginismus, 1444 Vaillant, George E., 565 Valence, 581, 1700 Valett, Robert E., 551 Valid naturalistic observation, 229 Validation, 634; loops, 452 Validity, 173, 289, 840, 1056, 1729; external threats, 1279; logic and, 913 Validity scales, tests and, 984 Values, 27; juries and, 886; self-actualization and, 1392 Values Scale (VS), 294 Van Geert, Paul, 882 Van Veldhuizen, Nelly, 362 Variables, 389, 469, 473, 621, 1376; behavioral assessment and, 232; controlling, 1292; psychosocial, 721; situational, 736; statistical significance and, 1533 Vascular dementia, 488, 1275 Vascular theory of facial efference, 631 Vaughan, Margaret, 1350 Vectorcardiograph, 394 Verbal behavior, 242, 878 Vernon, Philip E., 7, 760, 829 Vertebrate, endocrine systems, 589 Vertical thinking, 1611 Vesalius, Andreas, 1230 Vibrations, 726 Vicarious consequences, 1051 Vicarious experiences, 1490 Vicarious extinction, 1053 Vicarious learning, 989, 1729 Vicarious punishment, 1051 Vicarious reinforcement, 1051 Vickie Lorene Rock v. Arkansas, 1809 Victimization, learned helplessness and, 893 Victimology, 1197 Vienna Circle, 1233 Vigilante driving, 1344 Violence; aggression and, 76; children and teenagers, 1661-1664; crowds and, 465; feminist psychotherapy and, 644; jealousy and, 860; media and, 940, 1052, 1657-1661; prejudice and, 1170; road rage and, 1343; sexual, 530 Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP), 657 Virtual Environment for Body Image Modification (VEBIM), 1666 Virtual reality, 1664-1667; pattern recognition and, 1097 Virtual reality exposure (VRE) therapy, 1665 Visceral responses, 581 Visher, Emily B., 1539 Visher, John S., 1539 Vision; aging and, 85; brightness and contrast, 1667-1671; color, 1671-1674; focus and, 1024; synesthesia and, 1599 Vision correction, 1027 Visions, dreaming and, 538 Visual agnosia, 1094, 1217 Visual cortex, 1729 Visual cues, imprinting and, 790 Visual discrimination, 499 Visual dyslexia, 552, 1729 Visual hallucinations, 718 Visual Kinesthetic Disassociation (V/KD), 869 Visual system, 1674-1678; pattern recognition and, 1092; pattern vision and, 1095 Visuo-spatial sketchpad, 1455 Vitaly Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, et al., 1805 Vocal tics, 1646 Vocational counseling, 839 Vocational guidance, 301 Vocational Interest Inventory (VII), 839 Vocational placement, Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS), 873 Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI), 839 Vogel, P. J., 279, 1520 Voice, social identity theory and, 1484 Voice disorders, 1513 Voir dire examinations, 884 Volkmar, Fred, 1305 Volterra, Vito, 484 Voluntarism, 1231, 1570 Vomiting, eating disorders and, 556 Vowels, 1516 Voyeurism, 1296, 1446, 1729 Vroom, Victor, 891, 1700 Vulnerability; divorce and, 1423; intimacy and, 853; self-disclosure and, 1396 Vygotsky, Lev, 562, 880, 908 W W. J. Estelle, Jr., v. Ernest Benjamin Smith, 1807 Wada test, 1522 Wagenen, William Van, 290, 1520 Wagner, Allan, 1313 Wagner, Hugh, 72 Wagner, Rudolph F., 551 Wagner, Ulrich, 1175 Waking hypnosis, 767 Wald, George, 1673 Walker, Lawrence J., 1689 Walker, Lenore, 218, 530 Wall, Patrick, 1074 Wallace, R. K., 418 Wallace, Edwin R., 930 Wallas, Graham, 1190 Wallerstein, Judith, 1425 Walsh, James, 821, 1270-1271 Walster, Elaine (Hatfield), 197 Walters, Richard H., 1052, 1490 Wann, Daniel, 1525 War, post-traumatic stress disorder and, 1165 Ward, W. S., 769 Warden, Carl J., 544, 799 Warfare, death and, 478 Warkany, Josef, 1178 Warm thermoreceptors, 1616 Washington v. Harper, 1809 Watson, Charles, 776 Watson, John B., 22, 202, 230, 236, 239, 370, 413, 504, 586, 588, 950, 1055, 1102, 1140, 1144, 1186, 1221, 1233, 1256, 1355, 1573, 1679-1680, 1801 Watts, James W., 1219, 1252 Watzlawick, Paul, 1541 Wavelength, 1729; color and, 1671 Waves, acoustic, 726 Waynbaum, Israel, 631 Ways of Coping (WOC) Checklist, 444 Weapons effect, 624 Web sites, 851 Weber, Ernst, 729, 1230, 1686 Wechsler, David, 828, 832, 835, 1680 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 682 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, 292 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III), 1680-1682 Wechsler scales, 6, 832, 835 Weeks, Gerald, 1543 Wehr, Thomas, 1381 Weight, eating disorders and, 555 Weight phobia, 141 Weiner, Bernard, 27, 307 Weisenberg, T., 1523 Weiss, Bahr, 1258 Weiss, David, 294 Weiss, John, 383 Weisz, John, 1258 Welin Activity Scale, 1494 Well-being, 1160; health psychology and, 721; intimacy and, 854; self-disclosure and, 1397; social networks and, 1494 Wells, Gary, 779 Werner, Heinz, 505 Wernicke, Carl, 158, 1523 Wernicke's area, 272, 1218 Wertheimer, Max, 650, 1224, 1232, 1413 Western Collaborative Group Study, 1653 Westphal, Alexander, 95 Wetherall, Charles F., 457 Wheatstone, Charles, 500 Whipple, Guy Montrose, 626 White, Gregory, 308 White, Robert, 443, 1005 White, Samuel, 112 White matter, 1729 Whitehead, George, 309 Whiting, John, 45 Wholeness, religion and, 1322 Wicker, A. W, 190 Wicklund, Robert, 1388 Widom, Cathy Spatz, 147 Wiener, Norbert, 167 Wiesel, Torsten, 138 Wife abuse, 529 Wilcutt, E., 904 Wilhelm M., 1801 Wilkie, William, 424 Wilkins, Arnold, 969 Will, D. P., 1131 Williams, Carl, 1066 Williams, Carol, 189 Williams, Frank, 461 Williams, George, 561 Williams, Robin, 1174 Williamson, E. G., 841 Wilpert, Bernhard, 890 Wilson, Edward O., 66, 603 Wilson, Gregory L. and Laurie, 454 Wilson, Timothy, 1403 Wilson, William, 32 Wing, John, 329 Winter depression, 1381 Witchcraft, mental illness and, 14 Withdrawal; hallucinations and, 720; reflex, 1310 Withdrawn personality, 1501 Withholding of treatment, 1333 Within-subject experimental designs, 1682-1687, 1729 Within-subject variables, 1377 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1229 Wolff, Harold, 724 Wolpe, Joseph, 213, 230, 236, 242, 941, 1102, 1144, 1267, 1270-1271 Women; achievement need and, 1139; eating disorders and, 555; identity crises and, 787 Women on Words and Images, 670 Women's liberation movement, 1694 Women's psychology, 1435; Freud, Sigmund, 1695-1700; Gilligan, Carol, 1687-1691; Horney, Karen, 1691-1695 Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT), 293 Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery-Revised (WJ-R), 173 Woodruff, Robert, 776 Woodward, Samuel B., 112 Woodworth, Robert S., 1131, 1232, 1573, 1632 Woodworth Personal Data Sheet, 292, 1131 Worchel, Stephen, 308 Word, Carl, 1498 Word association, 128 Word-length effect, 1455 Word order, grammar and, 692 Work; inhibition, 1693; motivation, 1700-1703; retirement and, 1340 Working backward, 1189, 1192 Working memory, 371, 918, 1454 Working self-concept, 1507 Working through, 1257, 1267, 1729 World Association of Social Psychiatry, 1775 World Federation for Mental Health, 1775 World Health Organization, 848 Worrying, 1059 Wright, Herbert, 598 Writing, 1011 Written expression disorder, 318 Wundt, Wilhelm, 179, 202, 370, 413, 579, 586, 613, 729, 872, 965, 1220, 1224, 1228, 1231, 1375, 1418, 1570, 1620 X Xenophobia, 1141 Y Yalom, Irvin D., 610, 704 Yamada, Jeni, 881 Yarmey, A. Daniel, 887 Yerkes, Robert, 383, 810, 835 Yerkes-Dodson law, 148, 1069, 1729 Yetton, Philip, 891 Yin, Robert, 302 Yoga, 941 Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision, 1673 Young, J. Z., 816 Young, Thomas, 1673 Youngberg, Supt. Pennhurst State School v. Nicholas Romeo by his mother, 1807 Youniss, James, 1588 Ysseldyke, James E, 173 Z Z-score, 472 Zajonc, Robert, 60, 631, 1070 Zanna, Mark, 1498 Zeitgebers, 325, 1729 Zelazo, Philip, 1147 Zen Buddhism, 941 Zettle, Robert D., 1350 Zillmann, Dolf, 1070 Zimbardo, Philip, 1078, 1459 Zoophilia, 1448 Zurif, E. B., 1522 Zyzanski, Stephen, 1654

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