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Editor: Christina J. Moose ISBN: 978-1-58765-211-0 List Price: $175 April 2005 · 2 volumes · 1,129 pages · 8"x10" Combines Print & Online Access Great Lives from History: The Renaissance & Early Modern Era Index All personages appearing in boldface type in this index are the subjects of articles in Great Lives from History: The Renaissance & Early Modern Era, 1454-1600; Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, The Carracci Family, Ferdinand II and Isabella I, The Pinzon Brothers, and The Tudor Family are the subjects of multi-person essays. A Aaron, Pietro, 517 Abarbanel, Isaac. See Abravanel, Isaac ben Judah Abjuration, Act of (1581), 740 Abravanel, Isaac ben Judah, 1-3 Abū Abd Allā Muhammad XI. See Boabdil Abū al-Hasan Alī, 105, 329 Abū-ul-Fath Jahāl-ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar. See Akbar Abyssinia, 260 Acarie, Barbe, 3-5 Acarie Circle, 3 Accesa. See Andreini, Isabella Accusatoria (Guicciardini), 411 Acosta, José de, 5-7 Act for the Advancement of True Religion. See Advancement of True Religion, Act for Act of . . . See specific name of act Actes and Monuments of These Latter and Perillous Dayes. See Foxe's Book of Martyrs Adagia (Erasmus), 609 Adam and Eve (Dürer), 298 Admiral's Men, 214 Adoration (Bosch), 121 Adoration of the Child (Bellini), 99 Adoration of the Magi (Botticelli), 124 Adoration of the Magi (Correggio), 249 Adoration of the Magi (Dürer), 298 Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo da Vinci), 562 Adoration of the Shepherds, The (Caravaggio), 171 Adorno, Caterinetta Fieschi. See Catherine of Genoa, Saint Adorno, Giuliano, 191 Adrian VI, 7-9, 54, 229, 410, 483 Adrian Dedel of Utrecht. See Adrian VI Adrianople, Peace of (1568), 651 Advancement of Learning (Bacon), 73 Advancement of True Religion, Act for (1543), 62 Advertisement Touching the Controversies of the Church of England, An (Bacon), 72 Advertisements (Parker), 762 Aeken, Jeroen van. See Bosch, Hieronymus Aelst, Pieter Coecke van. See Coecke van Aelst, Pieter Affair of the Placards (1534), 618 Affonso. See Afonso I (king of Kongo) Afghanistan. See Geographical Index Afonso I (king of Kongo), 9-11 Afonso V (king of Portugal), 22, 259, 511 Africa, maps, xxix, xxxi. See also Geographical Index Africa, North; Ottoman Empire and, 79; Portugal and, 513; Spain and, 79 Africanus, Leo. See Leo Africanus Against the Grain (Paracelsus), 758 Agincourt, Battle of (1415), 224 Agnadello, Battle of (1509), 84, 519 Agnolo, Andrea d'. See Andrea del Sarto Agnolo, Donato d'. See Bramante, Donato Agony in the Garden (Bellini), 98 Agony in the Garden (Cranach, the Elder), 262 Agricola, Georgius, 11-14 Ahmed I, 663 Ahuitzotl, 694 Aiionwatha. See Hiawatha Ajwibatu. See Sharia in Songhay Akbar, 15-18, 476 Akechi Mitsuhide, 460, 733 Akechi Tama. See Hosokawa Gracia Ālam Khā, 70, 478 Alarcón, Hernando de, 246 Alban, Viscount Saint. See Bacon, Francis Albert V (duke of Bavaria), 362, 541 Albert VI (duke of Austria), 351 Alberti, Leon Battista, 18-21, 132, 602, 782; on architecture, 20 Albrecht (duke of Prussia), 242 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 22-25 Alcáçovas, Treaty of (1479), 511 Alcalá. See Polyglot Bible Alchemy, 127, 824 Aldine Press, 608 Aldrich, Thomas, 762 Alemán, Mateo, 25-27 Alençon, Marguerite d'. See Marguerite de Navarre Alexander (duke of Albany), 496, 498 Alexander VI, 27-30, 88, 105, 115, 117, 228, 512, 518, 587, 767, 851 Alfonso (duke of Bisceglie), 118 Alfonso II (king of Naples), 28 Algebra; Italy, 173, 920; Netherlands, 913. See also Mathematics Algeria. See Geographical Index Alī Pasha, 88 Alī the Great. See Sonni Alī Alkabetz, Solomon, 524 All Fools (Chapman), 214 Allegory of Redemption (Cranachs), 264 Allegory of the Law and the Gospel (Cranach, the Elder), 264 Allegri, Antonio. See Correggio Almagro, Diego de, 801 Almeida, Dom Francisco de, 22 Almond for a Parrat, An (Nashe), 714 Alsace, Burgundy and, 218. See also Burgundy Alva, duke of, 31-33, 85, 703, 740 Alvarado, Hernando de, 247 Alvarado, Juan de, 161 Alvarado, Pedro de, 34-37, 161 Alvares, Francisco, 261 Álvarez, Juan de Yepes y. See John of the Cross, Saint Álvarez de Toledo, Fernando. See Alva, duke of Amadas, Philip, 771 Amanohashidate (Sesshū), 866 Amasia, Treaty of (1555), 916 Americas, maps, xxx. See also Geographical Index under Mesoamerica; North America; South America Amina Sarauniya Zazzua, 37-38 Aminatu, Sarauniya. See Amina Sarauniya Zazzua Aminta (Tasso), 925 Amoretti (Spenser), 906 Amours, Les (Ronsard), 837 Āmuktamālyadā (Krishnadevaraya), 533 Anabaptism, 472, 675, 1012 Anatomy; Fabricius, 319; Guido Guidi, 211; Vesalius, 966 Andalusia, 105 Andrea d'Agnolo. See Andrea del Sarto Andrea del Sarto, 39-41 Andrea di Pietro della Gondola. See Palladio, Andrea Andreini, Francesco, 42 Andreini, Isabella, 42-43 Anegawa, Battle of (1570), 738 Angela Merici, Saint, 44-45 Angela Tertiary, Sister. See Angela Merici, Saint Angela Terziaria, Suor. See Angela Merici, Saint Angelo, Donato d'. See Bramante, Donato Anglicanism. See Church of England Anglo-French War (1549-1550), 305, 899 Angosciola, Sofonisba. See Anguissola, Sofonisba Angoulême, Francis of. See Francis I (king of France) Angoulême, Marguerite d'. See Marguerite de Navarre Anguissola, Sofonisba, 46-48, 935 Angus, fifth earl of. See Douglas, Archibald Angussola, Sofonisba. See Anguissola, Sofonisba Anna of Oldenburg, 676 Anne Boleyn. See Boleyn, Anne Anne de Bretagne. See Anne of Brittany Anne de Pisseleu, 284 Anne of Austria, 636 Anne of Beaujeu, 48 Anne of Brittany, 48-50, 227, 577, 613 Anne of Cleves, 51-53, 267, 271, 369, 443, 455, 467, 765, 947 Anne of Mecklenburg, 775 Antérotique, L' (du Bellay), 295 Antiquités de Rome, Les. See Ruines of Rome Antonello da Messina, 98 Antonia Ghini (L. Fontana), 338 Antwerp, Siege of (1585), 322 Apalachees, 903 Apologetica disceptatio pro astrologia (Servetus), 862 Apologética historia de las Indias (Las Casas), 539 Apologia (Pico della Mirandola), 783 Apologie, The (Melanchthon), 666 Apologie der Confession aus dem Latin verdeudschet. See Apologie, The Apostles at the Tomb of the Virgin (Ludovico Carracci), 176 Appellation of John Knox . . . to the Nobility, Estates, and Commonalty, The (Knox), 530 Arabia. See Geographical Index Arawaks, 238 Arba'a turim. See Tur Arbolancha, Don Pedro de, 77 Arcadia (Sidney), 882 Architecture; Egypt, 807; England, 104; France, 284, 348, 424, 566; Inca Empire, 747; Italy, 19, 132, 558, 654, 683, 754, 821, 848, 894, 896, 962; Ottoman Empire, 916; Poland, 886; Spain, 445, 890. See also Category Index Architecture of Leon Battista Alberti in Ten Books, The (Alberti), 19 Arcimboldo, Giuseppe, 841 Aretino, Pietro, 53-56, 931; list of works, 54 Arguments in Rhetoric Against Quintilian (Ramus), 817 Arianism, 138 Ariosto, Ludovico, 56-59, 118, 168; list of works, 58 Aristotelicae animadversions (Ramus), 817 Armagnacs, 224 Arminianism, 61. See also Arminius, Jacobus Arminius, Jacobus, 59-61, 741 Arminius, James. See Arminius, Jacobus Arpino, Cavaliere d'. See Cesari, Giuseppe Arrabbiata, 853 Arras, Treaty of (1435), 225 Art; Dürer's theory, 299; France, 217; Italy, 18, 29, 203, 231, 395, 486; Papal States, 520; Spain, 391. See also Category Index Art of War, The (Machiavelli), 588 Art patronage; England, 104, 188, 312; France, 50, 284, 348, 424, 619; Holy Roman Empire, 841; Hungary, 644; India, 17, 532; Italy, 236, 486, 654, 657, 874; Netherlands, 614; Papal States, 29, 231, 520, 558; Poland, 886, 888; Portugal, 606; Scotland, 496, 499; women and, 614, 618. See also Category Index under Patronage of the arts Art poétique français (Sébillet), 294 Arthur (prince of England), 187, 439, 441 Artikel. See Luther's and Zwingli's Propositions for Debate Artis magnae, sive de regulis algebraicis. See Great Art, The Artis medicae liber VII (Cesalpino), 212 Artis medicae pars prima (Cesalpino), 212 Arūj, 79 Asai Nagamasa, 737 Ascension (Tintoretto), 933 Ascension of Christ, An (Veronese), 960 Ascent of Mount Carmel, The (John of the Cross), 509 Ascue, Anne. See Askew, Anne Asdrubale Being Bitten by a Crab (Anguissola), 46 Ash Wednesday Supper, The (Bruno), 139 Asher, Jacob ben, 524 Ashikaga shogunate, 733, 735, 865 Ashikaga Yoshiaki, 732, 736 Ashkenazi, Bezalel, 579 Ashrāf Sayf al-Dīn Qāit Bāy, al-. See Qāytbāy Asia, European outposts (map), xxxi Askew, Anne, 62-64; condemnation and torture, 63 Askia, Mowammad I. See Mohammed I Askia Askia Daud, 64-66 Askia Dynasty, 688 Askia Ishaq I, 64 Askia the Great. See Mohammed I Askia Askiya Dāwūd. See Askia Daud Assertio septem sacramentorum (Henry VIII), 442 Assertion of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther, An. See Assertio septem sacramentorum Assumption of the Virgin (Annibale), 171 Assumption of the Virgin, The (Correggio), 250 Assumption of the Virgin (L. Fontana), 338 Assumption of the Virgin (Titian), 937 Astrakhan, Russian conquest of, 494 Astrology; Denmark, 127; England, 279; France, 729; Hungary, 773. See also Astronomy Astronomia magna. See Great Astronomy Astronomy; Austria, 773, 823-824; Denmark, 126, 129; Italy, 139, 344; Netherlands, 913; Poland, 242. See also Astrology; Category Index Astrophel and Stella (Sidney), 881 Atabalipa. See Atahualpa Atahualpa, 66-68, 469, 801, 902 Ateret Zequenim (Abravanel), 1 Atlacatl, 36 Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura. See Historia mundi Atotarho, 281, 448 Attainder, Act of (1542), 765 Audomarus Talaeus. See Talon, Omer Augsburg, Diet of (1530), 143, 221, 666, 776 Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 222, 651, 776-777 Augsburg Confession (1530), 666, 798 Augsburg Interim (1548), 144, 222 August, Sigismund. See Sigismund II Augustus (king of Poland) Augustinians, 582 Aurillot, Barbara. See Acarie, Barbe Aurillot, Barbe. See Acarie, Barbe Austria, attack on Ottoman Empire, 663. See also Geographical Index Austria, Rudolf V, archduke of. See Rudolf II (Holy Roman Emperor) Auto-da-fé, 940 Autumn and Winter Landscapes (Sesshū), 866 Avrillot, Barbe-Jeanne. See Acarie, Barbe Axayácatl, 693 Ayonwatha. See Hiawatha A-yo-went-ha. See Hiawatha Ayscough, Anne. See Askew, Anne Aztec Empire, 34, 252, 273, 621, 693, 722 B Bābar. See Bābur Bāber. See Bābur Babington, Anthony, 312 Babington plot (1586), 201, 629, 669 Bābur, 15, 69-72, 475, 478, 708 Bacchanal of the Andrians, The (Titian), 937 Bacchus (Michelangelo), 682 Bacchus and Ariadne (Titian), 937 Bacon, Francis, 72-75, 382; Idols of the Tribe, 73; list of works, 75 Bade, Josse, 549 Baghdad, Ottoman conquest of, 481 Baglioni, Orazio, 203 Baisunqur Mīrzā, 69 Bakwa of Turunku, 37 Balama, Revolt of the (1588), 65 Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 76-78, 800 Baldassare Castiglione (Raphael), 821 Bale, John, 63 Balkans. See Geographical Index Ban La Tra Toan, 546 Baptism, 473, 675, 863, 1013 Baptism (Tintoretto), 933 Baptism of Christ (Piero), 785 Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio), 561, 963 Baptistes. See Tyrannical-Government Anatomized Barbarelli, Giorgio. See Giorgione Barbaro, Ermolao, 548 Barbarossa, 79-81, 915 Barcelona, Treaty of (1493), 227 Bark, King. See Gustav I Vasa Barlowe, Arthur, 771 Barnes, Robert, 256 Barnet, Battle of (1471), 301, 991 Barton, Elizabeth, 336 Basel, Council of (1432), 725 Basil III. See Vasily III Bassano, Aemelia. See Lanyer, Aemilia Bastides, Don Pedro de, 76 Báthory, Elizabeth, 81-84. See also Vlad III the Impaler Báthory, Karla, 81 Báthory, Stephen. See Stephen Báthory Battista Sforza (Piero), 787 Battle Between Carnival and Lent, The (Bruegel), 136 Battle of . . .. See specific name of battle Battle of the Centaurs, The (Michelangelo), 682 Bauer, Georg. See Agricola, Georgius Baugé, Battle of (1521), 224 Bay, Qait. See Qāytbāy Bayard, Chevalier de, 84-87 Bayezid II, 87-90, 659, 808 Bayezid the Just. See Bayezid II Bean Eater, The (Annibale Carracci), 176 Beaton, David, 146 Beauchamp of Hache, Viscount. See Somerset, first duke of Beaufort, Henry, 434 Beaufort, Lady Margaret, 90-92, 335, 438, 831 Beaumont, Francis, 92-97, 878; list of works, 93, 96 Beheading of Saint John the Baptist, The (Verrocchio), 963 Bekes, Gáspár, 910 Belgium and Flanders. See Geographical Index Bellarmine, Saint Robert, 192 Bellay, Joachim du, 424, 837 Bellini, Giorgione, 383 Bellini, Giovanni, 97-101 Bellini, Jacopo, 97 Belon, Pierre, 101-103 Bembo, Pietro, 118, 235, 609 Ber, Sonni Alī. See Sonni Alī Berav, Jacob, 524 Bermannus sive de re metallica dialogus (Agricola), 12 Berthold (elector of Mainz), 647 Bess, Good Queen. See Elizabeth I (queen of England) Bess of Hardwick, 103-105 Bet yosef (Karo), 524 Bey, Qait. See Qāytbāy Beza, Theodore, 60, 165 Bianchini, Giovanni, 773 Bible; commentary on, 1, 143, 549; English translation of, 256, 267; King James version, 845; science and, 824; translation into English, 834, 950; translation into French, 550; translation into German, 583, 666. See also Bishop's Bible; Great Bible; Polyglot Bible Bibliotheca universalis. See Conrad Gesner: A Bio-Bibliography Bigi, Francesco di Cristoforo. See Franciabigio Bilney, Thomas, 543 Binding Law, Great. See Great Peace and Power and Law Bingham, Sir Richard, 744 Birth of the Virgin (Andrea del Sarto), 39 Birth of Venus, The (Botticelli), 125 Bishop's Bible, 762 Black Legend, 780 Black Warrior. See Tascalusa Blackfriars, 878 Blind Beggar of Alexandria, The (Chapman), 214 Blood, Council of, 32 Blood Countess. See Báthory, Elizabeth Bloodletting Letter of 1539, The (Vesalius), 966 Bloody Mary. See Mary I (queen of England) Blue Cloak, The (Bruegel), 136 Boabdil, 105-107, 330 Boan. See Wang Yangming Bocage, Le (Ronsard), 837 Bock, Hieronymus, 357 Bocskay, István, 842 Bodleian Library, 109 Bodley, Sir Thomas, 108-111 Body, Human. See Anatomy; Medicine Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb, The (Holbein the Younger), 455 Boeyens, Adriaan Florisz. See Adrian VI Boeyens, Adrian Florensz. See Adrian VI Boeyens, Adrianus Florisz. See Adrian VI Bohemia. See Geographical Index Boleyn, Anne, 51, 111-114, 189, 231, 256, 266, 270, 310, 335, 443, 466, 639, 765, 947 Bologna, Concordat of (1516), 348, 559 Bon Man, 547 Bonfini, Antonio, 644 Book of Common Prayer, 267, 305, 529, 835, 899 Book of My Life, The (Cardano), 174 Book of the Courtier, The (Castiglione), 182, 235, 384, 821 Books. See Printing; Libraries Borgia, Cesare, 28, 114-117, 588, 871 Borgia, Juan, 115, 117 Borgia, Lucretia. See Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia, Lucrezia, 27, 56, 116, 117-119 Borgia, Rodrijo. See Alexander VI Borinquén, 804 Borja y Doms, Rodrigo de. See Alexander VI Bornu, 556 Borough, Edward, 764 Bosch, Hieronymus, 120-123, 135 Bosworth, Battle of (1485), 91, 438, 831, 946 Botany; Germany, 356; Italy, 212; Switzerland, 376 Bothwell, fourth earl of. See Hepburn, James Botticelli, Sandro, 123-126 Bourbon family, 184, 569 Bourgogne, Marie de. See Mary of Burgundy Bovelles, Charles de, 549 Boy Peeling Fruit (Caravaggio), 170 Boy with a Basket of Fruit (Caravaggio), 170 Boyd (lord of Kilmarnock), 496 Brahe, Sophie, 126-128 Brahe, Tycho, 126, 128-131, 774, 841 Bramante, Donato, 29, 132-134, 520 Brevísima relación de la destruyción de las Indias. See Tears of the Indians, The Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies. See Tears of the Indians, The Briggs, Henry, 712 British Isles. See Geographical Index under England; Ireland; Scotland Brittany, 48 Brotherhood of the Blessed Virgin, 120 Bruegel, Pieter, the Elder, 135-138 Brueghel, Jan, 137 Brueghel, Pieter, the Younger, 137 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 18 Brunfels, Otto, 357 Bruno, Filippo. See Bruno, Giordano Bruno, Giordano, 138-142, 427; heliocentric theory, 140 Brussels, Union of (1577), 995 Brutinae quaestiones in Oratorem Ciceronis (Ramus), 817 Bucer, Martin, 142-145, 306, 403 Buch Paragranum, Das. See Against the Grain Buchanan, George, 146-148 Buddhism, 733 Bull, John, 150 Bullen, Anne. See Boleyn, Anne Bullinger, Heinrich, 1013 Buonarroti, Michelangelo. See Michelangelo Buoncompagni, Ugo. See Gregory XIII Burchard, Johannes, 117 Burghley, First Baron. See Cecil, William Burghley, Lord. See Cecil, William Burgundy, 217, 224, 574, 631; Habsburg control of, 646 Burgundy, Mary of. See Mary of Burgundy Burial of the Count of Orgaz, The (El Greco), 391 Busnoys, Antoine, 516 Bussy d'Ambois (Chapman), 215 Butzer, Martin. See Bucer, Martin Bye and Main Plots, 845 Byrd, William, 148-151, 701, 918 Byzantine Empire. See Geographical Index C Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez, 152-155, 245, 903; account of his journey, 154 Cabot, John, 155-158, 159, 440 Cabot, Sebastian, 157, 159-160 Caboto, Giovanni. See Cabot, John Caboto, Juan. See Cabot, John Caboto, Sebastiano. See Cabot, Sebastian Cabral, Pedro Álvars, 366, 605, 971 Cabrilho, João Rodrigues. See Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, 161-162 Caesalpinus, Andreas. See Cesalpino, Andrea Cajetan, Thomas, 582 Calendar, Gregorian, 394. See also Gregory XIII Calendar, Julian. See Calendar, Gregorian Caliari, Paolo. See Veronese, Paolo Calichough. See Kalicho Callicho. See Kalicho Calling of Saint Matthew, The (Caravaggio), 171 Calvin, John, 144, 163-166, 462, 529, 584, 618, 862. See also Calvinism; Luther, Martin; Menno Simons; Protestantism; Reformation; Zwingli, Huldrych Calvinism; doctrines, 164; England, 762; France, 462, 817; Germany, 651; Netherlands, 60; Scotland, 529 Cam Cong, 547 Cambrai, League of, 519, 613, 648 Cambrai, Treaty of (1529), 411, 614, 997 Cambrai, War of the League of (1508-1509), 84 Camino de perfección, El. See Way of Perfection, The Camões, Luís de, 167-170; list of works, 169 Campeggio, 189 Campi, Bernardino, 46 Campion, Edmund, 149, 200 Canali, Isabella. See Andreini, Isabella Candish, Thomas. See Cavendish, Thomas Cano, Juan Sebastián del. See Elcano, Juan Sebastián de Cántico espiritual. See Spiritual Canticle of the Soul, A Cantiones, quae ab argumento sacrae vocantur (Byrd and Tallis), 149 Cantiones sacrae (Byrd and Tallis), 149, 918 Canzoni e sonate (G. Gabrieli), 363 Cão, Diogo, 286, 511 Caonabo, 409 Capito, Wolfgang, 143 Captain, The (Beaumont and Fletcher), 94 Caraffa, Gian Pietro, 769 Caravaggio, 170-172 Cardano, Gerolamo, 172-175, 920 Cardinal Virtues, The (Andrea del Sarto), 39 Cardinal Virtues (Raphael), 820 Cardsharps, The (Caravaggio), 170 Caribbean. See Geographical Index Caribs, 408, 805. See also Guacanagári; Ponce de León, Juan Carissimi, Giacomo, 363 Carlstadt, Andreas, 665 Carmelites, 4, 507, 929; Calced, 507; Discalced, 507, 670, 929; Reformed, 4 Caro, Joseph. See Karo, Joseph ben Ephraim Carracci, Agostino, 175-178 Carracci, Annibale, 171, 175-178 Carracci, Ludovico, 175-178, 338 Carracci family, 175 Carrillo, Alfonso, 328, 503 Cartagena, Juan de, 592 Cartier, Jacques, 178-181 Cartography; Americas, 971; Flanders, 679; North America, 159, 180. See also Category Index Cartwright, Thomas, 762 Cassaria, La. See Coffer, The Castagno, Andrea del, 601 Castelfranco, Giorgio da. See Giorgione Castelfranco, Zorzo de. See Giorgione Castelnau, Michel de, 139 Castiglione, Baldassare, 181-183, 235, 383, 821 Castillo, Bernal Díaz de. See Díaz del Castillo, Bernal Castillo interior, El. See Interior Castle, The Catalina of Aragon. See Catherine of Aragon Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of (1559), 32, 184, 228, 425, 654, 780, 993 Catesby, Robert, 326 Catherine de Médicis, 184-187, 284, 423, 426, 429, 569, 627, 658, 663, 703, 729 Catherine of Aragon, 51, 111, 187-190, 230, 266, 270, 330, 335, 369, 439, 441, 639, 765, 868, 947 Catherine of Genoa, Saint, 191-192 Catholic Concordance, The (Nicholas of Cusa), 725 Catholic League, 426, 429 Catholic Revival. See Counter-Reformation Catholicism, 3, 8; Americas, 36; church reform, 233, 235; England, 189, 200, 270, 311, 324, 335, 371, 399, 403, 544, 639, 668, 699; France, 185, 284, 424, 426, 429-430, 465, 549, 569, 838; Germany, 583, 650, 666; Holy Roman Empire, 842; Inquisition, 940; Italy, 851; Japan, 460; Kongo, 9; Low Countries, 32; North America, 179; Portugal, 513; Protestantism and, 142, 164, 222, 768; Scotland, 502, 530, 634; Spain, 330, 509; Switzerland, 1011. See also Counter-Reformation; Inquisition; Protestantism; Reformation Cavendish, Thomas, 193-195, 277 Cavendish, Sir William, 103 Caxton, William, 196-199, 598 Cayugas, 281, 448 Cecil, Robert. See Salisbury, first earl of Cecil, William, 199-202, 310, 762, 844 Cela sans plus (Josquin), 516 Cellini, Benvenuto, 202-206, 231, 654 Cem, 87, 660, 808 Cena de le Ceneri, La. See Ash Wednesday Supper, The Centuries (Nostradamus), 729 Cerco de Numancia, El. See Siege of Numantia, The Cerda, Ana de Mendoza y de la. See Mendoza y de la Cerda, Ana de Cervantes, Miguel de, 26, 206-211; list of works, 208 Cesalpino, Andrea, 211-213 Cesari, Giuseppe, 170 Champa, 546 Champier, Symphorien, 862 Chancas, 746 Chancellor, Richard, 279, 493 Chapel Royal, 148, 918 Chapman, George, 213-217; list of works, 214 Charity (Andrea del Sarto), 40 Charles I (king of Spain). See Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 8, 31, 50, 54, 58, 112, 144, 152, 204, 220-224, 266, 309, 330, 410, 422, 445, 505, 538, 549, 559, 583, 614, 648, 650, 778, 937, 967, 997; Americas and, 159, 247, 254, 592, 801, 978; Catholicism and, 639; England and, 189; France and, 229, 347, 423; Henry VIII and, 443; Italy and, 229, 347; Netherlands and, 615, 636; Ottoman Empire and, 915; Protestantism and, 769; sack of Rome and, 182 Charles VII (king of France), 224-226, 574 Charles VIII (king of France), 28, 49, 84, 227-229, 365, 439, 498, 518, 575, 577, 587, 612, 852, 872 Charles IX (king of France), 184, 426, 429, 541, 569, 703 Charles de Valois. See Charles the Bold (duke of Burgundy) Charles the Bold (duke of Burgundy), 217-220, 351, 574, 631 Charles the Victorious. See Charles VII (king of France) Charles the Well-Served. See Charles VII (king of France) Charlesbourg, 179 Châteaubriand, Edict of (1551), 424 Cheke, John, 199 Chemistry, 127 Cheng-te. See Zhengde Chenhao, 987 Chess Game, The (Anguissola), 46 Chevallon, Claude, 413 Chevallonii, vidua Claudii. See Guillard, Charlotte Chi. See Sonni Alī Chickasaws, 904 Children of the Chapel, 214 Children's Games (Bruegel), 136 Chimalpopoca, 721 China; France, 86, 217; Portugal and, 792; Spain, 209, 223. See also Geographical Index Choctaws, 904, 922 Christ and Saint Thomas (Verrocchio), 963 Christ and the Woman of Samaria (Michelangelo), 236 Christ at the Pillar (Bramante), 132 Christ Carrying the Cross (Bosch), 120 Christ Carrying the Cross (van Hemessen), 421 Christ Healing the Blind (El Greco), 390 Christ Taking Leave of His Mother (Correggio), 249 Christian I (king of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark), 496 Christian IV (king of Denmark and Norway), 130, 290 Christian Baptism (Menno), 676 Christiana of Denmark, Duchess of Milan (Holbein the Younger), 455 Christianae religionis institutio. See Institutes of the Christian Religion Christianismi restitutio (Servetus), 862 Christianity; Central America, 34; China, 1002; Ethiopia, 1006; faith, 584; Japan, 944, 1001; Kongo, 9; North America, 673; Russia, 387; South America, 6. See also Bible; Calvinism; Catholicism; Lutheranism; Presbyterianism; Protestantism; Puritanism Christ's Tears over Jerusalem (Nashe), 715 Chronologia (Mercator), 680 Chrysis (Pius II), 794 Chu Hou-chao. See Zhengde Chu Hsi. See Zhu Xi Chu Yut'ang. See Xiaozong Chuanxi lu. See Instructions for Practical Living Chumash, 161 Church government. See Category Index under Church reform; Religion and theology Church of England, 51, 113, 189, 231, 258, 267, 271, 458, 529, 699, 761, 947. See also Protestantism Church reform. See Category Index Churchman, John, 457 Cíbola, 245 Cinque canti (Ariosto), 58 Cione, Andrea di Michele. See Verrocchio, Andrea del Circumnavigation of the globe, 307, 591 Cisneros, Gonzalo Jiménez de. See Jiménez de Cisneros, Francisco Class structure; Africa, 10; England, 302, 543; France, 424; Japan, 944; Russia, 490 Clément, Jacques, 428, 705 Clement VI, 443 Clement VII, 44, 54, 112, 182, 184, 189, 203, 221, 229-232, 411, 423, 514, 559, 589, 622, 639, 658, 683, 768, 997 Clement VIII, 430 Cochrane, Robert, 496 Cock, Hieronymus, 135 Code Henri, 428 Code of Jewish Law (Karo), 525 Coecke van Aelst, Pieter, 135 Coeur, Jacques, 226 Coffer, The (Ariosto), 57 Cognac, League of, 230, 411 Coke, Sir Edward, 571 Colet, John, 232-235, 333, 697 Coligny, Gaspard de, 429, 703 Collections of the Maine Historical Society (Hakluyt), 419 Collichang. See Kalicho Colloquia familiaria. See Colloquies of Erasmus, The Colloquies of Erasmus, The (Erasmus), 316 Colloquy of . . .. See specific name of colloquy Colombo, Matteo Realdo, 862 Colón, Cristóbal. See Columbus, Christopher Colonization; England of North America, 193, 397, 420, 771, 813; France of North America, 179, 673; Portugal of China, 168, 1009; Portugal of India, 23, 167, 367, 1000; Portugal of South America, 513; Spain of Southeast Asia, 551; Spain of the Americas, 26, 35, 76, 220, 239, 245, 252, 273, 409, 512, 537-538, 621, 672, 800, 802, 804, 902 Colonna, Pompeo, 230 Colonna, Vittoria, 235-237; Fracastoro's treatment of, 345 Columbus, Christopher, 156, 237-241, 252, 288, 330, 344, 408, 512, 537, 591, 789, 803, 970; personal log, 239 Columbus, Diego, 805 Comentarios de Don Bernardino de Mendoça de lo sucedido en las guerras de los Payses Baxos (Mendoza), 669 Commedia dell'arte, 42, 360 Commentaries of Pius II, The (Pius II), 795 Commentarii. See Commentaries of Pius II, The Commentarii initiatorii in quartuor Evangelia (Lefèvre), 549 Commentariolus (Copernicus), 242 Commentariorum de religione Christiana libri quatuor (Ramus), 817 Commentary on True and False Religion (Zwingli), 1012 Commerce of Algiers, The (Cervantes), 208 Compagnia dei Comici Gelosi. See Gelosi Company of Pastors, 164 Complutensian Polyglot Bible. See Polyglot Bible Comunero Revolt (1520-1522), 8, 220 Concert Champêtre (Giorgione/Titian), 385 Concordat of Bologna. See Bologna, Concordat of Confession of the Four Cities. See Tetrapolitana Congregation of the Oratory, 718 Coniectanea in M. Terentium Varronem de lingua latina (Scaliger), 856 Conquest. See Exploration and conquest; Category Index under Warfare and conquest Conrad Gesner: A Bio-Bibliography (Gesner), 375 Considerations on the "Discourses" of Machiavelli (Guicciardini), 411 Considerazioni sui "Discorsi" de Machiavelli. See Considerations on the "Discourses" of Machiavelli Consolatoria (Guicciardini), 411 Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron, The (Chapman), 215 Constantine I of Ethiopia. See Zara Yaqob Constantine XI Palaeologus, 659, 749 Constantinople, fall of (1453), 659, 795 Construction of a Marvelous Canon of Logarithms (Napier), 712 Conversion of Saint Paul, The (Caravaggio), 171 Conversion of Saint Paul, The (Michelangelo), 684 Conversos. See New Christians Coolhaes, Caspar, 60 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 130, 241-245, 823 Córdoba, Gonzalo Fernández de, 228, 330 Cordovero, Moses ben Jacob, 579 Cordus, Valerius, 376 Coreglia, Michelotto, 116, 118 Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 154, 245-248 Coronation of the Virgin (Bellini), 97 Correggio, 175, 249-251, 486 Cortés, Fernando. See Cortés, Hernán Cortés, Hernán, 34, 161, 220, 245, 252-255, 273, 621, 695, 801 Cortese, Paolo, 517 Cortéz, Hernán. See Cortés, Hernán Cortigiana, La. See Courtesan, The Corvin, Mátyás. See Matthias I Corvinus Corvinus, Matthias I. See Matthias I Corvinus Cose fiorentine (Guicciardini), 411 Cosimo I de Medici. See Medici, Cosimo I de' Cosimo the Great. See Medici, Cosimo I de' Costa, Lorenzo, 486 Council of . . .. See specific name of council Count Federico da Montefeltro (Piero), 787 Countermannerism, 960. See also Mannerism Counter-Reformation, 3, 717; art and, 391; Jesuits, 484, 769; Spain, 222, 446 Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, The. See Arcadia Courtenay, Edward, 640 Courtesan, The (Aretino), 54 Coverdale, Miles, 255-259, 267 Covilhã, Pêro da, 259-262 Coxcomb, The (Beaumont and Fletcher), 94 Cranach, Hans, 263 Cranach, Lucas, the Elder, 262-265 Cranach, Lucas, the Younger, 263 Cranmer, Thomas, 144, 256, 266-269, 305, 335, 369, 443, 468, 544, 639, 766, 834, 898 Creation of the World (Tasso), 926 Credi, Lorenzo di, 561 Cremer, Gerard de. See Mercator, Gerardus Crépy, Treaty of (1544), 31, 777 Cripples, The (Bruegel), 136 Cristoforo, Colombo. See Columbus, Christopher Crome, Edward, 544 Cromwell, Thomas, 51, 112, 256, 266, 269-273, 369, 443, 467, 544, 898, 947, 951 Cromwell of Okeham, Baron. See Cromwell, Thomas Cronique de Pierre Belon, médecin (Belon), 101 Crowning with Thorns, The (Bosch), 121 Crucifixion (Cranach, the Elder), 262 Crucifixion (Grünewald), 405 Crucifixion (Michelangelo), 236 Crucifixion (Tintoretto), 933 Crucifixion of Saint Paul, The (Michelangelo), 684 Crucifixion of Saint Peter, The (Caravaggio), 171 Crusading Order of Santiago, 329 Cuauhtémoc, 254, 273-275; capture of, 274 Cuba, 34, 252 Cubs (Kabbalist group), 579 Cuitláhuac, 273, 695 Cujas, Jacques, 856 Culpeper, Thomas, 467 Cunha, Tristão da, 22 Cupid's Revenge (Beaumont and Fletcher), 94 Cusanus, Nicolaus. See Nicholas of Cusa Cusi Inca Yupanqui. See Pachacuti D Daemonum investigatio peripatetica (Cesalpino), 212 Dai Viet. See Vietnam Dai Viet su ky toan thu (Ngo), 547 Dalālat al-Hārīn. See Guide of the Perplexed, The Daoud. See Askia Daud Darnley, earl of. See Stewart, Henry Darvulia, Anna, 82 Daud. See Askia Daud Daulat Khan, 478 David (Michelangelo), 682 David (Verrocchio), 962 Dávila, Don Pedro Arias. See Pedrarias Davis, John, 276-278 Davys, John. See Davis, John Dawit I, 1006 Dawlat Khā Lodī, 70 Dawn (Michelangelo), 683 Day (Michelangelo), 683 De admirabili operum antiquorum . . . praestantia (Belon), 102 De aquatilibus (Belon), 102 De arboribus coniferis, resiniferis, aliis quoque nonnullis sempiterna fronde virentibus (Belon), 102 De augmentis scientiarum. See Advancement of Learning De Bérulle, Pierre, 3 De causis criticorum dierum libellus (Fracastoro), 344 De Christiana religione (Ficino), 333 De clementia. See On Clemency De concordantia Catholica. See Catholic Concordance, The De coniecturis (Nicholas of Cusa), 726 De contagione et contagiosis morbis et eorum curatione (Fracastoro), 344 De contagionibus et contagiosis morbis et eorum curatione libri tres. See De contagione et contagiosis morbis et eorum curatione De copia (Erasmus), 315 De docta ignorantia. See Of Learned Ignorance De duobus amantibus Eurialo et Lucresia. See Tale of Two Lovers, The De duplici copia verborum ac rerum. See De copia De emendatione temporum (Scaliger), 856 De ente et uno. See Of Being and the One De fabrica (Vesalius), 966; excerpt, 967 De historia stirpium. See Herbal of Leonhart Fuchs, The De hominis dignitate oratio. See Oration on the Dignity of Man De humani corporis fabrica libri septem. See De fabrica De institutione feminae Christianae. See Instruction of a Christian Woman, The De iure belli libri tres. See Three Books on the Law of War, The De iuris interpretibus dialogi sex (Gentili), 372 De jure regni apud Scotos (Buchanan), 147 De la Faye, Antoine, 139 De la nature et diversité des poissons. See De aquatilibus De laudibus legum Angliæ. See Learned Commendation of the Politique Lawes of Englande De legationibus libri tres. See Three Books on Embassies De libris revolutionum Nicolai Copernici narratio prima. See Narratio prima De l'infinito universo e mondi. See On the Infinite Universe and Worlds De l'institution, usage, et doctrine du saint sacrament de l'Eucharistie (Mornay), 705 De magnete (Gilbert), 382 De Maria Scotorum regina. See Detection of the Actions of Mary Queen of Scots, Concerning the Murder of Her Husband, and Her Conspiracy, Adultery, and Pretended Marriage with the Earl Bothwel De metallicis libri tres (Cesalpino), 212 De mundo nostro sublunari philosophia nova. See New Philosophy of the Sublunary World De natura fossilium (Agricola), 13 De natura legis naturæ (Fortescue), 341 De nova et nullius aevi memoria prius visa stella (Tycho Brahe), 129 De optimo reipublicae statu, deque nova insula utopia. See Utopia De orbe novo. See History of the West-Indies, The De ortu et causis subterraneorum (Agricola), 12 De pictura. See Of Painting De plantis (Cesalpino), 212 De procuranda Indorum salute (Acosta), 6 De propria vita liber. See Book of My Life, The De re aedificatoria. See Architecture of Leon Battista Alberti in Ten Books, The De re metallica (Agricola), 12 De regno Christi (Bucer), 144 De rerum fossilium, lapidum, et gemmarum maximè, figuris et similitudinibus liber (Gesner), 376 De rerum Scoticarum historia. See History of Scotland, The De revolutionibus (Copernicus), 242, 823; excerpt, 243 De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. See De revolutionibus De sphaera. See Sphera of George Buchanan, The De statu primitivae ecclesiae (Hotman), 463 De statua. See Of Sculpture De sympathia et antipathia rerum (Fracastoro), 344 De trinitatis erroribus libri septem (Servetus), 861 De tulipa Turcarum (Gesner), 376 De venarum ostiolis (Fabricius), 320 De vera et falsa religione commentarius. See Commentary on True and False Religion De vita libri tres. See Three Books of Life, The Death of the Miser, The (Bosch), 121 Death of the Saint, The (Andrea del Sarto), 39 Dee, John, 276, 278-280 Defence and Illustration of the French Language, The (du Bellay), 294, 425 Defence of Poesie (Sidney), 881 Défense et illustration de la langue française, La. See Defence and Illustration of the French Language, The Defensoria (Guicciardini), 411 Deganawida, 281-283, 448 Del único modo (Las Casas), 539 Del Cano, Juan Sebastián. See Elcano, Juan Sebastián de Del Ferro, Scipione, 173, 920 Delhi, sultanate of, 478 De Littleton, Thomas. See Littleton, Sir Thomas Della famiglia. See Family in Renaissance Florence, The Della tranquillità dell' anima (Alberti), 19 Della Rovere, Giuliano. See Julius II Delorme, Philibert, 284, 566 Demarcation, Line of. See Line of Demarcation Democritus (Bramante), 132 Demons, 122, 212 Denbigh, Baron. See Leicester, earl of Denmark. See Geographical Index Deposition, The (Correggio), 250 Dereham, Francis, 466 Derniers Vers, Les (Ronsard), 839 Descent of Christ into Limbo (Tintoretto), 933 Description of a Marvelous Canon of Logarithms (Napier), 712 Descrittione dell' Africa. See History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein Contained, The Des Prez, Josquin. See Josquin des Prez Desprez, Josquin. See Josquin des Prez D'Étaples, Jacques Lefèvre. See Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jacques Detection of the Actions of Mary Queen of Scots, Concerning the Murder of Her Husband, and Her Conspiracy, Adultery, and Pretended Marriage with the Earl Bothwel (Buchanan), 147 Dev, Guru Nānak. See Nānak Devereux, Robert, 312, 554, 814, 844 Dialecticae partitiones (Ramus), 817 Dialectics (Ramus), 818 Dialectique. See Dialectics Dialogo. See Spiritual Dialogue, The Dialogo da pintura. See Four Dialogues on Painting Dialogo del reggimento di Firenze. See Dialogue on the Government of Florence Dialogorum de trinitate libri duo, de justicia regni Christi capitual quatuor (Servetus), 861 Dialogue on the Government of Florence (Guicciardini), 410 Diane de Poitiers, 184, 283-285, 423, 627 Diarium sive rerum urbanarum commentarii (Burchard), 117 Dias, Bartolomeu, 237, 286-289, 511 Díaz, Melchior, 246 Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 621 Dido, Queen of Carthage (Marlowe), 624 Diet of . . .. See specific name of diet Digby, Sir Everard, 326 Dīn, Jahāl-ud-. See Akbar Diplomacy. See Category Index Discorsi del poema eroico. See Discourses on the Heroic Poem Discorsi sulla prima deca di Tito Livio. See Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius Discours des misères de ce temps (Ronsard), 838 Discours politiques, 1560-1568 (L'Hospital), 569 Discourse of a Discoverie for a New Passage to Cataia, A (Gilbert), 379 Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius (Machiavelli), 588 Discourses on the Heroic Poem (Tasso), 926 Discovery of the Large, Rich, and Beautiful Empire of Guiana . . ., The (Ralegh), 814 Dispute over the Sacrament (Raphael), 820 Dissertation sur l'église visible (Mornay), 703 Divers jeux rustiques (du Bellay), 296 Divers Voyages Touching the Discouerie of America (Hakluyt), 419 Divine Faith, 17 Divorce; Anne Boleyn and, 112; Catherine of Aragon and, 188; Henry VIII and, 51, 62, 112, 143, 184, 188, 231, 266, 335, 369, 443, 639, 699, 834, 947, 997 Dmitry (false). See Otrepev, Grigorii Dmitry (son of Ivan Molodoi), 750 Dmitry (son of Ivan the Terrible), 387 Doctor Faustus (Marlowe), 624 Doctrina Christiana, y catecismo para instrucción de los Indios (Acosta), 6 Dominican Republic. See Hispaniola Dominicans, 138, 142, 582 Dominus regnavit (Josquin), 516 Dommentari di C. Givlio Cesare, I (Palladio), 754 Don Juan of Austria, 207, 321 Don Quixote de la Mancha (Cervantes), 207 Donatello, 18, 601 Donato di Pascuccio d'Antonio. See Bramante, Donato Doni Madonna (Michelangelo), 682 Donnacona, 178 Dorantes, Andrés, 152 Dorat, Jean, 837 Douglas, Archibald, 497, 501 Douglas, Margaret, 104 Dowland, John, 289-291 Dózsa, György, 984 Dracula, Vlad. See Vlad III the Impaler Dragon, The. See Drake, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Francis, 193, 291-294, 354, 396, 419, 780, 883 Draque, El. See Drake, Sir Francis Du Bellay, Joachim, 285, 294-296; list of works, 295 Dudley, Lady Jane. See Grey, Lady Jane Dudley, John, 199, 267, 305, 399, 553, 639, 899 Dudley, Sir Robert. See Leicester, earl of Dunbar, William, 499 Duperron, Jacques Davy, 430 Dürer, Albrecht, 100, 262, 297-300, 316, 453 Dusk (Michelangelo), 683 Dutch Reformed Church, 60. See also Protestantism Dutch Wars of Independence (1568-1648), 136, 200, 311, 322, 373, 397, 526, 616, 703, 740, 779, 798, 883, 994 Dying Slave, The (Michelangelo), 683 E Eastern Hemisphere (maps), xxvii Eastern Orthodox Church; Catholic Church and, 394; Russia, 387, 490, 493, 957 Eastward Ho! (Chapman, Jonson, and Marston), 215 Eboli, princess of. See Mendoza y de la Cerda, Ana de Ecce beatam lucem (Striggio), 919 Eck, Johann, 582, 665 Edict of . . .. See specific name of edict Edinburgh, Treaty of (1560), 199, 635 Edmund Tudor, 90 Édouard-Alexandre. See Henry III (king of Poland and France) Education; Catholic, 45, 394; England, 92, 109, 233; France, 817; Germany, 665, 776; medicine, 320; Russia, 388; Scotland, 499; Spain, 504; women, 188. See also Category Index Education of a Christian Prince, The (Erasmus), 316 Edward II (Marlowe), 624 Edward IV (king of England), 301-303, 340, 436, 496, 571, 990; France and, 574; Lancastrians and, 438; Richard III and, 828; Wars of the Roses and, 90 Edward V (king of England), 830 Edward VI (king of England), 144, 160, 199, 257, 267, 303-307, 310, 370, 399, 443, 528, 543, 634, 639, 835, 869, 898, 947 Egypt. See Geographical Index Ejercicios espirituales. See Spiritual Exercises, The El Cano, Juan Sebastián de. See Elcano, Juan Sebastián de Elcano, Juan Sebastián de, 307-309 Electricity, Gilbert's studies of, 381-382 Eliberitances. See Leo Africanus Elizabeth I (queen of England), 72, 104, 108, 113, 147, 149, 199, 271, 276, 279, 304, 310-314, 353, 378, 399, 403, 443, 553, 627, 639, 835, 844, 947; Catholicism and, 325, 668; Church of England and, 268, 761; church reform and, 530; English exploration and, 193; excommunication of, 798; Ireland and, 744; Netherlands and, 397; patronage and, 381, 813; plot to murder, 668 Elizabeth Nadasdy. See Báthory, Elizabeth Elizabeth of York, 91 Elphinstone, William, 498 El-Rei Seleuco (Camões), 167 Enchiridion militis Christiani. See Manual of the Christian Knight, The Enciso, Martín Fernández de, 76 Enfatriões (Camões), 167 Engineering. See Category Index England. See Geographical Index Enrique el Impotente. See Henry IV (king of Castile) Enrique el Liberal. See Henry IV (king of Castile) Enryakuji, 733 Ensinore, 771 Enthroned Madonna and Child (Bellini), 99 Entombment (Tintoretto), 933 Episcopi de vera obedientia oratio (Gardiner), 369 Epistola, docens venam axillarem dextri cubiti in dolore laterali secandam. See Bloodletting Letter of 1539, The Epistola, rationem modumque propinandi radicis Chynae. See Vesalius on China-root Epistola Reverendissimi Domini Cardinalis Dertusensis ad facultatem theologiae Lovaniensem (Adrian VI), 8 Epistolae. See Letters of Marsilio Ficino, The Epistres et evangiles des cinquante-deux dimanches (Lefèvre), 549 Epithalamion (Spenser), 907 Epithalamium (Buchanan), 146 Epitoma magesti Ptolemaei (Peuerbach), 774 Equestrian Statue of Colleoni (Verrocchio), 964 Erasmus, Desiderius, 8, 11, 142, 188, 221, 233, 314-318, 453, 543, 549, 584, 609, 618, 637, 665, 697, 1011; list of works, 317 Erasmus of Rotterdam (Dürer), 298 Ercker, Lazarus, 13 Erik XIV (king of Sweden), 417 Errata recentiorum medicorum (Fuchs), 356 Ershiwu yan (Ricci), 826 Erzsébet Báthory. See Báthory, Elizabeth Escobedo, Juan de, 671 Escorial, The, 445 Espinosa, Gonzalo Gómez de, 308 Essais. See Essays, The Essayes (Bacon), 73 Essays, The (Montaigne), 689 Essex, earl of. See Cromwell, Thomas Este, Alfonso I d', 56, 118, 937 Este, Ippolito d', 56, 204 Este, Isabella d'. See Isabella d'Este Esteván, 152 Estevanico. See Esteván Étaples, Jacques Lefèvre d'. See Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jacques Étaples, Treaty of (1492), 227 Eugenius IV, 18, 350 Europe (maps), xxxii Ewostatewos, 1006 Examinations (Askew), 62 Excellent et moult utile Opuscule à touts necessaire qui desirent auoir cognoissance de plusiers exquises Receptes (Nostradamus), 728 Execution of Justice in England, The (Cecil), 200 Exemplary Novels (Cervantes), 209 Exploration and colonization, maps, xxviii Exploration and conquest; England of Central America, 193; England of North America, 157, 159, 276, 279, 293, 353, 379, 522, 771; England of South America, 193, 397, 814; France of North America, 178; Italy of China, 825; literature, 419; Netherlands of Asia, 277, 367; Portugal of African coast, 286; Portugal of Asia, 286, 591; Portugal of China, 792; Portugal of India, 237, 259, 365, 511, 513, 605; Portugal of North America, 605; Portugal of South America, 288, 971; Spain of Asia, 308; Spain of North America, 923; Spain of South America, 307, 801, 902, 971; Spain of the Americas, 34, 77, 152, 160-161, 238, 245, 252, 471, 695, 789, 805, 903, 970. See Category Index under Exploration Expulsion of Attila (Raphael), 821 Expulsion of Heliodorus (Raphael), 821 Eyquem de Montaigne, Michel. See Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de F Faber, Johannes, 473 Fabrici, Girolamo. See Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Hieronymus Fabricius, Girolamo. See Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Hieronymus Fabricius, Hieronymus. See Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Hieronymus, 319-321 Fabristae, 549 Fabrizio, Geronimo. See Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Hieronymus Fabrizzi, Girolamo. See Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Hieronymus Faerie Queene, The (Spenser), 907 Faith (Luther on), 584 Faithful Shepherdess, The (Fletcher), 93 Fall of Constantinople. See Constantinople, fall of Fallopius, Gabriel, 319 Family in Renaissance Florence, The (Alberti), 19 Farel, Guillaume, 164 Farnese, Alessandro (duke of Parma), 321-324, 616 Farnese, Alessandro (pope). See Paul III Farnese Gallery, 176 Father of the People. See Louis XII (king of France) Fatih, Mehmed. See Mehmed II Fawkes, Guy, 324-327 Feast in the House of Levi, The (Veronese), 961 Feast of the Gods (Bellini), 98-99 Feast of the Rose Garlands, The (Dürer), 297 Feo, Giacomo, 870 Ferdinand I (emperor of Austria), 473 Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Emperor), 31, 222, 636, 650, 886 Ferdinand II (king of Spain), 2, 29, 76, 105, 116, 159, 187, 227, 237, 328-332, 433, 482, 504, 511, 575, 606, 804, 939 Ferdinand III. See Ferdinand II (king of Spain) Ferdinand V. See Ferdinand II (king of Spain) Ferdinand el Catolicó. See Ferdinand II (king of Spain) Ferdinand the Catholic. See Ferdinand II (king of Spain) Fergana, 69 Fermat, Pierre de, 174 Ferrabosco, Alfonso, the Elder, 149 Ferrara, dukes of, 56 Ferrelo, Bartolome, 161 Ficino, Marsilio, 332-334, 548, 557 Field, Nathan, 95 Field of Cloth of Gold (1520), 997 Fieschi, Caterina. See Catherine of Genoa, Saint Fifteen Years' War (1591-1606), 82 Filipepi, Alessandro di Mariano dei. See Botticelli, Sandro Filodemo (Camões), 167 Finding of the Body of Saint Mark (Tintoretto), 932 Fiore, Antonio, 173, 920 First Account, The (Copernicus), 243 First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, The (Knox), 530 First Book of Discipline, The (Knox), 530 First Booke of Songs or Ayres, The (Dowland), 290 First Booke of Songs or Ayres (Morley), 702 First Examinacyon of Anne Askewe, The. See Examinations First Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, The (Vespucci), 970 First Part of the Institutes of the Law of England, The (Coke), 571 Fisher, Saint John, 266, 270, 335-337 Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, The (Tregian), 150 Flagellation of Christ (Piero), 787 Flanders. See Geographical Index under Belgium and Flanders Fletcher, John, 92-97, 879; list of works, 93, 94 Flodden Field, Battle of (1513), 188, 500-501 Florence, 587, 653, 655, 851 Florence, Council of (1431-1445), 1007 Florentine Codex (Sahagún), 621 Florentine History, The (Machiavelli), 588 Foix, Gaston de, 85 Fontana, Lavinia, 338-339 Fontana, Niccolò. See Tartaglia, Niccolò Fontana Fontana, Prospero, 175, 338 Forbidden Books, Index of. See Index of Forbidden Books Formigny, Battle of (1450), 226 Fornovo, Battle of (1495), 84, 228 Fortescue, Sir John, 340-342, 571 Fortitude (Botticelli), 123 Fortuna disperata (Josquin), 516 Forty-two Articles of Religion, 268, 305 Foundation of Plain Instruction, A (Menno), 676 Four Apostles (Dürer), 299 Four Books of Architecture, The (Palladio), 754; excerpt, 755 Four Dialogues on Painting (Holanda), 236 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, The (Dürer), 298 Four Winds, 135 Foxe, John, 63, 403 Foxe's Book of Martyrs (Foxe), 63, 403, 544, 835 Fracastorius, Hieronymus. See Fracastoro, Girolamo Fracastoro, Girolamo, 343-346; on mental health, 345 France. See Geographical Index Franciabigio, 39 Franciade, La (Ronsard), 838 Francis (duke of Guise), 429 Francis I (king of France), 8, 40, 54, 85, 111, 178, 204, 221, 229, 346-350, 411, 423, 549, 558, 566, 578, 614, 617, 648, 915, 997 Francis II (king of France), 184, 311, 426, 429, 568, 627, 634 Francis d'Angoulême. See Francis I (king of France) Francis de Sales, Saint, 192 Francis of Angoulême. See Francis I (king of France) Franciscans, 44, 146 Franciscanus et fratres (Buchanan), 146 Franckert, Hans, 136 Franco-Austrian War (1477-1493), 228 Franco-Gallia (Hotman), 463 Franco-Turkish Alliance (1544), 221 Franco-Turkish War (1529-1535), 221 Frederick III (elector of Saxony), 262, 582 Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor), 218, 350-352, 643, 646, 794 Frederick IV (king of Germany). See Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) Frederick V (archduke of Austria). See Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) Frederick the Younger. See Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) French Reformed Church. See Huguenots Frescobaldi, Girolamo, 364 Freydal (Maximilian), 648 Friedrich III. See Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor) Froben, Johann, 453, 758 Frobisher, Sir Martin, 276, 279, 352-355, 522 Fuchs, Leonhard, 356-358; list of works, 357 Fundament des christelycken leers, Dat. See Foundation of Plain Instruction, A Funeral of the Virgin (Ludovico Carracci), 176 Fyodor I Ivanovich, 387 G Gabrieli, Andrea, 359-361, 362 Gabrieli, Giovanni, 362-364, 541 Gaffurio, Franchino, 517 Galatea (Cervantes), 207 Gama, Vasco da, 22, 168, 288, 365-368, 605 Gao, 556, 597 Garden of Earthly Delights, The (Bosch), 120 Gardia Trial, La (1490-1491), 941 Gardiner, Stephen, 368-372, 898 Gargantua and Pantagruel (Rabelais), 810; excerpt, 810 Gatti, Bernardino, 46 Gaude gloriosa Dei Mater (Tallis), 919 Gelosi, 42 Gembloux, Battle of (1577), 322 Genealogy, Denmark noble houses, 127 General History of the Things of New Spain. See Florentine Codex Gentili, Alberico, 372-374 Gentleman Usher, The (Chapman), 215 Geography. See Category Index George (duke of Clarence), 828 Germany. See Geographical Index Gerusalemme conquistata. See Jerusalem Conquered Gerusalemme liberata. See Jerusalem Delivered Gesner, Conrad, 13, 357, 375-378 Ghalib, al-, 860 Ghent, Pacification of (1576), 995 Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 18 Ghislieri, Antonio. See Pius V Gibbons, Orlando, 149 Giberti, Gian Matteo, 54 Gilberd, William. See Gilbert, William Gilbert, Adrian, 276 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 378-380, 396, 813 Gilbert, William, 381-383 Giorgione, 100, 383-386, 936; Pater on, 385 Giovanni Leone. See Leo Africanus Giustiniani, Vincenzo, 171 Giusto, Paolo, 362 Gli Asolani (Bembo), 609 Glinskaya, Elena, 492 Gloucester, Richard, duke of. See Richard III (king of England) Goa, 23, 167, 1000 Godunov, Boris, 387-390 Golden Age, Spanish (1500-1650), 206, 222 Gomarus, Franciscus, 741 Gómez de Silva, Ruy, 670 Go-Nara, 735 Gondola, Andrea di Pietro della. See Palladio, Andrea Gonzaga, Ludovico, 602 Good Queen Bess. See Elizabeth I (queen of England) Gosse des Pres. See Josquin des Prez Gosson, Stephen, 882 Gothardt, Mathis. See Grünewald, Matthias Goujon, Jean, 566 Governance of England, The (Fortescue), 341 Government and politics. See Category Index Go-Yōzei, 736 Gradualia (Byrd), 150 Granada, 504; Muslims and, 105, 252, 330, 433, 504; Spain and, 105, 329 Granada, Cathedral of, 890 Granada Rebellion (1497), 537 Grand Testament, Le. See Great Testament, The Granganimeo, 771 Grant, John, 326 Granuaile. See O'Malley, Grace Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de, 615, 993 Great Art, The (Cardano), 174 Great Astronomy (Paracelsus), 759 Great Bible, 257, 267, 369 Great Binding Law. See Great Peace and Power and Law Great Contract (1610), 846 Great Instauration, The (Bacon), 73 Great Peace and Power and Law, 281 Great Privilege (1477), 631 Great Service, 150 Great Surgery Book (Paracelsus), 759 Great Testament, The (Villon), 974 Great Wall (China), 1009 Greco, El, 390-393 Greene, Robert, 876 Greene's Groatsworth of Wit (Greene), 876 Greenland, 276 Gregory XIII, 393-395, 541, 895, 930 Grenville, Sir Richard, 396-398, 771 Grey, Lady Jane, 305, 399-402, 553, 639, 761 Greynville, Sir Richard. See Grenville, Sir Richard Grindal, Edmund, 402-404 Grosse Wundarzney. See Great Surgery Book Grotius, Hugo, 741, 979 Grünewald, Matthias, 405-407 Guacanagarí, 408-410 Guami, Giuseppe, 362 Guardia Trial, La. See Gardia Trial, La Guarini, Giovanni Battista, 611 Guatémoc. See Cuauhtémoc Guatemozín. See Cuauhtémoc Gueux, Les, 616, 994 Guicciardini, Francesco, 410-413 Guide of the Perplexed, The (Maimonides), 1 Guillard, Charlotte, 413-415 Guillart, C. See Guillard, Charlotte Guise, Marie de. See Mary of Guise Guise family, 184, 429, 463, 569, 633 Gunpowder Plot (1605), 324, 846 Gurruchátegui, Miguel López de Legazpi y. See Legazpi, Miguel López de Guru Nānak Dev. See Nānak Gustav I Vasa, 415-418 Guzmán de Alfarache (Alemán), 25 Gylberde, William. See Gilbert, William Gylberte, Humfrey. See Gilbert, Sir Humphrey Gypsy Madonna, The (Titian), 937 H Ha-Ari. See Luria, Isaac ben Solomon Haarlem, Kenau Simonsdochter van. See Kenau Hasselaer Haarlem, Siege of (1572-1573), 526, 740 Haboku Landscape (Sesshū), 866 Habsburg, Mary of. See Mary of Hungary Habsburg, Maximilian von. See Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) Habsburg, Philip of. See Philip II (king of Spain) Habsburg family, 220, 347, 350, 410, 425, 431, 612, 632, 636, 740, 778, 840, 888 Haddington, Treaty of (1548), 634 Hadrian VI. See Adrian VI Hafsid Dynasty, 79 Haiti. See Hispaniola Hakluyt, Richard, 419-421 Hamilton, James, 634 Hardwick, Elizabeth. See Bess of Hardwick Hariot, Thomas, 772 Harmans, Jacob. See Arminius, Jacobus Harmensen, Jacob. See Arminius, Jacobus Harmenszoon, Jacob. See Arminius, Jacobus Harvey, Gabriel, 715 Harvey, William, 320 Hasan, al-, 79 Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzān al-Zaiyātī, al-. See Leo Africanus Hasselaer, Kenau Simonsdochter. See Kenau Hasselaer Hassler, Hans Leo, 362 Hastings, William Lord, 830 Have with You to Saffron-Walden (Nashe), 715 Hawkins, John, 292 Haywain (Bosch), 120 Hay-yonh-wa-tha. See Hiawatha He Who Combs. See Hiawatha Head of a Woman (Leonardo da Vinci), 562 Health. See Medicine Hell (Bosch), 120 Hemessen, Catharina van, 421-423 Hemessen, Sanders van, 421 Henri II. See Henry II (king of France) Henri III. See Henry III (king of Poland and France) Henrician Articles (1574), 426 Henry (duke of Anjou). See Henry III (king of Poland and France) Henry (duke of Buckingham), 830 Henry (duke of Orléans). See Henry III (king of Poland and France) Henry I of Lorraine, duke of Guise, 426, 429, 464, 669, 705 Henry II (king of France), 184, 222, 284, 295, 423-425, 426, 429, 463, 565, 568, 627, 634, 780, 838 Henry III (king of Navarre). See Henry IV (king of France) Henry III (king of Poland and France), 108, 139, 185, 323, 426-428, 429, 464, 668, 690, 705 Henry IV (king of Castile), 328, 432-434 Henry IV (king of France), 42, 186, 200, 427, 429-432, 464, 619, 668, 705, 780 Henry IV the Impotent of Castile. See Henry IV (king of Castile) Henry V (king of England), 224 Henry VI (king of England), 90, 301, 340, 434-437, 438, 828, 989 Henry VII (king of England), 51, 90, 156, 159, 187, 438-441, 499, 697, 830, 946 Henry VIII (king of England), 8, 62, 85, 91, 111, 159, 188, 230, 266, 270, 303, 310, 335, 368, 399, 439, 441-445, 467, 627, 639, 764, 868, 898, 947, 996; art patronage and, 454; Church of England and, 231, 256, 270, 544, 834; excommunication of, 834; Scotland and, 502, 634 Henry of Bourbon. See Henry IV (king of France) Henry of Navarre. See Henry IV (king of France) Henry of Valois. See Henry III (king of Poland and France) Henry of Windsor. See Henry VI (king of England) Henry the Impotent. See Henry IV (king of Castile) Henry the Liberal. See Henry IV (king of Castile) Henry the Navigator, Prince, 286 Henry Tudor. See Henry VII (king of England) Henryson, Robert, 499 Henslowe, Philip, 214 Heowenta. See Hiawatha Hepburn, James, 147, 629 Heptameron, The (Marguerite de Navarre), 619 Heptaplus (Pico della Mirandola), 784 Heraclitus (Bramante), 132 Herbal of Leonhart Fuchs, The (Fuchs), 357 Heresy, 29, 62, 144, 164, 284, 332, 370, 397, 424, 463, 467, 514, 544, 559, 640, 666, 677, 699, 779, 853, 862, 899, 940-941, 949, 994, 1000, 1013 Hermann, Jakob. See Arminius, Jacobus Hermannsoon, Jacob. See Arminius, Jacobus Hermans, Jacob. See Arminius, Jacobus Hermansen, Jacob. See Arminius, Jacobus Hermansz, Jacob. See Arminius, Jacobus Hero and Leander (Marlowe), 625 Herrera, Antonio de, 805 Herrera, Juan de, 445-447 Hertford, earl of. See Somerset, first duke of Hiawatha, 281, 448-450 Hideyoshi. See Toyotomi Hideyoshi Hienwentha. See Hiawatha Hinduism; India, 16, 475; Mongol Dynasty, 16; Portugal and, 1001; Sikhism and, 707. See also Islam; Sikhism Hindustan, Mongol invasion of, 70 Hispanicae advocationis libri duo. See Two Books of the Pleas of a Spanish Advocate, The Hispaniola, 238, 408, 800, 804 Histoire de la nature des oyseaux, L' (Belon), 102 Histoire naturelle des éstranges poissons marins, L' (Belon), 101 Historia de las Indias. See History of the Indies Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. See Florentine Codex Historia general de las Indias (Oviedo), 804 Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos (Herrera), 805 Historia mundi (Mercator), 680 Historia natural y moral de las Indias. See Natural and Moral History of the Indies, The Historia plantarum et vires ex Dioscoride, Paulo Aegineta, Theophrasto, Plinio, et recētioribus Graecis (Gesner), 375 Historia verdadera de la conquista de Nueva España. See True History of the Conquest of New Spain, The Historiae animalium (Gesner), 376 Historiography; Americas, 6, 419; Italy, 411, 588; North Africa, 555; Scotland, 147; Vietnam, 547. See also Category Index History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein Contained, The (Leo Africanus), 555 History of Florence, The (Guicciardini), 410 History of Italy, The (Guicciardini), 411 History of Jason (Caraccis), 176 History of Richard III (More), 698 History of Scotland, The (Buchanan), 147 History of the Indies (Las Casas), 538 History of the Reformation of Religion Within the Realm of Scotland, The (Knox), 530 History of the Valorous and Wittie Knight-Errant, Don Quixote of the Mancha, The. See Don Quixote de la Mancha History of the West-Indies, The (Hakluyt), 419 History of the World, The (Ralegh), 815 Hiyoshimaru. See Toyotomi Hideyoshi Hohenheim, Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombast von. See Paracelsus Hōjō family, 451 Hōjō Ujimasa, 451-453 Holanda, Francisco de, 236 Holbein, Hans, the Younger, 316, 453-456 Holy Brotherhood, 329 Holy Family with the Butterfly (Dürer), 298 Holy Kinship Altarpiece (Cranach, the Elder), 262 Holy League (1495), 28, 228, 648, 853 Holy League (1511), 410, 499, 519, 588 Holy Trinity Church, 496 Homme armé super voces musicales, L' (Josquin), 516 Homocentricorum sive de stellis (Fracastoro), 344 Honganji, 733 Hongwu. See Zhu Yuanzhang Hongzhi. See Xiaozong Honnōji Incident (1582), 733 Hooker, Richard, 457-459 Hopi, 246 Hôpital, Michel de L'. See L'Hospital, Michel de Hosokawa Gracia, 459-461 Hosokawa Tadaoki, 459 Hosokawa Tama. See Hosokawa Gracia Hosokawa Tamako. See Hosokawa Gracia Hospital, Michel de L'. See L'Hospital, Michel de Hotman, François, 461-466 Howard, Catherine, 52, 267, 271, 443, 466-469, 765, 947 Howard, Elizabeth, 111 Howard, Thomas. See Norfolk, duke of Howlth incident, 744 Hsiao-tsung. See Xiaozong Hsi-t'ai. See Ricci, Matteo Huallpa, Inti Cusi. See Huáscar Huallpa, Tupac Cusi. See Huáscar Huáscar, 66, 469-472 Huayna Capac, 66, 469 Hubmaier, Balthasar, 472-474 Huguenots, 164, 185, 424, 426, 429, 462, 568, 704, 856 Huike Severing His Arm (Sesshū), 866 Humanism, 142, 146, 317, 609; England, 197, 234, 699; France, 548, 618; Germany, 264, 648; Italy, 18, 782; Poland, 242; Portugal, 606 Humāyūn, 15, 70, 475-477 Humourous Day's Mirth, An (Chapman), 214 Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), 226, 301, 434, 574 Hungary, Mary of. See Mary of Hungary Hungary, Ottoman invasion of, 636. See also Geographical Index Hung-chih. See Xiaozong Hunters in the Snow (Bruegel), 136 Hunyadi, János, 642, 981 Hunyadi, Mátyás. See Matthias I Corvinus Huron, 448 Hurtado de Mendoza, Ana. See Mendoza y de la Cerda, Ana de Hut, Hans, 473 Hutchins, William. See Tyndale, William Hutten, Ulrich von, 775 Hutterites, 474 Hymnes, Les (Ronsard), 838 I Ibn Abī Bakr Ture, Muhammad. See Mohammed I Askia Ibn Muhammad al-Wazzān al-Zaiyātī, al-Hasan. See Leo Africanus Ibn Yadir, 595 Ibrāhīm Lodī, 70, 478-479 İbrahim Paşa, 480-482 Ignatius of Loyola, Saint, 482-485, 769, 1000 Ignoth, 522 Imagawa family, 451 Imagawa Yoshimoto, 451, 732 Imallye, Granny. See O'Malley, Grace Impaler, Vlad the. See Vlad III the Impaler Inca, Topa. See Topa Inca Inca, Viracocha. See Viracocha Inca Inca Empire, 66, 469, 746, 801, 902; civil war, 68 Inca Urcon, 746 Inca Yupanqui, Pachacutec. See Pachacuti Incarnation, Mary of the. See Acarie, Barbe Incredulity of St. Thomas, The (Caravaggio), 171 Independence, Netherlands Wars of. See Dutch Wars of Independence Index librorum prohibitorum. See Index of Prohibited Books Index of Prohibited Books, 29, 394, 589, 689, 929 India; Mughal Empire and, 71, 475; Portugal and, 22, 366. See also Geographical Index Indies, Council of the, 223, 538. See also New Laws Infant Christ and St. John the Baptist Playing with a Lamb (van Hemessen), 421 Ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote de la Mancha, El. See Don Quixote de la Mancha Innocent VIII, 518, 603, 657, 783, 851, 940 Inquisition; France, 619; Hungary, 842; Italy, 960; Jews and, 330, 606, 940; Portugal, 146, 514, 606; punishments, 940; Roman, 140, 174, 769, 797; Spain, 330, 928, 940; Switzerland, 863; women and, 235, 619, 929 Instauratio magna. See Great Instauration, The Institutes (Coke), 572 Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 163, 462, 619, 863; excerpt, 165 Institutio principis Christiani. See Education of a Christian Prince, The Institutiones anatomicae (Vesalius), 966 Instruction of a Christian Woman, The (Vives), 188 Instructions for Practical Living (Wang), 987 Interior Castle, The (Teresa of Ávila), 929 Inti Cusi Huallpa. See Huáscar Inuit, 353, 522; Baffin Island, 354 Invention. See Category Index under Science and technology Iov (patriarch of Moscovy), 388 Ippolita Savignani at Twelve Months (L. Fontana), 338 Ireland. See Geographical Index Iron Duke. See Alva, duke of Iroquois, 178, 281, 448 Iroquois Confederacy, 449; constitution, 282 Isabella I (queen of Spain), 2, 105, 187, 237, 328-332, 433, 504, 511, 575, 606, 789, 939 Isabella d'Este, 99, 485-487 Isabella of Aragon, 872 Isenheim altarpiece, 405 Iserin, Georg Joachim. See Rheticus Ishida Mitsunari, 460 Islam; Christianity and, 105, 252, 330; India, 475; al-Maghālī on, 596; Mongol Dynasty, 16; North Africa, 595; Songhai Empire, 686; Spain and, 504 Isle of Dogs, The (Nashe and Jonson), 715 Ismāīl I, 69, 88 Israel. See Geographical Index Isserles, Moses ben Israel, 525 Istorie fiorentine. See Florentine History, The István Báthory. See Stephen Báthory Italian Wars (1494-1559), 31, 227, 578 Italy. See Geographical Index I-ti. See Zhengde Itzcóatl. See Ixtcóatl Ivan III Vasilyevich. See Ivan the Great Ivan IV Vasilyevich. See Ivan the Terrible Ivan Molodoi, 750 Ivan the Great, 487-492, 493, 749, 957 Ivan the Terrible, 387, 492-495, 750, 888, 957 Ivanovich, Fyodor I. See Fyodor I Ivanovich Ixtcóatl, 721 Ixtlilxóchitl, 720 J Jagiełło, Vladislav. See Vladislav II Jagiellon, Vladislas II. See Vladislav II Jagiellonian Dynasty, 983 Jahāl-ud-Dīn. See Akbar Jahāngīr, 17 Jalāl Khan, 478 James I (king of England), 73, 312, 325, 815, 845 James II (king of Scotland), 496 James III (king of Scotland), 496-498 James IV (king of Scotland), 188, 439, 498-500, 501 James V (king of Scotland), 146, 500, 501-503, 634 James VI (king of Scotland). See James I (king of England) Japan. See Geographical Index Jarnac, Battle of (1569), 426, 798 Javier, Francisco. See Xavier, Saint Francis Jean-Leon d'African. See Leo Africanus Jem. See Cem Jenne, Siege of (1473-1480), 901 Jepthes. See Tragedies Jerusalem Conquered (Tasso), 926 Jerusalem Delivered (Tasso), 925 Jesuits, 5, 222, 231, 483, 514, 769, 825, 1000; Asia, 483; England, 149, 200; South America, 5. See also Carmelites; Dominicans; Franciscans; Monasticism; Ursulines Jesus, Society of. See Jesuits Jew of Malta, The (Marlowe), 624 Jews; expulsion from Germany, 472; expulsion from Portugal, 524, 606; expulsion from Spain, 2, 330, 524, 579, 941; North Africa, 596; Spain, 1, 25, 928; Spanish Inquisition and, 940 Jiajing (Ming emperor), 987 Jiang Bin, 1009 Jiaoyou lun (Ricci), 826 Jiménez de Cisneros, Francisco, 330, 503-506, 537 Jiren Shipian (Ricci), 826 Joan I (queen of Spain), 50, 220, 330, 505, 614, 648 Joan of Arc, 225, 435 Joan the Mad. See Joan I (queen of Spain) Jodocus Pratensis. See Josquin des Prez Johannes Leo de Medicis. See Leo Africanus John (king of Hungary), 636, 651, 886, 910, 915 John I (king of Kongo). See Nzinga Nkuwa John I Albert (king of Poland), 885, 983 John II (king of Aragon and Navarre), 328 John II (king of Castile and León), 328, 432 John II (king of Portugal), 237, 259, 286, 365, 511-513, 591, 605 John III (king of Portugal), 513-515, 1000 John Dee on Astronomy (Dee), 280 John Frederick the Magnanimous (elector of Saxony), 262, 776 John Leo. See Leo Africanus John of Rochester. See Fisher, Saint John John of the Cross, Saint, 4, 192, 507-510, 930 John Sigismund (king of Hungary), 910 John the Pious. See John III (king of Portugal) John the Steadfast (elector of Saxony), 262 John Zápolya. See John (king of Hungary) Joinville, Treaty of (1584), 780 Jonghelinck, Niclaes, 136 Jonson, Ben, 93, 215, 536, 715, 878 Joseph of Volokolamsk, 490, 958 Joskin des Prez. See Josquin des Prez Josquin des Prez, 149, 515-517 Josquinus Pratensis. See Josquin des Prez Josse des Pres. See Josquin des Prez Jossequin Desprez. See Josquin des Prez Juan de Yepes y Álvarez. See John of the Cross, Saint Juana the Mad. See Joan I (queen of Spain) Jud, Leo, 1012 Judaism, 1 Judaizers, 490 Judgment of Paris, The (Cranach, the Elder), 263 Judith and Her Maid (Botticelli), 124 Judocus Pratensis. See Josquin des Prez Julian Calendar. See Calendar, Gregorian Julius II, 29, 57, 84, 116, 133, 188, 410, 499, 518-521, 558, 578, 588, 613, 648, 683, 820 Julius III, 393, 751 Juschino de Prato. See Josquin des Prez K Kabbalism, 524, 579, 783; Luria on, 580 Kabyles, 79 Kaianerekowa. See Great Peace and Power and Law Kalicho, 522-523 Kalmar, Union of (1397), 416 Kannauj, Battle of (1540), 475 Kanuni, Süleyman. See Süleyman the Magnificent Karlstadt, Bodenstein von, 582 Karo, Joseph ben Ephraim, 524-525 Kastrioti, George. See Skanderbeg Katoptron sive speculum artis medicae Hippocraticum (Cesalpino), 212 Kazan khanate, Russian annexation of, 493 Kelley, Edward, 279 Kemal Pasha Zade, 88 Kenau Hasselaer, 526-527 Kepler, Johannes, 130, 712, 841 Kerelöszentpál, Battle of (1575), 910 Kesef mishneh (Karo), 525 Kett, Robert, 305 Kett's Rebellion (1549), 305, 899 Keyser, Martin de, 256 Khair al-Dīn. See Barbarossa Khan Akhmed, 489 Khauna, Battle of (1527), 475 Khayr al-Dīn. See Barbarossa Khidr. See Barbarossa Khwārizmī, al-, 173 Kichihōshi. See Oda Nobunaga King and No King, A (Beaumont and Fletcher), 94 Kingmaker. See Warwick, earl of King's Great Matter, 112, 189, 443 King's Men, 94, 878 Kippōshi. See Oda Nobunaga Knight, Death, and Devil (Dürer), 299 Knight of the Burning Pestle, The (Beaumont), 93 Knox, John, 528-531, 628, 634 Koh-i-noor diamond, 476 Kongo, 9, 237, 511 Kopernik, Mikołaj. See Copernicus, Nicolaus Korea, Japanese invasions of, 944 Krebs, Nicholas. See Nicholas of Cusa Kremer, Gerhard. See Mercator, Gerardus Krishnadevaraya, 532-534 Krsna Deva Rāya. See Krishnadevaraya Krsnadev Rai. See Krishnadevaraya Kryfts, Nicholas. See Nicholas of Cusa Ksar el Kebir, Battle of. See Three Kings, Battle of Kuhhorn, Martin. See Bucer, Martin Kunyu wanguo quantu (Ricci), 826 Kyd, Thomas, 624 Kyme, Anne. See Askew, Anne Kyōgoku Takatsugu, 738 L La Pléiade, 285, 294, 425, 542, 837 Lachrimae (Dowland), 290 Ladies' Peace. See Cambrai, Treaty of Ladislas V, 642 Lady of May, The (Sidney), 881 Lagrime di San Pietro (Lasso), 542 Lais, Le. See Legacy, The Lamentation or Complaynt of a Sinner, A (Parr), 766 Lamentations of Jeremiah (Tallis), 919 Lancastrians, 340, 434, 828. See also Yorkists Landloper (Bosch), 121 Landscapes of the Four Seasons (Sesshū), 866 Lange, Erik, 127 Lange, Sophie Brahe. See Brahe, Sophie Lanyer, Aemilia, 535-537 Laos, 547 La Ramée, Pierre de. See Ramus, Peter Las Salinas, Battle of (1538), 802 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 537-540, 979 Lascelles, John, 468 Lasco, John a', 676 Lasso, Orlando di, 150, 359, 362, 540-542 Lassus, Roland de. See Lasso, Orlando di Last Communion of Saint Jerome, The (Agostino Carracci), 176 Last Fight of the Revenge, The (Ralegh), 814 Last Judgment, The (Michelangelo), 684 Last Judgment, The (Tintoretto), 932 Last Supper, The (Andrea del Sarto), 40 Last Supper, The (Leonardo da Vinci), 562 Last Supper, The (Tintoretto), 932 László V, 350, 773 Lateran Council, Fifth (1512-1517), 519, 558 Latimer, Hugh, 543-545, 835 Latimer, Lord. See Neville, John Lattre Examinacyon of Anne Askewe, The. See Examinations Lauchen, Georg Joachim von. See Rheticus Laughing Girl Teaching an Older Woman to Read, A (Anguissola), 46 Law; England, 341, 373, 572; France, 428, 430, 463; Germany, 648; Hungary, 644, 984; international, 373, 979; Iroquois Confederacy, 281, 450; Jewish, 524; Mongol Dynasty, 16; Moscow, 490, 493; Portugal, 605; Vietnam, 547. See also Category Index Laws and Golden Calf (Tintoretto), 932 Lazarillo. See Lazarillo de Tormes Lazarillo de Tormes (Alemán), 25 Lazzari, Bramante. See Bramante, Donato Le Dynasty, 546 Le Hien Tong, 546 Le Loi. See Le Thai To Le Nghi Dan, 546 Le Nhan Tong, 546 Le Thai To, 546 Le Thanh Tong, 546-548 Le Tu Thanh. See Le Thanh Tong Le Verger, Treaty of (1488), 48 Le vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori italiani, da cimabue insino a' tempi nostri. See Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects League of . . .. See specific name of league Learned Commendation of the Politique Lawes of Englande (Fortescue), 341, 571 Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jacques, 548-550, 618 Legacy, The (Villon), 974 Legazpi, Miguel López de, 550-552 Legend of the True Cross (Piero), 786 Leicester, earl of, 200, 311, 372, 553-555 Leicester's Men, 554 Leighton, William, 150 Leipzig Disputation, 665 Lena (Ariosto), 58 Lennox, countess of. See Douglas, Margaret Leo, John. See Leo Africanus Leo X, 53, 85, 184, 229, 316, 410, 513, 555, 557-560, 582, 658, 683, 871 Leo Africanus, 555-557 Leo de Grenade. See Leo Africanus Leonardo da Vinci, 39, 125, 132, 348, 486, 561-565, 819, 964; excerpt from notebooks, 562 Leone, Giovanni. See Leo Africanus Leone the African. See Leo Africanus Lepanto, Battle of (1571), 207, 322, 395, 798 Les Derniers Vers. See Derniers Vers, Les Les Gueux. See Gueux, Les Les Prisons (Marguerite de Navarre), 620 Lescot, Pierre, 565-568 Letter to the Commonalty of Scotland (Knox), 530 Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci delle isole nouvamente trovate in quattro suoi viaggi. See First Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, The Lettere (Andreini), 42 Letters of Marsilio Ficino, The (Ficino), 333 L'Hôpital, Michel de. See L'Hospital, Michel de L'Hospital, Michel de, 568-570 Li Madou. See Ricci, Matteo Li Ma-tou. See Ricci, Matteo Liberation of Saint Peter from Prison (Raphael), 821 Libraries; England, 108, 188, 623, 763; France, 283, 348; Hungary, 644; India, 17; Italy, 657, 726, 848; Songhai Empire, 65; Spain, 240, 504; Vatican City, 520, 894 Libro de la vita mirabile e dottrina santa de la beta Caterinetta da Genoa. See Spiritual Doctrine of Saint Catherine of Genoa, The Libro de su vida. See Life of the Mother Teresa of Jesus, The Libro del cortegiano, Il. See Book of the Courtier, The Libro della arte guerra. See Art of War, The Liège, rebellion of (1468), 217 Life of Benvenuto Cellini, The (Cellini), 204 Life of the Mother Teresa of Jesus, The (Teresa of Ávila), 929 Li-ma-teou. See Ricci, Matteo Line of Demarcation, 29, 307, 330 Lippi, Filippo, 123, 601 Literature; England, 62, 93, 198, 312, 598, 625, 698, 714, 766, 876, 881, 906; Ethiopia, 1007; Europe, 609, 855; France, 414, 689, 728, 809, 837, 974; Italy, 42, 53, 56, 181, 925; Portugal, 167; Scotland, 146, 499; Spain, 5, 26, 208; travel, 101. See also Category Index Lithuania, Moscow and, 489 Little Testament, The. See Legacy, The Littleton, Sir Thomas, 570-573 Liu Chin. See Liu Jin Liu Jin, 986, 1009 Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (Vasari), 422, 954 Living Flame of Love (John of the Cross), 509 Livonian Order, 494 Livonian War (1558-1583), 494, 888, 911 Llama de amor viva. See Living Flame of Love Loaisa, García Jofre de, 309 Loci Communes, The (Melanchthon), 665 Loci communes rerum theologicarum. See Loci Communes, The Lodī, Ibrāhīm Hussain. See Ibrāhīm Lodī Lodī Dynasty, 478 Loges, François des. See Villon, François Lok, John, 352 Lollards, 543 Look and Bow Down (Byrd), 149 López de Legazpi y Gurruchátegui, Miguel. See Legazpi, Miguel López de Lord Admiral's Company, 624 Lord Burleigh. See Cecil, William Lord Chamberlain's Men, 877 Lords of the Congregation, 634 Lorenzo the Magnificent. See Medici, Lorenzo de' Lorraine, Burgundy and, 218 Lorraine, Mary of. See Mary of Guise Louis I (duke of Orleans), 227 Louis II (king of Hungary), 480, 636, 984 Louis XI(king of France), 217, 226, 574-576, 613, 631, 794 Louis XII(king of France), 28, 49, 84, 111, 115, 118, 347, 499, 519, 577-578, 587, 648, 873 Louis XIII (king of France), 705 Louis de Valois. See Louis XI (king of France) Louise of Savoy, 614, 617 Louvre, 348, 424, 566 Loves of Jupiter (Correggio), 250 Loyola, Saint Ignatius of. See Ignatius of Loyola, Saint Lublin, Union of (1569), 888, 910 Lull, Raymond, 174 Luna, Álvaro de, 432 Luque, Hernando de, 801 Luria, Isaac ben Solomon, 579-581 Lusãdas, Os. See Lusiads, The Lusiads, The (Camões), 168 Luther, Martin, 142, 231, 513, 559, 582-586, 650, 768, 797, 947; Anabaptists and, 472; art and, 264; confessional, 666; Desiderius Erasmus and, 316; Diet of Worms and, 220; England and, 834; on faith, 584; Germany and, 775; Henry VIII and, 442; Huldrych Zwingli and, 1012; John Calvin and, 163; Lutheranism and, 651; Mary of Hungary and, 637; opposition to, 335; Philipp Melanchthon and, 665 Lutheranism, 8, 164, 231, 255, 442, 559; Germany, 356, 651, 666, 776; Italy, 797. See also Calvinism; Catholicism; Counter-Reformation; Protestantism; Reformation Luther's and Zwingli's Propositions for Debate (Zwingli), 1012 Luttelton, Thomas. See Littleton, Sir Thomas Lyrides, The (Camões), 168 Lyttelton, Thomas. See Littleton, Sir Thomas M Mabila, Battle of (1540), 922 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 116, 269, 316, 373, 411, 587-591; list of works, 589 Madonna and Child (Dürer), 298 Madonna and Child with Saints (Andrea del Sarto), 40 Madonna Benois (Leonardo da Vinci), 562 Madonna del Sacco (Andrea del Sarto), 40 Madonna Enthroned with Saints (Mantegna), 602 Madonna Enthroned with Saints John the Baptist and Donatus (Verrocchio), 963 Madonna of Saint Francis (Correggio), 249 Madonna of the Bargellini Family (Ludovico Carracci), 176 Madonna of the Harpies (Andrea del Sarto), 39 Madonna of the Meadows (Raphael), 820 Madonna of the Pesaro Family, The (Titian), 937 Madonna of the Rocks (Leonardo da Vinci), 562 Madonna of the Steps, The (Michelangelo), 682 Madonna of the Victory (Mantegna), 603 Madonna with Saint John Evangelist and Saint Catherine (Annibale Carracci), 176 Madrigal, 149, 359, 611, 701 Madrigalls to Foure Voyces (Morley), 701 Magallanes, Fernando de. See Magellan, Ferdinand Magellan, Ferdinand, 307, 551, 591-595 Magellan, Strait of, 308, 593 Maghīlī, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karīm, al-, 595-597 Magnetism, Gilbert's studies of, 381 Magnifico, Il. See Medici, Lorenzo de' Maid's Tragedy, The (Beaumont and Fletcher), 94 Maimonides, Moses, 1 Major, John, 146, 528 Málaga, Battle of (1483), 106 Maldonaldo, Alonso del Castillo, 152 Maler, Lucas. See Cranach, Lucas, the Elder Mali, Songhai invasions of, 65 Malinal. See Marina, Doña Malinche, La. See Marina, Doña Malintzin. See Marina, Doña Malleus maleficarum (Krämer and Sprenger), 121 Malory, Sir Thomas, 197, 598-600 Mamlūk Empire, 87, 807 Manco Capac II, 68, 802 Mandragola, La. See Mandrake, The Mandrake, The (Machiavelli), 588 Mannerism, 40, 177, 390, 932. See also Countermannerism Mannucci, Aldo. See Manutius, Aldus Manox, Henry, 466 Mantegna, Andrea, 97, 132, 298, 486, 601-604 Mantua, Marquise of. See Isabella d'Este Manual of the Christian Knight, The (Erasmus), 315, 549 Manuel I (king of Portugal), 22, 259, 330, 366, 513, 591, 605-608, 792 Manuel the Fortunate. See Manuel I (king of Portugal) Manutius, Aldus, 11, 315, 608-610 Manuzio, Aldo. See Manutius, Aldus Mapah (Isserles), 525 Mapmaking, 160, 678, 827, 971. See also Category Index under Cartography Marabotto, Don Cattaneo, 191 Maran (Our Master). See Karo, Joseph ben Ephraim Marburg Colloquy (1529), 143 Marenzio, Luca, 610-612 Marescalco, Il. See Marescalco, The Marescalco, The (Aretino), 54 Margaret, Lady. See Beaufort, Lady Margaret Margaret of Angoulême. See Marguerite de Navarre Margaret of Anjou, 435, 828, 990 Margaret of Austria, 227, 321, 612-615, 632, 636, 648 Margaret of Burgundy, 439, 498 Margaret of Navarre. See Marguerite de Navarre Margaret of Parma, 615-617, 703, 993 Margaret of Valois, 430 Margaret Tudor, 499, 501 Margarita de Parma. See Margaret of Parma Marguerite de Navarre, 549, 617-620, 810; list of works, 618 Maria van Hongarije. See Mary of Hungary Maria von Ungarn. See Mary of Hungary Marian period (1553-1558), 199, 529 Marie d'Autriche. See Mary of Hungary Marie de Hongrie. See Mary of Hungary Marie de l'Incarnation. See Acarie, Barbe Marignano, Battle of (1515), 85, 347, 558 Marina, Doña, 621-623 Marjorova, Erzsi, 82 Marlowe, Christopher, 623-626, 876; list of works, 625 Marot, Clément, 618, 975 Marriage of Saint Catherine (Correggio), 249 Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael), 819 Mars, Portuguese. See Albuquerque, Afonso de Marston, John, 215 Martyrdom; Austria, 473; England, 62-63, 268, 306, 371, 403, 544, 629, 640, 699, 815, 835, 951; Italy, 140, 853; Japan, 460; Netherlands, 742; Scotland, 528; Switzerland, 863, 1013 Martyrdom of Four Saints, The (Correggio), 250 Martyrdom of Saint James (Mantegna), 602 Martyrdom of Saint Justina (Veronese), 960 Martyrdom of Saint Matthew, The (Caravaggio), 171 Martyrdom of Saint Maurice, The (El Greco), 391 Martyrdom of Saint Stephen (L. Fontana), 339 Mary, Queen of Scots, 104, 146, 184, 200, 305, 310, 501, 528, 553, 627-630, 634, 899, 948 Mary I (queen of England), 108, 111, 199, 304, 370, 399, 402, 544, 553, 627, 639-642, 778, 868, 898, 947; rejection of Protestantism, 268; Act of Succession and, 336; Catherine of Aragon and, 189; Elizabeth I and, 310; Henry VIII and, 443; rejection of Protestantism, 257, 278, 761, 835; Scotland and, 529; Spain and, 779 Mary of Burgundy, 575, 631-633, 646 Mary of Gueldres, 496 Mary of Guise, 501, 529, 627, 633-635 Mary of Habsburg. See Mary of Hungary Mary of Hungary, 422, 636-638 Mary of Lorraine. See Mary of Guise Mary of the Incarnation. See Acarie, Barbe Masque of the Inner Temple and Grayes Inn, The (Beaumont), 94 Mass of Bolsena (Raphael), 821 Mass of Saint Gregory, The (Bosch), 121 Mass Puer natus est nobis (Tallis), 919 Massacre at Paris, The (Marlowe), 625 Massacre of the Innocents, The (Bruegel), 136 Massinger, Philip, 94 Massys, Quentin, 316 Mathematicall Praeface to the Elements of Geometrie of Euclid of Megara, The (Dee), 279 Mathematics; Austria, 774, 824; England, 279; Italy, 173, 920; Netherlands, 913; Scotland, 711. See also Algebra; Category Index Matthias (Holy Roman Emperor), 82, 842 Matthias I Corvinus (king of Hungary), 351, 642-646, 983 Mátyás. See Matthias I Corvinus (king of Hungary) Maurice of Nassau, 913 Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor), 49, 85, 219, 227, 299, 350, 498, 519, 575, 587, 612, 631, 636, 646-650, 872, 984 Maximilian II (Holy Roman Emperor), 541, 650-652, 798, 824, 840, 911 Maximilian von Habsburg. See Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor) Maxtla, 721 Mbemba, Nzinga. See Afonso I (king of Kongo) Medici, Alessandro de', 615, 653 Medici, Cosimo I de', 18, 204, 211, 332, 411, 653-655, 798, 871 Medici, Ferdinand de', 42 Medici, Giovanni de'. See Leo X Medici, Giulio de'. See Clement VII Medici, Lorenzino de', 653 Medici, Lorenzo de', 184, 410, 587, 655-659, 682, 851, 870 Medici, Marie de', 431 Medici family, 39, 123, 184, 410, 557, 588, 653, 655, 962; Catholic Church and, 717. See also Catherine de Médicis; Clement VII; Leo X; Medici, Alessandro de'; Medici, Cosimo I de'; Medici, Ferdinand de'; Medici, Lorenzino de'; Medici, Lorenzo de' Medici Madonna (Michelangelo), 683 Medicine; France, 809, 862, 965; Germany, 12, 357; Italy, 211, 319, 343; Switzerland, 758. See also Anatomy; Category Index Médicis, Catherine de. See Catherine de Médicis Medina del Campo, Treaty of (1489), 187 Megyery, Imre, 82 Mehmed II, 87, 659-661, 662 Mehmed III, 661-664 Mehmed the Conqueror. See Mehmed II Mehmet II. See Mehmed II Melanchthon, Philipp, 143, 164, 543, 584, 664-667, 823 Melencolia I (Dürer), 298 Mélito, countess of. See Mendoza y de la Cerda, Ana de Memling, Hans, 120 Mendoza, Antonio de, 161, 245 Mendoza, Bernardino de, 668-669 Mendoza, Pedro de, 504 Mendoza y de la Cerda, Ana de, 670-671 Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, 672-675 Menno Simons, 675-678 Mennonites, 677 Mercator, Gerardus, 678-681 Merisi, Michelangelo. See Caravaggio Meshafa Berhan (Zara Yaqob), 1007 Mesoamerica. See Geographical Index Messianic movements, Jewish, 2 Metallurgy, 212 Michelangelo, 29, 46, 133, 175, 231, 236, 390, 486, 520, 564, 682-685, 819, 931, 938, 953; Vasari on, 954 Michelozzo, 18 Michiel, Marcantonio, 384 Michihito. See Ōgimachi Military; China, 1004, 1009; Hungary, 643; India, 532; Italy, 654; Japan, 733; Netherlands, 913; Ottoman Empire, 660, 916; Russia, 493; Scotland, 499; Songhai Empire, 900; Vietnam, 546; women and, 526. See also Category Index Mille regretz (Josquin), 517 Ming Dynasty, 826, 1003 Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes (Tintoretto), 932 Miracles Performed by the Relics of the Saint (Andrea del Sarto), 39 Mirifici logarithmorum canonis constructio. See Construction of a Marvelous Canon of Logarithms Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio. See Description of a Marvelous Canon of Logarithms Mirror for Princes, A (Skelton), 441 Mirtilla, La (Andreini), 42 Missa ad fugam (Josquin), 516 Missa L'Homme armé sexti toni (Josquin), 516 Missa Papae Marcelli (Palestrina), 751 Missa sine nomine (Josquin), 516 Missarum Josquin liber secundus (Josquin), 516 Missarum Josquin liber tertius (Josquin), 516 Misse Josquin (Josquin), 516 Missions; Catholic Church, 6, 29, 162, 483, 514, 538, 673, 825, 1000; Jesuits, 394 Mississippi River, European discovery of, 904 Mobile Indians. See Choctaws Mocenigo, Zuane, 140 Mocking of Christ, The (Grünewald), 405 Moctezuma II. See Montezuma II Mohács, Battle of (1526), 480, 636, 645, 886, 910, 915, 984 Mohammed I Askia, 64, 596-597, 686-689, 901 Mohawks, 281, 448 Molinet, Jean, 517 Molodoi, Ivan. See Ivan Molodoi Moluccas. See Spice Islands Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci), 563 Monarchy; France, 347, 578; Jewish view of, 1; limited, 341 Monasticism; France, 4; Italy, 44; Spain, 508, 930. See also Category Index under Religion and theology Mongol Empire, 488-489, 493 Monmouth, Humphrey, 950 Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 689-692 Montalto, Felice Peretti di. See Sixtus V Montcorbier, François de. See Villon, François Montefeltro, Guidobaldo da, 181 Montemurlo, Battle of (1537), 653 Monteverdi, Claudio, 363 Montezuma I, 693, 722 Montezuma II, 35, 253, 273, 622, 693-696 Montlhéry, Battle of (1465), 574 Moor. See Sforza, Ludovico Moorish architecture, 890 Moors, 79, 105, 252, 433, 537, 803 Mor, Anthonis, 422 More, Sir Thomas, 11, 113, 188, 266, 270, 301, 315, 336, 442, 454, 697-701, 951, 997; list of works, 699 Moriae encomium. See Praise of Folly, The Morien, Chrétien de, 422 Morley, Thomas, 150, 701-703 Mornay, Philippe de, 703-706 Moro, Il. See Sforza, Ludovico Morocco, 556; Portuguese invasion of, 859; sultanate of, 916 Morte d'Arthur, Le (Malory), 197, 598 Mortimer's Cross, Battle of (1461), 301, 438, 990 Moses (Michelangelo), 683 Mossi, Songhai invasions of, 65 Motley, John Lothrop, 780 Mourning of Christ (Annibale Carracci), 177 Mughal Empire, 15, 69, 475 Muhammad, Askia. See Mohammed I Askia Muhammad II. See Mehmed II Muhammad XI. See Boabdil Muhammad XII. See Boabdil Muhammad XIII, 106. See also Muhammad al-Zaghall Muhammad al-Wazzān al-Zaiyātī, al-Hasan ibn. See Leo Africanus Muhammad al-Zaghall, 106 Muhammad Shaybānī Khān, 69 Muhammad Ture. See Mohammed I Askia Mühlberg, Battle of (1547), 31, 222, 650, 777 Müller, Lucas. See Cranach, Lucas, the Elder Mundus novus (Vespucci), 971 Münzer, Thomas, 775 Murad III, 661, 911 Music; England, 290, 701, 918; English church, 148; Flanders, 540; France, 515; Italy, 359, 362, 610, 751; Netherlands, 913; Venice, 363. See also Category Index My Ladye Nevells Booke (Byrd), 150 Mysticism; France, 4; Italy, 191, 928; Jewish, 524, 581; Spain, 509 N Nadasdy, Elizabeth. See Báthory, Elizabeth Nadasdy, Ferenc, 81 Nagama Nayaka, 532 Nagashino, Battle of (1575), 452, 733 Nānak, 478, 707-710 Nancy, Battle of (1477), 218 Nantes, Edict of (1598), 430, 465, 570 Napier, John, 710-713 Naples, 657; conquest of, 330; France and, 577 Narratio prima (Rheticus), 823 Narratio prima de libris revolutionum. See First Account, The Narratio Prima of Rheticus, The. See Narratio prima Narváez, Pánfilo de, 152, 161 Nashe, Thomas, 714-717; list of works, 715 Nashe's Lenten Stuffe (Nashe), 715 Nasier, Alcofribas. See Rabelais, François Nāsin-ud-Dīn Muhammad. See Humāyūn Nativity (Correggio), 249 Nativity (Piero), 787 Natural and Moral History of the Indies, The (Acosta), 6 Natural history; England, 74; France, 101; Switzerland, 375 Naufragios, Los. See Relación, La Naugerius sive de poetica dialogus (Fracastoro), 345 Navarre, Marguerite of. See Marguerite de Navarre Ne irascaris (Byrd), 149 Necromancer, The (Ariosto), 57 Negromante, Il. See Necromancer, The Neo-Confucianism, 987 Neoplatonism, 138, 232, 315, 332, 620, 724, 759, 906, 1007 Neper, John. See Napier, John Neri, Saint Philip, 717-720 Netherlands; military, 913; painting, 135; Protestantism, 60, 526, 994; Spain and, 32. See also Geographical Index Netherlands, United Provinces of the, 740 Netherlands Wars of Independence. See Dutch Wars of Independence Neville, John, 764 Neville, Richard. See Warwick, earl of New Atlantis (Bacon), 74 New Christians, 25, 606 New Laws (1542 and 1543), 223, 538 New Natural Philosophy of the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Terrestrial Magnet, A. See De magnete New Philosophy of the Sublunary World (Gilbert), 382 Newfoundland, 379 Nezahualcóyotl, 720-724 Ngo Si Lien, 547 Ni Maly, Grany. See O'Malley, Grace Ni Mháille, Gráinne. See O'Malley, Grace Nicholas V, 18, 134 Nicholas of Cusa, 724-728 Nicuesa, Diego de, 76 Nigeria, 37 Night (Michelangelo), 683 Ninan Cuyochi, 469 Ninety-five Theses, 582 Niza, Marcos de, 154, 245 Nkuwa, Nzinga. See Nzinga Nkuwa Nobunaga, Oda. See Oda Nobunaga Noche Triste, La, 35, 254 Nolano, Il. See Bruno, Giordano Noli me tangere (L. Fontana), 338 Nonconformity, Presbyterian, 404, 762 Norfolk, duke of, 113, 200, 271, 311, 368 North America. See Geographical Index Northern Earls, Rebellion of the (1569), 629 Northumberland, duke of. See Dudley, John Northwest Passage, 276, 279, 353, 522 Nostradamus, 728-731; predictions, 729 Nostredame, Michel de. See Nostradamus Notable History Containing Four Voyages Made by Certain French Captains Unto Florida, A (Hakluyt), 419 Notizia d'opere di disegno (Michiel), 384 Notredame, Michel. See Nostradamus Notredame, Michel de. See Nostradamus Nouvelle continuation des amours (Ronsard), 838 Novelas ejemplares. See Exemplary Novels Novgorod, annexation to Moscow, 488 Novum organum (Bacon), 73 Nutiok, 522 Nymph of Fontainebleau (Cellini), 204 Nymphes des bois (chanson; Josquin), 517 Nymphes des bois (elegy; Molinet), 517 Nzinga Mbemba. See Afonso I (king of Kongo) Nzinga Nkuwa, 9 O Obedience of a Christian Man, and How Christian Rulers Ought to Govern, The (Tyndale), 951 Obertyn, Battle of (1531), 886 Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses memorables trouvées en Grèce, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays étranges (Belon), 102 Occultism, 278, 730, 757, 841 Ochino, Bernardino, 235 Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses nuevos (Cervantes), 209 Ockeghem, Jean d', 516 Oda Nobunaga, 451, 459, 732-735, 736, 737, 738, 943 Odani no Kata. See Oichi Odes (Ronsard), 837 Oecolampadius, Johannes, 861 Of Being and the One (Pico della Mirandola), 784 Of Learned Ignorance (Nicholas of Cusa), 726; excerpt, 725 Of Painting (Alberti), 18, 602 Of Sculpture (Alberti), 18 Of the Lawes of Ecclesiasticall Politie (Hooker), 457; excerpt, 458 O'Flaherty, Donal, 743 Ōgimachi, 735-737 Oichi, 737-739 Ojeda, Alonzo de, 76 Okehazama, Battle of (1560), 732, 736 Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, 740-743 Olive, L' (du Bellay), 295 Olomouc, Peace of (1478), 644 O'Malley, Grace, 743-745 Omer, Treaty of (1469), 218 On Clemency (Calvin), 163 On the Fabric of the Human Body. See De fabrica On the Infinite Universe and Worlds (Bruno), 139 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. See De revolutionibus On the Twofold Abundance of Words and Things. See De copia Onandagas, 448 Oñaz y Loyola, Iñigo de. See Ignatius of Loyola, Saint Oneidas, 281, 448 Ōnin Wars (1467-1477), 865 Onondagas, 281 Opera botanica (Gesner), 376 Opera nova (Aretino), 53 Oprichnina, 494 Opus palatinum de triangulis (Otto), 824 Opus paramirum (Paracelsus), 759 Oran, 505; conquest of, 330 Oration on the Dignity of Man (Pico della Mirandola), 783; excerpt, 782 Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. See Carmelites Ordóñez, Bartholome, 890 Orlando furioso (Ariosto), 57 Orsini, Cardinal Giordano, 725 Orthodox Church, Egyptian; Ethiopia, 1006 Ortografía castellana (Alemán), 25 Orus Apollo, fils de Osiris, roi de Ægipte niliacque (Nostradamus), 728 Osiander, Andreas, 243 Otluk Beli, Battle of (1483), 87 Otrepev, Grigorii, 388 Otto, Valentin, 824 Ottoman Empire, 87, 221, 480, 659, 661, 914; invasion of Baghdad, 481; invasion of Hungary, 480, 799; Jews and, 524; Mamlūks and, 807; North Africa and, 81; Papacy and, 798 Ottoman sultanate, 915 Ottosøn, Tyge Brahe. See Brahe, Tycho Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Order of. See Carmelites Ovando, Nicolás de, 240, 804 Ovid's Banquet of Sense (Chapman), 214 Oviedo, Fernández de, 804 Oxenbridge, John, 404 P Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui. See Pachacuti Pachacuti, 746-748 Pacheco, Juan, 432 Pacific Ocean, European discovery of, 593 Paço de Ribera, 445 Paget, Eusebius, 403 Painting; China, 865; England, 454; Flanders, 421; Florence, 39, 123; Germany, 262, 297, 406, 453; Italy, 46, 132, 170, 175, 249, 338, 383, 390, 561, 601, 785, 819, 931, 935-936, 953, 959, 963; Japan, 865; Netherlands, 120, 135; Venice, 98 Paiva, Afonso de, 259 Palaeologus, Sophia, 490, 749-750, 957 Paleontology, Gesner's work in, 376 Palestine. See Geographical Index Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, 150, 540, 751-753 Palladio, Andrea, 753-757, 848 Panipat, Battle of (1526), 475, 478 Pantagruel. See Gargantua and Pantagruel Pantagruéline prognostication (Rabelais), 810 Papal States; consolidation of, 520; reconquest of, 115 Parable of the Blind (Bruegel), 136 Parable of the Wicked Mammon, The (Tyndale), 951 Paracelsus, 757-760 Paradise (Tintoretto), 933 Paraphrase Upon the Seaven Penitentiall Psalmes of the Kingly Prophet (Aretino), 54 Paris, Siege of (1590), 323 Parker, Matthew, 403, 761-764 Parma, Battle of (1521), 410 Parmigianino, 175 Parr, Catherine, 62, 303, 310, 443, 764-767, 947 Parthenia (Byrd, Bull, and Gibbons), 150 Pascal, Blaise, 174 Passau, Truce of (1552), 777 Passignano, Domenico, 175 Passione di Gesù, La (Aretino), 54 Pastrana, duchess of. See Mendoza y de la Cerda, Ana de Pater, Walter, on Giorgione, 385 Patriarchate, Moscow, 387 Patronage of the arts. See Category Index Paul III, 221, 393, 483, 538, 767-770, 1000 Paul IV, 393, 425 Paul V, 339 Pavia, Battle of (1525), 221, 229, 347, 411, 423, 618 Paya Sai Tiakapat, 547 Pazzis, 657 Peace of . . .. See specific name of peace Peacemaker. See Deganawida Peasant Dance (Bruegel), 136 Peasant Wedding (Bruegel), 136 Peasants' War (1524-1526), 405, 584, 758 Pedrarias, 77, 902 Pembroke's Men, 625 Pemisapan, 771-772 Penitent Magdalen, The (Caravaggio), 170 Percy, Thomas, 325 Peretti, Felice. See Sixtus V Pérez, Antonio, 671, 780 Peripateticarum quæstionum libri quinque (Cesalpino), 211 Peronne Conference (1468), 574 Perpetual Peace, Treaty of (1502), 499 Perpignan, Battle of (1542), 31 Persecution of Christians; Egypt, 1007; England, 149, 325, 668; Japan, 460 Persecution of Jews; Spain, 580 Persecution of Protestants; England, 370, 639; France, 463, 817 Perseus (Cellini), 204 Perugino, Pietro, 486, 561, 819 Peruzzi, Baldassare, 175 Petit Testament, Le. See Legacy, The Petrucci, Ottaviano dei, 516 Peuerbach, Georg von, 773-775 Peurbach, Georg von. See Peuerbach, Georg von Pewrbach, Georgius Aunpekh de. See Peuerbach, Georg von Philaster (Beaumont and Fletcher), 94 Philip I (king of Spain), 50, 220, 330, 505, 614, 636 Philip II (king of Spain), 6, 310, 321, 394, 425, 615, 637, 670, 672, 778-781, 967; Americas and, 551, 672; architecture and, 445; art patronage and, 391, 445, 937; Catholic League and, 428; Charles V and, 222; closing of theaters, 208; Duke of Alva and, 31; Dutch Wars of Independence and, 668; France and, 184; Habsburg Dynasty and, 648; marriage to Mary I, 370, 401, 639; Netherlands and, 615; Pius V and, 798; Protestantism and, 629; Sofonisba Anguissola and, 46; William the Silent and, 993 Philip III (king of Spain), 208, 373 Philip of Hesse. See Philip the Magnanimous Philip the Magnanimous, 143, 775-778 Philipp der Grossmütige. See Philip the Magnanimous Philippines, 551; Spain and, 194, 593 Philips, Peter, 151 Philosophy; China, 986; England, 73; Italy, 138, 345, 588, 782. See also Category Index Physics; Italy, 921; Netherlands, 913 Piazza San Marco, 848 Picaresque, 25 Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius. See Pius II Piccolomini, Francesco. See Pius III Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 333, 548, 557, 608, 782-784, 851; list of works, 784 Picquigny, Peace of (1475), 574 Pierce Penniless, His Supplication to the Divell (Nashe), 714 Piero della Francesca, 99, 132, 785-788 Pietà (Michelangelo), 236, 682 Pietà (Siloé), 890 Pietà with Virgin and Saint John (Bellini), 98 Pilgrimage of Grace (1536-1537), 267, 271 Pinkie, Battle of (1547), 899 Pinturicchio, 29 Pinzón, Martín Alonso, 238, 789-791 Pinzón, Vicente Yáñez, 789-791 Piotrków, Diet of (1562-1563), 888 Piracy; Christians, 555; England, 193, 352; France, 513; Ireland, 744; Japan, 277; North Africa, 505; Spain, 397. See also Privateering Pires, Tomé, 792-793, 1009 Pirkheimer, Willibald, 297 Pisa Madonna (Masaccio), 954 Pius II, 19, 27, 726, 794-797 Pius III, 518 Pius IV, 394, 653 Pius V, 797-800, 895 Pizarro, Francisco, 67, 76, 220, 471, 747, 800-803, 902 Pizzolo, Niccolò, 601 Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke, A (Morley), 702 Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of St. John, A (Napier), 711 Plantagenet, Richard. See Richard III (king of England) Platonic Academy, 232, 332 Platonic philosophy, 232, 332-333, 782; Christianity and, 333 Platonic Theology (Ficino), 333 Pléiade, La. See La Pléiade Plessis-Marly, Seigneur du. See Mornay, Philippe de Po-an. See Wang Yangming Poemata (du Bellay), 296 Poems of Shakespeare's Dark Lady, The. See Salve deus rex Judæorum Poetry; England, 214, 535, 623, 813, 877, 881, 906; France, 285, 294, 619, 837, 974; India, 532; Italy, 42, 53, 56, 182, 235, 343, 925; Michelangelo, 684; Nezahualcóytl, 721; Portugal, 167; Spain, 209 Poissy, Colloquy of (1561), 185, 569 Poitiers, Diane de. See Diane de Poitiers Poland. See Geographical Index Pole, William de la. See Suffolk, duke of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 888, 910 Politics. See Category Index under Government and politics Politique Party, 185 Poliziano, Angelo, 557, 782 Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 298 Polyglot Bible, 504 Pomponazzi, Pietro, 343 Ponce de León, Hernán, 902 Ponce de León, Juan, 803-806 Ponet, John, 147 Pope Leo X with Cardinals (Raphael), 821 Porris, Georg Joachim de. See Rheticus Portrait of a Man (van Hemessen), 422 Portrait of a Nun (Anguissola), 46 Portrait of a Woman (van Hemessen), 422 Portrait of a Woman (Verrocchio), 963 Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan (Bellini), 99 Portrait of His Wife and Two Elder Children (Holbein the Younger), 454 Portrait of Two Men (Marietta Tintoretto), 935 Portraits d'oyseaux, animaux, serpens, herbes, arbres, hommes et femmes d'Arabie et Egypte (Belon), 102 Portugal; India and, 22; Kongo alliance with, 10; North Africa and, 511, 605, 859; Spain and, 32. See also Geographical Index Portuguese Mars. See Albuquerque, Afonso de Practice of Prelates, The (Tyndale), 951 Pragmatic Sanction (1438), 794 Praguerie (1440), 574 Praise of Folly, The (Erasmus), 315; excerpt, 315 Pratensis, Josquinus. See Josquin des Prez Prato, Juschino de. See Josquin des Prez Praxis universae artis medicae (Cesalpino), 212 Prayers and Meditations (Parr), 766 Predestination, 60, 163 Presbyterianism, 530, 762. See also Calvinism; Lutheranism; Reformation Presentation (Siloé), 890 Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple (Tintoretto), 932 Prester John (legendary figure), 259, 286, 511, 1007 Prester John of the Indies, The (Alvares), 261 Pretenders, The (Ariosto), 57 Preveza, Battle of (1538), 80 Prez, Josquin des. See Josquin des Prez Primavera (Botticelli), 125 Primi de stirpium historia commentariorum tomi vivae imagines (Fuchs), 357 Prince, The (Machiavelli), 116, 373, 511, 588 Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation (Hakluyt), 419 Principe, Il. See Prince, The Printing; England, 196; France, 413, 575; Italy, 608; music, 149; Scotland, 499 Privateering, 397; England, 193, 292, 352, 779; Spain, 672. See also Piracy Probability, Cardano's studies of, 174 Propaedeumata aphoristica. See John Dee on Astronomy Prophesyings, 404 Prophetiae Sibyllarum (Lasso), 541 Prophéties de M. Michel Nostradamus, Les. See Centuries Protestant Reformation. See Reformation Protestantism, 163; Catholic Church and, 394; Catholicism and, 222, 235, 897; England, 62, 112, 199, 231, 255, 267, 271, 291, 305, 369, 399, 403, 443, 528, 543, 640, 761, 766, 834, 883, 899; France, 348, 424, 426, 429, 463, 569, 618, 703; Germany, 31, 51, 405, 582, 666; Holy Roman Empire, 842; Low Countries, 32; Moravia, 473; Netherlands, 60, 526, 616, 676, 994; Poland, 243; Scotland, 528, 634, 711; Switzerland, 473, 861. See also Anabaptism; Bible; Calvinism; Counter-Reformation; Lutheranism; Presbyterianism; Puritanism; Reformation; Unitarianism Psalmes, Sonets, and Songs of Sadness and Pietie (1588, Byrd), 149 Psalmes, Sonets, and Songs of Sadness and Pietie (1611, Byrd), 150 Psalmi Davidici (A. Gabrieli), 360 Public Weal, The League of the (1465), 574 Puerto Rico. See Borinquén Purbach, Georg von. See Peuerbach, Georg von Purgation and Purgatory (Catherine of Genoa), 192 Purgatorio. See Purgation and Purgatory Purification of the Temple (El Greco), 390 Puritanism, 403, 457, 554, 762. See also Protestantism Putto with a Dolphin (Verrocchio), 963 Q Qaitbay. See Qāytbāy Qaro, Joseph. See Karo, Joseph ben Ephraim Qayitbey. See Qāytbāy Qāytbāy, 87, 807-808 Quaestiones in quartum Sententiarum praesertim circa sacramenta (Adrian VI), 8 Quaestiones quotlibeticae XII (Adrian VI), 7 Quattro libri dell'architettura, I. See Four Books of Architecture, The Quauhtémoc. See Cuauhtémoc Quebec. See Stadacona Quetzalcóatl (god), 253 Quivira, 247 Quizquiz, 68 Qwastantinos I. See Zara Yaqob R Rabdologiae, seu numerationis per virgulas libri duo. See Study of Divining Rods Rabelais, François, 619, 809-812; list of works, 809 Radu the Handsome, 982 Radziwill, Mikouaj, 911 Ragionamenti, The (Aretino), 54 Ragionamento della Nanna et della Antonia. See Ragionamenti, The Ragua Ocllo, 469 Rajputs, Mughals and, 15 Ralegh, Sir Walter, 193, 378, 396, 771, 813-816 Raleigh, Sir Walter. See Ralegh, Sir Walter Ramée, Pierre de la. See Ramus, Peter Ramus, Peter, 817-819 Rape of Europa, The (Titian), 938 Raphael, 39, 134, 181, 390, 520, 558, 819-823 Ravaillac, François, 431 Ravenna, Battle of (1512), 57, 85, 152, 519 Rebellion of the Northern Earls. See Northern Earls, Rebellion of the Rebellious Slave, The (Michelangelo), 683 Reclining River Nymph at the Fountain (Cranach, the Elder), 264 Reconquista, 105, 252, 330 Recueil de poésie (du Bellay), 295 Recusants, 200, 324 Redbeard. See Barbarossa Reformation, 142, 163, 231; England, 189, 267, 467, 543, 947; France, 424, 462, 550; Germany, 650, 665, 775; Martin Luther and, 584; Papacy and, 798; Scotland, 502, 628; Spain, 779; Switzerland, 472, 1011. See also Catholicism; Counter-Reformation; Lutheranism; Protestantism Reformed Carmelites. See Carmelites Reformed Church, Dutch. See Dutch Reformed Church Reformed Church, French. See Huguenots Regensburg, Diet of (1541), 144 Regensburg, Diet of (1546), 777 Regensburg Book, 144 Regrets, The (du Bellay), 296 Rei Encuberto, 860 Relación, La (Cabeza de Vaca), 154 Relectiones theologicae (Vitoria), 979 Religion; Aztec Empire, 253, 694; India, 478, 709; Ottoman Empire, 660. See also Buddhism; Category Index; Christianity; Islam; Sikhism Religion, French Wars of (1562-1629), 102, 164, 185, 285, 426, 429, 463, 569, 704 Rembolt, Berthold, 413 Rembolt, vidua Bertholdi. See Guillard, Charlotte Remonstrance au peuple de France (Ronsard), 838 Remonstrances sur le default du labour et culture des plantes (Belon), 102 Renard, Simon, 640 Report of the Truth of the Fight About the Isles of Açores This Last Summer, A. See Last Fight of the Revenge, The Resurrection (Piero), 786 Resurrection (Tintoretto), 933 Revenge of Bussy d'Ambois, The (Chapman), 215 Revolt of the Balama. See Balama, Revolt of the Rhäticus. See Rheticus Rheticus, 243, 823-825 Rhetoric, France, 817, 818. See also Philosophy Rhetorica (Ramus and Taleon), 818 Rhetoricae distinctiones in Quintilianum. See Arguments in Rhetoric Against Quintilian Riario, Gerolamo, 870 Ricci, Matteo, 394, 825-827 Richard II (Shakespeare), 877 Richard III (king of England), 91, 438, 441, 571, 828-833, 946 Richemont, Arthur de, 225 Richmond, earl of. See Henry VII (king of England) Richmond and Derby, countess of. See Beaufort, Lady Margaret Ricordi (Guicciardini), 411 Ridley, Nicholas, 305, 402, 544, 833-836 Ridley, Robert, 833 Rimas. See Lyrides, The Rime (Andreini), 42 Rime della divina Vettoria Colonna, marchesana di Pescara (Colonna), 236 Rime . . . Parte seconda (Andreini), 43 Rinaldo (Tasso), 925 Risposta di Hieronimo Veneroso nobile Genovese alla querela sotto nome di Difesa intorno allo sputo di Sangue (Cesalpino et al.), 212 Road to Calvary, The (Bruegel), 136 Roanocs, 771 Roberval, Jean-François de La Rocque de, 179 Robusti, Jacopo. See Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti) Robusti, Marietta. See Tintoretto, Marietta Robusti Rochester, John of. See Fisher, Saint John Rogue, The. See Guzmán de Alfarache Rokewood, Ambrose, 326 Roland de Lassus. See Lasso, Orlando di Romania. See Geographical Index Romanovs, 388 Rome, sack of (1527), 221, 230, 411, 486, 589 Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 877 Romorantin, Edicts of (1560), 569 Ronsard, Pierre de, 285, 294, 425, 837-840; list of works, 839 Roses, Wars of the (1455-1485), 90, 301, 340, 434-435, 438, 571, 828, 946, 989 Rothesay, duke of. See James IV (king of Scotland) Roussel, Gérard, 549 Rovere, Francesco della. See Sixtus IV Rovere, Giuliano della. See Julius II Rowley, William, 95 Rubens, Peter Paul, 137 Rucellai, Giovanni, 19 Rudimenta (Buchanan), 146 Rudolf II (Holy Roman Emperor), 130, 279, 652, 840-843 Ruines of Rome (du Bellay), 296 Russia. See Geographical Index Ruyven, Claes van, 526 S Saavedra, Miguel de Cervantes. See Cervantes, Miguel de Saburō. See Oda Nobunaga Sacrae symphoniae (G. Gabrieli), 363 Sa'di Dynasty, 860 Safavid Dynasty, 475, 915 Safiye Sultan, 661 Sagami no Kami. See Hōjō Ujimasa Sahagún, Bernardino de, 621 St. Albans, Battle of (1455), 435, 828, 990 St. Albans, Second Battle of (1461), 990 Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, Battle of (1484), 227 Saint Augustine in His Cell (Botticelli), 124 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572), 185, 200, 395, 426, 429, 463, 569, 651, 703, 817, 881 Saint Curing the Possessed Woman (Andrea del Sarto), 39 Saint Francis in Ecstasy (Bellini), 99 Saint George and the Dragon (Raphael), 819 Saint George Slaying the Dragon (Siloé), 890 Saint-Germain, Peace of (1570), 185, 426, 569 Saint James Baptizing Hermogenes (Mantegna), 602 Saint James Before Herod Agrippa (Mantegna), 602 Saint James Led to Execution (Mantegna), 602 Saint Jerome in His Study (Dürer), 299 Saint Jerome in Penitence (Cranach, the Elder), 262 Saint John the Baptist (Bosch), 121 Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo da Vinci), 563 St. Lawrence River, 180 Saint Mark Rescuing a Slave (Tintoretto), 932 St. Peter's Cathedral, 133 Saint Roche in Prison (Tintoretto), 933 Saint Ursula and Her Virgins (Tintoretto), 932 Saitō Dōsan, 732 Saitō Tatsuoki, 732, 943 Salim. See Jahāngīr Salinas, Battle of Las. See Las Salinas, Battle of Salisbury, first earl of, 844-847 Salisbury, second earl of. See Warwick, earl of Salve Deus Rex Judæorum (Lanyer), 535; excerpt, 536 Samarqand, Mughal invasions of, 69 San Antonio de Padua (Alemán), 26 Sanin, Joseph. See Joseph of Volokolamsk Sansovino, Jacopo, 39, 54, 847-850 Santa Maria Novella, 19 Sanzio, Raffaello. See Raphael Sarauniya Aminatu. See Amina Sarauniya Zazzua Sarkin Zazzua Nohir, 37 Sauchieburn, Battle of (1488), 497-498 Saumur, Assembly of (1612), 705 Savonarola, Girolamo, 29, 587, 657, 682, 850-855 Scaliger, Joseph Justus, 855-858 Scandinavia. See Geographical Index under Denmark; Sweden Schmalkaldic League, 144, 222, 776 Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547), 222, 650, 777 Scholae in liberales artes (Ramus), 817 Scholarship. See Category Index School of Athens (Raphael), 820 School of Love (Correggio), 250 Schoole of Abuse, The (Gosson), 882 Schütz, Heinrich, 362 Schwartzerd, Philipp. See Melanchthon, Philipp Science. See Anatomy; Astronomy; Botany; Medicine; Natural history; Paleontology; Physics; Zoology; Category Index Scornful Lady, The (Beaumont and Fletcher), 94 Scotland; English invasion of, 899. See also Geographical Index Scourge of Princes. See Aretino, Pietro Sculpture; Italy, 203, 682, 963; Spain, 890 Scuola di S. Rocco, 933 Sea Battle in the Straits of Messina (Bruegel), 135 Seaman's Secrets (Davis), 277 Sebastian (king of Portugal), 859-860 Sebastiäo. See Sebastian (king of Portugal) Sébillet, Thomas, 294 Second Booke of Songs or Ayres, The (Dowland), 290 Secotans. See Roanocs Sefirot, Luria on, 580 Sekigahara, Battle of (1600), 460 Self-Portrait (Dürer), 297 Self-Portrait (Marietta Tintoretto), 935 Self-Portrait (van Hemessen), 422 Self-Portrait as Bacchus (Caravaggio), 170 Self-Portrait in the Studiolo (L. Fontana), 338 Selim I, 80, 88, 480, 914 Senecas, 281, 448 Sengoku Jidai. See Warring States period (Japan) Senlis, Treaty of (1493), 227, 613, 632 Serfdom; Hungary, 984; Russia, 387, 490 Serveto, Miguel. See Servetus, Michael Servetus, Michael, 164, 861-864 Sesshū, 865-867 Sesshū Oda. See Sesshū Sesson Shūkei, 866 Sette giornate del mondo creato, Le. See Creation of the World Sette salmi de la penitenzia di David, I. See Paraphrase Upon the Seaven Penitentiall Psalmes of the Kingly Prophet Seven Cities of Cíbola, 154 Seven Deadly Sins (Bruegel), 136 Seymour, Sir Edward. See Somerset, first duke of Seymour, Jane, 51, 113, 266, 271, 303, 310, 443, 467, 765, 868-870, 898, 947 Seymour, Thomas, 304, 310, 765, 899 Sforza, Asanio, 132 Sforza, Bona, 886-887 Sforza, Caterina, 870-871 Sforza, Francesco, 230 Sforza, Gian Galeazzo, 872 Sforza, Giovanni, 118 Sforza, Ludovico, 28, 132, 181, 228, 562, 648, 870, 872-875 Shadow of the Night, The (Chapman), 214 Shāh Sur, 476 Shakespeare, William, 93, 535, 876-880; list of works, 878 Sharia in Songhay (al-Maghīlī), 597 Sharp Resolution (1617), 741 Shaybānī Khān. See Muhammad Shaybānī Khān Shepheardes Calender, The (Spenser), 906 Shēr Khan Sur, 475 Shēr Shāh. See Shēr Khan Sur Shi. See Sonni Alī Shibata Katsuie, 738 Ship of Fools, The (Bosch), 120 Shizugatake, Battle of (1583), 738 Shou-jen. See Wang Yangming Shouren. See Wang Yangming Shrewsbury, Elizabeth. See Bess of Hardwick Shrewsbury, sixth earl of. See Talbot, George Shūbun, 865 Shuiskys, 492 Shulhan arukh. See Code of Jewish Law Shunrin Shuto, 865 Sickingen, Franz von, 775 Sidney, Sir Philip, 881-885; list of works, 882 Siege of . . .. See specific name of siege Siege of Numantia, The (Cervantes), 208 Sigismund (duke of Austria-Tirol), 218, 725 Sigismund I, the Old (king of Poland), 885-887, 983 Sigismund II Augustus (king of Poland), 798, 824, 886, 887-889, 910 Sigismund III (king of Poland), 388, 611 Siglo del Oro. See Golden Age, Spanish Sikandar Lodī, 478 Sikhism, 478, 707 Siloé, Diego de, 890-892 Silva, Ana de. See Mendoza y de la Cerda, Ana de Simnel, Lambert, 439 Simons, Menno. See Menno Simons Simonsdochter, Kenau Hasselaer. See Kenau Hasselaer Simonsz, Menno. See Menno Simons Simonszoon, Menno. See Menno Simons Sistine Chapel, 520, 683; Michelangelo on, 684 Sistine Madonna (Raphael), 821 Six Anatomical Tables (Vesalius), 966 Six Articles, Act of (1539), 62, 257, 267, 369, 443, 544, 835 Sixtus IV, 518, 657, 893-895, 940 Sixtus V, 895-897 Skanderbeg, 659 Skelton, John, 441 Slave trade. See Slavery Slavery; Algiers, 207; Brazil, 514; Caribbean, 804; Kongo, 10; of Native Americans, 538; slaving voyages, 292; Spain, 239 Smallpox, Americas and, 66, 254, 471, 771 Social reform. See Category Index Society of Jesus. See Jesuits Soderini, Piero, 587 Soleil d'Or, 413 Solomon Luria, Isaac ben. See Luria, Isaac ben Solomon Solway Moss, Battle of (1542), 502, 627, 634 Somerset, first duke of, 304, 399, 639, 898-900 Somnium (Buchanan), 146 Sonetti lussuriosi. See Sonnets, The Songe. See Visions of Bellay Songhai Empire, 64, 556, 597, 686, 900 Songs of Sundrie Natures (Byrd), 149 Sonnets, The (Aretino), 54 Sonnets for Helen (Ronsard), 838 Sonni Alī, 597, 686, 900-902 Sopron, Treaty of (1463), 351 Sorel, Agnès, 226 Sorsky, Nil, 490 Soto, Hernando de, 245, 902-905, 922 Soto-Mayor, Alonzo de, 84 Sotomayor, Cristóbal de, 804 Sousa, Tomé de, 514 South America. See Geographical Index Southeast Asia. See Geographical Index Spain. See Geographical Index Spanish Armada (1587-1588), 201, 293, 311, 322, 354, 397, 420, 554, 669, 780, 813, 844, 897, 942 Spanish Navarre, conquest of, 330 Speculum principis. See Mirror for Princes, A Spem in Alium (Tallis), 919 Spenser, Edmund, 882, 906-909; list of works, 908 Speyer, First Diet of (1526), 221, 666, 775 Speyer, Second Diet of (1529), 666 Sphera of George Buchanan, The (Buchanan), 146 Spice Islands, 23, 307, 514, 591. See also Trade Spiritual Canticle of the Soul, A (John of the Cross), 508 Spiritual Dialogue, The (Catherine of Genoa), 192 Spiritual Doctrine of Saint Catherine of Genoa, The (Catherine of Genoa), 191 Spiritual Exercises, The (Saint Ignatius), 482 Spranger, Bartholomaus, 841 Spurs, Battle of (1513), 996 Squarcione, Francesco, 601 Stadacona, 179 Stafford, George, 543 Stanley, Thomas Lord, 91 Stapulensis, Jacobus Faber. See Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jacques Stary, Zygmunt I. See Sigismund I, the Old (king of Poland) Stefan Batory. See Stephen Báthory Sten Sture the Younger, 415 Stephen Báthory, 652, 910-912, 982 Stevin, Simon, 912-914 Stewart, Henry, 146, 311, 629 Stewart, James. See James IV (king of Scotland); James V (king of Scotland) Stewart, Mary. See Mary, Queen of Scots Stigmatization of St. Francis (L. Fontana), 338 Stockholm Bloodbath, 415 Stoke, Battle of (1487), 439 Storia d'Italia. See History of Italy, The Storie fiorentine. See History of Florence, The Strange Newes of the Intercepting of Certain Letters (Nashe), 715 Striggio, Alessandro, 919 Strozzi, Piero, 653 Strozzi-Benucci, Alessandra, 57 Stuart, Arbella, 104 Stuart, James. See James IV (king of Scotland); James V (king of Scotland) Stuart, Mary. See Mary, Queen of Scots Study of Divining Rods (Napier), 712 Subida del Monte Carmelo, La. See Ascent of Mount Carmel, The Succession, Act of (1534), 270, 336, 443; excerpt, 443 Succession Pact (1560), 417 Sucesos, The (Alemán), 26 Sucesos de D. Frai García Guerra. See Sucesos, The Sudan, 556, 900 Sudley, Lord. See Seymour, Thomas Suffolk, duke of, 435 Suleiman I. See Süleyman the Magnificent Süleyman the Magnificent, 80, 88, 221, 480, 636, 651, 914-917 Sultanate, Ottoman. See Ottoman sultanate Sultanate of Delhi. See Delhi, sultanate of Sultanate of Morocco. See Morocco, sultanate of Suma Oriental (Pires), 792 Summer's Last Will and Testament (Nashe), 715 Sunder, Lucas. See Cranach, Lucas, the Elder Sunni Ali. See Sonni Alī Supper at Emmaus (Caravaggio), 171 Supper Controversy, 143 Suppositi, I. See Pretenders, The Supralapsarianism, 60 Supremacy, Act of (1534), 113, 270, 336, 443 Susanna and the Elders (Tintoretto), 932 Suvarna Banlang, 547 Swabian War (1499), 648 Sweden, Moscow and, 490 Switzerland. See Geographical Index Syphilis (Fracastoro), 343 T Tabulae anatomicae sex. See Six Anatomical Tables Tabulae eclipsium super meridiano Viennensi (Peuerbach), 774 Tahmāsp I, 475 Tainos, 408 Taitazak, Joseph, 524 Takayama Ukon, 460 Takeda Katsuyori, 733 Takeda Shingen, 451, 733 Talbot, Elizabeth. See Bess of Hardwick Talbot, George, 104 Tale of Two Lovers, The (Pius II), 794 Talikot, Battle of (1565), 532 Tallis, Thomas, 148, 701, 918-919 Talon, Omer, 817 Tamburlaine the Great (Marlowe), 624 Tarascans, 253 Tartaglia, Niccolò Fontana, 173, 920-922 Tartalea, Niccolò. See Tartaglia, Niccolò Fontana Tascalusa, 922-924 Tasso, Torquato, 924-928; list of works, 926 Tastaluca. See Tascalusa Taszaluza. See Tascalusa Tatti, Jacopo. See Sansovino, Jacopo Taxation; France, 225, 348, 575, 577; Hungary, 644; Mongol Dynasty, 16; Sweden, 417 Teares or Lamentacions of a Sorrowfull Soule (Leighton), 150 Tears of the Indians, The (Las Casas), 538 Technology. See Electricity; Magnetism; Metallurgy; Printing Tejas, 247 Tempest, The (Giorgione), 385 Tempietto (Bramante), 133 Temptation of Saint Anthony, The (Bruegel), 136 Ten Articles of Religion (1536), 266, 443 Tenochtitlán, 254, 273, 621 Tenshō Shūubun. See Shūbun Tenures (Littleton), 572 Tepanecans, 720 Tepes, Vlad. See Vlad III the Impaler Tepesch, Vlad. See Vlad III the Impaler Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada. See Teresa of Ávila, Saint Teresa of Ávila, Saint, 4, 507, 670, 928-931 Terrail, Pierre. See Bayard, Chevalier de Terrors of the Night, The (Nashe), 715 Tetrapolitana, 143 Tetzel, Johann, 582 Teutonic Knights, 242, 885 Tewkesbury, Battle of (1471), 91, 340, 830 Tewodros, 1006 Tezozómoc, 720 Theater; England, 93, 214, 554, 624, 715, 876, 882; France, 619; Italy, 42, 54, 57, 181, 588; Portugal, 167; Spain, 208. See also Category Index Theogenius (Alberti), 19 Theologia platonica. See Platonic Theology Theology. See Category Index under Religion and theology Theorica y practica de guerra. See Theorique and Practise of Warre Theoricae novae planetarum (Peuerbach), 774 Theorique and Practise of Warre (Mendoza), 669 Theotokópoulos, Doménikos. See Greco, El Thesaurus temporum (Scaliger), 857 Theuerdank of 1517, The (Maximilian), 631, 648 Third and Last Booke of Songs or Ayres, The (Dowland), 290 Third Book (Rabelais), 619 Thott, Sophie Brahe. See Brahe, Sophie Three Books of Life, The (Ficino), 333 Three Books on Embassies (Gentili), 372 Three Books on the Law of War, The (Gentili), 373 Three Henrys, War of the (1587-1588), 200, 428-429, 464, 705 Three Kings, Battle of (1578), 860 Three Philosophers, The (Giorgione), 385 Throckmorton, Elizabeth, 814 Throckmorton, Francis, 668 Throckmorton plot (1583), 201, 668 Thuan Hoang De. See Le Thanh Tong Thurzo, György, 82 Tianzhu shiyi. See True Meaning of the Lord in Heaven, The Tibaldi, Domenico, 175 Tiers livre. See Third Book Tiger of Romagna. See Sforza, Caterina Tiguex War (1540-1541), 247 Timbuktu, 556; Songhai conquest of, 901 Time of Troubles, 388 Timofey, Yermak, 494 Tindal, William. See Tyndale, William Tindale, William. See Tyndale, William Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti), 175, 931-934, 935 Tintoretto, La. See Tintoretto, Marietta Robusti Tintoretto, Marietta Robusti, 935-936 Tirsi (Castiglione), 181 Titian, 54, 100, 175, 385, 390, 487, 932, 936-939 Tlaxcalans, 34, 253 Tobacco, discovery of, 239 Toilet of Venus (Bellini), 384 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 451, 460, 733, 943 Toledo, Juan Bautista de, 445 Toleration, Edict of (1562), 185 Toltecs, 694 Tomkins, Thomas, 149 Topa Inca, 747 Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494), 307, 330, 512, 514. See also Line of Demarcation Torquemada, Tomás de, 939-942 Torresani, Andrea, 608 Tovar, Pedro de, 246 Tōyō. See Sesshū Toyotomi Hideyori, 739 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 451, 460, 732, 738, 943-946 Trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda, Los. See Travels of Persiles and Sigismunda, The Trade; Asia, 792; between Europe and the Americas, 162, 180, 513, 522; between Europe and the East, 22, 157, 276, 286, 366, 511, 533, 605, 792; Kongo, 10; between Russia and England, 493, 641; slaves, 286; Sudan, 38. See also Spice Islands Tragedies (Buchanan), 146 Tragedy of Chabot, Admiral of France, The (Chapman), 215 Tragicall History of D. Faustus, The. See Doctor Faustus Transfiguration of Christ (Raphael), 821 Translation of the Body of Saint Mark (Tintoretto), 932 Translations; Bible into English, 256; Bible into German, 583; French into English, 196; Greek into English, 216; Greek into Latin, 332; Latin into French, 295 Transubstantiation, 834, 1013 Trans-Volga Elders, 490, 958 Transylvania, 910, 981. See also Geographical Index Trastámara, Henry. See Henry IV (king of Castile) Trato de Argel, El. See Commerce of Algiers, The Trattati dell'oreficeria e della scultura. See Treatises of Benvenuto Cellini on Goldsmithing and Sculpture, The Travels of Persiles and Sigismunda, The (Cervantes), 209 Travers, Walter, 457 Treatise Against the Error of Transubstantiation (Ridley), 834 Treatise on the Worship of Images, A (Ridley), 835 Treatises of Benvenuto Cellini on Goldsmithing and Sculpture, The (Cellini), 205 Treaty of . . .. See specific name of treaty Tregian, Francis, 150 Trent, Council of (1545-1563), 45, 222, 360, 390, 393, 430, 568-569, 717, 752, 769, 777, 798 Tresham, Francis, 326 Trinitarianism, 861 Trinity, The (El Greco), 392 Tripartitum (1514), 984 Triple Alliance, 28, 741 Trissino, Gian Giorgio, 486, 753 Triumph of Caesar (Mantegna), 603 Triumph of Mordecai, The (Veronese), 960 Trivia senatoria (Alberti), 19 Troubles, Council of, 994 Troyes, Treaty of (1420), 224 True Christian Faith, The (Menno), 676 True History of the Conquest of New Spain, The (Díaz del Castillo), 621 True Meaning of the Lord in Heaven, The (Ricci), 827 Tu solus, qui facis mirabilia (Josquin), 516 Tu Thanh. See Le Thanh Tong Tuareg, 901 Tudor, Henry. See Henry VII (king of England) Tudor, Mary. See Mary I (queen of England) Tudor, Owen ap Meredith ap, 946. See also Tudor Family Tudor family, 91, 187, 438, 946-949. See also Edward VI (king of England); Elizabeth I (queen of England); Grey, Lady Jane; Henry VII (king of England); Henry VIII (king of England); Lancastrians; Mary I (queen of England) Tuluva Dynasty, 532 Tunstall, Cuthbert, 950 Tupac Amaru, 68 Tupac Cusi Huallpa. See Huáscar Tupac Huallpa, 68. See Huáscar Tur (Karo), 524 Ture, Muhammad. See Mohammed I Askia Turkey. See Geographical Index Tuscaloosa. See Tascalusa Tuscaluca. See Tascalusa Tuscaluza. See Tascalusa Tuskaloosa. See Tascalusa Tver', annexation to Moscow, 488 Twelve Years' Truce (1605), 741 Two Books of the Pleas of a Spanish Advocate, The (Gentili), 373 Twoo Bookes of Francis Bacon of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning Divine and Humane, The. See Advancement of Learning Tyndale, William, 256, 267, 544, 949-952 Tyrannical-Government Anatomized (Buchanan), 146 Tzepes, Vlad. See Vlad III the Impaler U Uccello, Paolo, 601 Uesugi Kagekatsu, 452 Uesugi Kenshin, 451 Ulászló II. See Vladislav II Ulrich Zwingli. See Zwingli, Huldrych Unfortunate Traveller (Nashe), 715 Ung aultre amer, D' (Josquin), 516 Uniformity, First Act of (1549), 305, 899 Uniformity, Second Act of (1552), 305 Uniformity, Third Act of (1559), 403 Union of . . .. See specific name of union Unitarianism, 861 United Provinces of the Netherlands. See Netherlands, United Provinces of the United States. See Geographical Index under North America University Wits, 876 Unterricht der Visitatorn (Melanchthon), 666 Urania Titani (Tycho Brahe), 127 Urbino, duke of. See Montefeltro, Guidobaldo da Ursulines, 4, 44, 231 Utopia (More), 442, 698 Utrecht, Union of (1579), 740 Uzbeks, 69 Uzun Hasan, 87 V Valencia, duke of. See Borgia, Cesare Valentinois, duchess of. See Diane de Poitiers Valentinois, duke of. See Borgia, Cesare Valladolid Cathedral, 446 Valois Dynasty, 410, 428 Van Aelst, Pieter Coecke. See Coecke van Aelst, Pieter Van dat rechte christen ghelooue. See True Christian Faith, The Van Eyck, Jan, 99, 120 Van Haarlem, Kenau Simonsdochter. See Kenau Hasselaer Van Hemessen, Catherina or Catarina. See Hemessen, Catharina van Varanasi, Battle of (1539), 475 Varchi, Benedetto, 654 Vasa, Gustav Eriksson. See Gustav I Vasa Vasari, Giorgio, 40, 46, 98, 249, 383, 422, 561, 755, 848, 932, 936, 953-956, 962; on Michelangelo, 954 Vasco da Gama. See Gama, Vasco da Vasili III Ivanovich. See Vasily III (grand prince of Moscow) Vasily II (grand prince of Moscow), 487 Vasily III (grand prince of Moscow), 488, 492, 750, 957-959 Vasilyevich, Ivan III. See Ivan the Great Vasilyevich, Ivan IV. See Ivan the Terrible Vecelli, Tiziano. See Titian Vecellio, Tiziano. See Titian Velázquez, Diego, 35, 252 Veneziano, Domenico, 785 Venice, 155, 613; Ottoman Empire and, 88; Papal States and, 519 Venice, League of. See Holy League (1495) Venus and Cupid (Cranach, the Elder), 263 Venus and Cupid (L. Fontana), 339 Venus, Cupid, and Satyr (Correggio), 250 Venus with Cupid the Honey-Thief (Cranach, the Elder), 264 Verclaringhe des Christelycken doopsels. See Christian Baptism Verdadeira informação das terras do Preste João das Indias. See Prester John of the Indies, The Verger, Treaty of Le. See Le Verger, Treaty of Vernazza, Ettore, 191 Veronese, Paolo, 175, 959-962 Verrocchio, Andrea del, 561, 962-965 Vers Lyriques (du Bellay), 295 Verulam, baron of. See Bacon, Francis Vesalius, Andreas, 319, 345, 965-969 Vesalius on China-root (Vesalius), 967 Vespucci, Amerigo, 969-973 Viaje del Parnaso, El. See Voyage of Parnassus, The Victoria, Tómas Luis de, 150 Vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades, La. See Lazarillo de Tormes Vida y hechos del pícaro Guzmán de Alfarache, La. See Guzmán de Alfarache Vienna, Congress of (1515), 886 Vienna, Peace of (1606), 842 Vietnam, 546. See also Geographical Index Vijayanagar Empire, 532 Villon, François, 973-977 Vindiciae contra tyrannos (Mornay), 704 Viracocha Inca, 746 Virago. See Sforza, Caterina Virgin and Child (Siloé), 890 Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and the Infant Saint John (Leonardo da Vinci), 563 Virgin Queen. See Elizabeth I (queen of England) Virginia, settlement of, 193, 397, 771, 813 Virginia Richly Valued (Hakluyt), 420 Vision of St. Hyacinth (L. Fontana), 339 Vision of Tundale (anonymous), 122 Visions of Bellay (du Bellay), 296 Vita di Benvenuto Cellini, La. See Life of Benvenuto Cellini, The Vital, Wayyim, 579 Vitoria, Francisco de, 978-980 Vives, Juan, 188 Vizcaíno, Sebastián, 161 Vlad II, 981 Vlad III the Impaler, 981-983. See also Báthory, Elizabeth Vladislav II, 636, 885, 983-985 Volpone (Jonson), 93 Voyage of Parnassus, The (Cervantes), 209 Vyatka, annexation to Moscow, 488 Vyazma, annexation to Moscow, 489 W Wad el-Mekhazen, Battle of. See Three Kings, Battle of Wakefield, Battle of (1460), 828 Walachia, 981 Wallachia. See Walachia Wang Yangming, 986-989 Wanli, 826 War of the Three Henrys. See Three Henrys, War of the Warbeck, Perkin, 439, 498 Warfare and conquest. See Category Index Warring States period (Japan), 452, 732, 735, 943 Wars of Caesar and Pompey, The (Chapman), 215 Wars of the Roses. See Roses, Wars of the Warwick, earl of, 301, 340, 435, 828, 989-992 Warwick, earl of (false, first). See Simnel, Lambert Warwick, earl of (false, second). See Warbeck, Perkin Way of Perfection, The (Teresa of Ávila), 929 Wazzān al-Zaiyātī, al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-. See Leo Africanus Weisskunig (Maximilian), 631, 648 Werk, Siege of (1523), 146 Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 648 Weyden, Rogier van der, 120 Whitgift, John, 404, 457 Wichitas, 247 Widow's Tears, The (Chapman), 215 William I. See William the Silent William of Cleves, 51 William of Nassau. See William the Silent William of Orange. See William the Silent William the Silent, 32, 200, 311, 615, 740, 779, 993-996 Wingina. See Pemisapan Winter, Robert, 326 Winter, Thomas, 326 Wishart, George, 528 Witchcraft, 121, 212. See also Women Wittenberg Concord (1536), 143 Wuadisław II. See Vladislav II Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas, 111, 188, 256, 269, 335, 368, 442, 544, 698, 996-999 Woman Hater, The (Beaumont), 93 Women; art and, 421; Christianity and, 3, 44, 62; Vietnam, 547; war and, 37, 527; witchcraft, 82, 113; writings about, 530, 535 Women's rights. See Category Index Woodcuts, Germany, 262, 298, 455 Woodville, Elizabeth, 829, 991 Worde, Wynken de, 198 World Runs on Wheels, The. See All Fools World's Hydrographical Description (Davis), 277 Worms, Colloquy of (1540), 144 Worms, Diet of (1521), 220, 316, 583, 647, 775 Worship of Venus, The (Titian), 937 Wright, Christopher, 326 Wright, John, 326 Wu-tsung. See Zhengde Wuzong. See Zhengde Wyatt, Thomas, 306, 310 Wyatt's Rebellion (1554), 306, 401, 640 Wyclif, John, 543, 950 Wyttenbach, Thomas, 1010 X Xavier, Saint Francis, 483, 514, 1000-1003 Xiaozong, 1003-1005, 1008 Y Yakob, Zara. See Zara Yaqob Yakub, Zara. See Zara Yaqob Yamazaki, Battle of (1582), 460, 733 Yasu y Javier, Francisco de. See Xavier, Saint Francis Yepes y Álvarez, Juan de. See John of the Cross, Saint Yidi. See Zhengde Yonglo, 1004 Yorkists, 340, 434, 828. See also Lancastrians Young Woman Playing the Virginal (van Hemessen), 422 Yupanqui, Cusi Inca. See Pachacuti Yupanqui, Pachacutec Inca. See Pachacuti Z Zahīr-ud-Dīn Muhammad. See Bābur Zaiyātī, al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzān al-. See Leo Africanus Zamoyski, Jan, 911 Zápolya, János. See John (king of Hungary) Zápolya, John. See John (king of Hungary) Zara Yaqob, 1006-1008 Zaria, Amina of. See Amina Sarauniya Zazzua Zayyanid Dynasty, 80, 595 Zazzua, Hausaland, 37 Zhengde, 792, 1005, 1008-1010 Zhi Di. See Yonglo Zhu Houzhao. See Zhengde Zhu Xi, 986 Zhu Youtang. See Xiaozong Zhu Yuanzhang, 1004 Zoe. See Palaeologus, Sophia Zoology, 101, 375 Zsitvatorok, Peace of (1606), 842 Zuni, 246 Zurich, Council of (1523), 1012 Zwingli, Huldrych, 142, 375, 472, 584, 776, 1010-1014 Zygmunt II August. See Sigismund II Augustus (king of Poland) Zygmunt August. See Sigismund II Augustus (king of Poland)

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