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Editor: Shelley Wolbrink, Drury University ISBN: 978-1-58765-164-9 List Price: $175 November 2004 · 2 volumes · 1,263 pages · 8"x10" Combines Print & Online Access Great Lives from History: The Middle Ages Index All personages appearing in boldface type in this index are the subjects of articles in Great Lives from History: The Middle Ages, 477-1453; those personages treated in two-person articles are Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, Jan van Eyck and Hubert van Eyck, Pietro Lorenzetti and Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Nicola Pisano and Giovanni Pisano, and Władysław II Jagiełło and Jadwiga. A Abaelardus, Petrus. See Abelard, Peter Abailard, Pierre. See Abelard, Peter Abano, Pietro d', 1-3 Abaqa, 411 Abbāsid caliphs (table), 469 Abbāsids, 20-21, 70, 139, 467, 562, 568, 775 Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St. Denis and Its Art Treasures (Suger), 973 Abd al-Malik, 3-6, 587 Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwān. See Abd al-Malik Abd al-Mumin, 6-9, 118 Abd al-Mumin ibn-Alī ibn Makhlūf ibn Yula ibn Marwān. See Abd al-Mumin Abd al-Rahmān III al-Nāsir, 9-12 Abd al-Rahmān al-Ghāfiqī, 252 Abelard, Peter, 13-17, 28, 58, 161, 1115 Abraham (Hrosvitha), 518 Absalon, 927, 1047 Abū Abd Allāh Muhammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Battānī al-Harrānī al-Sabi. See Battānī, al- Abū al-Hasan. See Judah ha-Levi Abū al-Mughīth al-Husayn ibn Mansūr al-Hallāj. See Hallāj, al- Abū al-Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī. See Bīrūnī, al- Abū Alī al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham. See Alhazen Abū Alī al-Hasan ibn Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā. See Avicenna Abū Alī Hasan ibn Alī Abū Alt. See Nizām al-Mulk Abū Bakr, 734, 1037 Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Arabī al-Hātīmī al-Taī. See Ibn al-Arabī Abū Hafs Umar, 7 Abū Hanīfah, 18-21, 36 Abū Hanīfah al-Numan ibn Thābit. See Abū Hanīfah Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī, 21 Abū Inān, 536 Abū Ishāq, 451 Abū Kāmil, 619 Abū Muhammad al-Kūmi. See Abd al-Mumin Abū ol-Qāsem Mansūr. See Firdusi Abū Tālib, 611, 734, 1039 Abū-Wafā. See Abul Wefa Abū Yaqūb Yūsuf, 8, 119 Abul Wefa, 21-23, 137 Abydos, Battle of (989), 87 Acciaiuoli, Niccolò, 169 Aclea, Battle of (851), 63 Acre, Siege of (1191), 837, 892 Acroïnum, Battle of (741), 1021 Act of Union. See Union, Act of (1707) Active Intellect, 651 Adam d'Arras. See Adam de la Halle Adam de la Halle, 24-26 Adam le Boscu d'Arras. See Adam de la Halle Adam le Bossu. See Adam de la Halle Adam the Hunchback. See Adam de la Halle Adamites, 1163 Adelaide of Burgundy, 806 Adnotationes in Novum Testamentum (Valla), 1051 Adoptionism, 50 Adrian II, 296 Adrian IV, 27-29, 56, 272, 385 Adrian V, 186 Advaita, 925 Ælfheah, martyrdom of, 222, 364 Ælfled. See Æthelflæd Ælfred. See Alfred the Great Aenigma fidei. See Enigma of Faith, The (William of Saint-Thierry) Æthelflæd, 30-32, 65, 341 Æthelred II, the Unready. See Ethelred II, the Unready Æthelstan, 342 Afghanistan; Ghaznavid Dynasty (table), 684. See also Geographical Index under Central Asia Afonso I, 33-36 Afonso Henriques. See Afonso I Afonso the Conqueror. See Afonso I Africa; map, lxvi; Portuguese exploration of, 479. See also Geographical Index under Africa; Egypt Agincourt, Battle of (1415), 247, 277, 503 Agriculture; China, 80; Sāsānian Empire, 615; Spain, 11 Ahmad ibn Hanbal, 36-39, 988 Ahmad ibn Muhammad. See Ahmad ibn Hanbal Ahmed Yesevi, 1002 Aidan, Saint, 509 Aīn Jalūt, Battle of (1260), 140 Āishah bint Abī Bakr, 735 Ak Koyunlu Dynasty, 712 Al-Beruni's India (al-Bīrūnī), 164 Al-Buhaira, Battle of (1130), 6 Al-Qādisīyah, Battle of (636), 1038 Alā-ud-Dīn Muhammad Khaljī, 39-42 Alagherius, Durante. See Dante Alamanni, 254, 288, 291, 662 Alaric II, 293, 783 Albategni (Latin names). See Battānī, al- Albategnius. See Battānī, al- Albatenius. See Battānī, al- Albert, Graf von Bollstädt. See Albertus Magnus, Saint Albert of Cologne. See Albertus Magnus, Saint Albert the Bear, 474 Albert the Great. See Albertus Magnus, Saint Alberti, Leon Battista, 84, 207, 769, 850 Albertus Magnus, Saint, 42-45, 1105 Albigensian crusade (1209-1229), 317, 571, 837 Albigensians. See Catharists Albinus. See Alcuin Alboin, 45-48 Alcacer-Seguer, capture of (1458), 479 Alchemy; Persia, 884; Spain, 562 Alcuin, 49-51, 861, 870 Aldhelm, 219 Aleksandr Nevsky. See Alexander Nevsky, Saint Aleksandr Yaroslavich. See Alexander Nevsky, Saint Alexander II (pope), 433, 706 Alexander III (king of Scotland), 201, 346 Alexander III (pope), 56-59, 386 Alexander IV (pope), 180, 727, 1111 Alexander Nevsky, Saint, 52-55 Alexandria, 814 Alexiad (Anna Comnena), 90 Alexius I Comnenus, 73, 89, 176, 1004 Alexius III Angelus, 1017 Alexius IV Angelus, 1059 Alf layla wa-layla. See Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The Alfarrobeira, Battle of (1449), 479 Alfonso VI (king of León and Castile), 279 Alfonso VIII (king of Castile), 59, 316 Alfonso X (king of Castile and León), 59-62 Alfonso the Wise. See Alfonso X Alfred the Great, 30, 63-66, 340, 901 Alfthryth, 362 Algebra, 617 Algeria. See Geographical Index Algirdas, 1120 Alhazen, 66-70 Alhwini or Ealhwine. See Alcuin Alī, 3, 468, 472, 1039 Aliae regulae (Guido d'Arezzo), 440 Alighieri, Dante. See Dante Allāh (god), 734 Almohad Empire, 6, 33, 118, 571, 686; caliphs (table), 7. See also Geographical Index under Africa Almoravids, 6, 33, 118, 280; art, 8 Alp Arslan, 70-75, 774, 795 Altuniya, Ikhtiar al-Dī, 889 Amalasuntha, 75-78, 1014 Amalric I, 918 Amaterasu (god), 623, 975 Amblève, Battle of (716), 251 Americas; to c. 1500 (map), lxvii. See also Geographical Index under Central America, Greenland, North America Amiens, Mise of (1264), 492, 669, 728 Amīn, Muhammad al-, 468 Amir Khusrau, 40 Amorosa visione, L' (Boccaccio), 170 Amorous Fiammetta. See Elegy of Lady Fiammetta, The Amr al-Makki, 454 Amr ibn Said al-Ashdaq, 4 An Lushan, 78-80, 655, 1086 An Lushan Rebellion (755-763), 78, 1086 Anacletus II, 161 Anagni, Treaty of (1175), 386 Analects, The (Confucius), 1160 Anandpal, 684 Anatolia. See Geographical Index under Turkey Andrew II (king of Hungary), 359 Andrew of Moray, 346 Andronicus II Palaeologus, 1018 Andronicus III Palaeologus, 530, 958 Anecdota. See Secret History of the Court of the Emperor Justinian Angela of Foligno, Blessed, 81-83 Angelico, Fra, 83-86, 769 Angelicus, Doctor. See Thomas Aquinas Angevins, 584, 836 Angkor, kingdom of, 981 Angkor Wat, 981 Anglici super quatuor libros sententiarum subtilissimae quaestiones earumdemque decisiones (Ockham), 778 Anglo-Normans, 448 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The, 65 Anglo-Saxons, 183, 223; kings (table), 31, 65, 342, 354, 364; paganism, 183 Anna, Princess of the Byzantine Empire, 86-89 Anna Comnena, 89-92 Anna Komnene. See Anna Comnena Anna "Porphyrogenita." See Anna, Princess of the Byzantine Empire Annam, Chinese invasion of, 1150 Annunciation, The (Fra Angelico), 84 Annunciation (Martini), 698 Anselm, Saint, 92-95, 481 Anthony of Padua, Saint, 95-98 Antioch, Battle of (540), 614 Antioch, Siege of (1097-1098), 177 Anti-Semitism, 1099 Antoku, 721, 992 Apologia (Abelard), 16 Aponensis, Petrus. See Abano, Pietro d' Apono, Petrus de. See Abano, Pietro d' Aponus, Petrus. See Abano, Pietro d' Apulia, Nicolas de. See Pisano, Nicola Aquileia, schism of, 938 Aquinas, Saint Thomas. See Thomas Aquinas Arabia. See Geographical Index under Arabia, Iran, Iraq Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The, 469, 562 Aragon, kings of (table), 573 Arboath, Declaration of (1320), 204 Architecture; Byzantine Empire, 602; China, 1138; church, 971; Ethiopia, 633; Gothic, 973; India, 41; Italy, 104, 206, 422, 769, 798; Japan, 583; Jerusalem, 717; Mali, 745; Morocco, 8; Muslim, 5, 41; Persia, 413; Poland, 232; Transcaucasus, 999. See also Category Index Aretino, Leonardo. See Bruni, Leonardo Arghūn, 411 Arianism, 75, 173, 291, 381, 430, 1013 Aristotle, 67, 123, 182, 563, 651, 752, 861, 864, 942, 1027-1028, 1064, 1098, 1105; Church ban on, 127; commentaries, 42, 119, 215, 761, 778, 1102 Armagnacs, 502 Arme Heinrich, Der (Hartmann), 464 Arnald of Villanova. See Arnold of Villanova Arnold of Brescia, 28 Arnold of Villanova, 98-101 Arnolfini Wedding, The (Jan van Eyck), 367 Arnolfo di Cambio, 102-104, 848 Árpád, 105-108 Árpád kings of Hungary (table), 107, 638, 966 Ars generalis ultima (Lull), 674 Ars nova (Vitry), 741, 1065 Ars novae musicae (Muris), 741 Art; Almoravid, 8; China, 677, 718, 1140; Flanders, 366; France, 326, 847, 866; Fujiwara style, 582; Ghaznavid Dynasty, 685; Gothic, 103, 326, 366, 845, 847, 1092; Heian period, 581; International Gothic, 420; Italy, 83, 103, 206, 282, 320, 326, 418, 421, 659, 700, 769, 798, 845, 847; Japan, 117, 581, 1040; Nara period, 582; Netherlands, 947, 1092; Renaissance, 418, 568, 846; Siena, 326, 567, 696; Spain, 60. See also Category Index Arthur, King (legendary), 406 Arthurian romance, 463 Arundel, Thomas, 895 Āryabhata the Elder, 108-111, 195 Aryabhatiya, The (Āryabhata), 108 Asceticism; Buddhist, 620; France, 160; Germany, 1022; India, 877, 925; Italy, 154; Japan, 1155; Muslim, 874; women, 236, 271, 361, 857 Asharī, al-, 111-114 Asharī, Abū al-Hasan al-. See Asharī, al- Asharism, 112, 370 Asharites. See Asharism Ashdown, Battle of (871), 63 Ashikaga Shogunate (table), 117 Ashikaga Tadayoshi, 115 Ashikaga Takauji, 115-118 Ashikaga Yoshikazu, 1153 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 117, 1152 Ashikaga Yoshimochi, 1153 Ashikaga Yoshinori, 1153 Ashikari. See Reed Cutter, The Ashington, Battle of (1016), 223 Ashkenaz, 408 Asia. See Geographical Index under Central Asia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Southeast Asia Assassins, 141, 415, 775 Assisi, 226 Astrology, 1, 128, 652; Muslim, 165 Astronomy, 217, 650, 751, 985; astrolabe, 821; France, 742; India, 109, 195; Iran, 124, 796; Iraq, 68, 137, 617; Persia, 21. See also Category Index Asud al-Dawla Abū Shuja Muhammad ibn Dāūd Chāghrï Beg. See Alp Arslan Asuka emperors (table), 976 Athalaric, 76, 1014 Athanasius of Alexandria, Saint, 292 Āthār al-bāqīyah an al-qurūn al-khāliyah. See Chronology of Ancient Nations, The Atsumori (Zeami), 1154 Attila, 782, 1012 Augustine, Saint, 96, 155, 1098 Augustine of Canterbury, 431 Auld Alliance, 345 Austria, 258, 390, 768, 830 Avars, 46, 505, 934; Frankish invasion of, 244 Averroës, 1, 118-122, 127, 318, 446, 526, 651, 674, 1028, 1106 Averroists, 943 Avicebron. See Ibn Gabirol Avicenna, 1, 123-127, 163, 445, 1102 Avignon Papacy (1305-1378), 237, 259, 522, 741. See also Babylonian Captivity of the Church Aya no tsuzumu. See Damask Drum, The Aymer of Valence, 348 Aytegin, Ikhtiar al-Dī, 889 Ayyūb, Najm al-Dī, 918 Ayyubids, 139; sultans (table), 920 Azharot (Ibn Gabirol), 532 Azores, Portuguese occupation of, 479 Aztecs, 558; education, 560; religion, 560; slavery, 559; trade, 559 Azuma kagami, 1040 B Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 522, 1130. See also Avignon Papacy (1305-1378) Bach-dang River, Battle of (938), 756 Bacon, Roger, 127-129, 821, 1109 Badr, Battle of (624), 735 Bæda. See Bede the Venerable, Saint Baghdad, 158, 470, 775; Mongol invasion of, 908, 916 Baghdad School, 21 Bagrationi Dynasty, 998 Bahrām Shāh, 889 Bai hua jing, 1128 Bakufu, 722, 1040 Baldwin I (emperor of Constantinople), 1060 Baldwin II (king of Jerusalem), 715 Baldwin III (king of Jerusalem), 717 Balian de Adam. See Salimbene Baliol, Edward de, 307 Baliol, John de, 201, 307, 346, 1073 Balkan Peninsula. See Geographical Index under Greece, Macedonia, Serbia Ball, John, 130-132, 894, 1033 Bāna, 460 Banca de Castilla. See Blanche of Castile Bandinelli, Roland. See Alexander III (pope) Bannockburn, Battle of (1314), 203, 348, 552 Banquet, The (Dante), 302 Bao zhang dai fang lu (Mi Fei), 719 Bapheus, Battle of (1302), 801 Barbarian kings of Italy (table), 784 Barbate, Battle of. See Guadalete, Battle of Bari, Council of (1098), 94 Barlaam the Calabrian, 1018 Barmakids, 467, 562 Barons' Cause, 727 Bartholomew of Cremona, 1108 Basel Council, 768 Bashkent, Battle of (1473), 712 Basil I. See Basil the Macedonian Basil II, 87 Basil Bulgaroktonus. See Basil II Basil the Macedonian, 133-136, 296 Battānī, al-, 22, 137-139 Battle of . . . See specific name of battle Batu Khan, 53, 227, 403, 412, 955, 1108 Baudricourt, Robert de, 578 Bavaria, 251, 258, 386, 473, 486, 663, 805 Baybars I, 139-143 Baybars al-Sālihī, al-Malik al-Zāhir Rukn al-Dī. See Baybars I Baydu, 411 Bayezid II, 711 Beatae Angelae de Fulginio visionum et instructionum liber. See Memoriale Beatrice of Nazareth, 144-147 Beatrijs van Tienen. See Beatrice of Nazareth Beatrix, Blessed. See Beatrice of Nazareth Beauclerc, Henry. See Henry I (king of England) Beaufort, Henry, 502 "Beautiful, Pitiless Lady, The." See "Belle Dame sans merci, La" Becket, Saint Thomas, 57, 147-150, 357, 484 Becket, Thomas à. See Becket, Saint Thomas Beda. See Bede the Venerable, Saint Bede the Venerable, Saint, 150-153, 219, 861, 938 Beghards, 708, 857, 1023 Beguines, 144, 708, 856, 1023 Béla I, 637 Belgium; philosophy in, 1105. See also Geographical Index under Belgium, Flanders, Netherlands Belgrade, Siege of (1456), 521, 712 Belisarius, 600, 614, 1010 "Belle Dame sans merci, La" (Chartier), 262 Bencivieni di Pepo. See Cimabue Benedict XII, 230, 763, 778 Benedict of Nursia, Saint, 153-156, 644 Benedict the Pole, 227 Benedictine Rule, 155, 284 Benedictines, 144, 819, 1114 Benevento, Battle of (1266), 302 Benevento, Concordat of (1156), 56 Benjamin ben Jonah of Tudela, Rabbi. See Benjamin of Tudela Benjamin of Tudela, 157-159 Benvenuto di Giuseppe. See Cimabue Beornwulf, 353 Berbers, 6, 604; Jews, 604 Berengar of Tours, 400 Berke Khan, 54 Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, 16, 160-163, 576, 1114 Berwick, Battle of (1403), 501 Bete Giorgis, 633 Bete Medhane Alem, 633 Bezels of Wisdom, The (Ibn al-Arabī), 527 Bhagavad Gita, The, 877 Bhakti, 877 Bhāskara II, 195 Bhaskaravarman, 460 Bible; Billyng, 867; commentaries, 50, 432, 534, 651, 731, 751, 871; Gutenberg, 442; translations of, 219, 523, 1051, 1131 Bidatsu, 975 Birgham, Treaty of (1290), 201 Birr wa al-ithm, al- (Avicenna), 123 Birth of the Virgin (Pietro Lorenzetti), 661 Bīrūnī, al-, 124, 163-165, 685, 703 Bishops, Kings, and Saints of York, The (Alcuin), 49 Biwa, 773 Black Death, 217, 236, 308, 351, 445-446, 531, 595, 690, 698, 780, 799, 899, 1034, 1054 Black Prince. See Edward the Black Prince Blanche of Castile, 43, 166-169, 666 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 169-172, 239, 264 Boece (Chaucer), 265 Boethius, 173-176, 1014 Bohemia; Christianity, 670; education, 259; law, 258. See also Geographical Index Bohemond I, 91, 176-179, 1003 Bohemond of Otranto. See Bohemond I Bohemund I of Antioch. See Bohemond I Boleslav I (prince of Bohemia), 671 Bolesław I Chrobry (king of Poland), 222, 487, 1069 Bolingbroke, Henry. See Henry IV (king of England) Bologna; medicine in, 445 Bonagratia of Bergamo, 779 Bonastrug de Porta. See Nahmanides Bonaventure, Saint, 97, 180-183, 1111 Boniface, Saint, 183-186 Boniface VIII, 99, 186-189, 302, 329, 841, 857 Boniface of Montferrat, 1060 Bonifatius. See Boniface, Saint Book of Contemplation (Lull), 673 Book of Divine Works (Hildegard von Bingen), 513 Book of Government, The (Nizām al-Mulk), 776 Book of Highlights (al-Asharī), 112 Book of Kildare, 199 Book of Margery Kempe, The (Kempe), 608 Book of Minerals (Albertus Magnus), 44 Book of Redemption, The (Nahmanides), 749 Book of Spiritual Physick, The (al-Rāzī), 886 Book of Squares, The (Leonardo of Pisa), 649 Book of the City of Ladies, The (Christine de Pizan), 275 Book of the Duchess, The (Chaucer), 264 Book of the Kuzari (Judah ha-Levi), 593 Book of the Pomegranate, The (de León), 731 Book of the Three Virtues, The (Christine de Pizan), 276 Book of the True Poem, The (Machaut), 680 Book of the Visions and Instructions of Blessed Angela of Foligno, The. See Memoriale Book of Theseus, The (Boccaccio), 170 Book Without a Name (Petrarch), 829 Books of Opinions of Peter Lombard, The. See Sentences Books on Personal Matters (Petrarch), 830 Boris I of Bulgaria, 189-192, 767 Bořivoj, 670 Bornhöved, Battle of (1227), 1048 Boroughbridge, Battle of (1322), 348, 552 Boulogne, count of. See Stephen (king of England) Bouvines, Battle of (1214), 166, 389, 586, 837 Bracton, Henry de, 192-194 Bracton on the Laws and Customs of England (Bracton), 193 Brahmagupta, 110, 195-197 Brahmasphutasiddhānta (Brahmagupta), 195 Brahmasūtrabhāsya. See Vedānta Sūtras of Bādarāyana with the Commentary of Samkara, The Bratton, Henry de. See Bracton, Henry de Breakspear, Nicholas. See Adrian IV Breauté, Fawkes de, 212 Brekespere, Nicholas. See Adrian IV Brescia, Siege of (1238), 391 Brethren of the Common Life, 1022 Brétigny, Peace of (1360), 351 Bretton, Henry de. See Bracton, Henry de Breviary of Blanche of France, The (Pucelle), 866 Breviloquium (Bonaventure), 180 Breviloquium (Ockham), 780 Brigit, Saint, 198-200, 689 British Isles. See Geographical Index under England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales Bruce, David. See David II Bruce, Robert, 200-205, 307, 346-347, 1073 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 84, 104, 205-208, 418, 700 Brunellesco, Filippo. See Brunelleschi, Filippo Brunham, Margery. See Kempe, Margery Brunhild, 382 Bruni, Leonardo, 208-210, 850 Bruno, Leonardo. See Bruni, Leonardo Bruno of Egisheim. See Leo IX (pope) Bubonic plague. See Black Death Büchlein, Das. See Lament, The Bucolicum carmen. See Eclogues Buddha Dainichi, 1040 Buddhism, 1136, 1159; China, 970, 996, 1085, 1128; India, 461, 926; Japan, 620, 623, 940, 975; Korea, 1083; Lotus sect, 758; Mongols, 627; Nichiren, 758; nuns, 772; Sŏn, 1083; Tendai sect, 581. See also Chan Buddhism; Esoteric Buddhism; Pure Land Buddhism; Shingon Buddhism; Tendai sect; Zen Buddhism Buddhist Records of the Western World (Xuanzang), 1138 Bukhara, 683 Bulgar Slayer. See Basil II Bulgaria, 105, 189, 296, 550, 794, 957; Christianity, 189, 767; czars (table), 191. See also Geographical Index Bulgars, 106, 1021, 1060; Volga, 87, 1068. See also Bulgaria Burgh, Hubert de, 211-214 Burgundy, 488; historiography, 1060 Buridan, Jean, 215-218, 761 Buridanus, Joannes. See Buridan, Jean Bustan. See Orchard, The Buyids, 21, 775 Byōdōin Hōōdō, 582 Byrhtnoth, 363 Byzantine emperors (tables), 135, 507, 550, 600, 1011 Byzantine Empire, 298, 467, 613, 711, 1069; architecture, 602; Bulgarians, 190; Christianity, 549, 600; historiography, 865, 1020; Hungarians and, 105; law, 600, 864; law codes, 134; medicine, 814; Norman invasion of, 176; philosophy, 863; Seljuk Turks and, 72; Serbian invasion of, 958; trade, 135, 913. See also Geographical Index Byzantine Empire at Justinian's Death, 565 c.e. (map), lxii C Caccia di Diana, La (Boccaccio), 170 Cadamosto, Alvise, 479 Cædmon, 219-221, 510 Caedwalla, 938 Caesaropapism, 190, 244, 985 Caetani, Benedict. See Boniface VIII Cahena, el-. See Kāhina, Damia al- Caillat, Guy de. See Guy de Chauliac Calais, Siege of (1346), 308 Calendar; Church, 313; Persian solar, 796 Caliphs; Abbāsid (table), 469; Almohads (table), 7; Orthodox (table), 1038; Umayyad (tables), 4, 10 Calligraphy; China, 718; Japan, 621 Callimachus (Hrosvitha), 518 Cālukya Dynasty, 461 Cambodia. See Khmer; Geographical Index under Southeast Asia Campaldino, Battle of (1289), 301 Canon Masudicus (al-Bīrūnī), 164 Canon of Medicine (Avicenna), 124 Cantar de mío Cid, El. See Poem of the Cid, The Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer), 265 Canute I the Great, 221-225, 337, 363, 457, 786 Canute VI, 837, 1047 Canute Sveinson. See Canute I the Great Canzoniere. See Rhymes Capetian kings of France (table), 168, 668, 840 Capetians, 166, 837, 839 Cappella del Sacramento, 85 Cardinals, College of, 1044 Carloman, 242 Carmelites, 1053 Carolingian Empire, 245, 516, 662, 871; 768-814 c.e. (map), lxiii Carolingian kings (table), 245, 252, 664 Carolingian Renaissance, 244 Carolus Magnus. See Charlemagne Carolus Martellus. See Charles Martel Carpini, Giovanni da Pian del, 226-229, 955 Carthage, Battle of (533), 600 Carthusians, 1043 Cartography. See Category Index Casimir I, 637 Casimir III the Great, 229-233, 1120 Cassian, Saint, 155 Cassiodorus, 76, 233-235, 1015 Cassiodorus, Flavius Magnus Aurelius. See Cassiodorus Cassiodorus: Explanation of the Psalms (Cassiodorus), 235 Castile, kings of (table), 61 Caterina Benincasa. See Catherine of Siena, Saint Catharists, 57, 316, 543. See also Albigensian Crusade Cathedral of Pisa, 848 Cathedral schools, 400 Catherine of Siena, Saint, 236-239 Catholicism, 381 Catholicon, 443 Cauliaco, Guy de. See Guy de Chauliac Cavalcanti, Guido, 239-241, 301 Caves, Buddhist, 1128 Celestine III, 542 Celestine IV, 545 Celestine V, 187 Central America. See Geographical Index Central Asia. See Geographical Index Ceuta, capture of (1415), 478 Chagatai, 412 Chahár Maqála (Nizāmī Arūzī), 796 Chalcedonians, 600 Châlons, Battle of (451), 290 Champa, Khmer invasion of, 982 Chan Buddhism, 1087 Chang Chiu-ling. See Zhang Jiuling Chang-sun Wu-chi. See Zhangsun Wuji Chanson de Roland. See Song of Roland Charlemagne, 49, 155, 242-247, 353, 550, 870, 902, 1094 Charles I (king of Bohemia). See Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor) Charles I (king of France). See Charlemagne Charles I (king of Hungary), 957 Charles I of Anjou (king of Naples and Sicily), 102, 669, 821 Charles II (Holy Roman emperor). See Charles II the Bald Charles II the Bald (Holy Roman Emperor), 254-256, 311, 662, 879 Charles III the Fat (Holy Roman Emperor), 901 Charles III the Simple (king of France), 902 Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor), 257-260, 830, 899, 1088 Charles V (king of France), 273 Charles VI (king of France), 502, 895 Charles VII (king of France), 277, 578 Charles d'Orléans, 247-250 Charles le Chauve. See Charles II the Bald Charles Martel, 184, 242, 250-254 Charles of Luxembourg. See Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor) Charles of Navarre, 1054 Charles the Great. See Charlemagne Charles the Hammer. See Charles Martel Chartier, Alain, 260-263 Chartres, cathedral school at, 400 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 264-267 Chaulhac, Guy de. See Guy de Chauliac Chauliac, Guy de. See Guy de Chauliac Chemistry. See Category Index Ch'en I. See Xuanzang Chen Liang, 1160 Chen Yi. See Xuanzang Cheng Ho. See Zheng He Cheng weishi lun (Xuanzang), 1138 Chengzu. See Yonglo Chiara di Assisi, Santa. See Clare of Assisi, Saint Chien-wen. See Jianwen Childebert I, 381 Childeric, 381 Chilperic I, 381 Chimalpopoca, 559 Ch'in Kuei. See Qin Gui Ch'in-shan. See Ma Yuan China; architecture, 1138; art, 677, 718, 1140; coinage, 1127; education, 1159; historiography, 945; influence on Japan, 941; influence on Vietnam, 756; law, 1079; Ming emperors (table), 1149; Mongol conquest of, 677; Northern Song rulers (table), 1080, 1146; painting, 677, 720, 970, 1140; philosophy, 809; poetry, 322, 653, 656, 808, 968, 1086; Tang emperors (table), 996; theology, 1137; trade, 627, 1127, 1134, 1157; Yuan emperors (table), 627. See also Geographical Index Chinggis Khan. See Genghis Khan Chirurgia magna. See Cyrurgie of Guy de Chauliac, The Chishtī, 41 Chivalry, 392, 425, 464, 1075, 1123 Chlodomer, 381 Chlodovech. See Clovis Chlodovic. See Clovis Chlodovicus. See Clovis Chlodowech. See Clovis Chlodowig. See Clovis Chlotar I, 381, 427 Chlotar II, 383 Chlothilde. See Clotilda, Saint Chlotilde. See Clotilda, Saint Chrétien de Troyes, 267-270, 407, 1124 Christ Conferring Authority on Saints Peter and Thomas Aquinas (Orcagna), 798 Christ on the Cross Adored by Saint Dominic (Fra Angelico), 85 Christ Scorned (Fra Angelico), 85 Christian era, 314 Christianity, 1050; Bohemia, 670; Bulgaria, 189, 767; Byzantine Empire, 549, 600; education, 96, 180, 234; England, 49, 152, 219, 431, 938; Franks, 242, 290; Gaul, 288; Germany, 184, 226; Greenland, 642; Hungary, 638, 964; Ireland, 199, 811; Kievan Rus, 86, 793, 1068; Mongols, 547, 627; Moravia, 295; Muslims and, 1029; Saxony, 1096; Scandinavia, 767; Slavs, 296; Spain, 10, 555; spread of, 133, 244; theater, 517; Vikings, 222, 786, 790, 902; Visigoths, 784, 1014; women, 81, 144-145, 198, 236, 270, 284, 509, 513, 549, 596, 607, 629, 708, 856. See also Adamites; Arianism; Carmelites; Church; Cistercians; Dominicans; Franciscans; Monophysites; Nestorians; Taborites Christians; Celtic, 510; Roman, 510 Christina of Markyate, 270-273 Christine de Pizan, 273-278 Chrodechilde. See Clotilda, Saint Chrodigild. See Clotilda, Saint Chronica Hungarorum. See Chronicle of the Hungarians Chronicle (Salimbene), 921 Chronicle (Villani), 1056 Chronicle of Geoffry de Villehardouin, Marshal of Champagne and Romania, Concerning the Conquest of Constantinople, by the French and Venetians, Anno MCCIV, The. See Conquête de Constantinople, Le Chronicle of James I, King of Aragon, Surnamed the Conqueror, The (James I the Conqueror), 573 Chronicle of Jean de Venette, The (Jean de Venette), 1053 Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam, The. See Chronicle (Salimbene) Chronicle of the Hungarians, 105 Chronicles (Froissart), 392, 1033 Chronicon. See Chronicle of Jean de Venette, The Chroniques de France, d'Engleterre, d'Éscose, de Bretaigne, d'Espaigne, d'Italie, de Flandres et d'Alemaigne. See Chronicles (Froissart) Chronographia (Psellus), 864 Chronographia (Theophanes), 1020 Chronology of Ancient Nations, The (al-Bū299;rūnī), 163 Chronycles of Englande, Fraunce, Spayne . . ., The. See Chronicles (Froissart) Chrotechildis. See Clotilda, Saint Chu Hsi. See Zhu Xi Chu Ti. See Yonglo Chu Yüan-chang. See Hongwu Chung-tsung. See Zhongzong Church; architecture, 971; criticism of, 1051; England, 93, 543; Jews and, 544; music, 741; political power of, 188; taxation of, 187. See also Christianity Church, The (Hus), 524 Church government. See Category Index Church of Saint Anne, 717 Church of Saint Damiano, 379 Church of Saint Francis, 282 Church of San Andrea, 848 Church of San Damiano, 285 Church of San Domenico, 102 Church of San Francesco, 283 Church of San Frediano, Trenta chapel, 567 Church of San Giovanni Laterano, 102 Church of San Miniato al Monte, 103 Church of San Petronio, main portal, 567 Church of Santa Croce, 103 Church of Santa Maria del Carmine, 700 Church of Santa Maria Novella, 103, 282 Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 717 Church reform, 27, 50, 57, 399, 433, 544, 645, 769. See also Category Index Church-state relationship, 27, 188, 190, 437, 438, 542, 545, 645, 706, 768, 807 Ci, 808, 968 Cid, El, 278-281 Cimabue, 282-283, 421 Cione, Andrea di. See Orcagna, Andrea Cistercians, 144, 160, 167, 399, 575, 709, 972, 1115 Civitate, Battle of (1053), 646 Clamor Validus. See Hrosvitha Clare of Assisi, Saint, 284-286, 379, 438 Clear Mirror, The, 773 Clement III (antipope), 435, 707, 1043 Clement III (pope), 541, 576 Clement IV (pope), 128, 182, 853, 1106 Clement V (pope), 897 Clement VI (pope), 763, 780 Clement VII (antipope), 237 Clergy, marriage and, 434 Clermont, Council of (1095), 1044-1045 Cligés (Chrétien), 267 Clothbeating Block, The (Zeami), 1154 Clotilda, Saint, 287-289, 291, 381 Clovis, 242, 287, 290-294, 381, 427 Cluniacs, 161, 399 Code of Maimonides, The (Maimonides), 687, 747 Codex Iustinianus. See Justinian's Codification Coinage; Arabic, 4; China, 1127; Scandinavia, 692 Cōlas, 876 Collationes in Hexaemeron. See Collations on the Six Days Collations on the Six Days (Bonaventure), 182 Collectiones catholicae et canonicae scripturae (William of Saint-Amour), 1112 Colombières, Treaty of (1189), 836 Commedia delle ninfe. See Ninfale d'Ameto, Il Commentaria Oxoniensia ad IV libros magistri Sententiarum. See Ordinatio Commentaries of Lorenzo Ghiberti, The (Ghiberti), 282, 420 Commentarii. See Commentaries of Lorenzo Ghiberti, The Commentary on Ecclesiastes (Neckam), 752 Commentary on Martianus Capellus (Neckam), 750 Commentary on Proverbs (Neckam), 752 Commentary on the Song of Songs (Neckam), 752 Communis, Doctor. See Thomas Aquinas Compass, 822 Conceptualism, 13 Concerning Famous Women (Boccaccio), 171, 275 Concerning the Body and Blood of the Lord (Ratramnus), 879 Concerning the Study of Literature (Bruni), 209 Concerning Virginal Conception and Original Sin (Anselm), 94 Conciliator differentiarum philosophorum et praecipue medicorum (Pietro d'Abano), 1 Confessio. See Confession Confession (Saint Patrick), 811 Confessions of Lady Nijō, The (Nijō), 771 Confucianism, 809, 1079, 1159; Japan, 940, 976 Conquest. See Category Index under Warfare and Conquest Conquête de Constantinople, Le (Villehardouin), 1060 Conrad I (king of Germany), 805 Conrad II (king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor), 966 Conrad III (king of Germany), 162, 357, 384, 499 Conrad IV (king of Germany), 390, 547 Consequentie (Buridan), 216 Conservation of Youth and Defense of Age, The (Arnold of Villanova), 100 Consolation of Philosophy, The (Boethius), 174, 265, 1015 Constance, Council of (1414-1418), 209, 238, 524, 850, 1091, 1132 Constance, Treaty of (1153), 385 Constantine, Donation of, 646, 1051 Constantine (saint). See Cyril, Saint Constantine V Copronymus, 548, 1020 Constantine VI, 467, 549 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, 793 Constantine IX Monomachus, 863 Constantine X Ducas, 865 Constantine XI Palaeologus, 711 Constantinople, 158 Constantinople, Battle of (1203), 299, 1059 Constantinople, Council of (786), 549 Constantinople, Council of (861), 766 Constantinople, Iconoclast Synod of (754), 590 Constantinople, Second Battle of (1204), 299, 1059 Constantinople, Siege of (626), 934 Constantinople, Siege of (717), 1020 Constantinople, Siege of (1453), 479, 712 Constitutions of Clarendon (1164), 57, 148, 484 Consultatio de causa matrimoniali (Ockham), 780 Continens Medicinae. See Kitāb al-hāwī fil tibb, al- Contra graecorum opposita (Ratramnus), 880 Conventuals, 922 Convivio, Il. See Banquet, The Corbeil, Treaty of (1258), 572 Corbridge, First Battle of (914), 32 Corbridge, Second Battle of (917), 32 Córdoba, 11; Umayyad caliphs (table), 10; University of, 11 Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum, 852 Corpus juris civilis, 601 Corrogationes Promethei (Neckam), 751-752 Cosmas, 587 Council of . . . . See specific name of council Court of Love, 262 Court ranks, system of, 940 Courtly love, 274, 358, 423, 1075, 1123 Courtly poetry, 465 Courtrai, Battle of (1302), 840 Crécy, Battle of (1346), 351, 680 Crevole Madonna (Duccio), 326 Croatia, 639 Cronica. See Chronicle (Salimbene) Croniche fiorentine. See Chronicle (Villani) Crucifixion, The (Fra Angelico), 85 Crusader kings of Jerusalem (table), 716 Crusades, 34, 141, 178, 464, 1044; First, 90, 93, 177, 1003; Second, 162, 356, 717, 972; Third, 387, 584, 836, 891, 919; Fourth, 298, 543, 1017, 1059; Fifth, 389; Sixth, 436, 726; Seventh, 140, 166, 228, 668; Eighth, 43, 140, 669; Princes', 177; Spain, 572; time line, 1045 Cui Xiyi, 1086 Cumans, 637 Cunimund, 47 Cur Deus Homo (Anselm), 93 Curial, The (Chartier), 261 Cynewulf, 219 Cyril, Saint, 294-297 Cyrurgie of Guy de Chauliac, The (Guy de Chauliac), 445 Czech reform movement, 522 Czech Republic. See Geographical Index under Bohemia, Moravia D Da Xue. See Great Learning, The Dafydd, 345 Dai Co Viet. See Vietnam Dai Viet. See Vietnam Dainichi. See Mahāvairocana Daizong, 80 Dalālat al-hairīn. See Guide of the Perplexed, The Damascus, Battle of (1303), 413 Damask Drum, The (Zeami), 1154 Damya. See Kāhina, Damia al- Dance of Salome. See Feast of Herod, The Dandolo, Enrico, 298-300 Danes, 223, 1094; raids on England, 31. See also Geographical Index under Denmark Danish kings of England (table), 224, 339, 459 Dannoura, Battle of (1185), 723, 992 Dante, 172, 239, 282, 300-304 Daoism, 653, 1128 Das fliessende Licht der Gottheit. See Flowing Light of the Godhead, The Datang xiyouji. See Buddhist Records of the Western World David, bronze (Donatello), 321 David, marble (Donatello), 320 David I, 304-307 David II, 204, 307-310, 843 Dawlat al-atrak, 140 De animalibus (Albertus Magnus), 44 De avaritia (Poggio), 851 De casibus virorum illustrium. See Fall of Princes, The De causis proporietatum elementorum (Albertus Magnus), 44 De civili dominio (Wyclif ), 1131 De computo (Rabanus), 871 De conceptu virginali et originali peccato. See Concerning Virginal Conception and Original Sin De concordia praescientiae et praedestinationis et gratiae dei cum libero arbitrio. See Harmony of the Foreknowledge, the Predestination, and the Grace of God with Free Choice, The De conservatione juventutis et retardatione senectutis. See Conservation of Youth and Defense of Age, The De consideratione. See Treatise on Consideration De consolatione philosophiae. See Consolation of Philosophy, The De contemplando Deo. See On Contemplating God De contemptu mundi. See On the Misery of the Human Condition De corpore et sanguine Domini. See Concerning the Body and Blood of the Lord De ecclesia. See Church, The De eruditione filiorum nobilium (Vincent of Beauvais), 1063 De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione declamatio. See Treatise of Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine, The De figuris et nominibus numerorum, et de normis et ponderibus (Priscian), 860 De humani generis redemptione. See Meditations Concerning the Redemption of Mankind De imperatorum et pontificum potestate (Ockham), 780 De institutione clericorum (Rabanus), 870 De laude imperatoris Anastasii. See Priscian of Caesarea's De Laude Anastasii Imperatoris De laudibus sanctae crucis (Rabanus), 870 De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae. See Bracton on the Laws and Customs of England De liber alter de consecratione ecclesiae Sancti Dionysii. See Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St. Denis and Its Art Treasures De libero arbitrio. See On Free Will De militia (Bruni), 209 De mineralibus et rebus metallicis. See Book of Minerals De miseria conditionis humanae. See On the Misery of the Human Condition De morali principis institutione (Vincent of Beauvais), 1064 De motu stellarum. See De scientia stellarum De mulieribus claris. See Concerning Famous Women De nativitate Christi (Ratramnus), 880 De natura et dignitate amoris. See On the Nature and Dignity of Love De naturis rerum (Neckam), 751 De nominibus utensilium (Neckam), 750 De oblatione puerorum (Rabanus), 871 De operatione Dei. See Book of Divine Works De orthographia (Cassiodorus), 235 De otio religioso (Petrarch), 830 De passionibus mulierum ante, in, et post partum (Trotula), 1031 De perfectione vitae ad sorores. See Holiness of Life De periculis novissimorum temporum (William of Saint-Amour), 1112 De pontificibus et sanctis ecclesiae Eboracensis. See Bishops, Kings, and Saints of York, The De praedestinatione (Ratramnus), 880 De processione Spiritus Sancti. See Theology of Saint Anselm Concerning the Procession of the Holy Spirit to Confute the Opposition of the Greeks, The De professione religiosorum (Valla), 1051 De rebus in administratione sua gestis (Suger), 973 De remediis utriusque fortunae. See On Remedies for Good and Bad Fortunes De rerum naturis (Rabanus), 872 De reverentia filiorum erga patres (Rabanus), 871 De sacramento altaris. See On the Sacrament of the Altar De sacris ordinibus, sacramentis divinis, et vestimentis sacerdotalibus (Rabanus), 872 De sacro alteris mysterio (Innocent III), 542 De scientia stellarum (al-Battānī), 138 De secreto conflictu curarum mearum. See My Secret De sex alis seraphim. See Virtues of a Religious Superior, The De spiritibus et corporibus. See Kitāb al-asrār wa-sirr al asrra De studiis et litteris. See Concerning the Study of Literature De trinitate (Boethius), 173 De triplici via. See Enkindling of Love, Also Called the Triple Way De universo. See Universe of Creatures, The De varietate fortunae (Poggio), 850-851 De vegetabilibus et plantis (Albertus Magnus), 44 De venenis eorumque remediis (Pietro d'Abano), 1 De vero bono. See On Pleasure De viris illustribus (Petrarch), 828 De virtutibus et vitiis (Rabanus), 871 De virtutibus sancti Martini. See Miracles of Saint Martin, The De vita curiali. See Curial, The De vita solitaria. See Life of Solitude, The De voluptate. See On Pleasure De vulgari eloquentia (Dante), 302 Decameron (Boccaccio), 170, 239 Declaration of Arboath. See Arboath, Declaration of (1320) Decretals of Gregory IX, 882 De Guzmán, Domingo. See Dominic, Saint Dehya. See Kāhina, Damia al- Delhi sultanate, 888 Denis the Little. See Dionysius Exiguus Denmark; kings 1375-1523 (table), 691; Valdemar kings (table), 1048. See also Geographical Index under Denmark, Scandinavia Derevlians, 793 Descent from the Cross, The (Rogier van der Weyden), 1092 Despenser, Hugh le, 348 Despenser the Younger, Hugh le, 348, 552 Devagupta, 460 Devaraja, cult of the, 981 Devotio moderna, 1022 Dharanīndravarman I, 980 Dhuoda, 310-313 Dhuodana. See Dhuoda Dialecticae disputationes (Valla), 1050 Dialoghi ad Petrum Paulum historum (Bruni), 209 Dialogue, The (Catherine of Siena), 237 Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian (Abelard), 16 Dialogue of the Seraphic Virgin, Catherine of Siena, The. See Dialogue, The Dialogus (Ockham), 780 Dialogus inter philosophum, Judaeum et Christianum. See Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian Díaz, Ruy. See Cid, El Díaz de Vivar, Rodrigo. See Cid, El Dictatus papae (Gregory VII), 434, 706 Digest of Justinian, The, 601 Digesta. See Digest of Justinian, The Dihya. See Kāhina, Damia al- Dinh Bo Linh, 757 Dionysius Exiguus, 313-315 Diophantus, 22, 110, 195 Diplomacy. See Category Index Discourses of the Muslims (al-Asharī), 112 Disinherited (group of nobles), 307 Dit de la rose, Le (Christine de Pizan), 275 Ditch, Campaign of the (627), 735 Ditié de Jeanne d'Arc, Le. See Tale of Joan of Arc, The Divākarapandita, 981 Divan, The (Hafiz), 451 Divina commedia, La. See Divine Comedy, The Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 239, 275, 300, 710 Divisament dou monde. See Travels of Marco Polo, The Dīwan-i Shams-i Tabrīz. See Selected Poems from the Dīwani Shamsi Tabriz Doctrine of the Mean, The, 1160 Dodana. See Dhuoda Dōkyō, 624 Dolce stil nuovo, 169, 240, 303, 697 Dome of the Rock, 5 Domesday Book, 1119 Dominic, Saint, 316-319 Dominicans, 85, 317, 819, 882, 1027, 1063, 1110 Donald III (king of Scotland), 304 Donatello, 206, 319-322, 419, 567, 700, 949 Donation of Pépin (754), 243 Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi. See Donatello Donatus, 861 Dorylaeum, Battle of (1097), 177 Dōshō, 1138 Dover Castle, Siege of (1216), 211 Drahomíra, 671 Du Fu, 322-326, 655 Du Ruhui, 995 Duccio di Buoninsegna, 326-329, 660, 696, 867 Dulcitius (Hrosvitha), 517 Dunbar, Battle of (1296), 202 Duns Scotus, John, 329-333 Dunstable, John, 333-336 Dunstaple, John. See Dunstable, John Duong Dien Nghe, 756 Dupplin Moor, Battle of (1323), 307 E Eadward. See Edward the Confessor; Edward the Elder Eadweard. See Edward the Elder Easter, date of, 313, 510, 741 Eastern Hemisphere c. 800 (map), lvii; c. 1000 (map), lviii; 1279 (map), lix; 1492 (map), lx Eberhard, 805 Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Bede the Venerable), 151 Ecgberht. See Egbert Ecgbert. See Egbert Ecgbryht. See Egbert Echdosis tēs orthodoxon pisteōs. See Exposition of the Orthodox Faith Eclogues (Petrarch), 830 Edeco, 782 Edessa, Battle of (1144), 356 Edessa, Siege of (544), 614 Edgar (king of Scotland), 304 Edgar (king of the English), 362 Edington, Battle of (878), 64 Edmund II Ironside, 223, 364 Edrisi. See Idrīsī, al- Education, 49, 547, 1063; Aztecs, 560; Bohemia, 259; China, 1159; classics, 851; England, 65, 152, 573; France, 400, 437, 942, 984; Italy, 92; Jews, 409; monastic, 234; music, 440; Muslim, 18, 370, 745, 776, 884; physicians, 373, 446, 650; Poland, 232; reform of, 128; religious, 96, 180; Spain, 11, 555; universities, 2, 318; Visigoths, 76; women, 30, 89, 209, 273, 356, 373, 597, 856. See also Category Index Edward I, 187, 201, 343-347, 492, 840, 1072 Edward II, 202, 347-350, 552, 842 Edward II of Caernarvon. See Edward II Edward III, 308, 348, 350-352, 493, 552, 842, 894, 1054 Edward III of Windsor. See Edward III Edward the Black Prince, 351, 493 Edward the Confessor, 224, 337-340, 457, 1117 Edward the Elder, 30, 340-343 Egbert, 353-355 Egypt; French invasion of, 140; Mamlnk sultans (table), 141; Mongol invasion of, 140; Muslim invasion of, 507, 1038; Muslims, 674; Syrian invasion of, 918. See also Geographical Index Egyptian Coptic Church, 632 Einhard, 242 Eleanor of Aquitaine, 166, 355-359, 483, 584, 891 Elegantiae linguae latinae (Valla), 1050 Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta. See Elegy of Lady Fiammetta, The Elegy of Lady Fiammetta, The (Boccaccio), 170 Elisabeth of Thuringia. See Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint, 359-362 Ellendun, Battle of (825), 353 Elucidation of Islam's Foundation, The (al-Asharī), 112 Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages, An (Isidore), 556, 872 Engineering. See Category Index England; Anglo-Saxon kings (table), 31, 65, 342, 354, 364; astrology, 128; Christianity, 49, 152, 219, 431, 938; Danish kings (table), 224, 339, 459; education, 65, 152, 573; feudalism, 344, 485; historiography, 151, 405; House of York (table), 496; Lancastrian kings (table), 495; law, 223, 344, 485; mathematics, 128; monasticism, 509; music, 334; mysticism, 271, 596, 607; Norman kings (table), 482, 1119; philosophy, 1130; Plantagenet kings (table), 345, 357, 485, 492, 892; poetry, 219, 264; science, 127; theology, 92, 817, 1130; Viking invasions of, 340, 790. See also Geographical Index Enigma of Faith, The (William of Saint-Thierry), 1115 Enkindling of Love, Also Called the Triple Way (Bonaventure), 181 Entombment (Rogier van der Weyden), 1093 Enzo, 390 Epicureanism, 1050 Epistle of Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt, to Sygerus of Foucaucourt, Soldier, Concerning the Magnet (Peregrinus), 820 Epistle to Posterity (Petrarch), 827 Epistola ad fratres de Monte-Dei. See Golden Epistle of Abbot William of St. Thierry, The Epistola ad milites Corotici. See Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus Epistola de ignoto cantu (Guido d'Arezzo), 440 Epistola Petri Peregrini de Maricourt ad Sygerum de Foucaucourt, militem, de magnete. See Epistle of Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt, to Sygerus of Foucaucourt, Soldier, Concerning the Magnet Épistre du dieu d'amours, L'. See Letter of Cupid, The Épistres sur "Le Roman de la rose," Les (Christine de Pizan), 275 Epitome (Paul of Aegina), 815 Epitome medicae libri septum. See Epitome Equestrian Monument of General Gattamelata (Donatello), 321 Erec (Hartmann), 463 Erec and Enide (Chrétien), 267 Erik of Pomerania, 691 Erik the Red, 640 Ertuğrul, 800 Esoteric Buddhism, 620 Espurgatoire Saint Patriz (Marie de France), 694 Étampes, Council of (1130), 161 Etelköz, 105 Ethelfleda. See Æthelflæd Ethelred II, the Unready, 222, 337, 362-365, 457, 786, 790 Ethelwold, 340 Ethelwulf, 354 Ethics (Abelard), 15 Ethiopia; architecture, 633; trade, 632. See also Geographical Index under Africa Ethiopian Orthodox Church, 632 Etymologiae. See Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages, An Eucharist, meaning of, 1114 Euclid, 22 Eudes of Lagery. See Urban II Eugenius III, 385, 512 Eugenius IV, 85 Eulogia, 1018 Eunuchs, Chinese, 1150, 1156 Europe (general). See Geographical Index under Europe and specific countries Europe, Mongol invasion of, 227 Europe at Clovis's Death, 511 c.e. (map), lxi Europe in the Fourteenth Century (map), lxv Eustace, 963 Evesham, Battle of (1265), 492, 729 Examinations, Chinese civil service, 968 Exigit ordo. See Universal Treatise of Nicholas of Autrecourt, The Exploration; of Africa, 478; by China, 1156; by Europe, 853; of Greenland, 641; of Middle East, 703. See also Category Index Expositio in Apocalypsim (Joachim), 575 Expositio Psalmorum. See Cassiodorus: Explanation of the Psalms Expositio super cantica canticorum. See Exposition on the Song of Songs Exposition of the Orthodox Faith (John of Damascus), 589 Exposition on the Song of Songs (William of Saint-Thierry), 1115 Expulsion from Paradise, The (Masaccio), 701 Eyck, Hubert van, 365-368 Eyck, Jan van, 365-368, 833, 949, 1092 F Fa Koli, 978 Fables (Marie de France), 694 Fables of Poge the Florentyn, The (Poggio), 851 Facetiae. See Fables of Poge the Florentyn, The Fakhr al-Dī al-Rāzī, 369-371 Falköping, Battle of (1388), 691 Fall of Princes, The (Boccaccio), 171 Famensi, temple of, 1128 Fan Chung-yen. See Fan Zhongyan Fan Zhongyan, 809 Fang Hsuan-ling. See Fang Xuanling Fang Xuanling, 995 Fārābi, al-, 120 Farnham, Battle of (893), 340 Farooq. See Umar I Faruk, al-. See Umar I Fāzimids, 10, 71, 775, 918 Fawkes de Breauté. See Breauté, Fawkes de Feast of Herod, The (Donatello), 320 Félicie, Jacqueline, 372-374 Ferdinand I, 278 Ferdinand III, 59 Ferdinand (or Fernando) de Boullion. See Anthony of Padua, Saint Ferdowsī. See Firdusi Feudalism; England, 344, 485; feudalism, 200; Germany, 384, 423, 1123; Japan, 721; Norman, 1119; Scotland, 200 Fibonacci, Leonardo. See Leonardo of Pisa Fibonacci sequence, 649 Fieschi, Sinibaldo. See Innocent IV Filioque doctrine, 646, 1016 Filocolo, Il. See Labor of Love Filostrato, The (Boccaccio), 170, 265 Finland. See Geographical Index under Scandinavia Fiore, Order of, 576 Firdawst. See Firdusi Firdousi. See Firdusi Firdusi, 375-378, 685 Five lords appellants, 494 Flanders; art, 366; mysticism, 144; painting, 366. See also Geographical Index under Belgium, Flanders, Netherlands Flémalle, Master of, 1092 Florence, 102, 209; as artistic center, 567, 699, 845; as cultural center, 206, 696; as financial center, 170, 1056; painting, 799 Florentius, 154 Flos (Leonardo of Pisa), 649 Flowing Light of the Godhead, The (Mechthild), 709 Fons vitae (Ibn Gabirol), 533 Fonte Gaia, 566 Fonteinne amoureuse, La. See Fountain of Love, The Fortunatus, Venantius, 428 Fountain of Love, The (Machaut), 680 Four Books (Confucian), 1160 France, 824; art, 866; astronomy, 742; Capetian kings (table), 168, 668, 840; Carolingian kings (table), 245, 252, 664; education, 400, 437, 942, 984; Gothic art, 326; historiography, 427, 1053, 1063; Islamic invasion of, 252; Jews, 101, 408; law, 293; mathematics, 742; medicine, 372; Merovingian kings (table), 291; monasticism, 160, 316-317, 1114; music, 24-25, 680, 741, 824, 1065; mysticism, 160, 181, 578; painting, 866; philosophy, 13, 180, 215, 761, 943, 1098, 1102; poetry, 248, 260, 268, 274, 356, 392, 693, 1065; theology, 942, 1114. See also Geographical Index Francesco di Pietro di Bernardone. See Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis of Assisi, Saint, 81, 96, 180, 226, 284, 317, 378-381, 436, 545, 779, 922 Franciscans, 81, 95, 180, 226, 329, 379, 817, 899, 922, 1110 Franconian kings of Germany (table), 499 Frankfurt, Council of (794), 551 Franks, 183, 288, 381, 870, 1094; Capetian kings (table), 168, 668, 840; Carolingian kings (table), 245, 252, 664; Christianity, 242, 290; Merovingian kings (table), 291 Frater A., 81 Fredegunde, 381-384 Frederick I Barbarossa, 28, 56, 384-388, 475, 1123 Frederick I Hohenstaufen. See Frederick I Barbarossa Frederick II, 359, 389-392, 436, 542, 545, 648, 667, 821, 904, 1027, 1047, 1075 Frederick II of Hohenstaufen. See Frederick II Frederick III, 520 Frederick von Staufen/Hohenstaufen. See Frederick II Fredigundis. See Fredegunde Free Spirits, 857 Frescoes, 421, 701 Friars, 1110 Friars, Minor, Order of. See Franciscans Frisians, 184, 251 Froissart, Jean, 392-396 Fu, 324, 809 Fujigawa, Battle of (1180), 721 Fujiwara clan, 623, 758, 990 Fujiwara Kaneie, 396 Fujiwara Kanezane, 723 Fujiwara Korechika, 396 Fujiwara Michinaga, 396-399, 581, 738 Fujiwara Michitaka, 931 Fujiwara Nakamaro, 624 Fujiwara regents (table), 398 Fujiwara Yasuhira, 723 Fujiwara Yorimichi, 397, 582 Fulbert of Chartres, Saint, 399-401 Fulk V, 716 Fūshikaden (Zeami), 1153 Fusūs al-hikam. See Bezels of Wisdom, The Futūhāt al-Makkīyah, al- (Ibn al-Arabī), 526 G Gaiseric, 783 Galen, 67 Galfridus or Gaufridas Arturas. See Geoffrey of Monmouth Galfridus or Gaufridas Monemutensis. See Geoffrey of Monmouth Gallicanus (Hrosvitha), 517 Gandersheim, 516 Ganjōjuin, 1040 Gao Xianzhi, 79 Gaozong (Southern Song emperor), 677, 1146 Gaozong (Tang emperor), 79, 1127, 1138, 1141 Gaozu (Tang emperor), 993, 1127, 1140 Garter, Order of the, 350 Gate Fulford, Battle of (1066), 458 Gaul, Christianity in, 288 Gaveston, Piers, 347, 552 Gebre Mesqal. See Lalibela Gemmei, 623 Gempei War (1180-1185), 721, 992 Genealogia deorum gentilium (Boccaccio), 171 Genghis Khan, 402-405, 626, 677, 954 Genji. See Minamoto clan Genji monogatari. See Tale of Genji, The Gensfleisch zur Laden, Johannes. See Gutenberg, Johann Genshō, 623 Geoffrey of Anjou, 961, 1117 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 405-408 Geography; Iraq, 618; Mediterranean, 158; Muslim, 164, 529, 704, 1143; Sicily, 539. See also Category Index Geometry, 864, 985; India, 109 Georgia, 72, 998. See also Geographical Index under Russia Georgius Florentius. See Gregory of Tours Gepid-Lombard conflict, 46 Gepids, 45 Gerald of Windsor, 753 Gerbert d'Aurillac. See Sylvester II Germanic tribes, 783 Germany; anarchistic period in, 389; asceticism, 1022; chivalry, 1123; Christianity, 184, 226; feudalism, 384, 423, 1123; founding of, 665; Franconian/Salian kings (table), 499; Habsburg monarchy (table), 906; historiography, 516; Hohenstaufen kings (table), 387; Hohenstaufens (table), 390; Holy Roman Empire and, 1089; Jews, 408; monasticism, 1024; mysticism, 512, 708; philosophy, 778; poetry, 423, 463, 1075-1076, 1125; Saxon kings (table), 488, 807; Saxons, 497; science, 43; theater, 513; theology, 43; trade, 475; twelfth century, 384; unification of, 476, 487, 663, 805, 904; as universal empire, 243. See also Geographical Index Gershom ben Judah, 408-410 Gershom Meor ha-Golah, Rabbenu (Our Rabbi Gershom). See Gershom ben Judah Gersonides. See Levi ben Gershom Gesta Danorum. See History of the Danes, The Gesta Ottonis. See Hrosvithae Liber terius Getica. See Gothic History Jordanes, The Géza, 637 Ghazali, al-. See Ghazzālī, al- Ghazals, 451, 909, 917 Ghāzān, Mahmūd, 411-414, 674 Ghaznavid Dynasty, 164, 683, 774; art, 685; table, 684 Ghazzālī, al-, 113, 127, 415-417, 593, 673 Ghazzālī, Abū Hāmid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Tūsi al-. See Ghazzālī, al- Ghent Altarpiece, The (van Eycks), 367 Ghibellines, 239, 301, 546 Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 206, 282, 320, 418-420, 566, 845 Ghiyās-ud-Dī Balban, 39 Gioacchino da Fiore. See Joachim of Fiore Giorgi III, 998 Giorgi IV Lasha, 999 Giotto, 103, 282, 326, 366, 421-423, 696, 700, 798, 846, 848 Giotto di Bondone. See Giotto Giovanni da Fiesole. See Angelico, Fra Giovanni di Fidanza. See Bonaventure, Saint Giselbert of Lotharingia, 805 Glanville, Ranulf de, 193 Glendower, Owen, 495 Gloss on the Psalter (Neckam), 752 Go-Daigo, 115 Godfrey of Strasbourg. See Gottfried von Strassburg Godwin, 337 Godwinson, Harold. See Harold II Go-Fukakusa, 771 Gofukakusa-in no Nijō. See Nijō Golden Bull (1356), 258 Golden Epistle of Abbot William of St. Thierry, The (William of Saint-Thierry), 1114 Golden Fleece, Order of the, 833 Golden Horde, 53, 412, 1001 Good and Bad Government (Ambrogio Lorenzetti), 660 Go-Shirakawa, 721, 991 Gothic History Jordanes, The (Jordanes), 76 Go-Toba, 723 Gottfried von Strassburg, 423-426, 465 Gottschalk, 871 Government. See Category Index Govindapada, 925 Grammar; Greek, 1105; Latin, 49, 750, 859 Grand Canal, 1149 Grands Rhétoriqueurs, 260 Great Buddha, 624 Great Countess. See Matilda of Canossa Great Learning, The, 1160 Great Schism (1378-1417), 57, 85, 238, 259, 395, 503, 522, 595, 1022, 1089, 1130 Great Society. See Magna Societas Greece; mathematics, 110. See also Geographical Index Greenland; Christianity, 642; colonization of, 640. See also Geographical Index under Greenland, Scandinavia Gregorius (Hartmann), 463 Gregory III, 253 Gregory VII, 433-435, 498, 639, 646, 706, 1043 Gregory VIII, 387, 541 Gregory IX, 97, 227, 285, 389, 436-438, 545, 882, 1098, 1102 Gregory X, 182, 904, 1017 Gregory XI, 1131 Gregory XII, 524 Gregory of Tours, 290, 426-429 Gregory Palamas, Saint, 1018 Gregory the Great, 430-433 Groote, Gerhard, 1022 Grosseteste, Robert, 127 Gruffydd ap Rhys, 449 Guadalete, Battle of (711), 1006 Guelphs, 239, 301, 546; Black, 827; White, 827 Guide of the Perplexed, The (Maimonides), 687, 730, 747 Guido Aretinus. See Guido d'Arezzo Guido d'Arezzo, 439-441 Guido d'Arezzo's "Regule rithmice," "Prologue in antiphonarium," and "Epistola ad michahelem" (Guido d'Arezzo), 440 Guido di Pietro. See Angelico, Fra Guidonian Hand, 440 Guidoriccio da Fogliano (Martini), 698 Guigo (or Guido) de Chaulhaco. See Guy de Chauliac Guillaume d'Angleterre. See King William the Wanderer Guillaume de Moerbeke. See William of Moerbeke Guinizelli, Guideo, 240 Gulistan. See Rose Garden, The Gundioc, 287 Gundobad, 287, 293 Gutenberg, Johann, 441-445 Gutenberg Bible, 442 Guy de Chauliac, 445-448 Guy of Arezzo. See Guido d'Arezzo Güyük, 227, 626, 954 Gwenllian verch Gruffydd, 448-450 H Haakon IV Haakonarson, 951 Haakon Sigurdsson, 790 Habsburgs, 258, 904; kings (table), 906 Hadith, 19, 36, 988 Hadrian IV. See Adrian IV Hāfez. See Hafiz Hafiz, 451-454, 909 Hagia Sophia, 602, 1010 Haiyue Waishi. See Mi Fei Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf, al-, 4 Hakam II, al-, 11 Hākim, al-, 66 Halidon Hill, Battle of (1333), 308 Hallāj, al-, 454-456 Hammādid kingdom, 7 Hammer of the Scots. See Edward I Hammerken, Thomas. See Thomas à Kempis Hammerlein, Thomas. See Thomas à Kempis Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, 735 Han Wei, 1079 Hana, 1154 Hanbalites, 20, 38 Handbook for William (Dhuoda), 310 Hanifites, 20, 36 Harfleur, Siege of (1415), 503 Harmony of the Foreknowledge, the Predestination, and the Grace of God with Free Choice, The (Anselm), 94 Harold II, 339, 457-460 Harold Godwinson, 1117 Harold Harefoot, 224 Harsa, 460-462, 1137 Harsavardhana. See Harsa Harsha. See Harsa Harshacharita of Banabhatta, The (Bāna), 460 Harthacnut, 224, 337 Hartmann von Aue, 407, 463-466 Hartmann von Ouwe. See Hartmann von Aue Hārūn al-Rashīd, 244, 467-470 Hārūn al-Rashīd ibn Muhammad al-Mahdī ibn al-Mansūr al-Abbāsī. See Hārūn al-Rashīd Hasan al-Basrī, al-, 471-473, 874 Hasan Yasār al-Basrī, Abū Saīd ibn Abī, al-. See Hasan al-Basrī, al- Hasil wa al-mahsul, al- (Avicenna), 123 Hastings, Battle of (1066), 459, 1118 Hastings, John, 346 Hathth ala al-bahth, al-. See Incitement to Investigation Hattin, Battle of (1187), 891 Hayat al-alan. See Ibn al-Haytham's On the Configuration of the World He Zhong. See Ma Yuan Hedvig. See Jadwiga Hedwig. See Jadwiga Heian period, 397, 738; art, 581; emperors (table), 739 Heiji disturbance (1159), 721, 991 Heike. See Taira clan Heike monogatari. See Tale of the Heike, The Heimskringla (Snorri), 785, 951 Heinrich IV. See Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor) Heinrich der Heilige. See Henry II the Saint Heinrich der Löwe. See Henry the Lion Heiria, Council of (754), 549 Helen of Wales. See Nest verch Rhys ap Tewdwr Helga. See Olga, Saint Helmasperger Instrument, 442 Héloïse, 14 Hemerken, Thomas. See Thomas à Kempis Henry (count of Schwerin), 1048 Henry (duke of Saxony). See Henry the Lion Henry I (duke of Bavaria), 486, 805 Henry I (king of England), 94, 304, 481-483, 754, 960 Henry I (king of France), 1117 Henry I (king of Germany), 805 Henry II (king of England), 29, 57, 147, 272, 306, 357, 476, 483-486, 584, 693, 836, 891, 963 Henry II the Saint (Holy Roman Emperor), 408, 486-490, 965 Henry III (Holy Roman Emperor), 644, 705 Henry III (king of England), 211, 343, 490-493, 547, 668, 725 Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor), 384, 433, 497-501, 639, 646, 1043 Henry IV (king of England), 266, 493-497, 501, 895 Henry IV (of Germany). See Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor) Henry V (Holy Roman Emperor), 971 Henry V (king of England), 261, 277, 496, 501-504, 578 Henry VI (Holy Roman Emperor), 542 Henry VII (Holy Roman Emperor), 302 Henry VIII (duke of Bavaria). See Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor) Henry X the Proud (duke of Bavaria), 474 Henry XII (duke of Bavaria). See Henry the Lion Henry Curtmantle. See Henry II (king of England) Henry Fitzempress. See Henry II (king of England) Henry of Anjou. See Henry II (king of England) Henry of Lancaster. See Henry IV (king of England) Henry of Monmouth. See Henry V (king of England) Henry of Winchester. See Henry III (king of England) Henry the Lion, 473-477 Henry the Navigator, Prince, 477-481 Heraclius, 505-508, 933 Here Begynneth the Life of the Gloryous Confessoure of Oure Lorde Ihesu Criste Seynt Francis. See Life of Saint Francis of Assisi, The (Bonaventure) Heresy; Arian, 242, 290; iconoclasm, 549-550; persecution of heretics, 630; Saint Dominic and, 316 Heresy, accusations of; against Peter Abeland, 16; against Pietro d'Abano, 2; against Duns Scotus, 331; against al-Hallāj, 455; against Jan Hus, 524, 1091; against John Italus, 865; against William of Ockham, 778; against Marguerite Porete, 856; against Michael Psellus, 864; against Lorenzo Valla, 1051 Hermann I, 359 Hero of Alexandria, 195 Heroic epic, Germany, 1123 Hesychasm, 1017 Heures de Turin (van Eycks), 366 Hiei, Mount, 621 Hijrah, 734, 1037 Hilalians, 7 Hild. See Hilda of Whitby, Saint Hilda of Whitby, Saint, 509-511 Hildebrand. See Gregory VII Hildegard, Saint. See Hildegard von Bingen Hildegard of Bingen. See Hildegard von Bingen Hildegard von Bingen, 512-515 Hīnayāna Buddhism, 1137 Hincmar of Reims, 765 Hinduism, 461, 877, 925 Hingston Down, Battle of (837), 354 Histoire de Geoffroy de Villehardouyn, mareschal de Champagne et de Roménie, L'. See Conquête de Constantinople, Le Historia calamitatum. See Story of My Misfortunes, The Historia Danica. See History of the Danes, The Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum, et Suevorum. See History of the Kings of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. See Ecclesiastical History of the English People Historia ecclesiastica tripartita (Cassiodorus), 235 Historia Francorum. See History of the Franks, The Historia Mongalorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus (Carpini), 228 Historia regum Britanniae. See History of the Kings of Britain Historiae Florentini populi. See History of the Florentine People Historiography; Burgundy, 1060; Byzantine Empire, 865, 1020; China, 945; England, 151, 405; France, 427, 1053, 1063; Germany, 516; Iceland, 951; Italy, 576, 923, 1056; Muslim, 164, 376, 537, 704, 989, 1144; Persia, 41, 413; Renaissance, 1058. See also Category Index History of al-Tabarī, The (al-Tabarī), 988 History of the Danes, The (Saxo), 928 History of the Florentine People (Bruni), 209 History of the Franks, The (Gregory of Tours), 290, 427 History of the Kings of Britain (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 405 History of the Kings of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi (Isidore), 556 History of the Wars of the Emperor Justinian, The (Procopius), 76 Ho Chung. See Ma Yuan Hōgen disturbance (1156), 721, 991 Hohenstaufen Dynasty, 389, 474, 1077, 1123; Holy Roman Empire, 727; (table), 387, 390 Hōjō Tokimasa, 721 Hōjōji, 397, 582 Holiness of Life (Bonaventure), 181 Holy Land; Muslims, 236, 542, 1003 Holy Roman Empire, 391, 488, 516, 542, 806, 906; Germany and, 1089; Hohenstaufen Dynasty, 727; c. 1190 (map), lxiv Holy Trinity with the Virgin and Saint John (Masaccio), 701 Holy wars. See Crusades; Jihad Homs, Battle of (1299), 412 Hongwu, 1147, 1156 Honorius III, 389, 436, 1102 Honorius IV, 187, 906 Hossō, 1138 Hou Hsien. See Hou Xian Hou Xian, 1150 Hours of Jeanne of Savoy, The (Pucelle), 866 House of Fame, The (Chaucer), 264 Hrabanus. See Rabanus Maurus Hrolfr. See Rollo Hrorekr. See Rurik Hrosvitha, 516-518 Hrosvithae Liber terius (Hrosvitha), 516 Hsia Kuei. See Xia Gui Hsiang-yang. See Mi Fei Hsüan-tsang. See Xuanzang Hugh of LePuiset, 715 Huiguo, 620 Huitzilhuitl, 559 Hülegü, 411 Humanism, 209, 400, 831, 851, 1049 Humbert, Cardinal, 646 Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), 247, 257, 261, 264, 350, 393, 445, 491, 578, 1054 Hungary, 105; Árpád kings (table), 107, 638, 966; Christianity, 638, 964; kings 1290-1490 (table), 521; law, 638; Turkish invasion of, 521. See also Geographical Index Hung-wu. See Hongwu Hunyadi, János, 519-522, 711 Hus, Jan, 522-525, 1023, 1090, 1162 Husamuddin Hasan, Chalabī, 909 Hussites, 1090, 1162 Hymn (Cædmon), 220 I Ibanah an usul al-diyanah, Al-. See Elucidation of Islam's Foundation, The Iberian Peninsula, Muslim invasion of, 33 Ibn al-Arabī, 526-529 Ibn al-Haytham. See Alhazen Ibn al-Haytham's On the Configuration of the World (Alhazen), 68 Ibn al-Zubayr, 4 Ibn Battūtah, 529-532 Ibn Battūtah, Abū Abd Allāh Muhammad ibn-Abd Allā3h al-Lawātī al-Tanji. See Ibn Battūtah Ibn Gabirol, 532-535 Ibn Gabirol, Solomon ben Yehuda. See Ibn Gabirol Ibn Khaldūn, 536-539, 704 Ibn Khaldūn, Abū Zayd Abd al-Rahmān. See Ibn Khaldūn Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad. See Averroës Ibn Tufayl, 119 Ibn Tūmart, 6 Ibrāhīm ibn Adham, 875 Iceland; historiography, 951; law, 951. See also Geographical Index under Iceland, Scandinavia Ichijō, 397, 739, 931 Ichinotani, Battle of (1194), 722 Iconoclasm, 588 Iconoclastic Controversy, 549, 588, 1020 Ida of Nivelles, 145 Idrīsī, al-, 539-541 Ifriqiya, Almohad capture of, 8 Iggereth Hashemad (Maimonides), 686 Ignatius, 766 Igor, 792 Ihyā ulūm al-dīn. See Revival of Religious Sciences, The Ikkyū, 1154 Il-Khanid Dynasty, 411 Illumination, The (Maimonides), 687 Illumination, manuscript, 366, 866 Illuminatus, Doctor. See Lull, Raymond Ilsŏn gun, Battle of (936), 1082 Iltutmish, 888 Imitatio Christi. See Imitation of Christ, The Imitation of Christ, The (Thomas à Kempis), 1023 Immaculate Conception, 330 Improvement of Moral Qualities, The (Ibn Gabirol), 533 Incitement to Investigation (al-Asharī), 112 Incoherence of the Incoherence (Averroës), 121 Incoherence of the Philosophers (al-Ghazzālī), 121, 416 India; architecture, 41; astronomy, 109, 195; geometry, 109; Ghaznavid invasion of, 684; Khaljī Dynasty (table), 41; mathematics, 109, 195; Muslim invasion of, 40; philosophy, 876, 926; poetry, 109, 195; Slave kings (table), 889; theater, 461. See also Geographical Index "Indications of the Goals of the Three Teachings" (Kūkai), 620 Individuation, 330 Ingeborg, 543 Innocent II, 161, 272 Innocent III, 226, 316, 379, 436, 541-545, 571, 585, 837, 1047, 1059, 1105 Innocent IV, 286, 391, 545-548, 1053, 1111 Innocent VI, 899 Innocent VII, 209 Inquisition, 2, 318, 437, 763, 778, 858, 882 Institutes of Gaius, 601 Institutiones (Cassiodorus), 235, 313 Institutiones (Gaius). See Institutes of Gaius Institutiones divinarum et humanarum lectionum. See Institutiones (Cassiodorus) Institutiones grammaticae (Priscian), 860 Instructionum. See Memoriale Introduction to Divine and Human Readings, An. See Institutiones (Cassiodorus) Introductory Chapters of Yaqut's "Mujam al-buldān," The. See Kitāb mujam al-buldān Invectiva contra eum qui maledixit Italiae (Petrarch), 829 Invective Quadrilogue, The (Chartier), 262 Investiture Controversy, 384, 500, 706, 971 Invincibilis, Doctor. See Ockham, William of Iran; astronomy, 124, 796; medicine, 123; philosophy, 125; poetry, 375, 796; Sāsānian kings (table), 615. See also Geographical Index Iraq; astronomy, 68, 137, 617; mathematics, 617; optics, 66. See also Persia; Geographical Index Ireland; Christianity, 199, 811; monasticism, 199; paganism, 811. See also Geographical Index Irene, Saint, 244, 467, 548-551, 590 Isaac II Angelus, 1059 Isaac Comnenus, 864 Isabella of France, 347-348, 350, 552-554, 842 Isabella the Fair. See Isabella of France Isabella the She-Wolf. See Isabella of France Ishibashiyama, Battle of (1180), 721 Isidore of Seville, Saint, 555-558, 872 Isidorus Hispalensis. See Isidore of Seville, Saint Islam, 471, 611, 734, 988, 1037; architecture, 5, 41; education, 18, 370, 745, 776, 884; fundamentalist, 113; historiography, 164, 376, 537, 704, 989, 1144; law, 18, 36, 415; medicine, 562; mysticism, 454; North Africa, 605; poetry, 875; Spain, 9; spread of, 745; women, 612, 873, 890. See also Asharism; Caliphs; Hanbalites; Hanifites; Ismāīlīs; Kharijites; Malikites; Muhammad; Muslims; Mutazilites; Qurān; Shafites; Shīites; Sunnis Ismāīl, 683 Ismāīlīs, 416, 562, 684, 775 Israel/Palestine. See Geographical Index István. See Stephen I (king of Hungary) Italy; architecture, 104, 206, 422, 769, 798; art, 83, 206, 282, 320, 326, 418, 421, 659, 700, 769, 798, 845, 847; barbarian kings (table), 784; education, 92; Gothic art, 103; historiography, 576, 923, 1056; Lombard conquest of, 47; Lombard kings (table), 47; medicine, 1, 1031; monasticism, 234; music, 439, 635; mysticism, 81, 97; painting, 83, 282, 326, 421, 659, 700, 798; philosophy, 174, 1028, 1050; poetry, 169, 239, 301-302, 827; sculpture, 102, 206, 320, 418, 566, 798, 845, 847; Sicilian and Neapolitan kings (table), 391; theology, 1029, 1050; women, 1031. See also Geographical Index Itinerarium mentis in Deum. See Journey of the Soul to God, The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela (Benjamin of Tudela), 157 Itzcóatl, 558-561 Ivan Alexander, 957 Iwein (Hartmann), 463 Izutsu. See Well-curb J Jābir ibn Hayyān, Abū Mūsā, 562-565 Jacopo della Quercia, 566-568, 949 Jacquerie movement (1358), 395 Jadarī wa al-Hasbah, al-. See Treatise on the Small-Pox and Measles, A Jadwiga, 1120-1123 Jāhiz, al-, 568-571 Jāhiz, Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bah ibn Mahbūb al-. See Jāhiz, al- Jaipal, 683 Jalāl al-Dīn Shāh Shujā, 451 Jalāl-ud-Dīn Fīrūz Khaljī, 39 James I of Aragon, 748 James I of Scotland, 261 James I the Conqueror, 571-575, 882 Japan; architecture, 583; art, 117, 581, 1040; Asuka emperors (table), 976; Confucianism, 940, 976; emperors (tables), 116, 723; feudalism, 721; Fujiwara regents (table), 398; Heian emperors (table), 739; historic periods (table), 941; Kamakura shoguns (table), 724; law, 116; Mongol invasions of, 627, 724, 759; music, 773; Nara emperors (table), 624; relations with China, 1150; sculpture, 581, 1040; shoguns (tables), 117; theater, 1152; trade, 990; women, 738, 771. See also Geographical Index Játiva, Battle of (1097), 280 Játiva, Siege of (1239-1252), 572 Jayavarman VI, 980 Jean II, 1065 Jeanne d'Arc. See Joan of Arc Jeanne la Pucelle. See Joan of Arc Jehanne la Pucelle. See Joan of Arc Jenghiz Khan. See Genghis Khan Jen-tsung. See Renzong Jerusalem; architecture, 717; Battle of (1099), 1004, 1045; Crusader kings (table), 716 Jeu d'Adam (Adam de la Halle), 25 Jeu de Robin et de Marion, Le. See Play of Robin and Marion, The Jews; Berber, 604; Christians and, 1099; Church and, 544; education, 409; France, 101, 408; Germany, 408; law, 410, 687; Majorca, 673; Mediterranean, 158; persecution of, 157, 1003; Provence, 650; Spain, 157, 533, 573, 591, 604, 686, 730, 747, 883 Jianwen, 1148 Jihad, 41, 735, 919 Jimmu, 623 Jin Dynasty, 1146 Jin si lü. See Reflections on Things at Hand Jinghis Khan. See Genghis Khan Joachim of Fiore, 575-577, 922 Joan of Arc, 261, 277, 578-581 Joan the Maid. See Joan of Arc Joannes Scotus. See Duns Scotus, John Jōchō, 581-584, 1040 Jōdo. See Pure Land Buddhism Jogaila. See Władysław II Jagiełło John (king of England), 211, 358, 491, 543, 584-587, 725, 837, 892, 1054 John I (king of Portugal), 477 John I Tzimisces, 794 John II (king of France), 308 John II Comnenus, 89 John V Palaeologus, 959 John VI Cantacuzenus, 958 John XII (pope), 806 John XXII (pope), 779, 843 John XXIII (antipope), 524 John Damascene. See John of Damascus John Lackland. See John (king of England) John of Brienne (king of Jerusalem), 389 John of Cappadocia, 599, 1010 John of Damascus, 587-591 John of Fidanza. See Bonaventure, Saint John of Gaunt, 493, 894, 1131 John of Luxembourg (king of Bohemia), 230, 257, 679 John of Nepomuk, Saint, 1090 John of Parma, 180 John of Plano Carpini. See Carpini, Giovanni da Pian del John of Ravenna, 765 Jōrakuji, 1041 Jordanes, 76 Jordanus Nemorarius, 648 Journey of the Mind to God, The. See Journey of the Soul to God, The Journey of the Soul to God, The (Bonaventure), 181 Journey to the West (Wu), 1138 Jubbāī, Abū Alī Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhāb al-, 111 Judah ha-Levi, 591-595 Judah Halevi's Kitab al Khazari. See Book of the Kuzari Judaism, 593 Jui-tsung. See Ruizong Julian of Norwich, 595-598, 607 Junayd, al-, 454 Junnin, 624 Jurchen, 1145, 1149 Jurchen Jin Dynasty, 678 Justin I, 76, 598, 1014 Justin II, 615 Justinian I, 234, 598-603, 613, 1010 Justinian II, 937 Justinian the Great. See Justinian I Justinian's Codification, 601 Justinianus, Flavius Petrus Sabbatius. See Justinian I Juzjani, Abū Ubayd al-, 123 Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj, 888 K Kaaba, Covenant of the, 468 Kabbalah, 730 Kadensho. See Fūshikaden Kāfū, 40 Kahena, el-. See Kāhina, Damia al- Kahena, Diah or Dahia. See Kāhina, Damia al- Kāhina, Damia al-, 604-606 Kalisz, Treaty of (1343), 231, 1121 Kalmar Union (1397), 691 Kamakura Code (1232), 116 Kamakura emperors (table), 723 Kamakura period, 115, 759, 992, 1040 Kamakura Shogunate (table), 724 Kameyama, 772 Kammu, 620 Kan'ami, 1152 Kaneie, Fujiwara. See Fujiwara Kaneie Kanizane, Fujiwara. See Fujiwara Kanezane Kankan. See Mūsā, Mansa Kanze Motomasa, 1153 Kao-tsung. See Gaozong (Southern Song emperor); Gaozong (Tang emperor) Karaites, 593 Karl der Grosse. See Charlemagne Kavadh I, 613 Kazakhstan. See Geographical Index under Central Asia Kazimierz Wielki. See Casimir III the Great Kei school, 1040 Keitai, 975 Kemmu emperors (table), 723 Kemmu Formulary (1336), 116 Kemmu Restoration (1333-1336), 115 Kempe, Margery, 595, 607-609 Kempis, Thomas à. See Thomas à Kempis Kenilworth, Dictum of (1266), 492 Kent, 354 Kerboga of Mosul, 178 Kereits, 402, 954 Keter Malkhut. See Kingly Crown, The Kettle, Lady Alice. See Kyteler, Lady Alice Khadeejah bint Khuwaylid. See Khadīja Khadīja, 610-612, 734 Khadījah al-Kubra. See Khadīja Khadījah bint Khuwaylid. See Khadīja Khakhuli Theotokos, 999 Khaljīs, 39; table, 41 Kharijites, 4, 1143 Khazars, 912, 1068 Khitans, 1083, 1145 Khmer, 981; law, 982; relations with China, 982. See also Geographical Index under Southeast Asia Khosrow I, 613-616 Khosrow II, 505 Khosrow Anūshirvan (Khosrow the Just). See Khosrow I Khwārizmī, al-, 617-619 Ki no Tsurayuki, 1155 Kibi no Makibi, 624 Kievan Rus, 86, 913; Christianity, 86, 793, 1068; Mongol invasion of, 627; paganism, 87, 1068; rulers (table), 88, 794, 913, 1070. See also Geographical Index under Russia Kilwardby, Robert, 817, 861 Kimmei, 974 King William the Wanderer (Chrétien), 268 Kingly Crown, The (Ibn Gabirol), 533 Kingston, Council of (838), 354 Kinkakuji, 1153 Kintōsho (Zeami), 1154 Kinuta. See Clothbeating Block, The Kirill, 53 Kitāb al-asrār wa-sirr al asrra (al-Rāzī), 886 Kitāb al-Bayan wa-al-Tabyin (al-Jāhiz), 569 Kitāb al-bukhalā (al-Jāhiz), 569 Kitāb al-hāwī fil tibb, al- (al-Rāzī; ), 886 Kitīb al-Hujjah waal dalīl fī nasr al-dīn al dhalīl. See Book of the Kuzari Kitāb al-jabr wa al-muqābalah (al-Khwārizmī), 617 Kitāb al-kamil (Abul Wefa), 22 Kitāb al-luma. See Book of Highlights Kitāb al-mawāzīn (Jābir), 563 Kitāb al-qanūn al-Masūdī. See Canon Masudicus Kitāb al-sabīn (Jābir), 563 Kitāb al-tafsir al-kabir (al-Rāzī), 370 Kitāb al-Tanbīh wa al-Ishrāf (al-Masūdī), 703 Kitāb al-tibb al-Mansūrī (al-Rāzī), 884 Kitāb al-tibb al-rūhānī. See Book of Spiritual Physick, The Kitāb al-zij. See De scientia stellarum Kitāb ar-Rujārī (al-Idrīsī), 540 Kitāb fasl al-maqāl. See On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy Kitāb fi ma yahtaj ilayh al-kuttab wa l-ummal min ilm al-hisab (Abul Wefa), 22 Kitāb fi ma yahtaj ilayh al-sani min al-amal al-handasiyha (Abul Wefa), 22 Kitāb islāh al-akhlāq. See Improvement of Moral Qualities, The Kitāb muhassal afkār al-mutaqaddimīn wa-al-mutaakhkhirīn. See Muhassal Kitāb mujam al-buldān (Yaqut), 1143 Kitāb nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. See Kitāb ar-Rujārī Kitāb-ul-Hind (al-Bīrūnī), 685 Kiyohara no Motosuke, 930 Klage, Die. See Lament, The Knight in the Panther's Skin, The (Rustaveli), 999 Knights Templar, 162 Knud. See Canute I the Great Knut. See Canute I the Great Ko no Moronao, 115 Ko no Moroyasu, 115 Kōbō Daishi, 620-622 Kōfukuji, 582, 1040 Koguryŏ, 996 Kojiki, 623 Kōjō, 581 Kōken, 623-625 Kōken Tennō. See Kōken Kokin Wakashū, 1155 Kokinshū. See Kokin Wakashū Komyō, 115 Konparu Zenchiku, 1153 Konrad von Marburg, 360 Koppány, 965 Korea; influence on Japan, 940; Koryŏ rulers (table), 1083. See also Geographical Index Korechika, Fujiwara. See Fujiwara Korechika Koryŏ Dynasty, 1082; rulers (tables), 1083 Köse Mihal, 802 Kōshō. See Jōchō Kosovo, Battle of (1389), 959 Kosovo, Battle of (1448), 711 Kōya, Mount, 621 Krewo, Treaty of (1385), 1120 Kristina of Markyate. See Christina of Markyate Kublai Khan, 404, 547, 626-628, 853, 955 Kūkai. See Kōbō Daishi Kunduri, al-, 71, 774 Kutná Hora, Battle of (1421), 1163 Kwangjong, 1084 Kyakuraika (Zeami), 1154 Kyōgen, 1154 Kyoŏn-hwŏn, 1082 Kyteler, Lady Alice, 629-631 L La Fossalta, Battle of (1249), 391 Labor of Love (Boccaccio), 170 Ladislas I. See László I, Saint Ladislaus II. See Władysuaw II Jagiełło Lady Nijō. See Nijō Lais. See Lays, The Lake Peipus, Battle of (1242), 52 Lalibela, 632-634 Lambeth, Treaty of (1217), 211 Lament, The (Hartmann), 463 Lancastrians, 496; kings of England (table), 495. See also Plantagenets Lancelot (Chrétien), 267 Landini, Francesco, 635-637 Landino, Francesco. See Landini, Francesco Lanfranc of Bec, 92, 400 Langensalza, Battle of (1075), 497 Langton, Stephen (archbishop of Canterbury), 211, 543 La Pasture, Roger de. See Weyden, Rogier van der Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of (1212), 59, 121, 557, 571 Last Judgment, The (Giotto), 422 László I, Saint, 637-640, 966 Later Koguryŏ (901-918), 1082 Later Paekche, 1082 Lateran Council, Third (1179), 58 Lateran Council, Fourth (1215), 523, 543, 880, 882 Laudatio Florentinae urbis (Bruni), 209 Laurentius Vallensis. See Valla, Lorenzo Laus beatissime virginis (Neckam), 752 Laus sapiente divine (Neckam), 751 Law; Bohemia, 258; Byzantine Empire, 600, 864; China, 1079; common, 193; ecclesiastical, 437; England, 223, 344, 485; French, 293; Hungary, 638; Iceland, 951; Japan, 116; Jewish, 410, 687; Khmer, 982; Muslim, 18, 36, 415; Ottoman Empire, 713; Poland, 231; Rome, 898; Saxony, 1096; Serbia, 958; Spain, 556, 572; Visigoths, 1015. See also Category Index Law codes; Byzantine Empire, 134; Mongol, 402; Spain, 60 Law-Giver. See Edward I Lay investiture, 434 Lays, The (Marie de France), 693 Lays of Marie de France and Other French Legends. See Lays, The Le Goulet, Treaty of (1200), 585 Lechfeld, Battle of the (955), 806 Ledrede, Richard de, 629 Legend of Good Women, The (Chaucer), 265 Legenda maior. See Life of Saint Francis of Assisi, The (Bonaventure) Legenda major. See Life of Catherine of Siena, The Legnano, Battle of (1176), 58 Leicester, earl of. See Montfort, Simon de Leif Eriksson, 640-643, 790 Lella. See Angela of Foligno, Blessed Lenten Synod (1075), 498 Lenten Synod (1080), 499 Leo I (Eastern Roman emperor), 1012 Leo II (pope), 936 Leo III (Byzantine emperor), 549, 588, 1020 Leo III (pope), 244 Leo IV (Byzantine emperor), 549 Leo IV (pope), 63 Leo V (Byzantine emperor), 1021 Leo VI (Byzantine emperor), 105 Leo IX (pope), 433, 644-647 Leo de Bagnols, Maestro. See Levi ben Gershom Leo Hebraeus, Maestro. See Levi ben Gershom Leonardo of Pisa, 619, 648-650 Leonardo Pisano. See Leonardo of Pisa Léonin, 824 Letter of Cupid, The (Christine de Pizan), 275 Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus (Saint Patrick), 813 Letters of Old Age (Petrarch), 830 Levi, Rabbi. See Levi ben Gershom Levi ben Gershom, 650-653 Lewes, Battle of (1263), 728 Lewes, Battle of (1264), 492 Li Bai. See Li Bo Li Bo, 323, 653-656 Li Ch'ing-chao. See Li Qingzhao Li Linfu, 79, 324, 1085 Li Pai. See Li Bo Li Po. See Li Bo Li Qingzhao, 656-658 Li Shimin. See Taizong Li Taibo. See Li Bo Li T'ai-po. See Li Bo Liao Dynasty, 1145 Liber abaci (Leonardo of Pisa), 648 Liber Almansoris. See Kitāb al-tibb al-Mansūrī Liber de concordia Novi ac Veteris Testamenti (Joachim), 575 Liber figurarum (Joachim), 576 Liber Manualis. See Handbook for William Liber quadratorum. See Book of Squares, The Liber regulae pastoralis. See Pastoral Care Liber vitae meritorum (Hildegard von Bingen), 513 Liber vitae patrum. See Life of the Fathers Libre de contemplació. See Book of Contemplation Libre dels feyts. See Chronicle of James I, King of Aragon, Surnamed the Conqueror, The Libro della divina dottrina. See Dialogue, The Liège, Jacques de, 742 Liegnitz, Battle of (1241), 227 Life of Beatrice of Nazareth, The, 144 Life of Catherine of Siena, The (Raymond of Capua), 238 Life of Charlemagne (Einhard), 242 Life of Christina of Markyate, 270 Life of Dante (Boccaccio), 172 Life of Merlin (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 406 Life of Saint Francis (Giotto), 422 Life of Saint Francis of Assisi, The (Bonaventure), 181 Life of Solitude, The (Petrarch), 830 Life of the Fathers (Gregory of Tours), 428 Life of the Most Holy Father Saint Francis, The. See Life of Saint Francis of Assisi, The (Bonaventure) Light of the Exile. See Gershom ben Judah Lincoln, Battle of (1141), 962 Linguistics. See Category Index Linh, Dinh Bo. See Dinh Bo Linh Lisbon, Siege of (1147), 34 Literature. See Category Index Lithuania, 52; conversion to Catholicism, 1120 Liturgy, 432, 439 Liu Hongcao, 756 Liu Hung-ts'ao. See Liu Hongcao Lives of the First Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow: Benedict, Ceolfrid, Eosterwine, Sigfrid, and Huetbert (Bede the Venerable), 151 Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (Vasari), 282, 319 Livre de la cité des dames, Les. See Book of the City of Ladies, The Livre de la mutacion de fortune, Le (Christine de Pizan), 274 Livre des fais et bonnes mœurs du sage roi Charles V, Le (Christine de Pizan), 275 Livre des trois vertus, Le. See Book of the Three Virtues, The Livre dou Voir-Dit, Le. See Book of the True Poem, The Livre du chemin de long éstude, Le (Christine de Pizan), 274-275 Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, 345, 728 Llull, Ramon. See Lull, Raymond Logoi treis apologētikoi pros toms diabollontas tas agaias eikonas. See On Holy Images Lollards, 502, 523, 608 Lombard, Peter, 180, 761, 1028, 1103 Lombard kings (table), 47 Lombard League, 390 Lombards, 45, 253, 430 Lombardy, 386, 488; German invasion of, 437 Longmen, 1128 Longshanks. See Edward I Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 659-661, 696 Lorenzetti, Pietro, 320, 659-661, 696 Lorenzo, Nicola di. See Rienzo, Cola di Lorraine, 488 Lorris, Guillaume de, 275 Lotario, Giovanni, comte de Segni. See Innocent III Lotario de Conti. See Innocent III Lotario di Segni. See Innocent III Lothair I (Holy Roman Emperor), 254, 662 Lothair II (king of Lotharingia), 664, 765 Lothair III (king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor), 473 Lothario of Segni. See Innocent III Lotus Sutra, 758 Louis, Saint. See Louis IX (king of France) Louis I the Pious (Holy Roman Emperor), 155, 254, 310, 662, 870 Louis II the German (king of Germany), 254, 662-666, 766, 872 Louis IV (king of France), 257, 386 Louis VI (king of France), 356, 971 Louis VII (king of France), 160, 162, 356, 584, 717, 836, 972 Louis VIII (king of France), 166, 211, 666 Louis IX (king of France), 43, 140, 166, 228, 491, 586, 666-670, 1063, 1103, 1107, 1110 Louis the Great (king of Hungary and Poland), 231, 957, 1120 Louis the Lion. See Louis VIII (king of France) Lu Chiu-yüan. See Lu Jiuyuan Lu Jiuyuan, 1160 Lü Tsu-ch'ien. See Lü Zuqian Lü Zuqian, 1160 Lucius III, 387 Ludmilla, Saint, 670-672 Ludwig II der Deutsche. See Louis II the German Ludwig IV, 779 Ludwig der Deutsche. See Louis II the German Lull, Ramon. See Lull, Raymond Lull, Raymond, 673-676 Lullus, Ramon. See Lull, Raymond Lullus, Raymond. See Lull, Raymond Lully, Raymond. See Lull, Raymond Lunyu. See Analects, The Lutterell, John, 778 Luxembourg, House of (table), 259 Lyon, First Council of (1245), 546 Lyon, Second Council of (1274), 182, 572, 1017, 1106 M Ma Sanbao. See Zheng He Ma San-pao. See Zheng He Ma-Xia school of painting, 678, 1135 Ma Yuan, 677-679, 1134 Mabinogion, 450 Macedonia. See Geographical Index Machaut, Guillaume de, 335, 635, 679-682, 826 Machaut's Mass (Machaut), 680 Madeiras, Portuguese occupation of, 479 Madinat az-Zahra, 11 Madonna (Duccio), 282, 326 Madonna and Child (Jacopo), 567 Madonna and Child with Saint Anne and Angels (Masaccio), 700 Madonna Enthroned (Cimabue), 283 Madonna Linaivoli Altarpiece (Fra Angelico), 83 Madonna with Chancellor Rolin (Jan van Eyck), 367 Madonna with Four Saints (Rogier van der Weyden), 1093 Madrasas, 776 Maes, Battle of (1136), 448 Maestà (Ambrogio Lorenzetti), 660 Maestà (Duccio), 326 Maestà (Martini), 696 Magisterium divinale sive sapientale (William of Auxerre), 1099 Magna Carta (1215), 211, 586 Magna Carta, reissue of (1225), 490 Magna Societas, 130 Magnetism, 821 Magnus liber organi (Léonin), 824 Magyars, 105, 806 Mahāvairocana (a Buddha), 621 Mahāvairocana Sntra, 622 Mahāvīra (mathematician), 196 Mahāyīna Buddhism, 1136 Mahmūd of Ghazna, 164, 375, 683-686 Mahmūd of Ghaznin. See Mahmūd of Ghazna Maimonides, Moses, 651, 686-689, 730, 747 Majestas Carolina, 258 Majmu, al- (Avicenna), 123 Majorca, 673; Jewish community at, 673; mysticism, 673 Makura no sōshi. See Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon, The Malamir, 190 Malcolm IV (king of Scotland), 306 Malesov, Battle of (1423), 1163 Mali, 744, 978; architecture, 745; trade, 744. See also Geographical Index under Africa Malik al-Nāsir Salāh al-Dī Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb ibn Shadi, al-. See Saladin Mālik ibn Anas, 36 Malik-Shāh, 72, 775, 795 Malikites, 10, 20, 36 Malory, Thomas, 407 Mamlūk Dynasty, 140, 411, 412; Bahrī Line (table), 141 Mamūn, al-, 468-469, 568, 617 Manasses of Hierges, 717 Mandanamisra, 925 Mandate of heaven, 1083 Mandingo, 977 Mangu, 626, 955, 1108 Mansūr, Abū Yūsuf Yaqūb al-, 8, 120 Manuel I Comnenus, 28, 356 Manuscript illumination. See Illumination, manuscript Manzikert, Battle of (1071), 73, 865 Maqalat al-Islamiyin wa-ikhtilaf al-musallin. See Discourses of the Muslims Marc. See Bohemond I Margaret (queen of Scotland), 201 Margaret I. See Margaret of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden Margaret of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 689-693 Margaret Stuart (wife of Louis XI), 261 Marguerite of Hainaut. See Porete, Marguerite Mārī Diāta. See Sundiata Mari Jata. See Sundiata Marie de France, 407, 693-695 Marīnid Abū Salim, 536 Mariyah the Copt, 735 Marriage as a political tool; Byzantine Empire, 1009; China, 1081; England, 30, 148, 200, 483, 780, 843, 960; France, 166, 176, 356, 383, 543, 707, 837, 839, 963, 1047; Franks, 46, 287, 765; Hungary, 360; Japan, 397, 738; Mongols, 954; Normans, 305; Roman Empire, 133, 244; Scandinavia, 692; Sweden, 791; Wales, 753 Martin IV, 186 Martin V, 209 Martini, Simone, 328, 660, 696-699 Martyrdom; Christian, 95; Constantinople, 588; England, 149, 729; Joan of Arc, 580; Muslim, 455; theater, 518 Martyrologium (Rabanus), 872 Marwān, 4 Marwanid Dynasty, 5 Mary Magdalen (Donatello), 321 Masaccio, 699-702 Massaot. See Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela Master of the Law. See Xuanzang Masūd ibn Mahmūd, 164 Masūdī, al-, 703-705 Masūdī, Abū al-Hasyn Alī ibn Husain al-Masūdī. See Masūdī, al- Masukagami. See Clear Mirror, The Mathematics, 650; England, 128; France, 742; Greece, 110; India, 109, 195; Iraq, 617; Muslim, 164, 648; Persia, 21. See also Category Index Mathilde. See Matilda of Canossa Mathnawi, The (Rūmī), 909 Matilda (queen of England), 305, 482-483, 960 Matilda of Canossa, 705-708, 1044 Matilda of Tuscany. See Matilda of Canossa Mats, Chapter of the (1221), 96 Matsukaze. See Wind in the Pines, The Matthias Corvinus, 519 Maulāna. See Rūmī, Jalāl; al-Dīn Maulawiyah, 909 Maurice, 505, 615 Mawlānā. See Rūmī, Jalāl al-Dīn Mawlawis. See Maulawiyah Maxtla, 559 Mazdak, 613 Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems (al-Masūdī), 703 Meaux, Siege of (1421-1422), 503 Mechthild von Magdeburg, 708-710 Medici, Cosimo de', 84, 207 Medicine; Bologna, 445; Byzantine Empire, 814; Europe, 100; France, 372; Iran, 123; Italy, 1, 1031; Muslim, 562; Persia, 884; Spain, 99; women, 1031. See also Category Index Meditations, The (William of Saint-Thierry), 1115 Meditations Concerning the Redemption of Mankind (Anselm), 94 Meditativae orationes. See Meditations, The Meerssen, Treaty of (870), 664 Mehmed II, 521, 711-715 Mehmed Fatih (Mehmed the Conqueror). See Mehmed II Mei Yaoqian, 810 Melfi, Council of (1089), 1043, 1045 Melisende, 715-718 Memoirs of the Crusades. See Conquête de Constantinople, Le Memoriale (Blessed Angela of Foligno), 81 Mendicants, 180, 817 Mengzi (Mencius), 1160 Mercedarians, 882 Mercia, 64, 341, 353 Merciless Parliament (1388), 895 Merovech, 290, 381 Merovingians, 242, 250, 290, 381, 427; kings (table), 291 Mesopotamia. See Geographical Index under Iraq Messe de Nostre Dame, La. See Machaut's Mass Messina, Treaty of (1191), 837 Methodius, Saint, 191, 294-297, 670 Meung, Jean de, 275 Meurs, John of. See Muris, Johannes de Mexica, 558 Mexico. See Geographical Index under Central America Mi Fei, 718-720 Mi Fu. See Mi Fei Mi the Eccentric. See Mi Fei Michael. See Boris I of Bulgaria Michael I, 244 Michael III, 133, 190, 295, 766 Michael VI Stratioticus, 864 Michael VII Ducas, 865 Michael VIII Palaeologus, 1017 Michael of Cesena, 779 Michinaga, Fujiwara. See Fujiwara Michinaga Micrologus de disciplina artis musicae (Guido d'Arezzo), 439 Middle East. See specific countries; Geographical Index Midian. See Mi Fei Mihnah, 37 Mikhail. See Boris I of Bulgaria Milione, Il. See Travels of Marco Polo, The Military. See Category Index Minamoto clan, 398, 721, 991, 1040 Minamoto Noriyori, 722 Minamoto Yorimasa, 721, 992, 1152 Minamoto Yoritomo, 721-724, 992, 1040 Minamoto Yoshinaka, 721 Minamoto Yoshitomo, 721 Minamoto Yoshitsune, 722 Minamoto Yukiie, 721 Mind's Road to God. See Journey of the Soul to God, The Ming Dynasty, 1147; emperors (table), 1149 Miracles of Saint Martin, The (Gregory of Tours), 426 Miroir des âmes simples, Le. See Mirror of Simple Souls, The Mirror of Faith, The (William of Saint-Thierry), 1115 Mirror of Mans Lyfe, The. See On the Misery of the Human Condition Mirror of Simple Souls, The (Porete), 857 Mise of Amiens (1264). See Amiens, Mise of (1264) Mishneh Torah. See Code of Maimonides, The Mistress of the Theologians. See Angela of Foligno, Blessed Mochihito, 721, 992 Mommu, 623 Monarchy, 387 Monasticism; England, 509; France, 160, 316-317, 1114; Germany, 1024; Ireland, 199; Italy, 234; Rome, 154; Saxony, 516; Tours, 870; Turkey, 295; women, 438, 509. See also Category Index Mondino dei Liucci, 445 Mongolia. See Mongols; Geographical Index under China Mongols, 626, 853; Christianity, 547, 627; conquest of China, 677; conversion to Islam, 412; expulsion from China, 1147; French alliance with, 1108; invasions of Europe, 227; Kereits and, 954; law codes, 402; Muslims, 403; Nestorians and, 627; rulers (table), 404; trade, 403, 853; as warriors, 402 Monologion (Anselm), 92 Monologium. See Monologion Mononobe clan, 940 Monophysites, 507, 600, 934, 1009 Monothelism, 935 Montfort, Simon de, 343, 491, 571, 725-730 Moors, 882. See also Islam; Muslims Moralia (Gregory the Great), 430 Moralia in Job. See Moralia Morals on the Book of Job. See Moralia Moravia, 107; Christianity, 295. See also Geographical Index Moravians, Great, 295 Moray, Sir Andrew de, 308, 1073 Morocco; Almohad conquest of, 7; architecture, 8. See also Geographical Index under Africa Moronao, Ko no. See Ko no Moronao Moroyasu, Ko no. See Ko no Moroyasu Mortain, count of. See Stephen (king of England) Morte d'Arthur, Le (Malory), 407 Mortemer, Battle of (1054), 1117 Mortimer, Roger, 348, 350, 553, 842 Moses ben Maimon. See Maimonides, Moses Moses ben Nahman. See Nahmanides Moses ben Shem Tov de León. See Moses de León Moses de León, 730-733 Moses Gerondi, Rabbenu ("Our" Rabbi Moses of Gerona). See Nahmanides Mosharrif al-Dīn ibn Moslih al-Dīn. See Sadi Motets, 25, 334, 681, 825, 1066 Motomasa, Kanze. See Kanze Motomasa Mowbray, Thomas, 895 Mozaffarids, 451 Muāwiyah I, 3, 605 Muāwiyah II, 3 Mubārak. See Qutb-ud-Dīn Mubārak Shāh Mubāriz al-Dīn Muhammad, 451 Muhammad (the Prophet), 471, 507, 610, 733-737, 873, 1037 Muhammad ibn Abd Allāh, Abū al-Qāsim. See Muhammad Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Yahyā ibn Ismāīl ibn al-Abbās Abūl-Wafā al-Būzjānī. See Abul Wefa Muhammad ibn Tughluq, 530 Muhammad Özbeg, 530 Muhassal (al-Rāzī), 370 Muhyī al-Dī Abū Abd Allāh Muhammad ibn Alī ibn Muhammad ibn al-Arabī al-Hītīmī al-Tāī ibn al-Arabī. See Ibn al-Arabī Mujam al-udaba. See Yaqut's Dictionary of Learned Men Muminin, Amir al-. See Abd al-Mumin Munāzarāt jarat fī bilād mā warā a al-nahr. See Transoxianian Controversies Muqaddimah, The (Ibn Khaldūn), 537 Muqtadir, al-, 280, 884 Murad II, 520, 711 Murasaki Shikibu, 738-740, 930 Murasaki Shikibu: Her Diary and Poetic Memoirs (Murasaki Shikibu), 739 Murasaki Shikibu nikki. See Murasaki Shikibu: Her Diary and Poetic Memoirs Muret, Battle of (1213), 571 Muris, Jean de. See Muris, Johannes de Muris, Johannes de, 741-743 Muromachi emperors (table), 116 Murs, Jehan des. See Muris, Johannes de Murūj al-dhahab wa maādin al-jawāhir. See Masūdī, al- Mūsā, Mansa, 744-746, 979 Mūsa ibn Maymūn ibn Ubayd Allāh, Abū Imrān. See Maimonides, Moses Mūsū ibn Nusayr, 1005 Musab, 4 Music; education, 440; England, 334; France, 24-25, 680, 741, 824, 1065; Italy, 439, 635; Japan, 773. See also Category Index Musica speculativa secundum Boetium (Muris), 741-742 Muslims, 1020; Christianity and, 1029; Egypt, 674; Holy Land, 236, 542, 1003; Mongols, 403; North Africa, 478; Spain, 33, 380; Tunis, 674; Valencia, 572; victory at Edessa, 162. See also Islam; Moors Musnad (Ibn Hanbal), 38 Mutamin, al-, 280 Mutasim, al-, 37, 468, 617 Mutawakkil, al-, 37 Mutazilites, 37, 111, 369, 569, 703 Muzzī slave kings of India (table), 889 My Secret (Petrarch), 829 Mynydd Carn, Battle of (1081), 753 Mysticism, 857, 1105; England, 271, 596, 607; Flanders, 144; France, 160, 181, 578; Germany, 512, 708; Italy, 81, 97; Majorca, 673; Muslim, 454, 874; Rome, 236 N Nachmanides. See Nahmanides Nágánanda (Harsa), 461 Nahāvand, Battle of (642), 1038 Nahmanides, 747-749 Nakamaro, Fujiwara. See Fujiwara Nakamaro Nakanoin Masatada no Musume. See Nijō Nalanda, 1137 Nam Viet. See Vietnam Nanboku-cho. See Northern and Southern Courts Naples, kings (table), 391 Nara emperors (table), 624 Nara period, 623; art, 582 Narses, 600 Nawrūz, 411 Near East. See Geographical Index under Arabia, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel/Palestine, Syria, Turkey Neckam, Alexander, 750-753 Neoplatonism, 400, 415, 534, 864, 1029, 1105 Nepos, Julius, 782 Nest ferch Rhys ap Tewdwr. See Nest verch Rhys ap Tewdwr Nest of Deheubarth. See Nest verch Rhys ap Tewdwr Nest of Pembroke. See Nest verch Rhys ap Tewdwr Nest verch Rhys ap Tewdwr, 753-755 Nesta. See Nest verch Rhys ap Tewdwr Nestorians, 402, 955, 1108; Mongols and, 627 Netherlands; art, 947, 1092; painting, 1092; philosophy in, 1105; sculpture, 947. See also Geographical Index under Belgium, Flanders, Netherlands Neustrians, 251 Neva River, Battle of (1240), 52 Neville's Cross, Battle of (1333), 844 Neville's Cross, Battle of (1346), 308 New Life, The (Dante), 240, 301 New Policies, 1079 Nezahualcóyotl, 559 Nghe, Duong Dien. See Duong Dien Nghe Ngo Quyen, 756-757 Nicaea. See Geographical Index under Turkey Nicaea, Council of (325), 292 Nicaea, Council of (787), 550, 590 Niccoli, Niccolò, 850 Nicephorus I, 467, 551 Nichiren, 758-760 Nicholas I, Saint. See Nicholas the Great Nicholas I the Great (pope), 190, 764-767, 880 Nicholas II (pope), 706 Nicholas III (pope), 906 Nicholas IV (pope), 187, 906 Nicholas V (pope), 85, 768-771 Nicholas of Autrecourt, 215, 761-764 Nicolaism, 644 Nicolaus de Autricuria. See Nicholas of Autrecourt Nicopolis, Battle of (1396), 494 Nihon shoki, 623, 940, 974 Nihongi. See Nihon shoki Nijō, 771-774 Nika Riots (532), 600, 1010 Nineveh, Battle of (627), 507 Ninfale d'Ameto, Il (Boccaccio), 170 Ning-tsung. See Ningzong Ningzong, 677 Nissim ben Jacob ben Nissim ibn Shahim, 533 Nizām al-Mulk, 415, 774-777, 795 Nizām-ud-Dīn Awliyā, Shaykh, 41 Nizāmī Arūzī, 796 Nizamiyas. See Madrasas Nō; theater, 1153 Nōgaku koten: Zeami jūrokubushū. See "Zeami's Sixteen Treatises" Nominalism, 215, 761 Noncontradiction, 761 Noriyori, Minamoto. See Minamoto Noriyori Norman Conquest (1066), 339, 458, 1117 Norman Controversy, 914 Norman kings of England (table), 482, 1119 Normans, 176, 338, 406, 902; in Africa, 8; feudalism, 1119 North Africa; Muslim invasion of, 604; Muslims, 478. See also Geographical Index under Africa Northampton, Treaty of (1328), 204 Northern and Southern Courts, 115 Northumbria, 509; fall of, 354 Norway; kings of (table), 789. See also Geographical Index under Norway, Scandinavia Notre Dame, Cathedral of, 824 Novgorod, 52 Novus avianus (Neckam), 750 Novus Esopus (Neckam), 750 Nūh ibn Mansūr, 123 Numeral system, Hindu-Arabic, 648 Nureddin, 918 O Oblation, 871 Occam, William of. See Ockham, William of Ockham, William of, 215, 761, 778-781 Ockham's Theory of Propositions (Ockham), 778 Ockham's Theory of Terms (Ockham), 778 Octo quaestiones de potestate papae (Ockham), 780 Odo of Lagery. See Urban II Odoacer, 782-785, 1012 Of Seven Manners of Holy Loving (Beatrice of Nazareth), 144 Offa, 50, 244, 353 Ogatai, 227, 404, 626, 954 Oghul Qaimish, 955 Ognibene de Adam. See Salimbene Olaf I (king of Norway), 642, 786, 789-792 Olaf II (king of Denmark), 689 Olaf II, Saint (king of Norway), 222, 785-788, 791, 952 Olaf IV (king of Norway), 689 Olaf Haraldsson. See Olaf II, Saint (king of Norway) Olaf Tryggvason. See Olaf I (king of Norway) Oldcastle, Sir John, 502 Olga, Saint, 86, 792-795 Öljeitü, 412 Omar Khayyám, 795-798, 909 On Contemplating God (William of Saint-Thierry), 1114 On Free Will (Valla), 1050 On Holy Images (John of Damascus), 589 On Pleasure (Valla), 1049 On Remedies for Good and Bad Fortunes (Petrarch), 830 On the Establishment of the Orthodox Teaching and the Peace of the Nation (Nichiren), 759 On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy (Averroës), 121 On the Misery of the Human Condition (Innocent III), 541 On the Nature and Dignity of Love (William of Saint-Thierry), 1114 On the Sacrament of the Altar (William of Saint-Thierry), 1114 On'ami, 1153 One-Cornered Ma. See Ma Yuan Opticae thesaurus Alhazeni libri vii. See Optics Optics (Alhazen), 67 Optics, Iraq, 66 Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, The. See Optics Opus majus (Bacon), 128 Opus minus (Bacon), 128 Opus nonaginta dierum (Ockham), 780 Opus Oxoniense. See Ordinatio Opus quadripartitum numerorum (Muris), 741 Opus tertium (Bacon), 128 Or San Michele, 799 Orange, Synod of (529), 155 Orcagna, Andrea, 798-800 Orchard, The (Sa4di), 915 Ordinatio (Duns Scotus), 330 Ordinatio Imperii (817), 662 Orestes, 782 Origen, 1115 Orléans, Louis d', 277 Orthodox caliphs (table), 1038 Orthodox Church, 53, 190, 1070 Osman I, 800-804 Osman Gazi. See Osman I Ospedale degli Innocenti, 207 Ostrogoths, 75, 233, 293, 600, 782, 1012; kings (table), 76, 1014 Otakar II, 905 Otho of Lagery. See Urban II Otto I, 243, 516, 794, 805-808, 983 Otto II, 516, 806 Otto III, 487, 985 Otto IV, 359, 389, 476, 543, 586, 837, 1047 Otto the Great. See Otto I Ottoman Empire, 519, 711, 803; law, 713; sultans (tables), 713, 802. See also Geographical Index under Turkey Our Lady of Ransom, Order of, 882 Ourique, Battle of (1139), 33 Ouyang Xiu, 808-810, 1079, 1088 Owain ap Cadwgan, 754 Oxford, Provisions of (1258), 491, 727 P Pablo Christiani, 748 Paderhorn, Diet of (777), 1094 Paganism; Anglo-Saxons, 183; Ireland, 811; Kievan Rus, 87, 1068; Saxony, 1095; Vikings, 222 Painting; China, 677, 720, 970, 1140; Flanders, 366; Florence, 799; France, 866; Gothic, 697; Italy, 83, 282, 326, 421, 659, 700, 798; Netherlands, 1092 Pakistan. See Geographical Index Palaeologus, Andronicus II. See Andronicus II Palaeologus Palaeologus, Andronicus III. See Andronicus III Palaeologus Palazzo di Parte Guelfa, 207 Palazzo Vecchio, 102 Palestine. See Geographical Index under Israel/Palestine Pandectae. See Digest of Justinian, The Papacy, power of, 435 Papal Curia, 1046 Paper Constitution (1244), 491 Paphnutius (Hrosvitha), 518 Parentucelli, Tommaso. See Nicholas V (pope) Paris, Treaty of (1259), 491, 668 Paris, Treaty of (1303), 1074 Parlement of Foules, The (Chaucer), 265 Parliament, English, 344 Parma, Siege of (1247-1248), 391 Parzival (Wolfram), 425, 1124 Paschal (d. 692; antipope), 937 Paschal II (pope), 94 Paschal III (d. 1168; antipope), 57, 386 Paschasius Radbertus, Saint, 879 Pastoral Care (Gregory the Great), 431 Patricius. See Patrick, Saint Patrick, Saint, 811-814 Patronage of the arts. See Category Index Paul of Aegina, 814-816 Paulus Aegineta. See Paul of Aegina Pavia, Council of (1160), 56 Pavia, Synod of (1022), 489 Payytanim, 533 Pazzi Chapel, 207 Peasants' Revolt (1381), 130, 395, 493, 894, 1033 Pecham, John, 817-820 Pei Di, 1086 P'ei Ti. See Pei Di P'ei Yao-ch'ing. See Pei Yaoqing Pei Yaoqing, 1085 Pelagianism. See Semi-Pelagianism Pélerin de Maricourt, Pierre le. See Peregrinus de Maricourt, Petrus Pépin I (king of Aquitaine), 254, 662 Pépin II (king of Aquitaine), 254 Pépin II of Herstal (Frankish mayor), 250 Pépin III the Short (Frankish mayor), 242, 253 Pépin the Hunchback, 242 Perceval (Chrétien), 267 Percy, Henry, 495 Percy conspiracy, 495, 501 Peregrinus de Maricourt, Petrus, 820-824 Pérotin, 824-826 Perotinus. See Pérotin Persia; architecture, 413; astronomy, 21; Eastern Roman Empire's invasion of, 507; historiography, 41, 413; mathematics, 21; medicine, 884; Mongol invasion of, 908, 915; philosophy, 884; physicians, 884; poetry, 41, 451, 908, 916. See also Iran; Geographical Index under Iran Perth, Siege of (1312-1313), 203 Petchenegs, 105-106, 794, 1069 Peter des Roches, 212, 490 Peter of Maricourt. See Peregrinus de Maricourt, Petrus Petrarca, Francesco. See Petrarch Petrarch, 170, 264, 697, 827-831, 850, 897 Petrine Theory, 646 Philip II (king of France), 387, 389, 543, 584, 666, 725, 835-838, 891 Philip II the Bold (duke of Burgundy), 832, 948 Philip III. See Philip III the Good Philip III the Bold (duke of Burgundy), 839 Philip III the Good (duke of Burgundy), 366, 503, 832-835 Philip IV (king of France), 1074 Philip IV the Fair (king of France), 187, 329, 347, 552, 839-842, 858 Philip Augustus. See Philip II (king of France) Philip of Swabia (Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany), 389 Philippa of Hainaut, 842-844 Philippe Auguste. See Philip II (king of France) Philosopher's stone, 563 Philosopher's Way of Life, The (al-R3zt), 886 Philosophy; Belgium, 1105; Byzantine Empire, 863-864; China, 809; England, 1130; France, 180, 215, 761, 943, 1098, 1102; French, 13; Germany, 778; India, 876, 926; Iran, 125; Italy, 174, 1028, 1050; Jewish, 687, 730; Muslim, 119, 121, 370, 526; Netherlands, 1105; Persia, 884; Scotland, 330; Spain, 533. See also Category Index Phocas, 432, 505, 933 Photius, 766 Physicians; Byzantine Empire, 815; education, 373, 446, 650; France, 372; Morocco, 120; Persia, 884; Spain, 592; women, 372, 1031 Physician's Prayer, A (Maimonides), 688 Physicke Against Fortune. See On Remedies for Good and Bad Fortunes Physics, 216. See also Category Index Piast Dynasty, 229; table, 231 Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon, The (Sei Shōnagon), 930 Pisa, Council of (1410), 1090 Pisano, Andrea, 418, 798, 845-847 Pisano, Giovanni, 847-849, 867 Pisano, Nicola, 102, 696, 845, 847-849 Piyyutim, 592 Plague. See Black Death Plantagenet, Edward. See Edward III Plantagenet kings of England (table), 345, 357, 485, 492, 892 Plantagenets, 963. See also Edward I; Edward II; Edward III; Geoffrey of Anjou; Henry II; Henry III; John (king of England); Matilda (queen of England); Richard I Plato, 886 Platonism, 1029 Platyn, John, 937 Play of Robin and Marion, The (Adam de la Halle), 25 Plectrude, 250 Poem of the Cid, The, 279 Poema de mío Cid. See Poem of the Cid, The Poetry; China, 322, 653, 656, 808, 968, 1086; England, 219, 264; France, 248, 260, 268, 274, 356, 392, 693, 1065; Germany, 423, 463, 1076, 1125; Hebrew, 410; India, 109, 195; Iran, 375, 796; Italy, 169, 239, 301-302, 827; Muslim, 875; Persia, 41, 451, 908, 916; Provençal, 1076; Spain, 532, 591 Poggio, 850-852 Poggio Bracciolini, Gian Francesco. See Poggio Poiret, Marguerite de. See Porete, Marguerite Poitiers, Battle of (1356), 308, 351, 395, 1054 Poland, 487; architecture, 232; education, 232; kings (tables), 231, 1121; law, 231. See also Geographical Index Polemon. See History of the Wars of the Emperor Justinian, The Politics. See Category Index under Government and Politics Polo, Maffeo, 627, 853 Polo, Marco, 1, 627, 853-856 Polo, Niccolò, 627, 853 Pontedera, Andrea da. See Pisano, Andrea Poor Clares, 284, 379, 438 Poor Ladies of Assisi. See Poor Clares Porete, Marguerite, 856-859 Porret, Marguerite de. See Porete, Marguerite Portrait of a Woman (Rogier van der Weyden), 1093 Portugal; kings (table), 34; theology, 95; trade, 478. See also Geographical Index Posteritati. See Epistle to Posterity Practica geometriae (Leonardo of Pisa), 649 Practica secundum Trotam (Trotula), 1031 Prague, 258 Prague, Four Articles of, 1162 Preachers, Order of, 1027 Přemyslid Dynasty, 257, 670 Presentation in the Temple, The (Fra Angelico), 84 Presentation in the Temple (Ambrogio Lorenzetti), 661 Prester John (legendary), 402, 627, 633 Primordia coenobii Gandershemensis. See Hrosvithae Liber terius Princeps pro suo succursu, An (Ockham), 780 Princess Abe. See Kfken Printing, 442 Priscian, 859-862 Priscian of Caesarea's De Laude Anastasii Imperatoris (Priscian), 859 Priscianus Caesariensis. See Priscian Privileges, Charter of (1264), 232 Privilegium Ottonianum (962), 806 Priyadarśikā (Harsa), 461 Procopius, 76 Proof for the Unicity of God. See Ordinatio Prophecies of Merlin, The (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 405 Prophetiae Merlini. See Prophecies of Merlin, The Prose Edda, The (Snorri), 951 Proslogion (Anselm), 92 Proslogium. See Proslogion Provençal poetry, 1076 Provence, Jewish community at, 650 Psalterium decem chordarum (Joachim), 575 Psellus, Constantine. See Psellus, Michael Psellus, Michael, 91, 863-866 Ptolemy, 22, 67, 137, 195 Pucelle, Jean, 328, 866-869 Pucelle, Jehan. See Pucelle, Jean Pulakeśin II, 461 Punjab, Ghaznavid invasion of, 683 Pure Land Buddhism, 397, 582, 758 Q Qanun fi al-tibb, al-. See Canon of Medicine Qasidas, 917 Qavurt, 71 Qin Gui, 1146 Qinshan. See Ma Yuan Quadrilogue invectif, Le. See Invective Quadrilogue, The Quaestiones Quodlibetales. See Quodlibetal Questions, The (Duns Scotus) Querelle des femmes, la (the woman question), 275 Quinisext Council. See Trullan Synod, Second Quodlibeta septem. See Quodlibetal Questions (Ockham) Quodlibetal Questions (Ockham), 778 Quodlibetal Questions, The (Duns Scotus), 330 Quorundam virorum illustrium epithoma. See De viris illustribus Qurān, 19, 36, 611, 734; commentaries, 988 Qut al-Dīn Hasan ibn Alī, 889 Qutb Mīnār, 41 Qutb-ud-Dīn Mubārak Shāh, 41 Qutlugh-Shāh, 413 Qutlumush ibn Arslan Isrāīl, 71 Qutuz, 140 Quwwāt al-Islām, 41 R Rabanus Maurus, 861, 870-873 Rābiah al-Adawiyah, 873-876 Rācandra, 40 Radewyns, Florentius, 1022 Radimichi, 1068 Radiyya. See Raziya Rainald of Dassel, 385 Raising of Drusiana, The (Giotto), 422 Rājyasrī, 460 Rājyavardhana, 460 Ralbag. See Levi ben Gershom Rāmānuja, 876-878 Ramban. See Nahmanides Ratnāvāli. See Retnavali Ratramnus, 879-881 Ravenna, fall of (493), 784 Raymond IV, 177 Raymond of Peñafort, 437, 881-883 Raymond of Poitiers, 356, 716 Raymundian Code, 882 Rāzī, al-, 884-887 Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyā al-. See Rāzī, al- Raziya, 888-890 Raziyyatuddīn. See Raziya Reading, Council of (1279), 818 Realism, moderate, 332 Reconquista, 157, 536 Records of Ancient Matters. See Kojiki Reed Cutter, The (Zeami), 1154 Reflections on Things at Hand (Zhu Xi and Lü Zuqian), 1160 Regents, Fujiwara, 397 Regimen sanitatis Salerni (Arnold of Villanova), 100 Regulae rhythmicae in antiphonarii sui prologum prolate. See Guido D'Arezzo's "Regule rithmice," "Prologue in antiphonarium," and "Epistola ad michahelem" Relaxati, 181 Religion; Aztecs, 560; Bulgaria, 190; Egypt, 142; Khmer, 981; Mali, 744; Mediterranean, 158; Ottoman Empire, 712; Turkey, 802; West Africa, 978. See also Category Index Remède de Fortune (Machaut), 680 Renaissance; art, 418, 568; historiography, 1058 Renga, 1152 Renzong, 1079 Rerum familiarium libri. See Books on Personal Matters Rerum suo tempore gestarum commentarius (Bruni), 209 Rerum vulgarium fragmenta. See Rhymes Responsa Nicolai ad Consulta Bulgarorum (Nicholas the Great), 767 Retnavali (Har;a), 461 Revelations of Divine Love. See Showings of Julian of Norwich, The Revelations of Mechthild of Magdeburg, The. See Flowing Light of the Godhead, The Revival of Religious Sciences, The (al-Ghazzālī), 415 Rhabanus Magnentius. See Rabanus Maurus Rhazes. See Rāzī, al- Rhymes (Petrarch), 827 Rhys ap Tewdwr, 753 Richard I, 358, 387, 476, 584, 836, 891-893, 919 Richard II, 266, 493, 501, 893-896, 1034 Richard of Bordeaux. See Richard II Richard the Lion-Hearted. See Richard I Ricimer, 782 Rienzo, Cola di, 897-900 Rihlah (Ibn Battūtah), 530 Risalat isthsan al-khawd fi ilm al-kalam. See Incitement to Investigation Risshō ankoku ron. See On the Establishment of the Orthodox Teaching and the Peace of the Nation Rivaux, Peter des, 490 Robert I. See Bruce, Robert Robert VIII de Bruce. See Bruce, Robert Robert Guiscard, 91, 176 Robert of Anjou, 697 Robert of Gloucester, 961 Robert of Normandy, 482 Robert of Wishart, 346 Robert the Bruce. See Bruce, Robert Robert the Steward, 308 Roches, Peter des. See Peter des Roches Roches, William des, 585 Roderick, 1006 Roger II (king of Sicily), 385, 539 Roger of Salisbury, 482, 962 Rolf. See Rollo Rollo, 900-903 Roman de la rose. See Romance of the Rose, The Roman Empire, Fall of (476), 782 Romance, Arthurian, 268, 463 Romance of the Rose, The (Lorris and Meung), 275 Romanus IV Diogenes, 72 Rome, 430, 897; invasion of, 782; law, 898; monasticism, 154; mysticism, 236 Rome, Council of (863), 766 Rome, Siege of (1240), 391 Romulus Augustulus, 782 Rorik. See Rurik Rose Garden, The (Sadi), 916 Rose of Testimony, The (de León), 731 Rostislav, 295 Roswitha. See Hrosvitha Rou. See Rollo Rouen, Siege of (1417-1419), 503 Rubáiyát, 917 Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, The (FitzGerald), 796 Rudolf (king of Germany and duke of Swabia), 434, 499, 639 Rudolf I (Holy Roman Emperor), 904-907 Rudolf III (king of Burgundy), 488 Rudolf of Habsburg. See Rudolf I (Holy Roman Emperor) Rugians, 783 Ruizong, 1128 Ruknuddin Firnz Sh3h, 888 Rūmī, Jalāl al-Dīn, 908-911 Rurik, 911-914 Russia. See Kievan Rus; Vladimir I; Geographical Index Rustaveli, Shota, 999 Rustichello, 855 Ruthenia, 231 Ryurik. See Rurik S Sacerdos ad altare (Neckam), 750 Sadako, 931 Sadi, 909, 915-917 Saga, 621 Saichō, 620 Saigyō, 771 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (William of Saint-Thierry), 1114 Saint Brice's Day Massacre (1002), 222-223, 364 St.-Clair-sur-Epte, Treaty of (911), 902 Saint-Denis, 971 Saint George and the Dragon (Donatello), 320 Saint-Germain, Treaty of (1139), 539 Saint John the Baptist (Giotto), 422 Saint John the Evangelist (Donatello), 320 Saint Louis of Toulouse (Martini), 697 Saint Mark's Convent, 84 Saint Mary Magdalene, Order of, 438 Saint Vitus's Cathedral, 259 Saints. See name of saint Saionji Sanekane, 772 Saladin, 141, 387, 891, 918-921 Sālah al-Dīn Zarkub, 909 Salamon (Saint László's brother), 637 Salian kings of Germany (table), 499 Sālih, al-, 919 Salimbene, 921-924 Sāmānid Dynasty, 683 Samkara. See Śankara Samuel ha-Nagid, 532 Samurai, 721, 992, 1155 San Germano, Treaty of (1230), 437 San Paolo Fuori le Mura, 102 Sancho, 279 Sanekane, Saionji. See Saionji Sanekane Sangō shiiki. See "Indications of the Goals of the Three Teachings" Sanjō (Japanese emperor), 397 Sanjō (Japanese writer and poet). See Nijō Śankara, 924-927 Śankarācārya. See Śankara Santa Croce, 103 Santa Maria del Fiore, 103, 206, 283, 799 São Mamede, Battle of (1128), 33 Sapientia (Hrosvitha), 517 Saracens, 356 Saragossa, Battle of (778), 243 Sarugaku, 1153 Sāsānian Empire, 613 Sāsānian Kings, 309-821 (table), 615 Sasānka, 460 Saudi Arabia. See Geographical Index under Arabia Saxo Grammaticus, 927-930 Saxon kings of Germany (table), 488, 807 Saxons, 1094 Saxony; Christianity, 1096; Franks invasion of, 243; law, 1096; monasticism, 516; paganism, 1095; rebellion against Germany, 497 Scandinavia; Christianity, 767; coinage, 692; trade, 913. See also Iceland; Vikings; Geographical Index Schionatulander and Sigune (Wolfram), 1125 Schism; Aquileia, 938; Roman and Eastern Orthodox church, 646, 1017; schism of 1130, 161. See also Great Schism (1378-1417) Scholar-officials, Chinese, 1080 Scholarship. See Category Index Scholasticism, 16, 112, 180, 215, 332, 750, 761, 1028, 1064, 1102; Augustinian, 534; Muslim, 120 Science; England, 127; experimental, 128; Germany, 43. See also Category Index Scivias (Hildegard von Bingen), 512 Scotism, 330, 332 Scotland; English invasion of, 346; kings (table), 203, 306; philosophy, 330; theology, 330. See also Geographical Index Scottish War for Independence, 202 Scroll of the Emperors (Yan), 1140 Sculpture; Italy, 102, 206, 320, 418, 566, 798, 845, 847; Japan, 581, 1040; Netherlands, 947 Scythia. See Geographical Index under Central Asia Secret History of the Court of the Emperor Justinian (Procopius), 77 Secretum meum. See My Secret Sefer ha-Geulah. See Book of Redemption, The Sei Shōnagon, 930-933 Selected Poems from the Dīwani Shamsi Tabriz (Rūmī), 908 Seljuk Turks, 70, 774, 795, 800, 918; Great Sultans (table), 72 Semimaru (Zeami), 1154 Semi-Pelagianism, 155 Senilium rerum libri. See Letters of Old Age Sens, Council of (1140), 16, 161 Sentences (Lombard), 180, 330, 522, 761, 778, 817, 1028 Sententiarum libri IV. See Sentences Sepher ha-Rimmon. See Book of the Pomegranate, The Sepher ha-Zohar. See Zohar Seraphic Doctor. See Bonaventure, Saint Serbia, 957; law, 958; princes and czars (table), 958. See also Geographical Index Sergius I, Saint, 936-939, 1010 Sergius I of Constantinople, 506, 933-936 Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta, The. See Epitome Seventeen Article Constitution (604), 940, 976 Shāfī, Abū Abd Allāh ash-, 37 Shafites, 20 Shahnamah (Firdusi), 375, 685 Shamkhor, Battle of (1195), 998 Shams al-Dīn Muhammed. See Hafiz Shams al-Dīn of Tabrīz, 908 Shams al-Mulk Nasr, 73 Śhankara. See Śankara Shaykh. See Sadi She-Wolf of France. See Isabella of France Shen-tsung. See Shenzong Shenzong, 1079 Shi Suming, 80 Shigemori, Taira. See Taira Shigemori Shih Ssu-ming. See Shi Suming Shtīites, 18, 454 Shikibu, Murasaki. See Murasaki Shikibu Shilāditya. See Harsa Shingon Buddhism, 620-621 Shintō, 623 Shirakawa, 990 Shishigatani affair (1177), 991 Shogunate (Kamakura), 115, 723 Shoguns; Ashikaga (table), 117 Shōjo, 772 Shōmu, 623 Shoshan Edoth. See Rose of Testimony, The Shōtoku Taishi, 940-942, 975 Shōtoku Tennō. See Kōken Showings of Julian of Norwich, The (Julian of Norwich), 595 Shu su tie (Mi Fei), 719 Siberia. See Geographical Index under Russia Sic et Non (Abelard), 15 Sicily; Kingdom of, 390; kings (table), 391 Sieges. See specific name of siege Siena, 696; art, 326, 567, 696 Siete Partidas, Las, 60 Siger of Brabant, 43, 942-945, 1028 Sigismund (king of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor), 503, 519, 524, 1089, 1163 Silabhadra, 1137 Silk Road, 853, 995, 1127, 1137 Silla Dynasty, 1081 Silvestri Madonna (Jacopo), 566 Sima Guang, 810, 945-947, 1079 Simeon the Great, 106, 191 Simony, 434, 644 Sine nomine. See Book Without a Name Siraj. See Illumination, The Sīrat al-faylasūf. See Philosopher's Way of Life, The Sisters of the Common Life, 1023 Siyāsat-nāma. See Book of Government, The Slavery, 479; Africa, 978; Arabs, 587; Aztecs, 559; Central Asia, 139; Mongols, 1108; Slavs and Finns, 912 Slavs, 474, 806; Christianity, 296 Slovakia. See Geographical Index Slovenia. See Geographical Index Sluter, Claus, 947-950 Sluys, Battle of (1340), 351 Snorra Edda. See Prose Edda, The Snorri Sturluson, 950-954 Social reform. See Category Index Soga clan, 940, 975 Soga Umako, 940, 975 Soissons, Battle of (719), 251 Soissons, Council of (1201), 1059 Sōjun. See Ikkyū Soka Gakkai, 760 Solatium fidelis animae (Neckam), 752 Solmization, 440 Sŏn Buddhism, 1083 Song Dynasty, 403, 718, 808, 968, 990, 1079; Mongol invasion of, 626, 956; rulers (tables), 1080, 1146 Song of Roland, 243, 395, 1061 Songhai, 745 Soninke dispersion, 978 Son-Jara. See Sundiata Sophismata (Buridan), 216 Sophronius, 935 Sorghaghtani Beki, 954-956 Sorkaktani. See Sorghaghtani Beki Sorqoqtani. See Sorghaghtani Beki Soundiata. See Sundiata Southeast Asia. See Geographical Index Southern Song Dynasty, 1134, 1145; Mongol invasion of, 677. See also Song Dynasty Spain; Almoravid invasion of, 280; art, 60; Castilian kings (table), 61; Christianity, 10, 555; education, 11, 555; Jews, 157, 533, 573, 591, 604, 686, 730, 747, 883; kings of Aragon (table), 573; law, 60, 556, 572; medicine, 99; Muslim, 119; Muslim invasion of, 1006; Muslims, 33, 380; North African invasion of, 60; philosophy, 533; poetry, 532, 591; theology, 882; trade, 11, 60; Umayyad caliphs (table), 10. See also Geographical Index Speculum fidei. See Mirror of Faith, The Speculum majus (Vincent of Beauvais), 1063 Speculum speculationum (Neckam), 752 Spiritual Franciscans, 779 Spirituals, 100, 181, 922 Spitignev, 671 Squarcialupi Codex (Landini), 635 Sri Harscarita. See Harshacharita of Banabhatta, The Śrī Vasnvavas, 876 Śrībhāsya (Rāmānuja), 877 Ssu-ma Kuang. See Sima Guang Stamford Bridge, Battle of (1066), 459, 1118 Standard, Battle of the (1138), 306 Stefan Duśan, 957-960 Stefan Uroś II Milutin, 957 Stefan Uroś III Dečanski, 957 Stefan Uroś V, 959 Stefan Uroś IV. See Stefan Duśan Stenby, Treaty of (1238), 1048 Stephen (king of England), 305, 357, 482-483, 960-964 Stephen, Saint. See Stephen I (king of Hungary) Stephen I (king of Hungary), 637, 964-967 Stephen Dushan. See Stefan Duśan Stephen of Blois. See Stephen (king of England) Stephen Uroś. See Stefan Duśan Stirling Bridge, Battle of (1297), 202, 346, 1073 Stoicism, 1050 Stone of Scone, 346 Story of My Misfortunes, The (Abelard), 16 Stupor Mundi (Wonder of the World). See Frederick II Sturlung Age, 951 Sturluson, Snorri. See Snorri Sturluson Su Dongpo, 719, 809, 968-970, 1088 Su Shi. See Su Dongpo Su Tung-p'o. See Su Dongpo Subtilis, Doctor. See Duns Scotus, John Subtle Doctor. See Duns Scotus, John Subüktigin, 683 Succat, Maewyn. See Patrick, Saint Sufism, 41, 415, 454, 472, 526, 562, 874, 908, 915 Suger, 161, 971-974 Sui Dynasty, 941, 976, 1136 Suiko, 940, 974-977 Sukulung Kulukang, 978 Sulaymān, 71, 774, 1007 Sumanguru Kanté, 978 Summa aurea (William of Auxerre), 1103 Summa contra gentiles (Thomas Aquinas), 1028 Summa de casibus poenitentiae (Raymond of Peñafort), 882 Summa logicae. See Ockham's Theory of Propositions; Ockham's Theory of Terms Summa super quattuor libros sententiarum. See Summa aurea Summa theologiae. See Summa Theologica Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 318, 1028, 1064, 1106 Summula de dialectica (Buridan), 215 Sundiata, 744, 977-980 Sundjata. See Sundiata Sunjata. See Sundiata Sun-Jata. See Sundiata Sunnis, 18, 70, 415, 454, 775 Surgery, Byzantine Empire, 815 Suryavarman II, 980-983 Sushun, 975 Sutoku, 991 Su-tsung. See Suzong Suzong, 80, 1086 Svolder, Battle of (1000), 786, 791 Svyatoslav I, 86, 794, 1068 Sweden. See Geographical Index under Scandinavia, Sweden Sweyn (Godwin's son), 338, 457 Sweyn I (king of Denmark), 364 Sweyn Forkbeard, 221, 790 Sybil of the Rhine. See Hildegard von Bingen Sylvester II, 399, 965, 983-987 Symmachus, 1014 Symphonia harmonia caelestium revelationum (Hildegard von Bingen), 513 Syria, 141. See also Geographical Index Syria-Palestine, Muslim invasion of, 507, 934 Szabolcs, Synod of (1092), 638 T Tabarī, al-, 988-990 Tabarī, Abū Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarīr al-. See Tabarī, al- Tabaristān. See Geographical Index under Iran Taborites, 1162 Tachibana no Norimitsu, 930 Tadamori, Taira. See Taira Tadamori Tadayoshi, Ashikaga. See Ashikaga Tadayoshi T'aejo. See Wang Kŏn Taginae, Battle of (552), 600 Tahāfut al-falāsifah. See Incoherence of the Philosophers Tahāfut at-tahāfut. See Incoherence of the Incoherence Taika reforms (645), 941, 976 Taira clan, 721, 991 Taira Kiyomori, 721, 990-993 Taira Shigemori, 991 Taira Tadamori, 991 Tai-tsung. See Daizong T'ai-tsung. See Taizong Taizong, 79, 993-997, 1127, 1137, 1140 Takauji, Ashikaga. See Ashikaga Takauji Talas River, Battle of (751), 79 Tale of Genji, The (Murasaki Shikibu), 739, 931 Tale of Joan of Arc, The (Christine de Pizan), 277 Tale of the Heike, The, 992 Talenti, Francesco, 103 Talmud; commentaries, 409, 748 Tamar. See Tamara, Queen T'amar. See Tamara, Queen Tamara, Queen, 998-1000 Tamberlaine. See Tamerlane Tamburlaine. See Tamerlane Tamerlane, 452, 1000-1003, 1149 Tancred, 178, 1003-1005 Tancred of Hauteville. See Tancred Tang Dynasty, 79, 1127, 1137, 1140; emperors (table), 996 T'ang San-tsang. See Xuanzang Tang Sanzang. See Xuanzang T'ang T'ai-tsung. See Taizong Tang Taizong. See Taizong Tangier expedition (1437), 479 Tannenberg, Battle of (1410), 1121 Tarik ibn Zeyad. See Tāriq ibn-Ziyād Tārīkh al-Hind. See Al-Beruni's India Tarīkh al-rusul wa al-mulūk. See History of al-Tabarī, The Tāriq ibn-Ziyād, 1005-1008 Tassilo III, Duke, 244 Tatars, 53 Taxation; Byzantine Empire, 550, 599; China, 969, 995, 1079-1080; Church and, 187, 841; England, 130, 364, 894; France, 840; Japan, 723; Khmer, 982; Morocco, 8; Rome, 899; Sāsānian Empire, 613 Technology. See Category Index under Science and Technology Temuchin. See Genghis Khan Temüjin. See Genghis Khan Tendai sect, 581, 620, 758 Tenochtitlán, 558 Teresa (queen of Portugal), 33 Terkhen-Khatun, 776 Teseida. See Book of Theseus, The Tettenhall, Battle of (910), 31, 342 Teutonic Knights, 52, 230, 1120 Thābit ibn Qurrah, 137 Thankmar, 805 Theater; Christian, 517; Germany, 513; India, 461; Japan, 1152. See also Category Index Theme System, 508 Theodahad, 77 Theodora (Byzantine empress), 294, 599, 863, 1008-1011 Theodora (English ascetic). See Christina of Markyate Theodoric the Great, 75, 173, 233, 293, 783, 1012-1016 Theodoricus. See Theodoric the Great Theoleptus of Philadelphia, 1016-1019 Theology; China, 1137; England, 92, 817, 1130; France, 942, 1114; Germany, 43; Italy, 1029, 1050; Jewish, 687; Muslim, 20, 37, 111, 370, 416, 455; Portugal, 95; Scotland, 330; Spain, 882. See also Category Index under Religion and Theology Theology of Saint Anselm Concerning the Procession of the Holy Spirit to Confute the Opposition of the Greeks, The (Anselm), 94 Theophanes the Confessor, 1020-1022 Theuderic (son of Clovis), 381 Thibaut III, 1059 Thirteen Years' War (1454-1466), 1121 Thomas, earl of Lancaster, 347 Thomas à Kempis, 1022-1026 Thomas Aquinas, 43, 180, 318, 944, 1027-1030, 1106, 1111 Thomas of London. See Becket, Saint Thomas Thomas of Strassburg, 761 Thousand and One Nights, The. See Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The Thousand Teachings, A (Śankara), 926 Three Marys at the Sepulcher, The (Hubert van Eyck), 366 Thuróczy, 519 Time, measurement of, 109 Timour. See Tamerlane Timur. See Tamerlane Timur Lenk. See Tamerlane Timurid Dynasty, 1002 Timurlenk. See Tamerlane Tipitaka Master. See Xuanzang Titurel. See Schionatulander and Sigune Tō Shikibu. See Murasaki Shikibu Tōdaiji, 621, 624 Toghrïl Beg, 70, 774, 795 Toghrïl Khan, 402, 954 Tokimasa, Hōjō. See Hōjō Tokimasa Toktamish Khan, 1001 Tolbiacum, Battle of (496), 288, 291 Toledo, Fourth Council of (633), 555 Tolui, 402, 954 Tommaso d'Aquino. See Thomas Aquinas Tommaso di Giovanni di Simone Guidi. See Masaccio Tours, Battle of (732), 5, 252 Tours, Council of (1163), 57 Tours, monasticism at, 870 Towazugatari. See Confessions of Lady Nijō, The Tractatus de anima (Rabanus), 872 Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Angliae (Glanville), 193 Tractatus de unitate et trinitate divina (Abelard), 15 Tractatus super mulierem fortem (Neckam), 752 Trade; Aztecs, 559; Byzantine Empire, 135, 913; Central Asia, 703; China, 627, 1127, 1134, 1157; Ethiopia, 632; Europe and Asia, 854; Germany, 475; Islamic Empire, 469; Japan, 990; Mali, 744; Mediterranean, 573, 673; Mongols, 403, 853; Portugal, 478; Russia, 912; Scandinavia, 913; Spain, 11, 60 Transcaucasian architecture, 999 Transfiguration, The (Fra Angelico), 85 Translations; Arabic to Latin, 100, 445, 1098, 1102, 1106; Bible, 219, 523, 1051, 1131; Greek to Arabic, 22; Greek to Latin, 1, 175, 209, 313, 769, 860, 1027, 1102, 1105; Latin to English, 65, 220; Sanskrit to Chinese, 1138 Transoxiana, 1000. See also Geographical Index under Central Asia Transoxianian Controversies (al-Rāzī), 369 Transubstantiation, 523, 544, 608, 880, 1132 Trattatello in laude di Dante. See Life of Dante Travels of Ibn Battuta. See Rihlah Travels of Marco Polo, The (Polo), 627, 855 Traversari, Ambrogio, 850 Treatise of Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine, The (Valla), 1050 Treatise on Consideration (Bernard of Clairvaux), 161 Treatise on the Small-Pox and Measles, A (al-Rāzī), 885 Trent, Council of (1559), 880 Tribonian, 599 Tribute Money, The (Masaccio), 701 Trigonometry in Iraq, 137 Trinity, Christian doctrine of, 15, 161, 173, 575, 597, 857, 922, 1066, 1103, 1115 Trionfi. See Triumphs Tristan and Isolde (Gottfried), 424 Triumphs (Petrarch), 827 Troilus and Criseyde (Chaucer), 265 Trota. See Trotula Trotula, 1031-1033 Trotula (Trotula), 1032 Trotula di Ruggiero. See Trotula Trotula of Salerno. See Trotula Troyes, Council of (1128), 162 Troyes, Treaty of (1420), 262, 503 Trullan Synod, Second (692), 937 Trymphs. See Triumphs Ts'ui Hsi-i. See Cui Xiyi Tu Fu. See Du Fu Tu Ju-hui. See Du Ruhui Tuhfat al-nuzzār fi gharaib al-amsar wa-ajaib al-asfar. See Rihlah Tunis, Muslims in, 674 Turkan Khatun, 888 Turkey; monasticism, 295. See also Geographical Index Turkistan. See Geographical Index under Central Asia Turkmenistan. See Geographical Index under Central Asia Tyler, Wat, 130, 894, 1033-1036 Tyler's Revolt. See Peasants' Revolt (1381) U Ugo (or Ugolino) of Segni. See Gregory IX Uhud, Battle of (625), 735 Ukraine. See Geographical Index under Russia Uli, Mansa, 979 Umar I, 1037-1039 Umar II, 472, 1007 Umar al-Farouq. See Umar I Umar ibn Khattāb. See Umar I Umayado no Miko. See Shōtoku Taishi Umayyads, 20; caliphs (table), 4, 10 Unam sanctam, 188, 857 Union, Act of (1707), 204 Universal Treatise of Nicholas of Autrecourt, The (Nicholas), 761 Universalis, Doctor. See Albertus Magnus, Saint Universe of Creatures, The (William of Auxerre), 1100 Universities, 2, 318 Unkei, 1040-1042 Upadesasāhasrī. See Thousand Teachings, A Urban II, 93, 177, 499, 707, 1003, 1043-1046 Urban III, 387, 576 Urban IV, 181, 727 Urban V, 236 Urban VI, 237, 259 Uthmān ibn Affān, 3, 471, 1039 Utraquist revolt, 1162 Uzbekistan. See Geographical Index under Central Asia Uzun Hasan, 712 V Václav. See Wenceslaus (king of Bohemia) Vaik. See Stephen I (king of Hungary) Vajk. See Stephen I (king of Hungary) Val-ès-Dunes, Battle of (1047), 1117 Valdamar. See Vladimir I Valdemar II, 1047-1049 Valdemar kings of Denmark (table), 1048 Valdemar the Victorious. See Valdemar II Valencia; Muslims, 572; Spanish invasion of, 571 Valencia, Siege of (1093-1094), 280 Valencia, Siege of (1102), 280 Valla, Lorenzo, 1049-1052 Valois Dynasty, 1054 Van seun manieren van heiliger minnin. See Of Seven Manners of Holy Loving Vandals, 233, 600 Varangian incursion (859-862), 912 Varaville, Battle of (1058), 1117 Variae (Cassiodorus), 76, 234 Varna, Battle of (1444), 520, 711 Vasari, Giorgio, 319, 566, 798 Vatican Council (1099), 94 Vedānta Sūtras of Bādarāyana with the Commentary of Samkara, The (Śankara), 926 Vedāntas, 877 Vedāntasāra (Rāmānuja), 877 Vedārthasapgraha (Rāmānuja), 877 Vedātadīpa (Rāmānuja), 877 Velbumd, Battle of (1330), 957 Venerabilis Inceptor. See Ockham, William of Venerable Bede. See Bede the Venerable, Saint Venetians, 1060 Venette, Jean de, 1053-1055 Venice, 298 Venice, Treaty of (1201), 299 Vepkhistkaosani. See Knight in the Panther's Skin, The Verdun, Treaty of (843), 245, 663, 832, 911 Vesalius, 447 Viatichi, 1068 Victor III (pope), 1043 Victor IV (antipope), 56, 386 Victorius of Aquitaine, 314 Vienna, Concordat (1448), 768 Vienna, Council of (1311), 708 Vietnam, 756, 982; Mongol invasion of, 626. See also Geographical Index under Southeast Asia Vietnamese governments (table), 757 Vigilius, 1010 Vikings, 63, 221, 340, 363, 785, 789, 900, 911; Christianity, 222, 786, 790, 902; paganism, 222 Villani, Giovanni, 1056-1058 Villehardouin, Geoffroi de, 1059-1062 Vincent of Beauvais, 228, 1063-1065 Vincy, Battle of (717), 251 Virtues of a Religious Superior, The (Bonaventure), 181 Visigoths, 293, 556, 1006; Christianity, 784, 1014; education, 76; law, 1015; women, 76 Vita Beatricis. See Life of Beatrice of Nazareth, The Vita Karoli magni imperatoris. See Life of Charlemagne Vita Merlini. See Life of Merlin Vita nuova, La. See New Life, The Vita sanctorum abbatum monasterii in Wiramutha et Girvam, Benedicti, Ceolfridi, Easteruini, Sigfridi, atque Huaetbereti. See Lives of the First Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow: Benedict, Ceolfrid, Eosterwine, Sigfrid, and Huetbert Vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori italiani, Le. See Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects Vite prima Bernardi abbatis. See Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Vitkov, Battle of (1420), 1163 Vitriaco, Philippus de. See Vitry, Philippe de Vitry, Philippe de, 741, 1065-1067 Vlad Ţepeş, 712 Vladimir, princes of (table), 54 Vladimir, Saint. See Vladimir I Vladimir I, 87, 191, 794, 1068-1071 Vladimir Svyatoslavich. See Vladimir I Vladimir the Great. See Vladimir I Vladimir Veliky. See Vladimir I Volodimer. See Vladimir I Volodymyr. See Vladimir I Vytautas, 1120 W Wadi Bakka, Battle of. See Guadalete, Battle of Wagadu, 978 Walays, William. See Wallace, William Waldemar I. See Valdemar II Waldensians, 316 Wales; Norman invasion of, 448; war with England, 345. See also Geographical Index Wales, Statute of (1284), 345 Walīdī I, al-, 1007 Wallace, Sir William. See Wallace, William Wallace, William, 202, 346, 1072-1075 Wallensis, William. See Wallace, William Walther von der Vogelweide, 465, 1075-1078 Walworth, Sir Thomas, 1035 Wang Anshi, 810, 945, 968, 1079-1081, 1088 Wang Chin. See Wang Jin Wang Geon. See Wang Ko©n Wang Jin, 1087 Wang Kŏn, 1081-1084 Wang Wei, 1085-1088 Warfare and conquest. See names of battles and sieges; Category Index Wars of the Roses (1455-1485), 496 Wat Tyler's Revolt. See Peasants' Revolt (1381) Wathāq, al-, 37 Wei Cheng. See Wei Zheng Wei Zheng, 995 Weishi, 1138 Welf V, 1044 Welfs, 474 Well-curb (Zeami), 1154 Wen Di. See Yonglo Wen Ti. See Yonglo Wenceslas, Saint, 671 Wenceslas IV. See Wenceslaus (king of Bohemia) Wenceslaus (king of Bohemia), 259, 1088-1091, 1162 Wenceslaus IV. See Wenceslaus (king of Bohemia) Wenzel. See Wenceslaus (king of Bohemia) Wessex, 341, 353; Viking invasion of, 63 Westphalia, 1094 Weyden, Rogier van der, 833, 949, 1092-1094 Whitby, Synod of (664), 510 White Deer Hollow Academy, 1159 Wiclif, John. See Wyclif, John Widukind, 243, 1094-1097 Wiglaf, 354 Wild Goose Pagoda, 1138 Wilhelmus Rubruquis. See William of Rubrouck Willehalm (Wolfram), 1125 Willem van Ruysbroeck. See William of Rubrouck William I. See William the Conqueror William I the Bad of Sicily, 28 William II (king of England), 92 William IX, 355 William X, 355 William Long-Sword, 902 William of Alvernia. See William of Auvergne William of Auvergne, 1097-1101 William of Auxerre, 1101-1105 William of Champeaux, 13 William of Conches, 1115 William of Moerbeke, 1028, 1105-1107 William of Paris. See William of Auvergne William of Rubrouck, 1107-1110 William of Saint-Amour, 180, 1110-1113 William of Saint-Thierry, 161, 1114-1116 William the Conqueror, 56, 92, 338, 457, 481, 753, 1117-1120 Willibrord, Saint, 938 Winchester, Treaty of (1153), 483, 963 Wind in the Pines, The (Zeami), 1154 Witchcraft, 629 Wittekind. See Widukind Wittelsbachs, 258 Władysław I, 229 Władysław II Jagiełło, 1120-1123 Władysław III, 519 Wolfram von Eschenbach, 407, 425, 465, 1123-1126 Women; asceticism, 236; Ashkenazi Jews, 409; Christianity, 81, 144-145, 198, 236, 270, 284, 509, 513, 549, 596, 607, 629, 708, 856; education, 30, 89, 209, 273, 356, 373, 597, 856; Italy, 1031; Japan, 738, 771; in literature, 171, 275; medicine, 1031; monasticism, 438, 509; Muslim, 612, 873, 890; Visigoths, 76 Women's rights. See Category Index Worms, Concordat of (1107), 384 Worms, Concordat of (1122), 94, 707, 971 Worms, Synod of (1076), 434 Wratislaw, 671 Writing; Chinese, 719; Glagolitic, 295; Humanist, 850; Japan, 622, 738; Mongol, 627, 955; Slavic, 133, 295 Wu Chao. See Wu Hou Wu Hou, 79, 1085, 1127-1129, 1142 Wu Tse-t'ien. See Wu Hou Wu Zetian. See Wu Hou Wu Zhao. See Wu Hou Wyclif, John, 522, 608, 1023, 1090, 1112, 1130-1133, 1162 Wycliffe, John. See Wyclif, John Wynfrid. See Boniface, Saint Wynfrith. See Boniface, Saint X Xia Gui, 678, 1134-1136 Xiangyang. See Mi Fei Xin Tang shu (Ouyang), 809 Xin wudai shi (Ouyang), 809 Xiyouji. See Journey to the West Xuanzang, 460, 1128, 1136-1139 Xuanzong, 78, 324, 654, 1085 Y Yahyā the Barmakid, 467 Yakut. See Yaqut Yakut, Jamāl al-Dīn, 889 Yamato clan, 940 Yāmuna, 876 Yan Liben, 1140-1142 Yan Lide, 1140 Yan Wu, 325 Yang Guifei, 78-79, 654, 1086 Yang Guozhong, 79, 1086 Yang Kuei-fei. See Yang Guifei Yang Kuo-chung. See Yang Guozhong Yaqut, 165, 1143-1145 Yaqut ibn Abdallah al-Hamawi. See Yaqut Yaqut ibn Abdallah al-Rumi. See Yaqut Yaqut's Dictionary of Learned Men (Yaqut), 1143 Yarmūk, Battle of (636), 1038 Yashima, Battle of (1185), 723 Yasuhira, Fujiwara. See Fujiwara Yasuhira Yazdegerd III, 1038 Yazīd, 3 Yehuda ben Shemuel ha-Levi. See Judah ha-Levi Yen Li-pen. See Yan Liben Yen Li-te. See Yan Lide Yo Fei, 1145-1147 Yogācāra, 1138 Yōmei, 940, 975 Yonglo, 1147-1151, 1156 Yorimasa, Minamoto. See Minamoto Yorimasa Yorimichi, Fujiwara. See Fujiwara Yorimichi Yoritomo, Minamoto. See Minamoto Yoritomo York, House of (kings table), 496 Yoshida Tōgo, 1154 Yoshikazu, Ashikaga. See Ashikaga Yoshikazu Yoshimitsu, Ashikaga. See Ashikaga Yoshimitsu Yoshimochi, Ashikaga. See Ashikaga Yoshimochi Yoshinaka, Minamoto. See Minmoto Yoshinaka Yoshinori, Ashikaga. See Ashikaga Yoshinori Yoshitomo, Minamoto. See Minamoto Yoshitomo Yoshitsune, Minamoto. See Minamoto Yoshitsune Yuan Dynasty, 404, 626, 1147; emperors (table), 627 Yüan-chang. See Mi Fei Yuanzhang. See Mi Fei Yue Fei. See Yo Fei Yüeh Fei. See Yo Fei Yūgen, 1154 Yukiie, Minamoto. See Minamoto Yukiie Yung-lo. See Yonglo Yuri, Prince, 998 Yūsuf ibn Tāshufīn, 280 Yvain (Chrétien), 268 Z Zadar, Siege of (1202), 299, 1060 Zagwe Dynasty, 632; table, 633 Zamora, Siege of (1072), 279 Zayn al-Ābidīn, 452 Zaynab bint Jahsh, 735 Zeami Motokiyo, 1152-1155 "Zeami's Sixteen Treatises" (Yoshida), 1154 Zen Buddhism, 117, 758, 1155 Zennichi. See Nichiren Zennichi-maru. See Nichiren Zeno, 75, 782, 1012 Zenshōbō Renchō. See Nichiren Zero, concept of, 314, 648 Zhang Jiuling, 1085 Zhangsun Wuji, 995 Zheng He, 1150, 1156-1158 Zhong yong. See Doctrine of the Mean, The Zhongzong, 1128 Zhu Di. See Yonglo Zhu Xi, 1159-1161 Zhu Yuanzhang. See Hongwu Zij. See De scientia stellarum Ziska, John. See Žižka, Jan Zizhi tongjian (Sima), 945 Žižka, Jan, 1162-1164 Zoë, 863 Zohar (de León), 731 Zoology, Muslim, 570 Zouche, William, 308 Zuccone (Donatello), 321 Zuihitsu, 932 Zvonimir, 639

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