To return to this sets' summary please click Overview. For Salem's main product directory, click Directory. Articles Ashurbanipal - Assyrian King Aśoka - Indian King Saint Augustine - Bishop Catullus - Roman Poet Confucius - Philosopher Dio Cassius - Historian Euripides - Greek Playwright Hypatia - Egyptian Scientist Nefertiti - Egyptian Queen Other Elements Publisher's Note Index Table of Contents The purchase of Great Lives from History: The Ancient World entitles a school or library to free online access to all the content in this set PLUS all the content in any of the other Great Lives titles a library owns. Free through 12/31/2011. For more information on Salem History, click here. Or call us: (800) 221-1592. You can view many of the holdings of this title in the U.S. and Canada by selecting a State or Province below. Choose from the pull-down menu below to show a Google map that displays the sets' locations. Jump to a State/Province: Alabama Alaska Alberta Arizona Arkansas British Columbia California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Manitoba Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Brunswick New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York Newfoundland and Labrador North Carolina North Dakota Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ohio Oklahoma Ontario Oregon Pennsylvania Prince Edward Island Quebec Rhode Island Saskatchewan South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Yukon If you need help with products and ordering, setting up a new account or working with this website, call or email us: Phone: (800) 221-1592 Email: csr@salempress.com Recommended for high schools. Reference for Students   Gale Group   These resources will be helpful for reports at the high school level and beyond. While some of the material in Lives can be found in the Encyclopedia of World Biography and other sources, these volumes include many more lesser-known individuals. School Library Journal   Recommended - both volumes. General readers; undergraduates. Choice

Editor: Christina A. Salowey, Hollins University ISBN: 978-1-58765-152-6 List Price: $175 April 2004 · 2 volumes · 1,050 pages · 8"x10" Includes Free Online Access Through 12/31/2011 Great Lives from History: The Ancient World, Prehistory-476 C.E. Index A Aaron, 1-4, 338, 573 Ab excessu divi Augusti (Tacitus), 19, 23, 104, 163, 508, 561, 685, 838 Ab urbe condita libri (Livy), 511, 517, 840 Abhayagiri, 934 Abhidharmakośa (Vasubandhu), 930 Abhidharmasamuccaya (Asanga), 113 Abhijñãānaśākuntala (Kālidāsa), 496 Abishag, 156 Abraham, 4-7, 916 Abram. See Abraham Absalom, 256 Academy (Plato's), 94, 321, 659, 872, 981. See also Imperial Academy Achaean League, 227 Achaeus, 65 Achamoth, 919 Acharnēs (Aristophanes), 90, 127 Achilles, 427 Actium, Battle of (31 b.c.e.), 21, 64, 71, 75, 146, 231, 527 "Acts of Pilate" (forgeries), 645 Acts of Thomas, The (Anon.), 880 Ad Decimam, Battle of (532 c.e.), 354 Ad filium (Cato), 192 Ad Helviam matrem de consolatione (Seneca), 767 Ad Marcellam (Porphyry), 688 Ad nationes (Tertullian), 853 Adad-nirari III, 745, 892 Adamites, 700 Adea Eurydice, 598 Adeimantus, 794 Adelphoe (Terence), 850 Administration; Persia, 252 Adonijah, 156, 256, 803 Adonis, 107 Adrianople, Battle of (378 c.e.), 825, 868 Adversus Apollinarem (Gregory of Nyssa), 364 Adversus haereses (Irenaeus), 444 Adversus haereticos. See Commonitoria Aegospotami, Battle of (405 b.c.e.), 35 Aelius, Lucius, 372 Aelle, 396 Aemilia, 758 Aeneas, 172, 273 Aeneid (Vergil), 273, 302, 528, 604, 939 Aeons (Gnosticism), 918 Æsc. See Oisc Aeschines, 129, 265 Aeschylus, 7-10, 92, 794, 810, 876. See also Choēphoroi; Hepta epi Thēbas; Hiketides; Persai; Prometheus desmōtēs Aesop, 11-13, 628 Aesopea (Aesop), 12 Aesop's Fables. See Aesopea Aetia. See Aitiōn Aetius, 140, 353 Aetnae (Aeschylus), 9 Africa; explorations of, 386-387; map, lxii; trade with Egypt, 334. See also Geographical Index Africanus, Scipio. See Scipio Africanus Africanus Numantinus, Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus. See Scipio Aemilianus Afterlife, Zoroastrian, 994 Agade. See Akkad Against All Heresies. See Kata pasōn haireseōn elenkhos Against Apion. See Contra Apionem Against Celsus. See Contra Celsum Against Common Opinions. See Pros tas koinas doxas Against Heresies. See Adversus haereses Against the Christians. See Kata Christanōn Against the Sophists. See Kata tōn sophistōn Agamemnōn (Aeschylus), 9, 427, 653 Agathe Tyche, 106 Agathocleia, 551 Agathocles, 106, 716 Ageladas, 633, 675 Agesilaus. See Logos eis Agēsilaon Basilea Agesilaus II of Sparta, 14-17, 304, 969 Agias (Pharsalus), 524 Agiatis, 228 Agis IV, 228 Aglaophon, 678 Agoge, 14 Agoracritus, 635 Agrammes. See Dhanananda Agrarian reform, Roman, 358 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 17-20, 163, 837 Agriculture; Roman, 358, 929; Sumerian, 914 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 20-23, 146, 231, 490, 527 Agrippina the Elder, 22-23, 72, 176, 561 Agrippina the Younger, 23-26, 71, 104, 219, 235, 561, 591, 685, 766 Aha, 557 Aharon. See Aaron Ahaz, 448 Ahi sā, 355, 925 Ahmose I, 585 Ahmose-Nefertari, 585 Ahriman, 993 Ahura Mazda, 251, 567, 974, 993 Aias (Sophocles), 810 Aiax (Ennius), 301 Aitiōn (Callimachus), 180 Ajax. See Aias Ājīvikas, 355 Akhenaton, 26-29, 46, 587, 735, 901, 908 Akhetaton, 27 Akiba ben Joseph, 29-32 Akiva ben Joseph. See Akiba ben Joseph Akkad, 366, 377 Akkadian Dynasty; map, lxx Alamanni, 351 Alans, 351 Alaric, 352, 825 Albigensians, 700 Alcaeus, 653, 750 Alcamenes, 635 Alcibiades of Athens, 33-35, 801, 884, 968 Alcippus, 872 Alcmaeon, 36-38 Aletheia (Parmenides), 609 Alēthon Diēgēmaton (Lucian), 515 Alexander IV, 720 Alexander Severus, Marcus Aurelius, 484, 488 Alexander the Great, 39-42, 63, 95, 107, 202, 266, 284, 523, 597, 639, 719, 763, 872 Alexandra, 404 Alexandria; anti-Semitism in, 640; Arsinoe II Philadephus and, 107; astronomy at, 815; Christianity in, 133, 599; cultural center, 314; culture of, 132, 717; foundation of, 40; Library, 179, 314, 827; mathematics at, 76, 317; medicine at, 199; Museum, 314; science at, 80, 84. See also Geographical Index Alexandrian Donations, 75 Alexandrian War (48 b.c.e.), 174, 230 Alexianus, 484 Algebra, 288, 318 Alhazen, 79 Alkēstis (Euripides), 326, 810 Alkmaeon. See Alcmaeon Allegory, 689; fables and, 629; Scripture as, 641 Almagest. See Mathēmatikē syntaxis Alphabets; Gothic, 911; Latin, 217; Phoenician, 273 Altar of Artemis (Praxiteles), 694 Altar of Victory, 43 Alyattes, 244 Aman. See Cao Cao Amarna Letters, 902 Amarna period, 588 Amaterasu, 462, 465 Ambrose, Saint, 42-45, 142, 391, 424, 600, 699, 796, 870 Ambrosius. See Ambrose, Saint Ambrosius, Aurelius, 42, 395 Ameinias, 608 Amen, 388, 571, 656, 711, 735 Amen-Ra, 26, 45, 588 Amenhotep II, 887 Amenhotep III, 27, 45-49, 901, 908 Amenhotep IV. See Akhenaton Amida, Siege of (359 c.e.), 776 Amilcar Barca. See Hamilcar Barca Ammianus Marcellinus, 776 Ammonius Saccas, 668 Amon. See Amen-Ra Amores (Ovid), 603 Amphictionic Council, 679 Amphitruo (Plautus), 663 Amun. See Amen-Ra Amyntas, 637, 650 Anabasis. See Kyrou anabasis Analects, The. See Lunyu Ānanda, 49-51, 170 Anathoth, shrine of, 453 Anatolius, Treaty of (443 c.e.), 139 Anatomē (Diocles), 278 Anatomika (Herophilus), 410 Anatomy; Alexandrian, 84; Galen and, 348; Greek, 278, 311, 410; Roman, 201 Anaxagoras, 52-54, 326, 620, 633 Anaxandrides, 226, 505 Anaximander, 55-58, 397, 407, 858, 965 Anaximenes of Miletus, 58-60, 349, 858, 965 Anchorites, 62, 790 Andrew, Saint, 472, 624 Andria (Terence), 850 Andromacha (Ennius), 301 Andromachē (Euripides), 327 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The, 394 Anicertus, 686 Animism, 857 Annales (Ennius), 302 Annales (Vellius), 508 Annals. See Ab excessu divi Augusti Annals, Chinese, 149 Anniceris, 89 Anthony of Egypt, Saint, 60-63, 134 Antichrist; Hippolytus on, 424 Antidosis (Isocrates), 451 Antigonē (Sophocles), 810 Antigonus I Monophthalmos, 63-65, 720, 763 Antigonus II Gonatas, 716, 982 Antigonus Cyclops. See Antigonus I Monophthalmos Antigonus Doson, 228 Antigonus Monophthalmus. See Antigonus I Monophthalmos Antigonus the One-Eyed. See Antigonus I Monophthalmos Antinous, 371 Antiochus I Soter, 310, 716 Antiochus II, 717 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 478 Antiochus of Ascalon, 927 "Antiochus the Aleuad" (Simonides), 793 Antiochus the Great, 65-68 Antipater (successor to Alexander), 63, 267, 598, 720 Antipater of Idumaea, 403 Antipater of Sidon, 545 Antipopes, 425 Antiquarianism; Egyptian, 711; Roman, 928 Antiquitates Judaicae (Josephus), 249, 260, 338, 405, 478 Antiquities of the Jews, The. See Antiquitates Judaicae Anti-Semitism, 479; Ambrose and, 44 Antisthenes, 68-71, 88, 129, 284 Antonia Minor, 71-73, 217 Antonia the Younger. See Antonia Minor Antoninus. See Caracalla Antoninus Pius, 372, 530 Antony, Marc, 20, 71, 73-76, 145, 185, 212, 231, 404, 527, 591, 928 Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare), 75 Anuladevi, 899 Anustubh (poetic meter), 922 Apama, 157 Apeiron (Boundlessness), 56 Aphormai pros ta noēta (Porphyry), 688 Aphrodite, 696, 751 Aphrodite of Knidos (Praxiteles), 696 Apion, 640 Apollinarianism, 361 Apollinaris of Laodicea, 863 Apollo, 221, 695 Apollo Sauroctonos (Praxiteles), 695 Apollodorus (chronicler), 320 Apollodorus of Carystus, 850 Apollonius of Perga, 76-80, 318, 418, 435, 580, 607 Apollonius of Rhodes, 179, 315 Apollonius of Tyana, 460, 482 Apologeticus (Tertullian), 853 Apologia ad Constantinum (Athanasius), 134 Apologia Sōcratis (Plato), 660 Apologia Sōcratous (Xenophon), 968 Apologists, Christian, 331 Apology Against the Arians, An. See Contra Arianos Apology for His Flight. See Oratio apologetica de fuga sua Apology of Socrates. See Apologia Sōfcratous Apology to Constantius, An. See Apologia ad Constantinum Apomnēmoneumata (Xenophon), 87, 968 Apostle Paul. See Paul, Saint Apostles, 223, 624, 822 Apostolic Fathers; Clement, 224; Ignatius, 439 Apostolic tradition, 424 Apostolikēparadosis (Hippolytus), 425 Apotelesmatika (Ptolemy), 714 Apoxyomenos (Lysippus), 524 Appian, 814 Appius Claudius, 896 Aqiba ben Joseph. See Akiba ben Joseph Aqueducts; Greek, 323-324; Roman, 219 Aquila, 30 Aquillius, Manius, 568 Araros, 93 Aratus of Sicyon, 228 Arbitration, The. See Epitrepontes Arbogast, 824, 870 Arcadius, 824 Arcesilaus, 314 Archimedes, 80-84, 606. See also Epipledon isorropion; Kykloy metresis; Peri helikon; Peri konoeideon kai sphaireodeon; Peri ochoymenon; Peri sphairas kai kylindron; Peri tōn mechanikon theorematon; Psiammites; Tetragonismos ten tou orthogonion konoy tomes Architecture. See Category Index Ardashīr I, 485, 774 Ardashīr II, 870 Areopagus, 214, 621 Ares, 333 Aretaeus of Cappadocia, 84-87 Arginusae, Battle of (406 b.c.e.), 128 Argos, 227 Arhats, 111 Arianism, 43, 62, 134, 241, 330, 361, 363, 698, 796, 869, 911; Vandals and, 353 Ariobarzanes I, 831, 895 Aristarchus of Samos, 418, 713 Aristides, 214, 616, 860 Aristippus, 87-89 Aristobulus, 403-404, 641 Aristocles of Messana, 723 Aristodemus, 827 Ariston (son of Sophocles), 811 Ariston of Chios, 314 Aristophanes, 90-93. See also Batrachoi; Eirēnē; Hippēs; Nephelai; Ornithes; Sphēkes Aristophon, 678 Aristotle, 39, 94-97, 263, 277, 609, 659, 856, 872. See also Athenaiōn politeia; De anima; De caelo; De philosophia; De poetica; Ethica Eudemia; Technē rhetorikēs Aristoxenus, 97-99 Arithmētika (Diophantus), 286, 435 Ark of the Covenant, 256, 747, 805 Arkhidamos (Diocles), 278 Armageddon, 887 Armenia; Christianization of, 776; Rome and, 870, 895, 906; Sāsānians and, 774, 777 Armies; Macedonian, 39; Roman, 359, 533, 832 Arminius, 99-101 Arrhidaeus, 597 Arria Major. See Arria the Elder Arria the Elder, 102-103 Arria the Younger, 103-105 Arrian, 524 Arruns, 841, 846 Ars amatoria (Ovid), 603 Ars poetica (Horace), 432 Arshak II, 776 Arsinoe I (daughter of Lysimachus), 107, 716 Arsinoe II Philadelphus, 105-108, 247, 716 Arsinoe III (sister of Ptolemy IV), 316 Arsinoe (Eratosthenes), 316 Arsinoe Aphrodite, 158 Arsinoeum (building), 107 Art and art patronage. See Category Index Art of Love. See Ars amatoria Art of Riding, The. See Peri hippikēs Artabanus, 972 Artabazanes, 253, 971 Artabazus, 615 Artaxerxes I, 339 Artaxerxes II, 304, 339, 744 Artemidorus, 185 Artemis, 397 Artemis at Brauron (Praxiteles), 694 Artemisia I, 109-111, 545, 761 Artemisium, 761 Artemisium, Battle of (480 b.c.e.), 507 Arthaśāstra (Kautilya), 204 Arverni, 935 Arya Asanga. See Asanga Āryadeva, 112 Aryasanga. See Asanga Asanga, 111-114, 930 Asceticism; Christian, 60, 456, 474, 698, 789; Diogenes and, 283; Jain, 355, 925; Mohist, 577 Asclepiades of Bithynia, 114-117, 199 Asclepiads, 420 Asclepieions, 348, 421 Asclepius, 348, 440, 810 Asdings, 351 Ashtoreth, 805 Ashur-bani-apli. See Ashurbanipal Ashurbanipal, 117-120, 123, 378, 710 Ashurnasirpal II, 120-123 Ashur-nirari V, 892 Ashvaghosha. See Aśvaghosa Asia. See Geographical Index under Asia Minor; Central Asia; China; India and Sri Lanka; Japan Asivisopama Sutta, 899 Aśoka, 124-127, 131, 204, 898, 934 Aspasia of Miletus, 127-129 Aspis (Menander), 548 Assassinations; Agrippina the Younger, 591, 686, 767; Antipater, 403; Julius Caesar, 174, 185; Caligula, 178, 218; Caracalla, 482; Ephialtes, 621; Gaius Sempronius Gracchus, 359; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, 358; Hasdrubal, 382; Hipparchus, 651; Huai Wang, 732; Julia Soaemias, 484; Philip II, 266, 597, 639; Philip II of Macedonia, 719; Pompey the Great, 683, 927; Sargon II, 754; Seleucus I Nicator, 716; Sennacherib, 770; Servius, 846; Tarquin the First, 846; Valentinian III, 353; Xerxes I, 973 Assumption of Mary, 540 Assurbanipal. See Ashurbanipal Assyria; Egypt and, 710, 753; government, 250; Jews and, 447, 453; Urartu and, 892. See also Geographical Index under Assyria; Mesopotamia Assyrian Empire; map, lxxi Astarte, 271 Astrolabes, 418, 435 Astrology, 424 Astronomy, 424; Alexandrian, 434; Babylonian, 579; Greek, 857; Hellenic, 713; Hellenistic, 579; mapping, 417; mathematics and, 78; Pythagoras and, 727. See also Category Index Astyages, 248 Asurbanipal. See Ashurbanipal Aśvaghosa, 130-132, 501 Asvagosa. See Aśvaghosa Athanaric, 868, 911 Athanasius of Alexandria, Saint, 60, 62, 132-135, 331, 333. See also Apologia ad Constantinum; Contra Arianos; De incarnatione Verbi Dei; Epistolae festales; Historia Arianorum; Vita S. Antonii Athena Lemnia (Phidias), 634 Athena Promachos (Phidias), 634 Athenaeus (of Naucratis), 610 Athenaeus of Attaleia, 84 Athenaiōn politeia (Aristotle), 807 Athenian Constitution, The. See Athenaiōn politeia Athenian Empire, 215 Athenodorus, 194, 827 Athens; Macedonia and, 638; Sparta and, 215, 226, 621, 631, 859, 882, 969; Thebes and, 304 Athletics; Greek, 632; Roman, 591 Atomism, 115, 261, 356, 520, 610 Aton, 28, 588, 902, 908 Atossa, 136-138, 251, 971 Attalus I, 65 Attalus III, 359 Attar'athae, 791 Attic Nights. See Noctes Atticae Atticus, Titus Pomponius, 211 Attila, 138-142 Augusta. See Julia Domna Augustine, Saint, 44, 142-144, 332, 353, 853, 947. See also De civitate Dei; De correptione et gratia; De doctrina Christiana; De Trinitate Augustus (first Roman emperor), 20, 23, 71, 73, 145-148, 167, 176, 217, 230, 280, 404, 431, 489, 509, 511, 527, 602, 704, 842, 888, 938, 941 Augustus, Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar. See Tiberius Aurelian, 281, 988 Aurelius Augustinus. See Augustine, Saint Automata. See Peri automatopoietikes Auxentius, 912 Avesta (Zoroaster), 993 Avianus, Flavius, 629 Avidius Cassius, Gaius, 531 Ay, 28, 587, 908 Aylesford, Battle of (c. 450 c.e.), 395 Azriyau, 893 B Baal, 373, 487 Babrius, 629 Babylon; Assyria and, 118, 120; as Christian metaphor, 143; Cyrus the Great and, 249; Jews and, 453; Sammu-ramat and, 745 Babylonia; culture, 4; government, 250; map, lxxi Babylōniaka (Berosus), 746 Babylonian captivity, 446 Babylonian Exile, 336, 338, 468, 582 Bacchus, 512 Bacchylides, 793 Bactria, 66 Bad-Tempered Man, The. See Dyskolos Bahram IV, 777 Bakchai (Euripides), 328 Ban Biao, 149, 953 Ban Chao, 149, 152 Ban Gu, 149-152, 953 Ban Jieyu, 152 Ban Mengjian. See Ban Gu Ban Zhao, 149, 152-154. See also Nu jie; Nü xiao jing Banking, 252 Baoyun, 345 Baptism; Christian, 476 Bar Kokhba, 31 Bar Kokhba, Simeon. See Kokhba, Simeon bar Barak, 259 Barcas. See Hamilcar Barca; Hannibal; Hasdrubal Bardiya. See Smerdis Barnabas, 223 Basil the Great, 361, 363 Basileus. See Porphyry Bassus, Aufidius, 665 Bath of Pallas, The. See Eis Loutra tēs Pallados Bathsheba, 155-157, 256, 803 Bathshua. See Bathsheba Batiates, Lentulus, 818 Batrachoi (Aristophanes), 9, 811 Battles. See names of individual battles Beards; Egyptian, 440; kingship and, 366, 389 Begas, 333 Belisarius, 354 Bellum Catilinae (Sallust), 742 Bellum Iugurthinum (Sallust), 743 Bellum Judaium (Josephus), 405, 468, 477 Belopoeïca (Hero of Alexandria), 401 Beowulf, 394 Berenice II, 157-159, 180 Berosus, 746 Bessus, 719 Bethsabee. See Bathsheba Bhagavati Sūtra (Sudharma Svami), 355 Bhanduka Upaska, 898 Bhikśunī Prātimokśa, 346 Bhūmis, 113 Bible; Abraham in, 4; Bathsheba in, 155; David in, 255; Egypt in, 737; Ezekiel in, 335; Gothic, 911; history, 330; Jesus Christ in, 458; John the Baptist in, 474; Judges, 258; Moses in, 572; Nubuchadnezzar in, 582; Origen's commentaries, 599; Peter in, 624; Samuel in, 749; Sennacherib in, 770; Temple of Jerusalem, 804; Theodore of Mopsuestia on, 863; Tiglath-pileser in, 892; translations of, 457 "Bienzong Lun" (Xie Lingyun), 976 Bingshu Jieyao (Cao Cao), 183 Biographies; Chinese, 783; Greek tradition of, 18; history and, 150, 671 Biographies of Illustrious Women. See Lienü zhuan Bioi paralleloi (Plutarch), 64, 127, 616, 671, 794, 807, 811, 818 Biological sciences, Greek, 38, 94, 297 Bion of Borysthenes, 314 Bion Prasis (Lucian), 514 Birds, The. See Ornithes Birth of the War-God, The. See Kumārasambhava Blossius, 357 Bocchus, 533, 831 Bodaidaruma. See Bodhidharma Bodhi tree, 899 Bodhidharma, 160-162 Bodhisattvas, 112, 931 Body versus soul, 688 Boeotia; Hesiod and, 413; Sparta and, 14, 16; wars, 303 Boeotian League, 304, 621 Bonifacius, 352 Book of the Popes, The. See Liber Pontificalis Botany, Greek, 872 Boudicca, 163-165 Boule (Athenian council), 222 Braggart Warrior, The. See Miles gloriosus Brahmans, 130, 925 Britain; Agricola and, 17; Celts and, 936; post-Roman, 394; Pytheas and, 730. See also Geographical Index Britannicus, 561, 591 Brothers, The. See Adelphoe Brutus, Lucius Junius, 166, 518, 846 Brutus, Marcus Junius, 74, 146, 166-168, 174, 185, 431 Bucolics. See Eclogues Buddha, 49, 131, 160, 169-171, 345 Buddhabhadra, 346 Buddhacarita (Aśvaghosa), 130 Buddhism, 355, 930, 933; Buddha as god, 160; China, 345, 975; Christianity and, 130; Daoism and, 502, 504; Empedocles and, 296; Hīnayāna, 931, 934; Hinduism and, 171; India, 131, 345; Kushūns and, 500; Mādhyamaka, 112; Mahāyāna, 111, 130; Menander and, 550; patriarchs, 160; philosophy of, 111; Sarvāstivāda, 500, 930; scriptures, 169; Skepticism and, 723; Theravāda, 898, 931, 934; Vaibhāśika, 930; Vijñānavāda, 931; Yogācāra, 111, 930; Zen, 130, 160, 504, 932 Buddhist Council, First (383 b.c.e.), 50 Buddhist Council, Fourth (first century c.e.), 500 Bureaucracy; Chinese, 958; Roman, 219 Burgundians, 351 Burrus, Sextus Afranius, 591, 767 Buthos, 918 Byzantine Empire, 282 Byzantium, 242. See also Constantinople C Caecilius Statius, 850 Caenis, 943 Caepia Brutus, Quintus. See Brutus, Marcus Junius Caesar, Julius, 20, 73, 145, 166, 172-175, 185, 189, 198, 212, 230, 403, 682, 742, 815, 927. See also Comentarii de bello civili; Comentarii de bello Gallico Caesarea, 405 Caesarea, Council of (314 c.e.), 797 Caesarion, 230 Caesarism, 175 Calendars; agricultural, 416, 816; astronomical, 579; Chinese, 783; Roman, 815 Calgacus, 19 Caligula, 17, 23, 72, 176-179, 217, 510, 591, 640, 766, 890 Calixtus. See Callistus Calligraphy, Chinese, 956, 975 Callimachus, 158, 179-181, 196, 314. See also Aitiōn; Eis Loutra tēs Pallados; Ekalē; In Delum Callisthenes, 872 Callistratus, 264 Callistus, 425 Cambyses I, 248 Cambyses II, 136, 251 Camillus, Marcus Furius, 512, 833 Canaan; Abraham and, 4; Jewish settlement, 258 Candra Gupta. See Chandragupta Maurya Cannae, Battle of (216 b.c.e.), 190, 343, 383, 758 Canon (Polyclitus), 676 Canon law, 796 Cao Cao, 182-184 Cappadocian Fathers, 365 Caracalla, 482, 484 Caraka, 501 Caratacus, 163 Caravans, trade and, 334 Carchemish, Battle of (605 b.c.e.), 582 Carmen de vita sua (Gregory of Nazianzus), 361 Carmen Saeculare (Horace), 432 Carousal, The. See Symposion (Lucian) Carter, Howard, 909 Carthage; destruction of, 756; Numidia and, 542; Rome and, 191, 342, 373, 382, 542, 738, 813; trade and, 385; Vandals and, 353. See also Geographical Index Carthaginian Peace, 384 Cartimandua, 163 Carus, 280 Cassander, 63, 598, 720 Cassian, John, 947 Cassiodorus, 139, 391 Cassius, 146, 166, 174, 185-187, 568 Cassius Dio. See Dio Cassius Cassius Longinus. See Longinus, Cassius Cassius Longinus, Gaius. See Cassius Caste system, Indian, 171, 204, 500 Catalaunian Plains, Battle of the (451 c.e.), 140 Categoriae (Aristotle), 688 Catholicism, 869 Catiline, 188-190, 212, 233, 494, 742 Cato maior de senectute (Cicero), 210 Cato the Censor, 190-194, 301, 759 Cato the Elder. See Cato the Censor Cato the Younger, 194-196, 683, 743 Cato Uticensis. See Cato the Younger Catullus, 196-199, 233, 706, 835 Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, 534 Catus Decianus, 164 Cavalry; Assyrian, 121; Greek, 306; Macedonian, 638; Roman, 759 Celestine I, 948 Celibacy; Christianity and, 600, 613; monasticism and, 862 Celsus, Aulus Cornelius, 199-202, 330 Celts, 99, 173, 756, 838, 935 Cenabum, Battle of (52 b.c.e.), 936 Central Asia. See Geographical Index Cercylas, 750 Cerdic, 396 Chaeronea, Battle of (338 b.c.e.), 39, 266, 452, 523, 597, 639 Chalcedon, Council of (451 c.e.), 864, 866 Chalcidian League, 638 Chaldea. See Babylonia Chan (Zen) Buddhism. See Buddhism Chandragupta II, 496 Chandragupta Maurya, 124, 202-204 Chandramas Nanda. See Dhanananda Charactēres ethikōi (Theophrastus), 547, 874 Charmides, 801 Cheiroballistra (Hero of Alexandria), 401 Cheops. See Khufu Children of Herakles, The. See Hērakleidai China; map, lxxv. See also Geographical Index Chinese Book of Etiquette and Conduct for Women and Girls, The. See Nu jie (Ban Zhao) Chionites, 776 Choēphoroi (Aeschylus), 9 Chorus, Greek, 876 Chos-byung (Bu-ston), 111 Chremonidean War (266-261 b.c.e.), 108, 716 Christ. See Jesus Christianity; Abraham in, 6; appeal of, 42; Buddhism and, 130; Catholicism, 353; church formation, 625; church organization, 225; classical scholarship and, 435; Constantine's conversion, 132; David in, 257; Diocletian and, 280; Epicurianism and, 309; Ethiopia and, 333; Ezekiel and, 337; Gnosticism and, 444; Hadrian and, 372; John and, 472; Judaism and, 330, 437, 472, 612, 822; martyrdom and, 205; Moses and, 574; Neoplatonism and, 688; paganism and, 268, 791, 798, 853, 869; persecution of, 437, 531, 592, 600, 776; Philo of Alexandria and, 642; Rome and, 240, 330, 905 Christmas, date of, 458 Christology, 863, 866; Valentinian, 920 Christopher, Saint, 205-207 Chronicon (Eusebius), 330 Chronographiai (Eratosthenes), 315 Chrysippus of Cnidus, 310, 320, 982 Chrysostom, Saint John, 208-209, 862 Chu Yuan, 844 Chūai, 465 Chuang Chou. See Zhuangzi Chuang-tzu. See Zhuangzi Chunqiu (Confucius), 149 Church, Christian. See Christianity Church History. See Historia ecclesiastica Church of the Assumption, 392 Church of the Nativity, 392 Cicero, 145, 185, 188, 194, 210-213, 233, 267, 494, 512, 520, 692, 742, 834, 838. See also Cato maior de senectute; Laelius de amicitia; Pro Caelio; Pro Quinctio; Pro Roscio Amerino Cilnius, Gaius Maecenas. See Maecenas, Gaius Cimbri, 533, 831 Cimmerians, 244; Assyria and, 118 Cimon, 128, 213-217, 564, 616, 620, 678, 860 Cimon Koalemos, 563 Cinadon, 15 Cinna, Lucius Cornelius, 535, 832 Circumcision, 5 Circumference of Earth, 315 Circus Maximus, 847 Citizenship; Athenian, 221; Roman, 210, 212, 359; Spartan, 228 Cittamātra, 112 City of God, The. See De civitate Dei Civil service, Chinese, 960 Civil Wars, The. See Comentarii de bello civili Civil Wars, Roman (49-69 c.e.), 18, 195, 508, 535 Classic of Filial Piety for Women. See Nü xiao jing Claudian, 824 Claudius I, 23, 72, 102, 178, 217-220, 511, 561, 591 Claudius, Appius, 359 Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, Tiberius. See Claudius I Claudius Ptolemaeus. See Ptolemy (astronomer) Cleanthes of Assos, 690 Cleis, 750 Cleisthenes of Athens, 8, 214, 221-223, 226, 564 Clement I, 223-226, 270 Clement of Alexandria, 423 Cleombrotus, 304 Cleomenes I, 221, 226-229, 505 Cleomenes II, 226-229 Cleomenes III, 226-229 Cleon, 90 Cleonice, 616 Cleopatra VII (queen of Egypt), 21, 71, 75, 108, 146, 174, 229-232, 404, 705, 814, 987 Cleopatra (sister of Alexander the Great), 597 Cleopatra Philopater. See Cleopatra VII Cloaca Maxima, 847 Clocks; medicine and, 411; water, 247 Clodia, 197, 233-235, 706 Clodius Pulcher, Publius, 212, 233, 682 Cloud Messenger, The. See Meghadūta Cloudcuckooland, 92 Clouds, The. See Nephelai Codex Argenteus (Ulfilas), 912 Coele-Syria, 66 Coelestius, 948 Collection, The. See Synagogē Colonization; Assyrian, 753; Carthaginian, 385; Phoenician, 273; Roman, 359 Comedy; Greek, 90, 548, 876; Plautus and, 663; Roman, 850 Comedy of manners, 851 Comentarii de bello cinli (Caesar), 828 Comentarii de bello civili (Caesar), 172 Comentarii de bello Gallico (Caesar), 172, 828, 935 Commodus, 350, 372, 425, 531 Commonitoria (Vincent of Lérins), 948 Compassion, Buddhist concept of, 112, 169 Compendium of Roman History. See Annales (Vellius) Compositiones (Scribonius), 291 Concordia, Shrine of, 510 Confessiones (Augustine), 142 Confucianism, 554, 576, 779, 978; Ban Gu and, 149; Chinese government and, 960; Daoism and, 502; government and, 732; Legalism and, 380; persecution of, 780; poetry and, 184, 845; superstition and, 953 Confucius, 236-239, 502, 552, 783, 954 Conic sections, 76 Cōnica (Apollonius of Perga), 77, 607 Conon of Samos, 76, 80 Consciousness; Buddhism and, 932 Conspiracies; by Arsinoe I, 107; against Attila, 140; against Julius Caesar, 74, 146, 166, 174, 185; against Caligula, 178; by Catiline, 189, 194, 212, 742; by Cinadon of Sparta, 15; against Claudius, 102; against Nero, 593; against Tiberius, 72 Conspiracy of Catiline, The. See Bellum Catilinae Constantine the Great, 132, 239-243, 330, 391, 775, 825 Constantinople, 242, 361, 751, 797, 825, 868, 911. See also Byzantium Constantinople, Council of (381 c.e.), 364, 796, 869 Constantinople, Council of (553 c.e., 862 Constantinople, Hunnic invasion of, 139 Constantius I (Chlorus), 239, 281, 391 Constantius II, 134, 242, 775 Constitutions; Athenian, 214, 221, 293, 564, 807; Roman, 832, 848; Sparta, 228 Contra Apionem (Josephus), 479 Contra Arianos (Athanasius), 134 Contra Celsum (Origen), 601 Contra Eunomium (Gregory of Nyssa), 364 Conversion of Saint Paul, 613 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 78, 419 Corinna of Tanagra, 646 Corinth, League of, 639 Corinthian War (395-386 b.c.e.), 15, 304 Corinthians, 224 Coriolanus (Shakespeare), 672 Corpus Hippocraticum (Hippocrates), 420 Corpus Tibullianum, 835 Cosmic cycles, 295 Cosmic order, 407 Cosmogony; Greek, 414 Cosmology; Chinese, 951; Greek, 52, 295; Heraclitus and, 399 Cossinius, 819 Councils. See Caesarea; Chalcedon; Constantinople; Ephesus; Four Hundred; Nicaea Court poetry, 844 Covenant, Jewish, 573 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 173, 189, 194, 212, 681, 820 Crassus, Publius, 359 Crates of Thebes, 70, 285, 981 Cratinus, 127 Crayford, Battle of (c. 456 c.e.), 395 Crime and religion, 293 Crispus, Gaius Sallustius. See Sallust Critias of Athens, 801 Crixus, 819 Crocus Plain, Battle of the (352 b.c.e.), 638 Croesus, 11, 244-246, 249, 408, 654 Croisos. See Croesus Cross, True, 392 Ctesias of Cnidus, 744 Ctesibius of Alexandria, 247-248, 401 Ctesiphon, 266 Culahatthipadopama Sutta, 899 Cunaxa, Battle of (401 b.c.e.), 968 Cupid, 696 Cursus honorum, 166, 210, 832, 837 Cyaxares, 583 Cybele, 535 Cylon, 293 Cynewulf, 392 Cynicism, 69, 88, 284, 314, 801, 981 Cynthia, 704 Cyrenaics, 801 Cyril of Alexandria, 435, 866 Cyropaedia. See Kyrou paideia Cyrus II. See Cyrus the Great Cyrus the Great, 136, 244, 248-251, 337-338, 408, 583, 969 D Da ren fu (Sima Xinagru), 787 Daimons, 801 Daixuan Jing, 951 Damasus I, 457 Damo. See Bodhidharma Damon, 620 Danaids (Aeschylus), 9 Dao De Jing (Laozi), 502, 950, 989 Dao Zheng, 345 Daoism, 502, 780, 977, 989; poetry and, 845; women and, 153 Dardanus, Treaty of (85 b.c.e.), 568 Darius III, 40 Darius the Great, 36, 52, 109, 136, 226, 251-254, 408, 564, 971 Daruma. See Bodhidharma Data. See Dedomena, Ta David, 155, 255-258, 749, 803; house of, 447 De Abrahamo (Philo), 641 De abstinentia. See Peri apochēs empsychōn De agricultura (Cato), 192 De anima (Aristotle), 94 De anima (Tertullian), 854 De architectura (Vitruvius), 247 De artibus (Celsus), 199 De caelo (Aristotle), 321 De causis plantarum. See Peri phytikōn aitiōn De civitate Dei (Augustine), 142, 518 De correptione et gratia (Augustine), 947 De Decalogo (Philo), 641 De doctrina Christiana (Augustine), 208 De fide (Ambrose), 43 De grammaticis et rhetoribus (Suetonius), 941 De historia plantarum. See Peri phytikōn historiōn De incarnatione Verbi Dei (Athanasius), 134 De ira libri tres (Seneca), 767 De Josepho (Philo), 641 De lingua Latina (Varro), 929 De materia medica (Dioscorides), 289 De medicina (Celsus), 114, 199 De natura (Epicurus), 308 De natura deorum (Cicero), 794 De opificis mundi (Philo), 641 De oratore (Cicero), 793 De origine et situ Germanorum (Tacitus), 19, 99, 838 De philosophia (Aristotle), 94 De poetica (Aristotle), 9, 812, 877 De praemiis et poenis (Philo), 641 De principiis. See Peri archōn De providentia (Seneca), 767 De re militari (Cato), 192 De re rustica (Varro), 929 De republica (Cicero), 757 De rerum natura (Lucretius), 302, 309, 520 De sacerdotio (John Chrysostom), 208 De Trinitate (Augustine), 142 De usu partium corporis humani. See Peri chreias morion De verborum significatu (Verrius), 942 De viris illustribus (Jerome), 853 De viris illustribus (Suetonius), 940 De vita Caesarum (Suetonius), 18, 23, 508, 685 De vita Julii Agricolae (Tacitus), 17, 163, 838 De vita Moysis (Philo), 641 Dead Sea Scrolls, 476 Death of Sardanapalus (Delacroix), 119 Death sentences, 294 Deborah, 258-260 Decebalus, 906 Decius, 269, 282 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. See History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Decretals, 796 Dedomena, Ta (Euclid), 78, 318 Deductive logic, 261 Defense of Saint Augustine, The. See Pro Augustino responsiones ad capitula objectionum Vincentianarum Deification of rulers; Egyptian, 588, 773; Japanese, 596; Mesopotamian, 366; Ptolemaic, 716; Roman, 178, 185, 268, 281, 521, 686, 945 Delian League, 52, 214, 620-621, 633, 678, 810, 860 Delian problem, 321 Delos, Oracle at, 283, 321, 651 Delphi; omphalos at, 55; Oracle at, 11, 39, 221, 227, 244, 246, 265, 283, 293, 429, 505, 617, 639, 670, 695, 799, 807, 968; sanctuary at, 679 Demaratus, 227, 505, 846 Demes, 221 Demeter, 7 Demetrius of Phalerum, 317, 547, 628, 872 Demetrius Poliorcetes, 63, 106, 157 Demiurge, 919 Democracy, 214, 221, 801 Democritus, 59, 115, 261-264, 307, 858 Demonax, 514 Demonstratio evangelica (Eusebius), 330 Demophilus, 869 Demosthenes, 264-268, 275. See also Kata Philippou; "Peri tōn en Cherronesoi"; "Peri tou Stephanou" Denis, Saint, 268-271 Dennis. See Denis, Saint Denys. See Denis, Saint Derketo, 744 Description of Greece. See Periegesis Hellados Devadatta, 49 Devil, 60, 205, 993 Dhanananda, 202 Dharma, 124, 169, 497, 931 Diadochi, 64, 598 Diadumenos (Polyclitus), 676 Diaitētikon (Herophilus), 412 Dialogue Concerning Oratory, A. See Dialogus de oratoribus Dialogues; Aristotelian, 94; Confucian, 236; Platonic, 514, 660; Sima Xiangru, 785; Socratic, 799. See also Eranistes seu Polymorphus Dialogues of the Courtesans. See Hetairikoi dialogoi Dialogues of the Dead. See Nekrikoi dialogoi Dialogues of the Gods. See Theōn dialogoi Dialogus de oratoribus (Tacitus), 838 Dialogus de vita S. Joannis Chrysostomi (Palladius), 208 Didacticism, history and, 783 Dido, 271-274, 382, 987 Dido and Aeneas (Purcell), 273 Dido, Queen of Carthage (Marlowe and Nashe), 273 Didymus. See Thomas, Saint Diet; Greek, 278; theories of, 277 Dikran. See Tigranes the Great Dio Cassius, 274-277, 484, 486 Dio Chrysostom, 274 Diocles of Carystus, 277-279. See also Dioklēs epistolē prophulaktikē; Hugieina pros Pleistarkhon; Pathos aitia therapeia; Peri epideomōn; Peri gunaikeiōn; Peri pepeseōs; Peri puretōn; Peri puros kai aeros; Peri thanasimōn pharmakōn; Peri therapeifn; Peri tfn kat iētreion; Rhizotomika, Peri lakhanōn Diocletian, 43, 239, 280-282, 391, 775 Diodore of Tarsus, 208, 863 Diodorus Cronus, 981 Diodorus Siculus, 556 Diogenes Laertius, 399, 608, 963, 965 Diogenes of Sinope, 69, 283-285 Dioklēs epistolēprophulaktikē (Diocles), 278 Dion Cassius. See Dio Cassius Dionis. See Denis, Saint Dionysia (festival), 8, 90, 621, 876 Dionysius. See Denis, Saint Dionysius I, 87 Dionysius of Paris. See Denis, Saint Dionysius the Aeropagite, Saint, 270 Dionysus, 92, 512, 695, 793, 876 Diophanes of Mitylene, 357 Diophantus, 286-289, 435 Diopter, invention of, 418 Dioptra (Hero of Alexandria), 401 Dioscorides, Pedanius, 289-292 Directions on Health for Plistarchus. See Hugieina pros Pleistarkhon "Dirge for Hui Yuan" (Xie Lingyun), 976 Disabilities, attitudes toward; Egypt, 27; Rome, 217; Sparta, 14 Diseases; causes of, 421; classification of, 85; diagnosis of, 116, 200; gods and, 441; treatment of, 86 Dissection, human, 410 Dithyrambs, 877 Divina commedia, La (Dante), 168, 437 Divine Comedy, The. See Divina commedia, La Djoser. See Zoser Dogmatism, 84, 279 Domitian, 104, 224, 370, 437, 493, 537, 838, 943 Donation of Constantine, The (Raphael), 392 Donatism, 241, 353 Donatus, Aelius, 456 Dong Zhongshu, 381, 960 Doryphorus (Polyclitus), 523, 676 Dou Xian, 151 Doxa (Parmenides), 609 Draco, 293-294 Dracon. See Draco Dreams; Herophilus on, 412; Jerome on, 456 Dresden Maenad, The (Scopas), 762 Drugs; Celsus on, 200; classification of, 291; Diocles on, 278; Dioscorides on, 290; Ebers Papyrus, 441; Galen on, 350 Druidism, 219 Druids, 164, 935 Drusus, Marcus Livius, 194, 508 Drusus, Nero Claudius, 217 Drusus Nero Germanicus, Tiberius Claudius. See Claudius I Du Mingshi, 975 Dualism; Buddhist, 931; Platonic, 263 Dunciad, The (Pope), 180 Dynasty of Raghu, The. See Raghuvamśa Dyskolos (Menander), 548 E East Asia. See Geographical Index under China; Japan Eastern Grove Monastery, 975 Ebers Papyrus, 441 Ebissa, 395 Ecclesiastical History of the English People. See Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Eclecticism, 84 Eclipses, 857; prediction of, 418; solar, 53 Eclogues (Vergil), 431, 528, 938 Ecology, Greek, 874 Ecumenical Council, Second (381 c.e.), 362, 913 Ecumenical doctors, 209 Education; Chinese, 238, 552; Greek, 450, 670, 751, 981; Roman, 929, 941; Sophism and, 707; women's, 434 Egypt; Assyria and, 118, 710, 753; Cyrene and, 157; Hittites and, 736; Israel and, 803; Jews and, 572; Kadesh and, 886; Nubia and, 570, 655, 772; Palmyra and, 987; Rome and, 230; trade with Africa, 334; unification of, 556, 570. See also Geographical Index Egyptian dynasties, Eighteenth; map, lxiv Egyptian Coptic church, 333 Egyptians (Aeschylus), 9 Eighteenth Dynasty (Egypt), 388, 585, 588, 885; map, lxiv Eightfold Path, 131, 170 Eirēnē (Aristophanes), 92 Eis Loutra tēs Pallados (Callimachus), 180 Ekalē (Callimachus), 180 Ekklesiazousai (Aristophanes), 92 Elagabal, 480, 483, 487 Elagabalus, 483, 487 Elam, 119 Eleatics, 261 Elegies, Roman, 835 Ēlektra (Euripides), 327, 811 Elements (fire, air, water, earth), 278, 349, 397, 984. See also Stoicheia Elements of Theology, The. See Stoikheiōsis theologikē Elenchou kai anatropes. See Adversus haereses Elephants; Hannibal and, 382; use in warfare, 41, 121, 746 Eleusinian Mysteries. See Mystery religions Eleutherius, 269, 443 Eli, 747 Elijah, 474 Elizabeth, 539 Ella Amida, 333 Ellēnika (Xenophon), 969 Elpinice, 564, 678 Emanations, divine, 641 Embryology, 278 Emotions, Stoic concept of, 692 Empedocles, 59, 277, 295-298, 610. See also Katharmoi; Peri physeōs Empiricism, 84, 199, 412, 724 Emptiness (Buddhist doctrine), 112, 160 Encomium (poetic form), 793 Encyclopedias, 929 Enheduanna, 298-300 Enlightenment (religious), 284, 925 Enneads (Plotinus), 669 Ennius, Quintus, 301-303, 520. See also Hectoris lytra; Saturae Epaminondas, 303-307 Ephemerides, 579 Ephesus; Arsinoe II Philadelphus and, 106; Mary and, 540 Ephesus, Council of (431 c.e.), 866 Ephetae, 294 Ephialtes, 215, 621 Ephorus of Cumae, 451 Epics; Babylonian, 378; Greek, 427, 633; history and, 827; Mesopotamian, 914; Sanskrit, 923 Epicureanism, 89, 520, 723, 938 Epicurus, 89, 263, 307-310, 547 Epicycles, 418 Epigram (poetic form), 538, 793 Epigrammata (Callimachus), 180 Epigrammaton liber (Martial), 536 Epimenides, 807 Epinikia (Pindar), 647 Epipledon isorropion (Archimedes), 82 Epistle of Diocles unto King Antigonus. See Dioklēs epistolē prophulaktikē Epistles (Horace), 432 Epistles of John, 472 Epistolae festales (Athanasius), 134 Epistulae morales ad Lucilium (Seneca), 767 Epitrepontes (Menander), 548 Epodes (Horace), 432 Epyllion (poetic form), 180 Equations, determinate and indeterminate, 286 Equinoxes, precession of the, 418 Er jing ru (Bodhidharma), 161 Eranistes seu Polymorphus (Theodoret), 866 Erasistratus, 310-313, 410 Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 80, 314-317, 419 Erennius, 668 Erga kai Emerai (Hesiod), 413, 939 Eros, 696 Eros (Praxiteles), 696 Esarhaddon, 117, 710, 770 Essay (literary form), 767 Essenes, 459 Ethica Eudemia (Aristotle), 95 Ethics; Greek, 69; Stoicism and, 691; Zoroastrian, 994. See also Aristotle; Hanfeizi; Plato; Plutarch Ethika (Plutarch), 550, 672 Ethnography; Herodotus and, 408; travel and, 346 Eubulus, 265 Euchidas, 631 Euclid, 77, 317-319, 401, 434 Eudemian Ethics. See Ethica Eudemia Eudemos, 349 Eudoxia, 208 Eudoxus of Cnidus, 81, 320-323 Eugenius, 824, 870 Eukles, 631 Eumenes, 720, 763 Eumenides (Aeschylus), 9 Eunomians, 361, 364 Eunuchus (Terence), 850 Eupalinos Tunnel, 324 Eupalinus of Megara, 323-325 Euripides, 92, 326-329, 810. See also Hekabē; Hērakleidai; Hiketides; Iphigeneia ē en Aulidi; Iphigeneia ē en Taurois; Trōiades Europe. See individual countries here and in Geographical Index Eurydice, 637, 720 Eurymedon River, Battle of (466 b.c.e.), 214, 679 Euryphon, 420 Eusebius Hieronymus. See Jerome, Saint Eusebius of Caesarea, 330-332, 363, 391, 426. See also Demonstratio evangelica; Historia ecclesiastica; Praeparatio evangelica; Vita Constantini Eusebius of Nicodemia, 911 Eusebius Pamphili. See Eusebius of Caesarea Eustochium, 457 Euthymenes, 387, 729 Euthyphrōn (Plato), 660, 799 Eutyches, 866 Evagoras (Isocrates), 451 Eve, 540 Evodius, Saint, 437 Evolution, 297 Excommunication, 44 Execestides, 807 Execration Texts, 772 Exodus, 1, 573 Ezana, 333-335 Ezechiel. See Ezekiel Ezekiel, 335-338, 583 Ezra, 338-341 F Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 342-345, 383 Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Quintus, 342 Fables; Aesop's, 11, 628; Phaedrus, 628 Fables of Phaedrus, The. See Phaedri augusti Liberti Fabularum Aesopiarum Fa-hsien. See Faxian Fakhri, al- (al-Karaji), 286 Fannia, 103 Faustina, 530 Faxian, 345-347, 976 Faxian Zhuan (Faxian), 345 Felician schism, 699, 797 Fermat, Pierre de, 288 Festal Epistles, The. See Epistolae festales Feudalism; Central Asian, 500; Chinese, 237, 379; Sāsānian, 774 Feuds and law, 293 Fight at Finnesburg, The, 394 First Clement. See Klementos pros Korinthious epistola prōtē First Dynasty (Egypt), 556 First Principle, 701, 918 First Triumvirate, 173, 194, 212, 682. See also Second Triumvirate Five Ages of Man, 415 Flaccus, Aulus Avilius, 640 Flaminius, Gaius, 342, 383 Flavia Domitilla, 943 Flavian, 863 Florens Tertullianus, Quintus Septimius. See Tertullian For Publius Quintius. See Pro Quinctio For Sertus Roscius of Ameria. See Pro Roscio Amerino Forms, Platonic, 95, 660 Fouquet, Jean, 3 Four elements, 278, 349, 397, 984 Four Humors. See Humors, theory of the four Four Hundred, Council of, 808 Four Noble Truths, 131, 170, 899, 933 Fourth Dynasty (Egypt), 558 "Fragments on the Fall of the Scopads" (Simonides), 793 Free will; Ājīvika, 356; Christianity and, 143 Freedom vs. state authority, 839 Frigidus River, Battle of the (394 c.e.), 824, 871 Fritigern, 911 Frogs, The. See Batrachoi Frumentius, 333 Fu (poetic form), 149, 785 "Fu of the Homeward Road" (Xie Lingyun), 977 Fulvius, Gnaeus, 383 Fulvius Nobilior, 301 Funerary complexes, Egyptian, 571 G Gabars, 995 Gaiseric. See Genseric Galen, 116, 278, 289, 313, 348-351 Galerius, 239, 281 Galgacus. See Calgacus Galileo, 83 Gallic Wars, The. See Comentarii de bello Gallico Gallic Wars (58-52 b.c.e.), 173, 935 Gallus, Didius, 163 Gallus, Gaius Aelius, 827 Gandhara School, 500 Gannys, 488 Gathas (Zoroaster), 993 Gaugamela, Battle of (331 b.c.e.), 40 Gaul, 20, 99, 140, 163, 173, 189, 195, 268, 352, 443, 683, 699, 716, 819, 825, 869, 935, 947 Gauls. See Celts Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 83 Gaza, Battle of (312 b.c.e.), 63 Gedaliah, 454 Gellius, Aulus, 939 Gender roles; in Athens, 962 Genealogy; epics and, 497 Genseric, 139, 351-354 Gentiles, conversions of, 626 Geocentrism, 78, 418, 693, 712, 829 Geōgraphica (Strabo), 417, 550, 579, 827 Geographika (Eratosthenes), 315 Geōgraphikē hyphēgēsis (Ptolemy), 713 Geography; Alexandrian, 417; Hellenic, 713; Strabo and, 828. See also Category Index Geometry; Euclid and, 317; Greek, 76, 81, 606; music and, 98; projective, 79; Pythagoras and, 725; Thales and, 858 Georgics (Vergil), 528, 929, 938 Germania. See De origine et situ Germanorum Germanicus Caesar, 23, 72, 100, 176, 217, 510 Germans, 838; Britons and, 394; Rome and, 147, 351; Tacitus's description, 99 Gerousia, the, 228 Ghosts, 616 Gilgamesh, 378, 914 Girl from Samos, The. See Samia Girl Who Was Shorn, The. See Perikeiromenē Glaber, Clodius, 819 Gladiators, 818 Glaucus Potnieus (Aeschylus), 8 Gnosticism, 443, 600, 854, 918 God. See Yahweh Goddess, Mary as, 540 Gods; depictions in art, 635; Greek, 429, 966; human relationships to, 732; philosophy and, 856; rulers and, 556 Gold mining in Egypt, 47 Golden Ass, The. See Metamorphoses (Apuleius) Golden Legend. See Legenda aurea Goliath, 255 Gomorrah, 4 Gong. See Faxian Gongylus, 616 Gorgias (Plato), 452, 660 Gorgo (daughter of Cleomenes I), 505 Gorillas, 386 Gośāla Maskarīputra, 355-357 Gospel of John, 472 Goths, 825, 868, 911 Government; Athenian, 221; Chinese, 554; Confucian, 236; Daoism and, 504, 990; law and, 294; Legalism and, 380, 780; philosophy and, 659; Roman Empire, 219, 280. See also Category Index Gracchi. See Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius; Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, 357-360, 758 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, 357-360, 757-758 Gratian, 43, 364, 699, 868 Gratus, Valerius, 644 Great Geometer, the. See Apollonius of Perga Great Man, The. See Da ren fu Great Migration (fourth century), 138 Great Persecution (Diocletian; 303 c.e.), 282 Great Renunciation (Jainism), 925 Great Wall of China, 780, 960 Greece; areas of influence, map, lxvii; India and, 551; map, lxvi; Persia and, 137, 213, 252, 265, 408, 523, 564, 615, 630, 859, 969, 972. See also Geographical Index Greek League, 39 Gregory Nazianzen. See Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nazianzus, 361-363, 869. See also Carmen de vita sua; In laudem Basilii Magni; Oratio apologetica de fuga sua; Orationae Gregory of Nyssa, 363-365 Gregory of Tours, Saint, 270 Grouch, The. See Dyskolos Guan Zhong, 380 Guandu, Battle of (199 c.e.), 183 Guanzi (Guan Zhong), 380 Gudea, 366-369 Guerrilla warfare, 384 Guo Xiang, 991 Gupta Dynasty, 496 Gyges of Lydia, 118, 244, 710 H Hadrian, 31, 370-373, 493, 906 Hadrian's Temple, 371 Hadrian's Wall, 371 Hagar, 5 Hageladas. See Ageladas Hagiography, 205, 270; Ignatius, 438 Halicarnassus, 545 Hamilcar Barca, 373-375, 382, 739 Hammurabi, 376-379, 915 Hammurabi, Code of, 253, 582 Han Dynasty, 149, 182; map, lxxv Han Shu (Ban Gu), 149, 152, 785 Han state, 379 Hananiah, 454 Han-fei-tzu. See Hanfeizi Hanfeizi, 379-381, 979 Hanfeizi (Hanfeizi), 379 Hannibal, 67, 190, 273, 342, 375, 382-385, 512, 542, 758, 812 Hanno, 374, 385-388, 739, 759 Hanumān, 923 Harmonika (Ptolemy), 714 Harmonika stoicheia (Aristoxenus), 97 Harmonists, 98 Harmony, 399 Hasdrubal, 273, 382, 544, 740, 758, 812 Hatchepsut. See Hatshepsut Hathor, 46, 559, 901 Hatshepsut, 388-391, 571, 885, 902 Hatshipsitu. See Hatshepsut He, 153 Healing and religion, 865 Heautontimorumenos (Terence), 850 Hebdomades. See Imagines Hebrews. See Jews Hecale. See Ekalē Hecataeus, 407 Hector, 428 Hectoris lytra (Ennius), 301 Hecuba. See Hekabē Hecyra (Terence), 850 Hedonism, 88 Hegesias, 89 Hegesipyle, 564 Hekabē (Euripides), 327 Helen, 428 Helena, Saint, 239, 391-393 Helenē (Euripides), 328 Heliocentrism, 78, 418, 713 Hellenism, 39; Alexandria and, 721; Christianity and, 821, 918; ideology and, 450; Judaism and, 612; Rome and, 75 Hellenistic art, 524 Hellespont, crossing of, 972 Helots, 15, 616, 621 Helvia, 766 Helvidius Priscus, 104 Hengist, 394-396 Hepta epi Thēbas (Aeschylus), 9 Hera of Argos (Polyclitus), 676 Heracles, 70, 374 Heraclitus (poet), 180 Heraclitus of Ephesus, 59, 397-400 Hērakleidai (Euripides), 327 Herbalists, 291 Hercules, 73 Heresies; Arian, 43; Eusebius and, 331; Irenaeus and, 443; Priscillian and, 699 Hermarchus, 308 Hermes, 695 Hermes (Praxiteles), 694 Hermes Carrying the Infant Dionysus (Kephisodotus), 694 Hermias, 65, 872 Hermippus, 128 Hermitages, Christian, 62 Hermits; Saint Anthony of Egypt, 60; Christian, 205 Hero of Alexandria, 325, 401-403 Herod Agrippa I, 626, 640 Herod Antipas, 475, 645 Herod the Great, 75, 403-406, 458 Herodes Magnus. See Herod the Great Herodian of Syria, 486 Herodotus, 244, 407-409, 556, 558, 884 Heroism; Greek, 507; Roman, 518 Herophilus, 311, 410-413. See also Diaitētikon; Maiōtikon; Peri sphygmōn; Pros tas koinas doxas Hesiod, 413-417, 856, 966 Hetaeras, 127 Hetairikoi dialogoi (Lucian), 515 Hexapla (Origen), 600 Hezekiah, 448, 769 Hiero I, 8, 794 Hiero II, 80 Hiketides (Aeschylus), 9, 877 Hiketides (Euripides), 327 Hilarius, 947 Hilderic, 354 Hillel, Rabbi, 2, 29, 468 Himerius, 361 Himiko, 465 Hīnayāna Buddhism. See Buddhism, Hīnayāna; Buddhism, Theravāda Hinduism, 501; Buddhism and, 171; Zoroastrianism and, 993 Hipparchikos (Xenophon), 969 Hipparchus (astronomer), 417-420, 712 Hipparchus of Athens, 651, 793 Hippēs (Aristophanes), 91 Hippias of Athens, 226, 651, 793, 859 Hippocrates (physician), 84, 114, 199, 277, 349, 420-423 Hippocratic oath, 422 Hippolytos (Euripides), 327 Hippolytus of Rome, 423-427 Hiram of Tyre, 804 Historia Arianorum (Athanasius), 134 Historia Augusta, 486, 987 Historia Britonum (Nennius), 394 Historia ecclesiastica (Eusebius of Caesarea), 330, 442 Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Bede), 394 Historia regum Britanniae (Geoffrey of Monmouth), 394 Historia tou Peloponnesiacou polemou (Thucydides), 478, 882 Historiae (Sallust), 743 Historiae (Tacitus), 838 Historiai Herodotou (Herodotus), 109, 136, 248, 251, 407, 618, 631, 807, 827 Histories, The (Polybius), 674 Historiography; Chinese, 149, 782; Christian, 330; Dio Cassius, 275; geography and, 828; Greek, 883, 970; Herodotus and, 407; Livy and, 511; Plutarch and, 671; Polybius and, 673; Posidonius and, 692; Roman, 743; Tacitus, 838. See also History; Category Index History, The. See Historiai Herodotou History; geography and, 828; rhetoric and, 451; Roman, 302; travel and, 619. See also Historiography History of Rome, The. See Ab urbe condita libri History of the Affairs of Greece. See Ellēnika History of the Arians. See Historia Arianorum History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 139 History of the Former Han Dynasty. See Han Shu History of the Peloponnesian War. See Historia tou Peloponnesiacou polemou History of the Twelve Caesars. See De vita Caesarum Hittites; sacking of Babylon, 377; in Egypt, 47, 736 Ho Yen, 950 Homer, 196, 407, 427-430, 633, 827, 856, 966 Homērika zētēmata (Porphyry), 689 Homicide, 294; pollution and, 293 Homosexuality; Greek, 14; Roman, 494 Homuta. See Ōjin Tennō Homutawake no Mikoto. See Ōjin Tennō Honoria, 140 Honorius, Flavius, 352, 824, 870 Horace, 196, 430-434, 493, 528, 602, 939 Horemheb, 27, 585, 587, 908 Horror vacui (mechanical principle), 311 Horsa, 394 Horses, Central Asian, 960 Horti Sallustiani, 742 Horus, 557, 705, 996 Hoshea, 893 Hsieh K'ang-lo. See Xie Lingyun Hsieh Ling-yün. See Xie Lingyun Hu Hao, 781 Huai Wang, 732 Hugieina pros Pleistarkhon (Diocles), 278 Human figure, sculpture of, 676 Humanism; Confucian, 237; paganism and, 363 Humanity, origin of; map, lvii Humors, theory of the four, 84, 115, 278, 312, 349, 422 Hundred Schools period, 979 Hungary, Huns in, 140 Hunneric, 353 Huns, 138, 776, 868 Hurrians, 121 Hutaosâ. See Atossa Hydaspes, Battle of the (326 b.c.e.), 202 Hydatius of Emerita, 698 Hydraulic engineering, Greek, 323 Hygieia, 761 Hygiene; Greek, 278 Hyginus of Cordova, 698, 918 Hyksos, 389, 585 Hymns, 298, 732 Hypatia, 79, 434-436 Hypsicles of Alexandria, 317 Hyrcanus, 403 I Iambic senarii (poetic meter), 629 Iamblichus, 288, 701 Iamboi (Callimachus), 180 Ibrahim. See Abraham Idealism in art, 635 Ideals, Platonic, 88, 660 Idolatry, 1, 258, 574 Ignatius of Antioch, 437-439 Iliad (Homer), 407, 427, 635 Ilipa, Battle of (206 b.c.e.), 758 Iliupersis (Polygnotus), 678 Illyria, 638 Imagines (Varro), 929 Imhotep, 439-442, 996 Immaculate Conception, 539 Imperial Academy, 960 Imperialism, Roman, 19 In Delum (Callimachus), 180 In laudem Basilii Magni (Gregory of Nazianzus), 361 In Praise of Constantine. See Oratio de laudibus Constantini Inanna, 298, 915 Incest, 107; brother-sister, 213, 545, 716; father-daughter, 188, 588; sibling marriage, 136 Incubation sleep, 441 Indeterminate analysis, 82 India; Christianity and, 880; Greece and, 551; map, lxxiv. See also Geographical Index "Indictment of Nanna, The" (Enheduanna), 299 Infantry, Macedonian, 638 "In-min-me-hus-a" (Enheduanna), 299 Insanity, classification of, 86 "Inscription on the Buddha-Shadow" (Xie Lingyun), 976 Instantius, 698 Intermarriage, Judaism on, 340 Introduction of Porphyry, The. See Isagoge Iōn (Euripides), 328 Iophon (son of Sophocles), 811 Iphigeneia ē en Aulidi (Euripides), 328 Iphigeneia ē en Taurois (Euripides), 328 Iphigenia in Aulis. See Iphigeneia ē en Aulidi Iphigenia in Tauris. See Iphigeneia ē en Taurois Ipsus, Battle of (301 b.c.e.), 64, 203 Ireland, Agricola and, 18 Irenaeus, Saint, 224, 423, 442-446 Irrigation; Assyrian, 769; Mesopotamian, 916 "Is," definition of, 609 Isaac, 6 Isaeus, 264 Isagoge (Porphyry), 688 Isagoras, 221, 226 Isaiah, 446-449 Ishmael, 5 Ishme-Dagan, 376 Ishtar, 582, 769 Isis, 11, 107, 231 Islam; Abraham in, 6; Aksum and, 334; Moses and, 574 Isocrates, 128, 450-452 Israel; division of, 2; Egypt and, 803; kingdom of, 447; state of, 5. See also Judaea; Judah; Geographical Index Istnofret, 585 Ithacius, 699 J Jadhima, 988 Jael, 259 Jainism, 355, 924; Chandragupta Maurya and, 204; Digambara, 925; Svetambara, 925 James, Saint, 471, 624 Japan; China and, 595; Korea and, 594. See also Geographical Index Jason, 326 Jātakas, 345 Jebel Hamrin, 299 Jehoiachin, 336 Jehoiakim, 335, 453, 582 Jehovah. See Yahweh Jeremiah, 336, 453-455, 582 Jeroboam, 806 Jerome, Saint, 365, 426, 456-458, 520, 796 Jerusalem; as Christian metaphor, 143; David and, 255; Sennacherib and, 770 Jesus, 3, 255, 458-462, 470, 539, 645, 879. See also Christianity Jethro, 573 Jewish War (66-70 c.e.), 469, 879 Jews, 1; Christianity and, 43; Cyrus the Great and, 249; deportations of, 893; Egypt and, 572; Hadrian and, 371; history of, 805; Philistines and, 747; Rome and, 219, 477 Jian An (literary period), 184 Jimmu Tennō, 462-464 Jina. See Vardhamāna Jing Xiang, 733 Jingō-kōgō. See Jingū Jingū, 465-468, 594 Jisu jieyi (Wang Chong), 953 Jiu ge (Qu Yuan), 732 Jixia Academy, 978 Johanan ben Zakkai, 468-471 John the Apostle, 437, 471-473, 624 John the Baptist, Saint, 474-476, 539, 879 Jordanes, 911 Joseph (husband of Mary), 539 Joseph ben Matthias. See Josephus, Flavius Josephus, Flavius, 30, 249, 260, 405, 459, 475, 477-480, 557, 645. See also Antiquitates Judaicae; Bellum Judaicum Josiah, 335, 453 Jovian, 776 Juba II, 829 Judaea; Herod and, 404; Rome and, 469, 682. See also Israel; Judah Judah, kingdom of, 335, 338, 447, 453, 711, 770, 893; Nebuchadnezzar and, 582. See also Israel; Judaea Judah, tribe of, 1 Judaism; difficulties in Babylon, 337; return from Babylonian Exile, 339; Christianity and, 330, 372, 437, 612, 822, 879; Dio Cassius on, 276; Ezekiel and, 337; history of, 6, 478; Jesus Christ and, 459; paganism and, 453; Pharisees and, 468; priests, 1; reform of, 460; Rome and, 404, 644; scholarship in, 29; Talmudic, 470; Temple and, 469, 804 Judas Iscariot, 460 Jugurtha, 533, 743, 831 Jugurthine War, 533 Julia III, 489-492, 591 Julia Agrippina. See Agrippina the Younger Julia Domna, 480-483, 487, 988 Julia Livilla, 766 Julia Maesa, 487 Julia Mamaea, 483-486, 601 Julia Soaemias, 486-489 Julian calendar, 174, 816 Julian the Apostate, 134, 242, 363, 776 Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), 168 Julius Caesar, Gaius. See Caesar, Julius Julius Phaeder, Gaius. See Phaedrus Juno, 272 Justice; Athenian, 293; Mencius on, 555 Justinian, 354 Juvenal, 493-495 Juvenalian satire, 493 K Kadesh (state), 886 Kadesh, Battle of (1274 b.c.e.), 737 Kaika, 465 Kalhu (Assyria), 122 Kālidāsa, 496-498. See also Abhijñãānaśākuntala; Kumārasambhava; Meghadūta; Raghuvamśa Kaminaga Hime, 595 Kanishka, 130, 499-501 Karma, 161; Jainism and, 925 Karnak, temples at, 26 Kata Christanōn (Porphyry), 688 Kata Kelsou (Origen), 330 Kata pasōn haireseōn elenkhos (Hippolytus), 423 Kata Philippou (Demosthenes), 265 Kata tōn sophistōn (Isocrates), 450 Katharmoi (Empedocles), 295 Kavya (poetic form), 131, 496 Keitai, 462 Kent, kingdom of, 395 Kephisodotos, 694 Kepler, Johannes, 78 Khafre, 558 Khamerernebty II, 559 Khazars, 141 Khentkawes, 560 Khnum, 440 Khufu, 558 Ki-di-nu, 580 Kingship; Chinese, 553; Egyptian, 887; Jewish, 747; religion and, 736 Kiya, 28, 588 Klementos pros Korinthious epistola prōtē (Clement), 224 Knights, The. See Hippēs Kofun tombs, 596 Koguryo, 466 Kojiki, 462, 465 Kokhba, Simeon bar, 470 Kong Qiu. See Confucius Kongfuzi. See Confucius Kongzi. See Confucius Korea, 465, 594 Krio, 227 Kroisos. See Croesus Kujūla Kadphises, 499 Kumārasambhava (Kālidāsa), 497 Kumawashi, Hashirō, 465 K'ung Ch'iu. See Confucius K'ung-Fu-Tzu. See Confucius K'ung-Tzu. See Confucius Kush, 655; Aksum and, 334 Kushāns, 499, 775, 959 Kykloy metresis (Archimedes), 82 Kynēgetikos (Xenophon), 969 Kyrou anabasis (Xenophon), 968 Kyrou paideia (Xenophon), 248, 969 L Lachēs (Plato), 799 Lachish, siege of, 769 Laelius, Gaius, 757, 813, 850 Laelius de amicitia (Cicero), 757 La Fontaine, Jean de, 13 Lagash, 915 Laius (Aeschylus), 9 Lamian War (323-322 b.c.e.), 267 Lamprus, 809 Lansdowne Heracles (Scopas), 762 Lanting xu (Wang Xizhi), 957 Lanuvinus, Luscius, 851 Lao Ai, 779 Lao Dan. See Laozi Laodice, 567 Lao-tan. See Laozi Lao-tzu. See Laozi Laozi, 502-505 Lars Porsenna, 846 Lasus of Hermione, 646, 793 Latifundia, 358 Latin; Bible and, 457; philology, 217 Latium, 848 Law; Babylonian, 582; Dao as, 503; Draco's code, 293; Greek, 293; Greek oratory and, 264; Hammurabi's code, 377; Jewish, 574, 611; Lucretius on, 521; Roman, 210, 371, 537, 766, 853; Solon and, 807; Ur-Nammu's code, 915. See also Category Index Laws. See Nomoi Legalism, 379, 503, 578, 779, 979 Legend; historiography and, 467 Legenda aurea (Jacobus de Voragine), 205 Legends; births of rulers, 248; foundation of Carthage, 272; Diogenes, 284; historiography and, 783; Japanese, 594; poetry and, 794; foundation of Rome, 273; Sammu-ramat and, 746; Zoroaster, 992 Lenaea. See Dionysia Lentulus, Publius Cornelius, 819 Leo the Great, 140, 353 Leonidas I, 505-508, 615, 973 Leonidas II, 228 Leontiades, 304 Leotychides, 227 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, 145 Leprosy, 86, 391 Lerinensis, Vincentius. See Vincent of Lérins, Saint Lesbia. See Clodia Lesbianism, 751 Lessons for Women. See Nu jie (Ban Zhao) Letters to Lucilius. See Epistulae morales ad Lucilium Leucippus, 261, 610 Leuctra, Battle of (371 b.c.e.), 16, 227, 304, 969 Levers, 82 Lexicons, Latin, 942 Li, 979 Li Er. See Laozi Li Guangli, 959 Li Ling, 783 Li Sao (Qu Yuan), 733 Li Si, 381, 780, 979 Libanius, 862 Libation Bearers. See Choēphoroi Liber Pontificalis, 796 Liberty vs. state authority, 839 Libraries, Roman, 927 Licinius, Valerius Licinianus, 240, 242 Lienü zhuan (Ban Zhao), 154 Lies, fiction and, 876 Life of Agricola, The. See De vita Julii Agricolae Life of Constantine. See Vita Constantini Life of Saint Anthony, The. See Vita S. Antonii Linnaeus, Carolus, 291 Literacy; Japanese, 595; Mesopotamia, 117 Literary criticism, Alexandrian, 316 Literary patronage, Roman, 527 Literature. See Category Index Liu Bang, 781, 958 Liu Ch'e. See Wudi Liu Wu, 785 Liu Xiang, 979 Liu Yi, 975 Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. See Peri biōn dogmatōn kai apophthegmatōn tōn en philosophia eudokimē Lives of the Grammarians. See De grammaticis et rhetoribus Livia Drusilla, 146, 489, 508-511, 842, 888 Livius Andronicus, 301 Livy, 382, 511-513, 813 Logic, 261; music and, 98 Logos, 397; Yahweh and, 642 Logos eis Agēsilaon Basilea (Xenophon), 969 London, sack of (60/61), 164 Longinus, Cassius (philosopher), 687, 751, 988 Longinus, Gaius Cassius. See Cassius Lot, 4 Loukios e Onos (Lucian), 515 Love poetry, 197, 704, 835 Lu Buwei, 779 Lucan, 593 Lucian (satirist), 513-516, 631. See also Alēthon Diēgēmaton; Bion Prasis; Hetairikoi dialogoi; Loukios e Onos; Nekrikoi dialogoi; Rhētorōn didaskalos; Symposion; Theōn dialogoi Lucian of Antioch, 791 Lucius: Or, The Ass. See Loukios e Onos Lucius Sergius Catilina. See Catiline Lucrece. See Lucretia Lucresse. See Lucretia Lucretia, 512, 517-519, 846 Lucretius, 263, 520-522 Lucretius Tricipitinus, Spurius, 517 Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, 568, 896 Lun heng (Wang Chong), 953 Lunyu (Confucius), 236, 555, 950 Luther, Martin, 89 Luxor, temples at, 46 Lyceum, 95, 277, 872, 981 Lycurgus of Athens, 649 Lycurgus of Babylon, 11 Lysander of Sparta, 14, 34 Lysandra, 106, 716 Lysanias, 314 Lysicles, 128 Lysimachus, 63, 105, 716, 721, 763 Lysippus, 523-526 Lysis of Tarentum, 303 Lysistratē (Aristophanes), 92 M Ma Rong, 153 Ma Zu, 149 Ma'at, 735, 902 Maatkare. See Hatshepsut Maccabaeus, Judas, 403 Macedonia; Athens and, 638; Illyria and, 638; Sparta and, 637; Thebes and, 637. See also Geographical Index Macedonius, 865 Macrinus, 482, 487 Macro, Naevius Cordus Sutorius, 177 Macrobius, 489 Madhyāntavibhāga, 113 Maecenas, Gaius, 21, 431, 527-529, 602, 704, 939 Magas, 716 Magi, Three, 392 Magic; Egyptian, 440; religion and, 424 Magna Graecia, 36 Magnesia, Battle of (190 b.c.e.), 895 Mahāvīra. See Vardhamāna Mahābhārata;, 922 Mahākassapa, 50 Mahāpajāpatī, 50 Mahāparinirvāna Sūtra, 346 Mahāvamsa, 898 Mahāvīra, 925 Mahāvīra Monastery, 899 Mahāyāna Buddhism, 931, 934; Chinese, 950. See also Buddhism, Mahāyāna Mahāyānasamgraha (Asanga), 112, 930 Mahāyānasūtralankāra (Asanga), 113 Mahinda Thera, 898, 934 Mahrem, 334 Maiōtikon (Herophilus), 411 Maitreya, 112, 345. See also Buddha Maitreyanātha, 111, 113 Mālavikāgnimitra (Kālidāsa), 496 Malchos. See Porphyry Malchus. See Porphyry Manasseh, 448 Mandate of Heaven, 553 Manetho, 556 Manichaeanism, 142, 698 Mantinea, Battle of (361 b.c.e.), 306 Maps; Alexandrian, 315; astronomical, 418; Greek, 55 Marathon, Battle of (490 b.c.e.), 8, 52, 92, 109, 253, 408, 505, 565, 630, 651, 678, 794, 859 Marathons, 632 Marcella, 457 Marcellina, 42 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius (268?-208 b.c.e.), 83, 343, 383 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius (42-23 b.c.e.), 490 Marcellus, Varius, 487 March of the Ten Thousand, 968 Marcion, 600 Marcionism, 854 Marcus Aurelius, 372, 443, 530-532 Mardonius, 110, 615 Marduk, 337, 582, 971 Margus, Treaty of (434 c.e.), 139 Mariamne, 404 Marinus, 701 Mariology, 540 Marius, Gaius, 172, 359, 533-536, 681, 691, 743, 831 Maro, Publius Vergilius. See Vergil Marriage; in comedy, 548; Egyptian customs, 107 Mars, 758 Martial, 102, 493, 536-538 Martial arts, Bodhidharma and, 161 Martyrdom; Christianity and, 205, 268, 600, 613, 626, 853; Ignatius, 438; pagans, 435; saints and, 821; torture and, 206 Mary (mother of Jesus), 539-541 Masada, 477 Masinissa, 542-544, 759, 813 Massacres; Pontius Pilate and, 645; Thessalonica, 44 Massagetae, 249 Massylians, 542 Materialis, 263 Mathematics; Alexandrian, 402, 434; Arabic, 288; astronomy and, 78, 579; and concept of beauty, 677; Eratosthenes and, 316; geography and, 828; Greek, 76, 81, 286, 606; human proportions and, 676; sculpture and, 523. See also Category Index Mathēmatikē syntaxis (Ptolemy), 78, 417, 435, 580, 606, 713 Matho, 374 Mati'-ilu, 892 Matnefrure, 737 Matralia, Festival of, 510 Matter, concepts of, 58 Matthias, Joseph ben. See Josephus, Flavius Maurya. See Chandragupta Maurya Mauryan Dynasty, 203, 898 Mausalaus, 761 Mausalous. See Mausolus Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, 761 Mausolus, 545-547 Maxentius, 282 Maximian, 239, 281, 391, 645 Maximinus, 426 Maximus, Magnus, 43, 699, 797 Maximus of Isaurian Seleucia, 862 Māyā (Buddha's mother), 169 Mechanikē syntaxis (Philon of Byzantium), 247 Medea, 326 Mēdeia (Euripides), 326, 810 Medical diagnosis, 86, 278 Medicine; Alcmaeon's philosophy of, 36; Egyptian, 440; Greek, 36, 84, 114, 277; Hippocratic, 420; Roman, 199, 290. See also Category Index Meditations. See Tōn eis heauton Mediterranean; map, lxv Megacles, 293, 649 Megalópolis, Arcadia, 305 Megarics, 801 Megasthenes, 204 Meghadūta (Kālidāsa), 496 Megiddo (city), 804 Megiddo, Battle of (c. 1482 b.c.e.), 259, 887 Meir, Rabbi, 30 Melanchros, 653 Melchizadek, 5 Meleager, 761 Melissus, 610 Melqart, 271, 373 Memmius, Gaius, 520 Memorabilia of Socrates. See Apomnēmoneumata Menaechmi (Plautus), 662 Menander (dramatist), 307, 547-550, 663, 850. See also Aspis; Dyskolos; Epitrepontes; Perikeiromenē; Samia Menander (Greco-Bactrian king), 550-552 Mencius, 238, 380, 552-555, 577, 954, 979, 989 Menelaus of Alexandria, 419 Menes, 556-558 Menexenos (Plato), 128 Meng Haoran, 844 Mengde. See Cao Cao Mengke. See Mencius Mengk'o. See Mencius Meng-te. See Cao Cao Meng-tzu. See Mencius Mengzi. See Mencius Menippean Satires. See Saturae Menippiae Menippus, 514 Menkaure, 558-560 Menkheperre' Thutmose. See Thutmose III Menōn (Plato), 660 Mental illness; Asclepiades on, 116; Caligula, 178; Herod, 404 Mentuemhat, 710 Mentuhotep II. See Montuhotep II Mentuhotpe II. See Montuhotep II Menzi (Mencius), 552 Merenptah, 585, 737 Meritaton, 28 Merodachbaladan, 753, 769, 894 Meryetamen, 586 Mesoamerica; map, lx Mesopotamia. See Geographical Index under Assyria; Mesopotamia Messalla, 834 Messallina, Statilia, 593 Messallina, Valeria, 24, 102, 219, 235, 561-563, 766 Messenia, foundation of, 305 Messiah; Jesus Christ as, 255, 539; in Judaism, 31, 879 Metamorphoses (Apuleius), 515 Metamorphoses (Ovid), 180, 521, 603 Metaphysica (Aristotle), 95, 322, 609, 725 Metaphysics. See Tōn meta ta physika Metellus, Quintus Caecilius, 533 Metempsychosis. See Transmigration of souls Methodism, 84, 115, 199 Metilius, 343 Metrodorus the Younger, 308 Michal, 255 Michi no Omi, 463 Middle East. See Geographical Index under Asia Minor; Assyria; Egypt; Israel; Mesopotamia; Persia Middle Kingdom (Egypt), 887 Middle Way, 131, 169 Midwifery. See Maiōtikon Migration, Germanic, 351 Miles gloriosus (Plautus), 663 Miletus, scientists from, 58 Milindapañha (Menander), 550 Millais, John Everett, 3 Miltiades the Younger, 213, 563-566, 631, 649, 794, 859 Milvian Bridge, Battle of the (312 c.e.), 240 Ming (emperor), 149 Minucia, 512 Minucius, Lucius, 343 Miracles; Apostles and, 626; Saint Christopher and, 205; Jesus and, 460; True Cross and, 392 Miriam, 2 Misăheun, 466 Miscellanies. See Saturae Mishnah, 29 Missionaries; Apostles as, 626; Buddhist, 898; Christianity and, 613; Saint Thomas, 880 Mitanni, 887 Mithra, 994 Mithradates V Euergetes, 567 Mithradates VI Eupator, 535, 567-569, 682, 827, 831, 895, 927 Mithradates Chrestus, 567 Mithradatic Wars, 568 Mithrism, 994 Mohism, 576 Moloch, 805 Molon, 65 Monarchy; empire versus, 281; Roman, 517, 846 Monasteries; Buddhist, 112; Christian, 61 Monasticism; Athanasius and, 134; Buddhist, 50, 345, 899, 934; Christian, 208, 456, 789, 862, 865, 947; Pythagorean brotherhood and, 725 Monism, 58, 609 Monotheism; Egyptian, 28, 588, 902, 908; Greek, 70, 966; Judaism and, 4; paganism and, 604; Zoroastrian, 993 Mons Graupius, Battle of (83 c.e.), 18 Monsters, origin of, 295 Montanism, 443, 854 Montu, 570 Montuhotep II, 570-572 Moralia. See Ethika Morals; Confucianism and, 236; fables and, 629; pleasure and, 88; virtue and, 88 Mortification of the flesh, 789 Moses, 1, 539, 572-575 Mother-in-Law, The. See Hecyra Mount Sinai, 1 Mount Vesuvius, 666 Mozi, 576-578 Mozi (Mozi), 576 Muhammad, 6 Mummification, 909; anatomy and, 410 Mummy's curse, 909 Muses, 11, 413 Museum of Alexandria; mathematics, 317 Music; Confucianism on, 237; poetry and, 647. See also Category Index Musical intervals, 726 Mutina, Battle of (73 b.c.e.), 819 Mutina, Battle of (43 b.c.e.), 145 Mycenaean era, 427 Myron, 633 Myrsilus, 653 Mysteries of Samothrace. See Mystery religions Mystery religions, 423, 597; Eleusinian, 7; Judaism and, 642; Orphic, 70; Samothrace, 597 Mysticism; Daoism and, 503; Jewish, 336; nature and, 397 "Myth of Inanna and Ebih, The." See "In-min-me-hus-a" Mythology; Buddhist, 161; Chinese, 553, 732; civilization and, 415; classical, 603; Greek, 414; Greek drama, 326; history and, 408; philosophy and, 307, 856; poetry and, 646, 704, 795; Roman drama, 301; science and, 58; travel and, 619 N Nabonidus, 249, 298, 583 Nabopolassar, 335, 582, 711 Nabū-kudurri-usur. See Nebuchadnezzar II Nabu-nasir, 892 Nabu-rimanni, 579-581 Naevius, Gnaeus, 301 Nag Hammadi works, 918 Nāgārjuna, 112 Nagasune Hiko, 463 Nakatsuhime, 594 Nālānda, 113 Nanda (half brother of Buddha), 130 Nanda Dynasty, 203 Nanna, 298, 915 Naram-Sin, 299, 366, 916 Narcissus, 219, 561 Narmer, 557 Nasi (title), 29 Naso, Publius Ovidius. See Ovid Nathan, 155, 256, 803 Nationalism, German, 101 Natural history. See Category Index Natural History. See Naturalis historia Natural law, doctrine of, 692 Natural Questions. See Quaestiones naturales Natural science, Greek, 295. See also Category Index under Science Naturalis historia (Pliny the Elder), 23, 665, 677, 817 Nature (Anaxagoras), 52 Nature; concepts of, 55; culture and, 283; cycles and, 56 Nature poetry; Chinese, 977 Naval warfare, 109; Punic Wars, 373 Navy, Greek, 859 Nebhepetra. See Montuhotep II Nebhepetre. See Montuhotep II Nebuchadnezzar II, 335, 338, 453, 582-584 Necho I, 118, 710 Necho II, 387, 582 Necropolises, 997 Nectanabo, 11 Nefertari, 585-587, 737, 902 Nefertiti, 27, 46, 587-590, 902 Neferure, 389 Nehemiah, 339 Neithhotep, 557 Nekrikoi dialogoi (Lucian), 514 Nekyia (Polygnotus), 679 Neo-Assyrian Empire, 753, 769, 894 Neo-Daoism, 950, 955 Neoplatonism, 263, 668, 688; Augustine and, 142; Christianity and, 361; Hypatia and, 435; mathematics and, 607; religion and, 702; Valentinians and, 921. See also Platonism Neoterics, 198 Nephelai (Aristophanes), 91, 708 Nepos, Cornelius, 197 Neptune, 178 Nero, 23, 71, 104, 176, 219, 591-593, 685, 767, 944 Nero, Tiberius Claudius. See Tiberius Nero Caesar Augustus, Tiberius Claudius. See Tiberius Nero Germanicus, Tiberius Claudius Drusus. See Claudius I Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, 904 Nestorianism, 864 Nestorius, 540, 864, 948 Netjerikhet. See Zoser New Comedy, 93, 547, 663, 850 New Kingdom (Egypt), 26, 388, 441, 735, 886, 902 New Testament, 135, 445 Newton, Isaac, 83 Nicaea, Council of (325 c.e.), 133, 331, 364, 392, 444, 540, 797, 912 Nicene Creed, 44, 242, 363, 392, 854, 869; Athanasius and, 133 Nicomedes III of Bithynia, 895 Nicomedes IV, 895 Nigantha Nātaputra. See Vardhamāna Nihon shoki, 462, 465 Nihongi. See Nihon shoki Nine Songs, The. See Jiu ge Nineteenth Dynasty (Egypt), 585, 735 Nineveh; architecture, 769; library at, 119 Ningirsu, 366 Ninsun, 914 Nintoku, 594 Ninurta, 122 Ninus, 745 Nisibis, Peace of (298 b.c.e.), 775 Nitocris, 710 Niyata, 356 Noble savage, myth of the, 838 Noctes Atticae (Gellius), 939 Nofretete. See Nefertiti Nominalism, 88, 688 Nomoi (Plato), 660 North America; map, lix Nous, 918 Novatianism, 796 Nu jie (Ban Gu), 149 Nu jie (Ban Zhao), 153 Nü xiao jing, 153 Nubia, 46, 48, 570, 655, 772 Nudity in sculpture, 696 Numantine Wars, 358 Numantinus, Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus. See Scipio Aemilianus Number and music, 98 Numbers; polygonal, 288 Numerology; Chinese, 464; Greek, 424 Numidia; Carthage and, 542, 813; Rome and, 533, 743, 813 Numidians, 542 Numisianos, 348 Nuns, Buddhist, 899 O Octavia, 71, 75, 561, 591, 685 Octavian. See Augustus Octavius, Gnaeus, 832 Octavius, Marcus, 358 Octha. See Oisc Odaenathus, Septimus, 986 "Ode to Aphrodite" (Sappho), 751 Odes. See Epinikia Odes (Horace), 432, 528, 604 Odysseus, 428 Odyssey (Homer), 315, 427, 432, 610, 689 Oedipus (Aeschylus), 9 Oedipus at Colonus. See Oidipous epi Kolōnōi Oenomaus, 819 Ohosazaki. See Nintoku Oidipous epi Kolōnōi (Sophocles), 809 Oidipous tyrannos (Sophocles), 9, 810 Oisc, 395 Ōjin Tennō, 466, 594-596 Okinaga Tarashi Hime no Mikoto. See Jingū Old Comedy, 92, 850 Old Kingdom (Egypt), 559; map, lxiii Old Testament; composition of, 135; David and, 255 Oligarchy, Athenian, 221 Olunthiakos (Demosthenes), 265 Olympia, shrine at, 676 Olympiads, 316 Olympias, 39, 108, 364, 597-599, 639 Olympionikai (Eratosthenes), 315 Omens, 244; dreams, 240, 245, 275; interpretation of, 11; Tanaquil and, 841; Tarquin and, 840 On Abraham. See De Abrahamo On Admonition and Grace. See De correptione et gratia On Agriculture. See De agricultura; De re rustica On Ancient Medicine. See Peri archaies ietrikes On Architecture. See De architectura On Balance. See Lun heng On Bandages. See Peri epideomōn On Christian Doctrine. See De doctrina Christiana On Conoids and Spheroids. See Peri konoeideon kai sphaireodeon On Digestion. See Peri pepeseōs "On Distinguishing What Is Essential." See "Bienzong Lun" On Divisions of Figures. See Peri diaireseon biblion On Fevers. See Peri puretōn On Fire and Air. See Peri puros kai aeros On First Principles. See Peri archōn On Floating Bodies. See Peri ochoymenon On Friendship. See Laelius de amicitia On His Life. See Carmen de vita sua On Hunting. See Kynēgetikos On Illustrious Men. See De viris illustribus On Joseph. See De Josepho "On Leaving My District" (Xie Lingyun), 977 On Lethal Drugs. See Peri thanasimōn pharmakōn On Nature. See De natura; Peri physeōs On Old Age. See Cato maior de senectute On Philosophy. See De philosophia On Prayer. See Peri eykhēs On Providence. See De providentia On Pulses. See Peri sphygmfn On Rewards and Punishments. See De praemiis et poenis On Spirals. See Peri helikon On St. Basil the Great. See In laudem Basilii Magni On the Art of War. See Sunzi Bingfa On the Cavalry General. See Hipparchikos "On the Chersonese." See "Peri tōn en Cherronesoi," 4 On the Creation. See De opificis mundi "On the Crown." See "Peri tou Stephanou" On the Decalogue. See De Decalogo On the Equilibrium of Planes. See Epipledon isorropion On the Equipment of a Surgery. See Peri tōn kat iētreion On the Heavens. See De caelo On the Incarnation (Theodore of Mopsuestia), 863 On the Incarnation of the Word of God. See De incarnatione Verbi Dei On the Latin Language. See De lingua Latina On the Life of Moses. See De vita Moysis On the Measurement of the Circle. See Kykloy metresis On the Method of Mechanical Theorems. See Peri tōn mechanikon theorematon On the Nature of Things. See De rerum natura On the Priesthood. See De sacerdotio On the Quadrature of the Parabola. See Tetragonismos ten tou orthogonion konoy tomes On the Soul. See De anima On the Spectacles. See Epigrammaton liber On the Sphere and the Cylinder. See Peri sphairas kai kylindron On the Sublime. See Peri hypsous On the Trinity. See De Trinitate On the Twelve Prophets (Theodore of Mopsuestia), 864 On the Unchangeableness of God. See Quod Deus sit immutabilis On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body. See Peri chreias morion On Treatment. See Peri therapeiōn On Vegetables. See Rhizotomika, Peri lakhanōn On Ways and Means. See Poroi On Women's Diseases. See Peri gunaikeiōn Onnes, 745 Optika (Euclid), 318 Oracles; Hypatia, 434; prophecy and, 259. See also Delos; Delphi Oral tradition; Aśoka, 124; Buddhism, 50, 345; Homer, 427; Polybius's use of, 674; Roman, 848 Oratio apologetica de fuga sua (Gregory of Nazianzus), 361 Oratio de laudibus Constantini (Eusebius), 331 Orationae (Gregory of Nazianzus), 361 Oratory; Cato the Censor, 192; Cicero, 210; Greek, 33, 128, 209, 264, 450, 622; politics and, 172; Roman, 194, 210, 513 Ordovices, 17 Oresteia (Aeschylus), 9, 633, 810 Orestēs (Euripides), 328 Orestes of Alexandria, 435 Origen, 209, 330, 363, 423, 485, 599-602, 668. See also Contra Celsum; Peri archōn; Peri eykhēs Origenism, 699 Origin myths; Japanese, 462; Roman, 939 Original Sin; doctrine of, 854; Saint Augustine on, 143 Origines (Cato), 192 Ornithes (Aristophanes), 90 Orosius, Paulus, 699 Orphic Mysteries. See Mystery religions Orthodoxy, Christian, 948 Osiris, 107, 996 Ostracism, 215, 222; Themistocles, 861 Ostrogoths, 353 Otho, Marcus Salvius, 685 Ovid, 491, 602-605, 834. See also Ars amatoria; Metamorphoses; Tristia Oxeon kai chronion nouson therapeutikon biblion (Aretaeus), 85 "Ozymandias" (Shelley), 737 P Paekche, 466 Paetus, Aulus Caecina, 102 Paganism, 331; Christianity and, 268, 437, 791, 798, 853, 869; decline of, 42; Dio Cassius on, 276; Gothic, 911; Saint Helena and, 392; Judaism and, 4, 340, 453; Neoplatonism and, 701; philosophy and, 702; revival of, 363 Palestine. See Israel; Judaea; Judah Pāli Canon, 169 Pāli Tipitaka, 934 Pallas, 219 Palmyrene Empire, 988 Pamphilus, 330 Pan, 631 Pan Ku. See Ban Gu Pan Meng-chien. See Ban Gu Panaenus, 635 Panaetius of Rhodes, 690, 757 Panathenaea, Greater, 651 Pandora, 415 Panegyricus (Isocrates), 450 Panhellenic League, 505 Panhellenism, 41 Pantheon, Roman, 20, 371 Pap (Armenian king), 776 Papacy; evolution of, 796; foundation of, 225; Saint Peter and, 626 Papal infallibility, 425 Pappus, 78, 606-608 Pappus problem, 607 Parallel Lives. See Bioi paralleloi Paramārtha, 111, 930 Pāramitās, 112 Paris, 428; Christianity and, 268 Park, Mungo, 386 Parmenides, 261, 608-611, 984 Parsees, 995 Parsva, 925 Parthenon, 634 Parthia; Antiochus and, 66; map, lxxiii; Rome and, 75, 530 Pastoral poetry, Chinese, 843 Pathos aitia therapeia (Diocles), 278 Patriarchs, Buddhist, 130 Patriarchy, mythology and, 415 Patriotism, Roman, 302 Patron saints, 206 Paul, Saint, 6, 437, 458, 611-614, 823 Paul of Tarsus. See Paul, Saint Paul the Apostle. See Paul, Saint Paula, 457 Paulinus (secretary to Saint Ambrose), 43 Paulinus, Suetonius, 163 Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, 343, 383, 755 Pausanias of Sparta, 15, 214, 615-617 Pausanias the Traveler, 618-620, 680, 761 Pax Sinica, 960 Peace. See Eirēnē Peace and Wealth (Kephisodotos), 694 Pelagianism, 143, 864, 947 Pelagius, 864 Pelopidas, 303 Peloponnesian League, 622, 859 Peloponnesian War (431-404 b.c.e.), 14, 33, 68, 90, 127, 216, 304, 327, 622, 659, 882, 968 Pelops, 348 Penelope, 429 Penthilus, 653 Perception and meaning, 88 Perdiccas III, 420, 637 Perdiccas (Macedonian general), 63, 598, 720, 763 Peregrinus. See Vincent of Lérins, Saint Pergamum, Library of, 315 Peri aition kai semeion oxeon kai chronion pathon (Aretaeus), 85 Peri apochēs empsychōn (Porphyry), 688 Peri archaias komoidias (Eratosthenes), 316 Peri archaies ietrikes (Hippocrates), 37, 421 Peri archōn (Origen), 601 Peri automatopoietikes (Hero of Alexandria), 401 Peri biōn dogmatōn kai apophthegmatōn tōn en philosophia eudokiē, 654, 723 Peri chreias morion (Galen), 349 Peri diaireseon biblion (Euclid), 318 Peri diaites oxeon (Hippocratic writers), 421 Peri epideomōn (Diocles), 278 Peri eykhēs (Origen), 601 Peri gunaikeiōn (Diocles), 278 Peri helikon (Archimedes), 82 Peri hippikēs (Xenophon), 969 Peri hypsous (Longinus), 751 Peri konoeideon kai sphaireodeon (Archimedes), 82 Peri ochoymenon (Archimedes), 82 Peri pepeseōs (Diocles), 278 Peri physeōs (Empedocles), 295, 397, 521, 609, 966 Peri phytikōn aitiōn (Theophrastus), 873 Peri phytikōn historiōn (Theophrastus), 873 Peri puretōn (Diocles), 278 Peri puros kai aeros (Diocles), 278 Peri sphairas kai kylindron (Archimedes), 81 Peri sphygmōn (Herophilus), 411 Peri thanasimōn pharmakōn (Diocles), 278 Peri therapeiōn (Diocles), 278 "Peri tōn en Cherronesoi" (Demosthenes), 265 Peri tōn kat iētreion (Diocles), 278 Peri tōn mechanikon theorematon (Archimedes), 82 Peri tou Ioudaikou polemou. See Bellum Judaium "Peri tou Stephanou" (Demosthenes), 267 Pericles, 33, 52, 127, 215, 564, 620-624, 707, 810 Pericles the Younger, 128 Periegesis Hellados (Pausanias the Traveler), 618 Perikeiromenē (Menander), 548 Peripatetics, 94, 277, 872 Periploi (travel guides), 618 Periplus (Hanno), 385 Persaeus of Citium, 983 Persai (Aeschylus), 8, 137, 633 Persia; Alcibiades and, 34; Alexander the Great and, 39; Caria and, 545; development of empire, 251; Greece and, 8, 137, 213, 252, 265, 408, 523, 564, 615, 630, 859, 969, 972; India and, 202; Rome and, 485; Xerxes' rule, 972. See also Geographical Index Persian Empire; map, lxxii Persian Wars (499-479 b.c.e.), 109, 137, 407, 505, 630, 794 Persians, The. See Persai Persika (Ctesias), 744 Peter, Saint, 223, 437, 472, 624-627 Peter of Galatia, 865 Peucestas, 763 Phaedōn (Plato), 12, 94, 963 Phaedra, 327 Phaedri augusti Liberti Fabularum Aesopiarum (Phaedrus), 628 Phaedros (Plato), 450 Phaedrus, 13, 628-630 Phaidros. See Phaedrus Phainomena (Euclid), 318 Phalanx, 638 Pharaohs; Amenhotep III, 45; Menes, 556; Menkaure, 558; Montuhotep II, 570; Psamtik I, 710; Ramses II, 735; Sesostris III, 771; Thutmose III, 885; Tutankhamen, 908; women as, 388; Zoser, 996 Pharisees, 459, 468; and Saint Paul, 611 Pharmacology; Greek, 278; Roman, 289 Pharsalus, Battle of (48 b.c.e.), 166, 174, 185, 683, 927 Phasa Mikeun, 466 Pheidippides, 630-633 Phidias, 633-636, 675 Philēbos (Plato), 660 Philinus of Cos, 412 Philip II of Macedonia, 39, 265, 597, 637-640, 719, 872 Philip III Arrhidaeus, 719 Philip V of Macedonia, 67, 383 Philippi, Battle of (42 b.c.e.), 74, 146, 167, 186, 431, 527 Philippicae (Cicero), 73 Philippics. See Kata Philippou Philippides, 631 Philippos (Isocrates), 451 Philistines, 747 Philistion of Locri, 278 Philo of Alexandria, 640-643. See also De Abrahamo; De Decalogo; De Josepho; De opificis mundi; De praemiis et poenis; De vita Moysis; Quod Deus sit immutabilis Philoktētēs (Sophocles), 811 Philosophies for Sale. See Bion Prasis Philosophy; Buddhist, 931; Chinese, 379, 502, 553, 577, 979; Christian, 142, 866; cosmology and, 295; culture and, 451; divisions of, 982; Eleatic, 610; Judaism and, 641; knowledge and, 724; medicine and, 36, 84, 421; music and, 97; nature and, 397; paganism and, 668; poetry and, 610; Pre-Socratic, 856, 965, 985; religion and, 54, 702; rulers and, 659; science and, 263; Sophism and, 707; theology and, 854; women and, 129. See also Category Index Philostratus, 482 Phineus (Aeschylus), 8 Phoenicians, 271 Phormio (Terence), 850 Phryne, 695 Phrynichus, 877 Phrynon, 653 Physica (Aristotle), 95 Physiology, 36, 85; Galen on, 349; Greek, 278, 311 Pi, value of, 82 Piankhi. See Piye Piankhy. See Piye Picts, 394 Pietà (Michelangelo), 540 Pilate, Pontius, 460, 475, 643-646 Pindar, 646-649, 793 Pisistratus, 221, 649-652, 859 Piso, Gnaeus, 510 Pithon, 763 Pittacus of Mytilene, 652-655, 750 Pixodarus, 719 Piye, 655-658 Plagues; Athens, 622; biblical, 1; Egypt, 28, 573; Rome, 530 Plancina, 510 Planetary motion, theories of, 321 Plants, classification of, 290 Plataea, Battle of (479 b.c.e.), 615, 882 Plataea, Battle of (490 b.c.e.), 794 Plataea, Oath of, 633 Plataicus (Isocrates), 450 Plato, 94, 127, 263, 285, 321, 420, 450, 609, 659-662, 799, 963, 968. See also Nomoi; Politeia; Phaedōn; Sophistēs Platonism, 314; Christianity and, 600; Judaism and, 641; Pythagoras and, 725. See also Neoplatonism Platonists, 263 Plautianus, Fulvius, 481 Plautius, Aulus, 163 Plautus, 549, 662-664, 928. See also Menaechmi; Miles gloriosus Plays, miracle, 270 Playwrights, prophets and, 877 Pleasure, philosophy of, 69, 88, 309 Pleroma, 918 Pliny the Elder, 385, 523, 665-667 Pliny the Younger, 102-103, 665, 837, 905 Plotina, 370 Plotinus, 142, 435, 642, 668-670, 687, 701 Ploutos (Aristophanes), 93 Plutarch, 12, 231, 631, 670-673. See also Bioi paralleloi; Ethika Plyaenus, 308 Pneumatica (Hero of Alexandria), 247, 401 Pneumaticism, 84 Pneumatics, 247 Poetic meters; Greek, 415; Latin, 197 Poetics. See De poetica Poetry; Chinese, 732, 785; epic, 427; genres of, 705; Greek, 750, 965; Latin, 210, 301, 431, 536, 603; music and, 647; philosophy and, 610; politics and, 807; Sanskrit, 130; women and, 298 Poisoning, Roman heirs and, 510 Politeia (Plato), 659-660, 708, 963 Politeia (Zeno of Citium), 981 Politica (Aristotle), 95 Politics; geography and, 828; history and, 674; poetry and, 733, 807 Pollenza, Battle of (402 c.e.), 825 Polybius, 384, 673-675, 756, 827 Polycarp, 443 Polyclitus, 523, 633, 675-678 Polycrates, 324, 725 Polygamy, Egyptian, 585 Polygnotus, 678-680 Polyperchon, 598 Polytheism; paganism and, 4; Persian, 993 Pompeia Paulina, 767 Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus. See Pompey the Great Pompeius Strabo, Gnaeus, 188 Pompey the Great, 74, 145, 166, 173, 185, 188, 194, 212, 403, 527, 569, 681-684, 692, 742, 827, 833, 896, 927 Pompey the Younger, 74 Pontius Pilate. See Pilate, Pontius Pontus, kingdom of, 567 Poppaea Sabina, 235, 477, 592, 685-687 Population decline in Sparta, 14 Poroi (Xenophon), 970 Porphyry, 668, 687-690. See also Aphormai pros ta noēta; Isagoge; Kata Christanōn; Peri apochēs empsychōn Porphyry of Tyre. See Porphyry Portraiture, Assyrian, 123 Porus, 202 Posidonius, 690-694 Pothinus, 443 Praeparatio evangelica (Eusebius), 330 Praetorian Guard, 218 "Praise Poem of Ur-Nammu, A" (Ur-Nammu), 914 Praise poetry, 648 Prasutagus, 163 Pratinas, 877 Praxagoras, 410 Praxiteles, 676, 694-697 Prayer, Christian, 601 Precession of the equinoxes, 418 Predestination, 947 Preparation for the Gospel. See Praeparatio evangelica Pre-Socratic philosophy, 37 Priestesses, 298 Priesthood, Jewish, 749 Principate, Roman, 21, 281 Priscillian, 698-700, 797 Priscillianism, 797 Priscus, Marius, 838 Pro Augustino responsiones ad capitula objectionum Vincentianarum (Prosper of Aquitaine), 948 Pro Caelio (Cicero), 233 Pro Quinctio (Cicero), 210 Pro Roscio Amerino (Cicero), 211 Proarche, 918 Proclus, 701-703, 727 Professor of Public Speaking, A. See Rhētorōn didaskalos Prognosis, 422 Prognōstikon (Diocles), 278 Prohaeresius, 361 Projective geometry, 79 Prometheus, 415 Prometheus Bound. See Prometheus desmōtēs Prometheus desmōtēs (Aeschylus), 9 Proof of the Gospel. See Demonstratio evangelica Propaganda, Roman, 527 Propator, 918 Propertius, Sextus, 432, 528, 704-706 Prophecies; battles and, 615; Christ, 474; Christianity and, 698; disaster and punishment, 453; Egyptian, 559; Ezekiel, 336; foreign policy and, 448; Hebrew, 446; horoscopes and, 481; Japanese, 465; Jeremiah, 336, 453; Jewish, 459, 582; oracular, 283; Sammu-ramat and, 746; Samuel, 747; Saul, 748; schizophrenia and, 336 Prophets; Abraham, 6; Deborah, 259; Isaiah, 446; playwrights and, 877 Pros tas koinas doxas (Herophilus), 412 Proscription, 211 Prose, shift from poetry to, 58 Prosper of Aquitane, 947 Prostitution in Athens, 128 Protagoras, 326, 633, 707-709 Prōtagoras (Plato), 654, 708, 793 Proteus (Aeschylus), 9 Psalms, composition of, 255 Psamtik I, 118, 710-712 Pseudo-Dionysius, 270, 702 Pseudolus (Plautus), 663 Psiammites (Archimedes), 82, 607 Psychology; biography and, 671; history and, 512; sculpture and, 696 Ptah, 556 Ptolemies, 229 Ptolemy I Soter, 63, 105-106, 317, 716, 719-722, 763 Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 106, 157, 247, 715-718, 721 Ptolemy III Euergetes, 157, 315, 717 Ptolemy IV Philopator, 159 Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes), 230 Ptolemy XIII, 230 Ptolemy (astronomer), 712-715. See also Apotelesmatika; Mathēmatikē syntaxis Ptolemy Ceraunus (king of Macedonia), 106, 715 Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Antony and Cleopatra), 75 Public works, Chinese, 780 Publicola, L. Gellius, 819 Pumayatton, 271 Punic War, First (264-241 b.c.e.), 273, 373, 738, 758 Punic War, Second (218-202 b.c.e.), 82, 190, 273, 301, 342, 382, 542, 812 Punic War, Third (149-146 b.c.e.), 357, 673, 756, 760 Punishment, Hedonistic concept of, 89 Purā; as, 497 Purifications. See Katharmoi Putidamo. See Bodhidharma P'u-t'i-ta-mo. See Bodhidharma Pydna, Battle of (168 b.c.e.), 756 Pyramids; Egyptian, 558; Step, 440, 996 Pyrrhon of Elis, 722-724 Pythagoras (Greek philosopher), 36, 98, 399, 609, 725-728 Pythagoras of Rhegion, 675 Pythagorean brotherhood, 36, 296 Pythagorean theorem, 318, 727 Pytheas, 729-731 Pythius, 546 Q Qian Han Shu. See Han Shu Qin Dynasty, 150 Qin state, 379 Qu Yuan, 732-734 Quadrature, 82 Quadrivium, 929 Quaestiones naturales (Seneca), 767 Quintilian, 838 Quintus Caepia Brutus. See Brutus, Marcus Junius Qumran community, 476 Quod Deus sit immutabilis (Philo), 641 Qur'an, 6 Qustā ibn Lūqā al-Ba'labakkī, 286 R Ra, 901 Rabbinic assembly, 29 Radagaisus, 825 Raghuvamśa (Kālidāsa), 497 Rāma, 922 Rāmāyana (Vāmīki), 922 Rameses II. See Ramses II Ramses I, 735 Ramses II, 585, 735-738, 773 Ransom of Hector, The. See Hectoris lytra Rape, Roman attitudes toward, 517 Rape of the Lock, The (Pope), 180 Rationalism, 407 Rāvana, 923 Realism; Augustine, 142; four elements, 295; vs. nominalism, 688; Parmenides, 610; in sculpture, 524 Reason; Buddhism, 161; Christian thinkers, 863; vs. common sense, 985; vs. faith, 143; nature of, 261; Plato, 661; Porphyry, 689; Pyrrhon, 724; vs. senses, 295 Rebekah, 6 Rebellions; against Alexander Severus, 485; against Ashurbanipal, 118; against Cambyses II, 136; against Carthage, 374; Catiline, 189; Cinna, 832; against Darius the Great, 251; Jewish, 944; against Nero, 593; against Rome, 163, 937; against Sargon of Akkad, 299; against Sparta, 304; against Tigranes the Great, 897; against Xerxes I, 971. See also Category Index under War and Conquest Rebirth; Christian, 474; Egyptian beliefs in, 559; Jainism and, 925 Records of the Grand Historian of China. See Shiji Rectification of Names, 237 Refutation of All Heresies, The. See Kata pasōn haireseōn elenkhos Regimen. See Diaitētikon Regulus, 738-741 Reinwen, 395 Relativism, 88 Relics; Buddhist, 900; Saint Helena, 392 Religion; Assyrian, 753; community and, 721; Cyrus the Great and, 250; drama and, 877; Egyptian, 736; Greco-Roman sycretism, 108; law and, 293; Livy on, 512; medicine and, 421, 440; philosophy and, 702; Roman, 219, 240, 282, 889; science and, 726; Sumerian, 915; superstition and, 520; Vandals and, 353. See also Category Index Reprehensio duodecim capitum seu anathema anathematismorum Cyrilli (Theodoret), 866 Republic. See Politeia Rerum memoria dignarum (Verrius), 941 Revelation, Book of, 472 Rgya gar chos `byun (Tāranātha; ), 111 Rhetoric; Greek, 451; Roman, 665. See also Technē rhetorikēs Rhētorōn didaskalos (Lucian), 515 Rhizotomika, Peri lakhanōn (Diocles), 278 Rim-Sin, 376 Ritual, Confucianism on, 237 Roads, Roman, 219 Rock Edicts, 124 Romaika (Dio Cassius), 23, 163, 508 Roman Empire, height of; map, lxviii; late; map, lxix. See also Geographical Index under Roman Empire Roman History. See Romaika Roman Republic. See Geographical Index under Roman Republic Romance, Roman prose, 515 Romanization, 19, 99, 219 Rome; administration, 371, 485; Armenia and, 870, 895, 906; Carthage and, 191, 342, 373, 382, 542, 738, 813; Celts and, 756; Christianity and, 42, 143, 268, 330, 392, 905; consolidation of Empire, 372; Constantine and, 242; daily life, 537; division of Empire, 76; Egypt and, 230; Etruscans and, 840; extent of Empire, 99; fall of Empire, 457; fall of Republic, 212; foundation of Empire, 173; Germans and, 147, 351; Goths and, 825; government, 21, 281; Greek influence, 671, 755; Hunnic invasion, 139; Jews and, 477, 644; Judaea and, 404; land tenure, 358; military, 280; Numidia and, 533; Parthia and, 530; Persia and, 485; Pontus and, 568; religion, 241, 488, 643; Republic, 67, 187, 195; Republic versus Empire, 146, 167, 172, 683; rise of, 172; sack of, 352; satire and, 494; social disruptions, 987 Roxana, 720 Rtusamhāra (Kālidāsa), 496 Rufinus, Tyrranius, 456 Rufius Crispinus, 685 Rufus, Marcus Caelius, 234 Rusticus, 269 S Sacred marriages, 915 Sacred War, First (595-586 b.c.e.), 807 Sacred War, Third (356-346 b.c.e.), 639 Sacrifices; human, 6, 246, 273, 384, 805; Jewish, 748 Sadducees, 459 Sages, Seven. See Seven Sages Saints. See individual saint's name Saite Renaissance, 711 Sakas, 499, 776 Śakuntalā. See Abhijñãānaśākuntala Śākya tribe, 49, 169, 933 Sākyamuni, 899 Salamis, Battle of (480 b.c.e.), 8, 109, 137, 214, 326, 860, 973 Sallust, 188, 742-744. See also Bellum Catilinae; Bellum Iugurthinum Salome, 404, 475 Salutatio (ritual), 24 Salvianus, 698 Samaññaphala Sutta (Buddhaghosa), 355 Samaritans, 821 Samia (Menander), 548 Sammu-ramat, 744-747 Samothrace, mysteries of, 597 Samsāra, 112, 931 Samsuiluna, 378 Samuel, 747-749 San guo zhi, 183, 950 Sand-Reckoner, The. See Psiammites Sandrocottus. See Chandragupta Maurya Sanghamitta, 899 Sanhedrin, 460, 821 Sankhibtawy. See Montuhotep II Sanmati. See Vardhamāna Sanskrit literature, 496 Sapor II. See Shāpūr II Sappho, 11, 750-752 Sarah, 4 Sardanapalus (Byron), 119 Sarduri III, 892 Sargon II, 123, 752-755, 769 Sargon of Akkad, 298, 753, 914 Sāsānian Empire, 774; map, lxxiii Sataspes, 387 Satire; Horatian, 431; Roman, 513; social, 663 Satires. See Saturae Satires (Horace), 430 Satraps; function of, 253; government by, 972 Saturae (Ennius), 302 Saturae (Juvenal), 493 Saturae Menippiae (Varro), 928 Satyr (Praxiteles), 695 Satyricon (Petronius), 592 Satyros, 348 Saul (king of Israel), 255, 748 Saul of Tarsus. See Paul, Saint Saundarśnanda (Aśvaghosa), 130 Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, 210 Scapula, Publius Ostorius, 163 Scholarship; Alexandrian, 434; Buddhist, 130; Chinese, 149; Roman, 217; Sri Lankan, 900. See also Category Index Science; Alexandrian, 410; Hellenistic, 579; philosophy and, 263, 856; religion and, 726; Stoicism and, 691. See also Category Index Scientific method, 94 Scipio Aemilianus, 357, 673, 755-757 Scipio Africanus, 191, 301, 344, 357, 382, 542, 755, 758-760, 813, 850 Scipio the Younger. See Scipio Aemilianus Scipionic Circle, 756, 849 Scopas, 546, 761-763, 793 Scorpion (Egyptian king), 557 Scribes; Jewish, 339; women as, 298 Scribonius Largus, 291 Scripts, Chinese, 956 Scriptures, Christian, 134 Sc