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Editor: John Powell, Oklahoma Baptist University ISBN: 978-1-58765-276-9 List Price: $175 May 2006 · 2 volumes · 1,241 pages · 8"x10" Combines Print & Online Access Great Lives from History: The 18th Century Index All personages appearing in boldface type in this index are the subjects of articles in Great Lives from History: The Eighteenth Century, 1701-1800 Subjects of multiperson essays include Robert and James Adam and Jacques-Étienne and Joseph-Michel Montgolfier. Aachen Peace Congress (1748), 557 4Abd al-Wahh3b, Ibn     See Wahh3b, Muwammad ibn 4Abd al- Abdulcelil Celebi     See Levni Abdulcelil Levni     See Levni Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache     See Treatise upon the Origin of Language Abington, Fanny, 1-3 Abolition     See Antislavery    Slave trade    Slavery Abolition of Slavery, Society for the     See Society for the Abolition of Slavery Absolute monarchy (France), 617, 619, 751 Abury (Stukeley), 953 Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres     See Academy of Humanities, France Académie des Sciences     See Academy of Sciences, France Académie Française     See French Academy Academy of Architects, France, 133 Academy of Fists, 100 Academy of Humanities, France, 78 Academy of Sciences, France, 25, 77, 171, 241, 267, 634, 700, 1050 Academy of Sciences, Italy, 25 Academy of Sciences and Literature, Germany, 263 Account of Corsica: The Journal of a Tour to That Island, An (Boswell), 147 Account of the Destruction of the Jesuits in France, An (Alembert), 33 Account of the Life of Mr    Richard Savage, An (Johnson, S.), 536 Act     See specific name Actors and acting     Fanny Abington, 1-3     David Garrick, 397-400     Anne Oldfield, 749-751     Mary Robinson, 848-850     Sarah Siddons, 912-914     Peg Woffington, 1102-1104 Adam, James, 3-7 Adam, Robert, 3-7 Adams, Abigail, 7-11, 1042     equal education, 9 Adams, John, 7, 11-15, 139, 1042     diplomacy with English, 12     diplomacy with French, 12 Adams, Samuel, 16-20, 276     American independence, 1041 Addison, Joseph, 20-24, 434, 942     The Tatler, 21 Addresses to the German Nation (Fichte), 345 Administration of Justice Act (1774), 460 Admiralty (Royal Navy), 50, 270     trial of John Hancock, 458 Adoration of the Magi (Tiepolo), 978 Adrianople, Treaty of (1713), 27 Adventures of Mr    Nicholas Wisdom (Krasicki), 568 Adventures of Rivella, The (Manley), 642 Aesthetics     Edmund Burke, 175     Immanuel Kant, 550     and manufacturing, 1060     Friedrich Schiller, 889     Johann Joachim Winckelmann, 1095 Africa     British exploration, 765-768     Ethiopia, 677-679     Islam, 914     Scottish exploration, 168-171     settlement of London’s poor blacks, 900 African-British trade, 766 Age of Reason, The (Paine), 760 Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, 24-26     girls’    education, 24     mathematics, 24 Agricultural Revolution     England, 990-993     United States, 1076-1079 Agriculture     Chinese, 818     and economics, 820     mixed farming, 990-993     Russian, 213 Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus (West), 1068 Ahmed III (Ottoman sultan), 26-29, 233, 639     arts patronage, 603     Tulip Age, 28 Ahmed Pasha     See Bonneval, Claude Alexandre de Aikin, Anna     See Barbauld, Anna Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 312, 654, 773, 882 Alaung Phra     See Alaungpaya Alaungpaya, 29-31     diplomacy with British, 30 Albany Congress (1754), 372 Albina (Cowley), 284 Alceste (Gluck and Calzabigi), 419 Alchemy, 580     Georg Ernst Stahl, 936 Aleijadinho     See Lisboa, Antônio Francisco Alembert, Jean le Rond d’, 31-35, 267, 308     Encyclopedia, 32 Alexander of the North     See Charles XII Algebra, 335, 574, 684 Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 13, 238, 530, 637 Allen, Ethan, 35-38, 60 Almanacs     Benjamin Banneker, 85     Benjamin Franklin, 371     Roger Sherman, 908 Alompra     See Alaungpaya Amadeus (Shaffer), 713 Amati, Niccolò, 944 Amelia (Fielding), 349 America (Blake), 122 American and American Indian conflicts, 253, 610, 1056 American-British conflicts, 198, 206, 253, 257, 386, 507, 518, 1043, 1054 American-British diplomacy, 12, 372, 540 American colonies     See Colonialism American-French diplomacy, 373, 413, 706, 1011 American frontier     California, 892     idea of, 145     Kentucky, 143     Northwest Territory, 1056     Ohio Valley and Great Lakes, 611     Spanish Louisiana, 525 American independence, 1041     John Adams, 11-15     Edmund Burke, 174     Charles Carroll, 206     Charles James Fox, 364     Benjamin Franklin, 370-375     George III, 410     Elbridge Gerry, 412-414     Alexander Hamilton, 452-456     John Jay, 524     James Madison, 636-638     Gouverneur Morris, 705-707     Robert Morris, 707-711     Thomas Paine, 761     comte de Rochambeau, 853     Benjamin Rush, 872-874     George Washington, 1043-1047     John Wilkes, 1085     John Witherspoon, 1098-1102 American Indian-American conflicts, 253, 610, 1056 American Indian-British alliance, 40, 144, 159, 626 American Indian-British conflicts, 385, 802 American Indian-British relations, 744 American Indian-French relations, 801 American Indian leaders     Joseph Brant, 159-162     Little Turtle, 610-612     Alexander McGillivray, 626-629     Pontiac, 801-805 American Indian-Spanish alliance, 627 American Indians     and Lord Amherst, 40     and British colonial policy, 803     and Jonathan Edwards, 316     genocide, 803     and Junípero Serra, 892 American Revolution     John Adams, 11-15     Samuel Adams, 16-20     Ethan Allen, 35-38     Lord Amherst, 40     John André, 42-45     Benedict Arnold, 59-62     Isaac Backus, 75-77     Pierre-Augustin Cardon de Beaumarchais, 98     Joseph Brant, 159-162     Edmund Burke, 175     Charles Carroll, 205-208     Charles III, 227     Samuel Chase, 237-240     Sir Henry Clinton, 256-259     First Marquess Cornwallis, 278-281     John Dickinson, 303-307     French support, 98     George III, 409     Nathanael Greene, 443-447     Alexander Hamilton, 452-456     John Hancock, 457-462     Patrick Henry, 482-485     history, 1042     Richard Howe, 507, 511     Thomas Jefferson, 528-531     John Paul Jones, 539-543     Tadeusz Kokciuszko, 564-566     George Mason, 664-667     Mohawks, 159     Robert Morris, 707-711     Lord North, 739     Thomas Paine, 759-762     William Pitt the Younger, 789     Paul Revere, 832-836     comte de Rochambeau, 851-854     Betsy Ross, 865-867     Roger Sherman, 908-911     Charles Gravier de Vergennes, 1011     Mercy Otis Warren, 1041-1043     George Washington, 1043-1047     Anthony Wayne, 1054-1057     James Wilson, 1092     women’s rights, 9     See also American independence    Lexington and Concord, Battle of American-Spanish alliance, 227 American-Spanish conflicts, 627 American-Spanish relations, 524 Amherst, Jeffrey     See Amherst, Lord Amherst, Lord, 38-42, 803, 1105 Ami du Peuple, L’ (political newspaper)     Jean-Paul Marat, 648 Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature, The (Butler), 188 Analysis of Beauty, The (Hogarth), 499 Analyst, The (Berkeley), 112, 633 Analytic philosophy, 550 Analytical Institutions (Agnesi), 24 André, John, 42-45, 61 Andros, Sir Edmund, 667, 672 Anglican Church, 1061-1064     antinomianism, 1062     Mary Astell, 66     Joseph Butler, 188     colonial America, 159     disestablishment in revolutionary America, 636     George I, 402     Jonathan Swift, 964     George Whitefield, 1074     William Wilberforce, 1079 Anglo-Mysore War (1767-1769), 522 Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784), 523 Anhalt-Zerbst, Sophie Friederike Auguste von     See Catherine the Great Animal experimentation     blood system, 926     frogs, 391, 1024     sexual behavior, 927 Animal reproduction, 928 Ann, Mother     See Lee, Ann Annapolis Convention (1786)     Alexander Hamilton, 453     James Madison, 636 Anne (queen of Great Britain and Ireland), 45-49, 66, 250, 423, 662     Act of Settlement, 47     Church of England, 46     War of the Spanish Succession, 47 Annual Register, The, 174 Anson, George     See Anson, Lord Anson, Lord, 49-52     Spanish treasure galleon, 50 Antarctica, 271, 1006 Antinomianism, 1062 Antiquity, study of, 1095 Antislavery     Benjamin Banneker, 86     Olaudah Equiano, 324-326     Benjamin Franklin, 373     in literature, 88     Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, 830     Samuel Sewall, 893-896     Granville Sharp, 899-902     Toussaint Louverture, 985     Phillis Wheatley, 1070-1073 Apollo Conducting Barbarossa’s Bride, Beatrice of Burgundy (Tiepolo), 978 Apology for the Life of Mrs    Shamela Andrews, An (Fielding), 348, 842 Apotheosis of Spain (Tiepolo), 978 “Appeal to the Public for Religious Liberty, Against the Oppressions of the Present Day”    (Backus et al.), 76 Aqa Sayyid Muwammad B3qir Bihbah3nt     See Vawtd Bihbah3nt Arcana coelestia         .     See Heavenly Arcana, The Archaeology, 952-954, 1096     See also Avebury    Ruins    Stonehenge Architecture     Robert and James Adam, 3-7     and antiquities, 4     Austrian Baroque, 494-497     Baroque, 608     Germain Boffrand, 132-135     Lancelot Brown, 165-168     ecclesiastical, 351, 473, 496     Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 350-353     France, 132     Gothic, 134, 473     interior design, 132     Kartm Kh3n Zand, 552     Left Bank, 133     military, 201, 448, 565, 690     patronage, 322, 617, 800     prisons, 106     Scotland, 3     stage design, 190     Vienna, 351     See also Category Index Argyll, second duke of, 53-54     Act of Union, 53     Jacobite Rebellion, 54     Scottish parliament, 53 Arithmetica (Zenger), 1116 Arkwright, Sir Richard, 55-59, 561 Armaments, 1077 Armide (Gluck), 420 Army, U.S., 43, 443, 565, 708, 1043, 1054 Army of the North (France), 200 Arnold, Benedict, 59-62 Arouet, François-Marie     See Voltaire Art     American, 947-951     Baroque, 437     depiction of beauty, 1097     book design, 92     comical, 498     decorative, 4, 95-97, 132-135, 472-475, 494-497, 978     design, 865     English, 156, 839     engraving, 122, 832     everyday life, 190, 1051     expressionism, 368     French, 224     frescoes, 977     Greek, 1095     history, 1095-1098     human body, 1095     Korea, 248-249     landscape painting, 248, 390     Laocoön statue, 1095     musical instrument design, 944-947     Ottoman Empire, 602-604     pastel, 225     patronage, 322, 585, 799     pottery making, 1057-1061     printing, 92-94     printmaking, 958-960     realism, 190, 275, 1069     rococo, 133, 437, 617, 978, 1052     Romanticism, 124, 437, 1053, 1069     Russia, 613     satirical, 498     silversmithing, 95     still life, 224     See also Portraiture    Category Index Art de toucher le clavecin, L’ (Couperin), 282 Art défensif supérieur à    l’offensif, L’ (Montalembert), 691 Articles of Confederation (1781), 413, 636, 710, 904, 909, 1092 Artist Hesitating Between the Arts of Music and Painting, The (Kauffman), 554 Asbury, Francis, 62-64 Ashburn, Betsy     See Ross, Betsy Associations movement (1779-1780), 364 Astell, Mary, 64-67, 687 Astronomical Society, 493 Astronomical tables, 85 Astronomy     Benjamin Banneker, 84-87     China, 1039     Elijah ben Solomon, 318     Caroline Lucretia Herschel, 489-491     William Herschel, 492-493     Wang Zhenyi, 1038-1040     See also Category Index Atheism     George Berkeley, 112     Denis Diderot, 307     Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 344     William Godwin, 425     Claude-Adrien Helvétius, 481     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 502 Atossa     See Churchill, Sarah Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation (Fichte), 342 Aubrey, John, 952 Augustus II (king of Poland), 232 Aungzeya     See Alaungpaya Aus den Memoiren de Venetianers Jacob Casanova de Seingalt     See Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt, The Aus meinem Leben     See Autobiography of Goethe, The Austerlitz, Battle of (1805), 570 Australia     British colonization, 82, 783-785     James Cook, 271 Austrian army, 330 Austrian-French conflicts, 330, 658, 881 Austrian-Ottoman conflicts, 330, 639 Austrian-Ottoman War (1736-1739), 230 Austrian-Prussian conflicts, 378, 654 Austrian-Prussian diplomacy, 557 Austrian-Russian alliance, 570, 955 Austrian State Chancery, 557 Austrian Succession, War of the (1740-1748), 102, 378, 405, 447, 616, 654, 772, 801, 881 Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (Franklin), 373 Autobiography of Goethe, The (Goethe), 430 Avebury, 952-954 Ba4al shem (master of the divine name), 68 Ba4al Shem Tov, 68-70, 319     founder of Hasidism, 69     homeopathy, 69     pantheism, 69     study of nature, 68 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 71-74 Backus, Isaac, 75-77 Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 77-79     first mayor of Paris, 78 Bajki i przypowiekci     See Polish Fables Ballet, 295, 419 Ballet d’action, 296 Balloons, 699 Bank of the United States     founding, 207, 454     Robert Morris, 710     James Wilson, 1092 Banks, Sir Joseph, 80-83, 270 Banneker, Benjamin, 84-87 Banquet of Antony and Cleopatra (Tiepolo), 977 Baptists     colonial America, 75     support for American Revolution, 76     Isaac Backus, 75     First Amendment, 76     religious freedom, 76 Barbauld, Anna, 87-89     education, 87 Barber of Seville, The (Beaumarchais), 98 Barometers, 336 Baroque architecture     Brazilian, 608     English, 472-475, 1003     Germanic, 350 Baroque music     French, 828     Italian, 282 Baroque-rococo art, 437 Barrier Treaty (1715), 939 Barton, Frances     See Abington, Fanny Bas Bleu (More), 702 Basedow, Johann Bernhard, 89-92     educational reform, 90 Baskerville, John, 92-94 Bastille, Fall of the (1789), 78, 289, 425, 619, 658, 681, 728, 753, 844, 918 Bateman, Hester, 95-97 Bathos, The (Hogarth), 500 Batteries, 393, 1023 Battle of     See specific name Battles of Coxinga, The (Chikamatsu), 244 Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de, 97-99     printing of Voltaire’s works, 98 Beaux’    Stratagem, The (Farquhar), 1 Beccaria, Cesare, 100-102 Becher, Johann Joachim, 934 Before Thy Throne I Now Appear (Bach), 73 Beggar’s Opera, The (Gay), 1 Belgrade, Treaty of (1739), 640, 720 Belle’s Stratagem, The (Cowley), 284 Belvedere Palace, 495 Ben Eliezer, Israel     See Ba4al Shem Tov Benedict XIV, 25, 102-104 Bengal, India     British colonialism, 469     Robert Clive, 260 Benizuri-e (crimson-print pictures), 958 Benjamin Banneker’s Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanack and Ephemeris for the Year of Our Lord, 1792 (Banneker), 85 Bentham, Jeremy, 104-108     utilitarianism, 106 Benthamites     See Utilitarianism Bentley, Thomas, 1059 Bercher, Jean     See Dauberval, Jean Berhan Mogassa     See Mentewab Bering, Vitus Jonassen, 108-111     sighting of North America, 110     Russian navy, 108 Bering Strait, 109 Berkeley, George, 111-115     David Hume, 514     criticism of Isaac Newton, 633 Berlin Academy, 32, 334, 480, 573, 651 Berlin, Germany, 675 Berry, duke of     See Louis XVI Bethesda orphanage, 1074 Be4ur ha-Gra (Elijah ben Solomon), 319 Bickerstaff, Isaac     See Steele, Richard Big Turtle     See Boone, Daniel Bildungsroman, 429 Bill of Rights (England), Society for the Supporters of the     See Society for the Supporters of the Bill of Rights (England) Bill of Rights, U.S., 413, 460, 665 Binomial system of nomenclature, 606 Biography, 146-150, 536 Biology, 925-928, 961     See also Category Index Black, Joseph, 115-117, 1049     discovery of oxygen, 116 Black Hole of Calcutta (1756), 260 Black Paintings, The (Goya), 438 Blackstone, Sir William, 104, 118-121 Blagdon Controversy, 703 Blake, William, 121-125 Blenheim, Battle of (1704), 47, 661 Blenheim Palace, 251, 473, 1004 Blenheim Park, 166 Bligh, William, 126-129     HMS Bounty mutiny, 127 Blood circulation, 926 Bloody Marsh, Battle of (1742), 744 Blue Nile River exploration, 168 Bluestockings, 181, 221, 578, 702 Bobrinsky, Aleksey Grigoryevich, 757 Boccherini, Luigi, 129-132 Boerhaave, Herman, 337 Boffrand, Germain, 132-135 Bold Stroke for a Husband, A (Cowley), 284 Bolingbroke, First Viscount, 135-140 Bom Jesus de Matosinhos (Brazil), 609 Bon-sens, Le     See Common Sense (Holbach) Bonaparte, Lucien, 131 Bonifacious (Mather, C.), 669 Bonne Prince Charlie     See Charles, Prince Bonneval, Claude Alexandre de, 140-142     Islam, 142     as mercenary, 141 Bonneval de Blanchefort, Claude Alexandre de     See Bonneval, Claude Alexandre de Bonnie Prince Charlie     See Charles, Prince Book censorship     Japan, 980     Russia, 214     United States, 238 Book design, 93 Book of Common Prayer (Mohawk version), 161 Book of Job, The (Blake), 123 Book trade     England, 730-732 Books     for children, 433     and women writers, 1109 Boone, Daniel, 143-146     Kentucky expedition, 143 Boone’s Station, Kentucky, 144 Boonesborough, Kentucky, 143 Boston Massacre (1770), 17, 459, 520 Boston Port Act (1774), 18, 443, 460 Boston Tea Party (1773), 11, 18, 409, 459, 483, 520, 833     and poem by Mercy Otis Warren, 1041 Boswell, James, 146-150, 538, 898 Boswell in Search of a Wife (Boswell), 147 Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland (Boswell), 147 Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy, Corsica, and France (Boswell), 147 Boswell’s London Journal, 1762-1763 (Boswell), 146 Botany, 80-83, 171, 604-607 Boucher, François, 367     portrait of Madame de Pompadour, 799 Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de, 150-153     Canadian military campaigns, 151     circumnavigation of the globe, 151     First Marquess Cornwallis, 152 Bougainvillea vine, 152 Boulogne, Joseph, 153-155 Boulton, Matthew, 156-158     William Murdock, 715     James Watt, 1049 Boulton, Watt &    Sons, 716 Bounty, HMS, 126 Bourbon Dynasty, 246, 782, 918, 937 Bourbon Reforms, 228 Bow Street Runners     See Scotland Yard Boy with a Squirrel (Copley), 275 Boycott by American colonies of British goods, 18, 238, 458, 460 Brandenburg Concertos (Bach), 72 Brant, Joseph, 159-162     Anglican Church, 161     interpreter for British, 159     Mohawk sanctuary in Canada, 160 Brant, Molly, 159 Braschi, Giovanni Angelo     See Pius VI Breeches role (acting), 848, 1102 Bremer Beiträger, 562 Brief Narrative of the Case and Tryal of John Peter Zenger, A (Zenger), 1118 Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend (literary journal), 599 Briefe zu Beförderung der Humanität     See Letters for the Advancement of Humanity Brindley, James, 162-165     canal system, 162     Duke’s Canal, 163     Grand Trunk Canal, 164     industrialism, 162 British-African trade, 766 British-American conflicts, 198, 206, 253, 257, 386, 507, 518, 1043, 1054 British-American diplomacy, 12, 372, 540 British-American Indian alliance, 40, 144, 159, 626 British-American Indian conflicts, 385, 802 British-American Indian relations, 744 British-Burmese treaty, 30 British Canada, 38-42, 507, 694, 790, 919-921, 1104-1108 British-Chinese relations, 817 British Columbia, 1007 British Constitution     See Constitution, British British East India Company, 176, 410     and Bengalese attack on Calcutta, 260     Boston Tea Party, 18     Burma, 30     and charter amendment, 704     corruption, 739     and East India Act, 790     and fraud, 279     government regulation of, 469     Persia, 552 British Empire     George III, 409     increased power, 1107 British-French conflicts, 39, 246, 311, 384, 406, 510, 661, 693, 786, 790, 851, 881, 984     North American colonies, 801 British-French diplomacy, 151, 939 British India, 259-262, 278-281, 311, 469, 522-523 British Novelists, The (Barbauld, ed.), 88 British parliament     See Parliament, British British-Prussian alliance, 939 British Royal Marines, 50 British Southern Indian Department, 626 British-Spanish conflicts, 626, 1036     West Indies, 986 Brome, Viscount     See Cornwallis, First Marquess Brothers Club, England, 137 Brown, Lancelot, 165-168 Bruce, James, 168-171 Brunswick Manifesto, 290 Bucentoro at the Molo on Ascension Day, The (Canaletto), 191 Buddhism, 450-452     China, 1114     Thailand, 969     Zen, 450 Buffon, comte de, 171-173     Catholic Church, 172     evolution, 172     Carolus Linnaeus, 172 Buffoons, War of the, 827 Bunker Hill, Battle of (1775), 511, 1043 Burke, Edmund, 174-177, 425, 812, 1109     conservatism, 174     pamphlet wars, 621 Burma, 29, 817 Burmese-British treaty, 30 Burmese-Thai conflicts, 968 Burmese wars, 29 Burney, Charles, 177-180     music, 177 Burney, Fanny, 177, 180-183, 235     “mother of English fiction,”    182 Burney, Frances     See Burney, Fanny Burns, Robert, 183-187     Scots vernacular, 184 Burr, Aaron, 530     duel with Alexander Hamilton, 455 Business     See Category Index Butler, Joseph, 187-189 Cabinet government     British, 401, 404, 740, 772, 1037     United States, 1045 Café    de l’Europe, 267 Calculus     See Agnesi, Maria Gaetana    Alembert, Jean le Rond d’    Châtelet, Marquise du    Euler, Leonhard    Lagrange, Joseph-Louis    Maclaurin, Colin    Monge, Gaspard Calcutta, India, 260, 469 Calendars, 1039 Calico Act (1774), 56 California     Spanish expeditions to, 394-396     Spanish possession, 228 Calvinism, 33, 75, 314, 382, 1074 Calzabigi, Raniero, 419 Camilla (Burney, F.), 182 Campaign, The (Addison), 20 Campbell, John     See Argyll, second duke of Campbell and Cowall, earl of     See Argyll, second duke of Camperdown, Battle of (1797), 128 Canada     British colonialism, 196     British forces, 39     exploration of, 629     French colonialism, 196     French forces, 39     government, 197     Indians, 160, 974 Canal, Giovanni Antonio     See Canaletto Canal construction     England, 162-165, 1058     United States, 706 Canaletto, 190-193     British patronage, 192 Candide (Voltaire), 1026 Cannon manufacturing, 1088 Canonization     of Junípero Serra, 892     study of, 102 Cantatas     Johann Sebastian Bach, 73     George Frideric Handel, 463     Alessandro Scarlatti, 884 Cao Xueqin, 194-196 Cao Zhan     See Cao Xueqin Capet, Louis     See Louis XVI Capitalism, 341     François Quesnay, 821 Capitulation of Montreal (1760), 40, 385, 694 Caprices, The (Goya), 438 Captivity tales, 975 Carbon dioxide, 116 Careless Husband, The (Oldfield), 749 Caritat, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas     See Condorcet, Marquis de Carleton, Sir Guy, 196-199 Carmontelle, Louis Carrogis de, 296 Carnatic Wars (1746-1754), 259, 312 Carnot, Lazare, 200-202     French Revolution, 200 Caroline (queen of Great Britain and Ireland), 203-205, 360     British colonization, 203     marriage to George II, 203     Industrial Revolution, 203     Leibniz-Clarke debate, 204     regency, 203 Caron, Pierre-Augustin     See Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de Carroll, Charles, 205-208 Carroll, John, 795 Cartography     See Category Index Carvalho e Mello, Sebastião José    de     See Pombal, Marquês de Casanova, 208-211     arrest, 209 Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits (Mather, I.), 673 Castle Howard, 473, 1003 Categorical imperative (Kant), 550 Catherine II     See Catherine the Great Catherine the Great (empress of Russia), 211-215, 778, 808, 814, 955, 1059     ascension, 755-758, 779     patronage of Denis Diderot, 309     manifesto, 212 Catholic Church     Pope Benedict XIV, 102-104     Brazil, 609     clerical reform, 793     and the Encyclopedia, 33     France, 361-362     Habsburg Dynasty, 545     Josephism, 793     and natural history, 172     New World, 891-893     Pius VI, 793-795     Poland, 567     regional control of, 102     and Spanish monarchy, 228     United States, 795 Catholic Committee, Ireland, 983 Catholic emancipation (Ireland), 440-442 Catholic missions     See Missions Catholic-Protestant marriage, 103 Catholic Relief Act (1793), 983 Cavendish, Georgiana, 215-217 Cavendish, Henry, 217-220, 683     chemistry of gases, 218     electricity, 219     hydrogen, 218     water, 219 Cavendish Society, 219 Cecilia (Burney, F.), 181 Censorship     China, 818     of English theater, 347     France, 480     Voltaire, 1027     See also Book censorship    Libel 120 journées de Sodome, Les     See 120 Days of Sodom, The Chamber music, 73, 131, 713 Chantaburi, Battle of (1767), 968 Chapel Royal, 464 Chapone, Hester, 221-223 Chardin, Jean-Siméon, 223-226, 367, 1052 Charge Delivered to the Clergy of the Diocese of Durham, A (Butler), 188 Charles II (king of England), 672 Charles II (king of Spain), 781 Charles III (king of Spain), 227-229, 437     music patronage, 130 Charles III (1685-1740)     See Charles VI Charles VI (Holy Roman Emperor), 229-231, 653, 1020     and Ottoman Empire, 27 Charles XII (king of Sweden), 232-234, 775 Charles, Prince, 406, 623 Charles-Louis de Secondat     See Montesquieu Charleston, South Carolina, 257, 279, 444, 1055 Charlestown Neck, Battle of     See Bunker Hill, Battle of Charlotte (queen of Great Britain and Ireland), 181, 235-237, 1059 Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Princess     See Charlotte, Queen Chase, Samuel, 237-240     judicial partisanship, 239 Châtelet, Marquise du, 240-243, 1027 Chatham, baron of     See Argyll, second duke of Chatham, first earl of     See Pitt, William, the Elder “Cheap Repository Tracts”    (More), 703 Chemical nomenclature, 116 Chemical Revolution     Germany, 934     Scotland, 115-117, 858-862 Chemistry     Joseph Black, 115-117     Henry Cavendish, 217-220     empirical, 935     iatrochemistry, 933     Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, 579-582     Nicolas Leblanc, 587-590     Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, 651-653     modern foundations, 812     Gaspard Monge, 683     Joseph Priestley, 811-814     Russia, 613     Lazzaro Spallanzani, 927     Georg Ernst Stahl, 933-937     sugar extraction, 652     Alessandro Volta, 1023     See also Category Index Cherokees, 143 Chesterfield Act (1751), 773 Chevalier de l’Ordre Royal de la Légion d’Honneur, 585 Chevalier de Seingalt     See Casanova Ch’ien-lung     See Qianlong Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 243-245 Children, education of, 732 China     government reform, 1113     and Korean art, 248     literature, 194-196     philosophy, 287-289     Qing Dynasty, 817-819     and Zen Buddhism, 450 Chinese-British relations, 817 Chinese-Russian treaty, 776, 1113 Chinese-Vietnamese conflicts, 737 Ch’ing Kao-tsung     See Qianlong Chipewyans, 974 Chippewas, 801 Chisholm v    Georgia (1793), 525, 1093 Chocolate, 22 Chfeiken     See Suzuki Harunobu Choiseul, Étienne François de, 246-247, 448, 798 Cho©ng So©n, 248-249 Christ Healing the Sick in the Temple (West), 1069 Christian Hero, The (Steele), 941 Christian Philosopher (Mather, C.), 669 Christianity     colonial America, 1062     Ethiopia, 678     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 502     and Jewish conversion, 676     See also Anglican Church    Calvinism    Catholic Church    Dissenters    Evangelism    Lutheran Church    Orthodox Church    Presbyterian Church    Protestantism    Revivalism    Settlement, Act of Christina (queen of Sweden), 884 Christmas Oratorio (Bach), 74 Christ’s Second Coming, United Society of Believers in     See United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Coming Church of Scotland     See Presbyterian Church Church-state conflict, 545, 793 Churchill, John     See Marlborough, first duke of Churchill, Sarah, 45, 250-252     marriage to first duke of Marlborough, 660 Cibber, Colley, 749 Cimento dell’armonia e dell’inventione, Il     See Four Seasons, The Circumnavigation of the globe, 151 Citizen of the World, The (Goldsmith), 434 Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790), 793 Civil liberties (U.S.), 206 Civil List Act (1782), 410 Civil rights     England, 88, 425     European Jews, 676     France, 648, 844     Ireland, 965     Thomas Paine, 760     William Pitt the Elder, 788     United States, 664     women, 1109     See also Bill of Rights, U.S.    Religious freedom    States’    rights Clapham sect, 702, 704, 1080 Clapiers, Luc de     See Vauvenargues, Marquis de Clarissa (Richardson), 221, 577, 842 Clark, George Rogers, 160, 253-256 Clarke-Butler correspondence, 187 Class     China, 818     in drama, 599     England, 156, 167, 1109     France, 78, 821, 997     in literature, 98, 180-183, 210     Prussia, 379 Classes plantarum (Linnaeus), 606 Classical music, 281-284, 418-421     See also Cantatas    Music    Opera    Oratorios    Organ music Claypoole, Betsy     See Ross, Betsy Clementina, La (Boccherini), 130 Clinton, Sir Henry, 61, 256-259, 852 Clive, Kitty, 1     rivalry with Peg Woffington, 1103 Clive, Robert, 259-262, 312, 469 Clothed Maja (Goya), 438 Coal, 162, 294, 717, 734, 859, 1087 Coeducation, 90 Coelebs in Search of a Wife (More), 703 Coercive Acts (1774), 11, 460 Coffeehouses, 22 Coins and currency     Benjamin Franklin, 371     Japan, 981     manufacture of, 157     United States, 207, 1045 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 362 Colbertisme, 362, 821 Colonialism     British in Africa, 766     British in Australia, 783-785     British in Canada, 196     British in India, 469-472     British in North America, 802     British in West Indies, 855     French in North America, 802     French in West Indies, 153, 985     Spanish in the Americas, 394-396, 891, 993 Colonization of prisoners, 742 Comédie-Française, 98, 597 Comic acting, 749 Comic opera, 597, 713 Comic theater, 905 Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 118 Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion (Galvani), 392 Commerce, 341     Montesquieu, 697 Committee of Correspondence (United States)     John Adams, 18     American independence, 1041     Charles Carroll, 206     Elbridge Gerry, 412     John Jay, 524     Robert Morris, 707     Paul Revere, 833     John Witherspoon, 1100 Committee of Public Safety (France), 291, 460, 649-650, 846, 878 Common law (England), 118-121, 643-647 Common Sense (Holbach), 502 Common Sense (Paine), 759 Communal society, 879 Complete Collection of the Four Treasures (Dai Zhen, ed.), 287 Composers     Johann Sebastian Bach, 71-74     Luigi Boccherini, 129-132     Joseph Boulogne, 153-155     François Couperin, 281-284     George Frideric Handel, 462-466     Joseph Haydn, 476-479     Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 711-715     Jean-Philippe Rameau, 826-829     Alessandro Scarlatti, 883-887     Georg Philipp Telemann, 970-973     Antonio Vivaldi, 1019-1022 Concert de la Loge Olympique, Le, 154 Concert des Amateurs, 154 Concert Spirituel, 154 Concerti, 1020 Concord, Battle of     See Lexington and Concord, Battle of Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 263-266     sensationalist theory, 264 Condillac’s Treatise on the Sensations (Condillac), 264 Condorcanqui, José    Gabriel     See Tupac Amaru II Condorcet, Marquis de, 267-269 Conduct of the Allies, The (Swift), 136 Confessions de J.-J    Rousseau, Les     See Confessions of J.-J    Rousseau, The Confessions of J.-J    Rousseau, The (Rousseau), 870 Confucianism, 747, 817     See also Neo-Confucianism Congonhas do Campo (Brazil), 608 Congregational Church, 76, 668, 671 Congressional government, United States, 705, 910 Connecticut, 36, 59, 908 Connecticut Compromise     See Great Compromise Connecticut Wits, 988 Conscious Lovers, The (Steele), 942 Conservatism     John Adams, 13     England, 139, 174-177     Adam Smith, 922 Constantinople, 26, 416, 602, 639, 687, 719 Constitution, British, 119, 740 Constitution, French, 845, 918 Constitution, Haitian, 987 Constitution, U.S., 13     Sir William Blackstone, 118     John Dickinson, 306     analysis in The Federalist, 454     First Amendment, 76     Alexander Hamilton, 453     John Hancock, 460     Patrick Henry, 484     John Jay, 525     James Madison, 636-638     George Mason, 665     Gouverneur Morris, 705-707     Daniel Shays, 903     Roger Sherman, 910     James Wilson, 1092 Constitutional Convention, U.S    (1787), 705, 903, 910, 1045 Constitutional government     France, 648, 878     Great Britain, 138, 400-412, 421-424, 739 Constitutional monarchy, France, 619, 680, 845, 918 Continental army     See Army, U.S. Continental Congress, 528     John Adams, 11     Samuel Chase, 238     American flag, 866     Benjamin Franklin, 372     Alexander Hamilton, 453     John Hancock, 460     Patrick Henry, 483     John Jay, 524     James Madison, 636     Gouverneur Morris, 705     Robert Morris, 707     and religious freedom, 76     Roger Sherman, 909     George Washington, 1043     James Wilson, 1091     John Witherspoon, 1100 Continental navy     See Navy, U.S. Contrat social, Du     See Treatise on the Social Contract, A Cook, James, 80, 270-274, 1006 Copenhagen, Battle of (1801), 128 Copley, John Singleton, 274-277 Copley Medal, 492, 1024 Corday, Charlotte, 650 Corelli, Arcangelo, 282, 463 Corésus Sacrificing Himself to Save Callirhoé (Fragonard), 367 Corinne (Staël), 931 Cornwallis, Charles     See Cornwallis, First Marquess Cornwallis, First Marquess, 258, 278-281, 444, 852     surrender at Yorktown, 152, 279, 853 Correspondence of Samuel Richardson, The (Barbauld), 88 Cosby, William, 1116 Cossacks, 232, 776, 809, 814 “Cotter’s Saturday Night, The”    (Burns), 184 Cotton gin, 1076 Cotton manufacturing     England, 56, 466     United States, 1077 Couperin, François, 281-284 Court of King’s Bench     condemnation of John Wilkes, 1084     first earl of Mansfield, 644 Covent Garden     Fanny Abington, 2 Covent Garden Theatre     David Garrick, 397     Sarah Siddons, 912     Peg Woffington, 1102 Cowley, Hannah, 284-286 Cowpox, 532 Creation, The (Haydn), 477 Cree, 974 Cremona     Antonio Stradivari, 944 Creoles in Peru, 994 Crime and criminals, 100-102     American colonies, 460     reform of punishment, 100 Crimea, 639, 720     annexation by Russia, 809 Crimes de l’amour, Les     See Crimes of Love, The Crimes of Love, The (Sade), 876 Crisis papers (Paine), 759 Crispin rival de son maître     See Crispin, Rival of His Master Crispin, Rival of His Master (Lesage), 597 Critique of Judgment, The (Kant), 550 Critique of Practical Reason, The (Kant), 549 Critique of Pure Reason, The (Kant), 548 Culloden, Battle of (1746), 406 Cuzco (Inca Empire), 994     Siege of (1781), 994 Dai Dongyuan     See Dai Zhen Dai Zhen, 287-289 Daimyos, 980 Dance     and classical music, 283, 713, 828     expressionism, 296     France, 295-297 Danforth, Thomas, 894 Dangerous Liaisons (Laclos), 753 Danton, Georges, 289-292, 918 D’Arblay, Fanny     See Burney, Fanny D’Arblay, Frances     See Burney, Fanny D’Arblay, Madame     See Burney, Fanny Darby, Abraham, 292-295 Daremberg, Jean-Baptiste     See Alembert, Jean le Rond d’ Darwin, Charles, 764 Darwin, Erasmus, 897 Dauberval, Jean, 295-297     ballet, 295-297 David, Jacques-Louis     portrait of Jean-Paul Marat, 650     portrait of Marie-Antoinette, 659 Dazai Shundai, 747 De antiquissima Italorum sapientia (Vico), 1013 De’    fenomeni della circolazione                  See Experiments upon the Circulation of the Blood         . De la défense des places fortes (Carnot), 201 De l’Allemagne     See Germany De l’attaque et de la defense des places (Montalembert), 691 De l’esprit (Helvétius), 480 De servorum Dei beatificatione et beatorum canonizatione (Benedict XIV), 102 De synodo dioecesana (Benedict XIV), 103 De vi attractiva ignis electrici (Volta), 1023 De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius     See Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion Death of General Wolfe, The (Romney), 862 Death of General Wolfe, The (West), 1069 Death of King Edmund, The (Romney), 862 Death of the Earl of Chatham, The (Copley), 276 Decadence, 28, 658, 875 Declaration of Independence, 238, 409, 413, 460, 528, 909, 1092, 1100     foundation, 11 “Declaration of Rights”     (Adams, J.), 11 Declaration of the People’s Natural Right to a Share in the Legislature, A (Sharp), 900 Decorative arts, 4, 95-97, 132-135, 472-475, 494-497, 978 Defengting zhuji (Wang Zhenyi), 1040 Defense of Free-Thinking in Mathematics, A (Berkeley), 112 Defense of the Constitutions of the United States of America, A (Adams, J.), 13 Defense of the Right of the People to Elect Representatives for Every Session of Parliament, A (Sharp), 900 Defoe, Daniel, 298-301, 568 Dei delitti e delle penne     See Essay on Crimes and Punishments, An Deism, 314 Deken, Aagje, 301-303 De l’Aulne, Baron     See Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques Delaware prophet, 803 Della-cruscans, 849 Delphine (Staël), 931 Democracy     John Adams, 12     and the arts, 768-771     Mary Astell, 64-67     Georges Danton, 289-292     France, 649, 680     Elbridge Gerry, 413     Ireland, 983     Thomas Jefferson, 528     James Madison, 637     Montesquieu, 697     opposition to, 175     Thomas Paine, 12     Poland, 566     radical, 426     Robespierre, 844     Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 868-872     Louis de Saint-Just, 878     James Wilson, 1092     See also Liberalism Démonstration du principe de l’harmonie     See Demonstration of the Principle of Harmony Demonstration of the Principle of Harmony (Rameau), 827 Derwent River, 56 Des lettres de cachet et des prisons d’état (Mirabeau), 680 Descartes, René, 26, 241, 264 Descriptive Catalogue, A (Blake), 123 Deserted Village, The (Goldsmith), 434 Dettingen, Battle of (1743), 405 Deutsche Gelehrtenrepublik, Die (Klopstock), 562 Devil upon Two Sticks, The (Lesage), 597 Devonshire, duchess of     See Cavendish, Georgiana Devshirme, 27 Diable boiteux, Le     See Devil upon Two Sticks, The Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Hume), 515 Diamond necklace affair, 657 Diarists     James Boswell, 146     Samuel Sewall, 895 Dickinson, John, 303-307, 1090     taxation, 304 Dictionary of Music (Rousseau), 178 Dictionary of the English Language, A (Johnson, S.), 536 Diderot, Denis, 32, 307-311, 502, 820, 868 Ding-an-sich, 343, 549 Diplomacy     America and Spain, 524     Étienne François de Choiseul, 246-247     colonial America, 627     Benjamin Franklin, 373     Elbridge Gerry, 413     John Jay, 524     Thomas Jefferson, 529     Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, 557     Increase Mather, 672     Gouverneur Morris, 706     Pontiac, 802     First Earl Stanhope, 937-940     Thanadelthur, 975     Charles Gravier de Vergennes, 1011-1013     Robert Walpole, 1036     West Africa, 915     See also Category Index Diplomats     First Viscount Bolingbroke, 135-140 Disasters of War (Goya), 438 Discours préliminaire     See Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot Discours sur les sciences et les arts     See Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, A Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité     See Discourse upon the Origin and Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind, A Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, A (Rousseau), 868 Discourse upon the Origin and Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind, A (Rousseau), 869 Discourses (Reynolds), 838 Discourses in Verse on Man (Voltaire), 1027 Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucke (Filson), 145 Disease     and chemistry, 933     Edward Jenner, 532     and slave trade, 325     See also Medicine    Scurvy    Smallpox Dissenters, 298, 402, 424, 1109 Dissertation upon Parties, A (Bolingbroke), 139 Dissertations on Government, the Affairs of the Bank, and Paper Money (Paine), 760 Dissertations Relative to the Natural History of Animals and Vegetables (Spallanzani), 927 Dissertazioni di fisica animale e vegetabile     See Dissertations Relative to the Natural History of Animals and Vegetables District of Columbia survey, 85 Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 124 Doberval, Jean     See Dauberval, Jean Dr    Johnson     See Johnson, Samuel Doctors     See Physicians Don Giovanni (Mozart), 712 Dorchester, First Baron     See Carleton, Sir Guy Dorchester, Lord     See Carleton, Sir Guy Drama     and French politics, 97-99     historical, 889 Drapier’s Letters to the People of Ireland, The (Swift), 966 Dream of the Red Chamber (Cao Xueqin), 194 Dreams of a Spirit-Seer, Illustrated by Dreams of Metaphysics (Kant), 962 Drummer, The (Addison), 22 Drury Lane Theatre     Fanny Abington, 1     David Garrick, 397     Mary de la Rivière Manley, 641     Anne Oldfield, 749     Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 906     Sarah Siddons, 912     Peg Woffington, 1102 Dublin, Ireland     and Irish independence, 357, 440, 983     Peg Woffington, 1102 Duke and Duchess of Osuna, The (Goya), 437 Duke’s Canal, 163 Dunciad, The (Pope), 806, 989 Dupleix, Joseph-François, 311-313 Dupleix, Marquis de     See Dupleix, Joseph-François Dutch studies (Japan), 504 Earthquakes, 796, 1027 East India Act (1785), 790 East Indies, 127, 829 Ecclesiastical Characteristics (Witherspoon), 1099 Eclipses, 1039 École Militaire, Paris, 799 École Polytechnique, 200, 684 École Royale du Génie     See Mézières Economic development, 922 Economic reform     Robert Morris, 708     New Spain, 395     Portugal, 796     Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, 997 Economical Table, The (Quesnay), 820 Economics, 341     American South, 1078     England, 175     free marketplace, 923     Honda Toshiaki, 504-506     Kartm Kh3n Zand, 552     self-interest and, 922     See also Category Index Économistes     See Physiocracy Ecumenism     count von Zinzendorf, 1121 Édouard, Louis-René, 657 Education     Abigail Adams, 7-11     and American Indians, 159     Hester Chapone, 221-223     equal, 7, 65, 90     Catherine Macaulay, 622     musical, 73     nonsectarian, 89     physical, 91, 869     secular, 267     sex, 90     See also Category Index Education of the Human Race, The (Lessing), 601 Educational reform     Johann Bernhard Basedow, 89-92     Marquis de Condorcet, 267     Honda Toshiaki, 505     Marquês de Pombal, 796     Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 869 Edwards, Jonathan, 75, 314-317, 1074 Égalité, Philippe     See Orléans, duc d’ Egotism (Fichte), 344 Egotism (Vauvenargues), 1010 Egyptian Institute, 684 18 Brumaire, 918, 931 Eighteen Hundred and Eleven (Barbauld), 88 ’89 Club, 267 Elective Affinities (Goethe), 430 Electoral college, U.S., 1092 Electric battery, 393, 1023 Electricity     Henry Cavendish, 217-220     Benjamin Franklin, 372     Luigi Galvani, 391-394     Alessandro Volta, 1022-1026 Elegy on Captain Cook (Seward), 897 Elementarbuchs für die Jugend und für ihre Lehrer und Freunde in gesitteten Ständen, Des     See Elementarwerke Elementarwerke (Basedow), 90 Elementary Treatise on Descriptive Geometry, An (Monge), 685 Elements of Chemistry, in a New Systematic Order, Containing All the Modern Discoveries (Lavoisier), 581 Elements of Sir Isaac Newton’s Philosophy (Voltaire), 241 Elijah ben Solomon, 318-320 Elitism in government, 917 Elizabeth Petrovna (empress of Russia), 321-323, 613, 755, 778 Eloisa to Abelard (Pope), 805 Emanation of the Giant Albion, The (Blake), 123 Émile     See Emilius and Sophia Emilia Galotti (Lessing), 601 Emilius and Sophia (Rousseau), 869 Emma (Cavendish, G.), 216 Emotion and reason (Vauvenargues), 1010 Empiricism     See Philosophy Encyclopedia (Diderot), 32, 308, 479, 502, 820, 996 Encyclopédie: Ou, Dictionnaire raisonné    des sciences, des arts, et des métiers (Diderot), 820 Endeavour, HMS, 80, 270 Engineering     James Brindley, 162-165     Tadeusz Kokciuszko, 565     military, 690     Gaspard Monge, 684     Marquis de Montalembert, 690-692     John Wilkinson, 1086-1089     See also Category Index English-Irish conflicts, 966, 983 Engraving, 92, 95, 121, 497, 832 Enlightenment     Catholic Church, 102     colonial America, 673     Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, 263-266     Denis Diderot, 308     England, 65, 731, 813     France, 480, 617, 686, 799, 820, 829, 868, 929, 1009-1010     Germany, 598-602, 653     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 502     David Hume, 516     Thomas Jefferson, 530     Judaism, 676     Peter the Great, 775     Philip V, 782     Poland, 567-569     Portugal, 795-797     Russia, 613-615     Scotland, 338, 922, 1098     critique by Swedenborgians, 963     United States, 872     Voltaire, 1026-1029 Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding (Hume), 514 Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, and Its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness, An (Godwin), 425 Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe, An (Goldsmith), 433 Entrance to the Grand Canal (Canaletto), 192 Epicureanism (Helvétius), 480 Epistemology, 113, 265, 343, 514-517, 548-549 Epistle to Dr    Arbuthnot, An (Pope), 806 Epistle to William Wilberforce, Esq    on the Rejection of the Bill for Abolishing the Slave Trade (Barbauld), 88 Epistolary literature     See Literature Époques de la nature (Buffon), 172 Equiano, Olaudah, 324-326     abolition, 325 Equivocal Appearances (Scarlatti), 884 Erie Canal, 706 Erlebnislyrik, 431 Erskine, First Baron, 326-330     individual rights, 328 Erskine, Thomas     See Erskine, First Baron Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts, Die     See Education of the Human Race, The Espionage     John André, 42-45     Benedict Arnold, 59-62 Esprit de la révolution et de la constitution de France (Saint-Just), 877 Essai sur le despotisme (Mirabeau), 680 Essai sur les gens de lettres (Alembert), 34 Essai sur les privilèges (Sieyès), 917 Essai sur l’origine des connaissances humaines     See Essay on the Origin of Human Understanding, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An (Locke), 263 Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences, An (Mather, I.), 673 Essay on Animal Reproductions, An (Spallanzani), 926 Essay on Crimes and Punishments, An (Beccaria), 100 Essay on Criticism, An (Pope), 805 Essay on Man, An (Pope), 806 Essay on the First Principles of Government and on the Nature of Political, Civil, and Religious Liberty, An (Priestley), 812 Essay on the History of Civil Society, An (Ferguson), 338 Essay on the Origin of Human Understanding, An (Condillac), 263 Essay on the Universal Plenitude of Being, An (Allen), 37 Essay on Woman (anonymous), 1084 Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision, An (Berkeley), 111 Essays, Physical and Chemical (Lavoisier), 580 Esse es percipi, 114 Estates-General (France), 619, 681, 728, 844, 917 Esterházy, Miklós József, 476 Est-il bon? Est-il méchant? (Diderot), 310 Estro armonico, L’ (Vivaldi), 1020 Etching     William Blake, 122     Francisco de Goya, 438 Ethics     altruism, 1009     Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 344     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 502     David Hume, 514-517     Immanuel Kant, 549     Friedrich Schiller, 889 Ethiopia, exploration of, 169 Étioles, Jeanne-Antoinette Le Normant d’     See Pompadour, Madame de Eugene of Savoy, 142, 230, 330-332, 494, 661     and Ottoman Empire, 27 Eugénie (Beaumarchais), 97 Euler, Leonhard, 333-335 Europe (Blake), 122 Eutaw Springs, Battle of (1781), 445 Evangelism     colonial America, 75, 591, 1065, 1073-1075     Hannah More, 702     William Wilberforce, 1079-1082     count von Zinzendorf, 1119-1122 Evelina (Burney, F.), 181 Evolution     comte de Buffon, 172     Carolus Linnaeus, 606     and religion, 763-765 Examen de la Genèse (Châtelet), 241 Examiner, The (Swift), 965 Exchequer, chancellor of the     Henry Pelham, 772     Robert Walpole, 1034 Executions of May Second (Goya), 438 Executions of May Third (Goya), 438 Exile     Lazare Carnot, 201     Thomas Hutchinson, 520     James II, 250     first duke of Marlborough, 662     Peter III, 755     Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, 830     Marquis de Sade, 875     Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, 918     Madame de Staël, 931     Toussaint Louverture, 987     Voltaire, 1026     John Wilkes, 1084 Expansionism     American, 627, 1056     British, 742     Canadian, 975     Chinese, 817-819     European, 829-831     Persian, 722     Russian, 776 Experientialism     David Hume, 514     Immanuel Kant, 549 “Experiments upon Magnesia Alba, Quicklime, and Some Other Alcaline Substances”    (Black), 115 Experiments upon the Circulation of the Blood         . (Spallanzani), 926 Exploration     Africa, 168-171, 765-768     Daniel Boone, 143-146     Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, 150-153     British, 80, 151, 270-274     Danish, 108     Hawaiian Islands, 1006-1008     North America, 629-632, 1006-1008     Northern Hemisphere, 108-111     Pacific, 270-274     Russian, 108, 776     Siberia, 108, 776     South Pacific, 126-129, 151     See also Category Index Exposition of Young Artists, 224 Expressionism, 438     in music, 970 Extracts from the Virginia Charters (Mason), 664 Factories     development, 56     England, 156, 1060     lighting, 717     United States, 835 Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, 336-338 Fairfax Resolves (Mason), 664 Faithful Memoirs of the Life, Amours, and Performances of That Justly Celebrated, and Most Eminent Actress of Her Time, Mrs    Anne Oldfield (Egerton), 750 Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God, A (Edwards), 315 Falkland Islands, France, 151 Fallen Timbers, Battle of (1794), 611, 1056 Family Instructor, The (Defoe), 299 Famine, Kyfhf (1732-1733), 981 Famine, Tenmei (1786-1787), 505 Farnese, Isabella, 782     marriage to Philip V, 781 Faust     See Tragedy of Faust, The Federalism     John Adams, 13     Samuel Chase, 238     Elbridge Gerry, 413     Alexander Hamilton, 453     Patrick Henry, 484     Thomas Jefferson, 530     James Madison, 636     George Mason, 665     Gouverneur Morris, 705     Robert Morris, 709     Daniel Shays, 904 Federalist, The (Hamilton, Madison, and Jay), 454, 525, 636 Federalist Party     Alien and Sedition Acts, 13     founding, 455     John Jay, 526     James Wilson, 1092 Federalist-Republican conflict, 238 Fedorovich, Grand Duke Peter     See Peter III Female Quixote, The (Lennox), 594 Female Tatler, The (Manley), 642 Female Wits, The (anonymous), 641 Feminism     Abigail Adams, 7-11     Sophie von La Roche, 578     Catherine Macaulay, 622     Mary de la Rivière Manley, 642     Mary Wortley Montagu, 688     Mary Robinson, 850     Mary Wollstonecraft, 1108-1112     See also Civil rights    Democracy    Education    Liberalism    Women    Women’s rights Ferguson, Adam, 338-342     sociology, 338-342 Fertilization, 927 Feudalism     France, 844     Prussia, 380     Vietnam, 736 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 342-346     idealism, 344 Fielding, Henry, 346-350, 842 Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (Butler), 188 Fiji Islands, 128 Fille mal gardée, La (Dauberval), 296 Financial reform     Edmund Burke, 175     France, 726-729     Alexander Hamilton, 454     Robert Morris, 708     William Pitt the Younger, 790 Fireworks Music (Handel), 464 First Amendment (U.S    Constitution), 76, 1118 First Book of Urizen, The (Blake), 122 “First Citizen, The”    (Carroll), 206 First Continental Congress     “Declaration of Rights”    (Adams, A.), 11 Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard, 350-353, 494 Fischer von Erlach, Joseph Emanuel, 352 Fitch, John, 353-356     invention of steamboat, 353-356 Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, 356-358 Fitzherbert, Maria Anne, 358-361     marriage to George III, 359 Fleury, André-Hercule de, 361-362     French prime minister, 361-362     Louis XV, 616 Floating World art, Japan, 958 Floridablanca, Count, 524 Foe, Daniel     See Defoe, Daniel For Thou Wilt Not Leave My Soul in Hell (Bach), 71 Forbidden Books, Index of     See Index of Forbidden Books Fortification perpendiculaire, La (Montalembert), 691 Foster, Lady Elizabeth, 216 Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (Kant), 549 Founding Fathers     John Adams, 11-15     Samuel Adams, 16-20     Charles Carroll, 205-208     Samuel Chase, 237-240     John Dickinson, 303-307     Benjamin Franklin, 370-375     Elbridge Gerry, 412-414     Alexander Hamilton, 452-456     John Hancock, 457-462     Patrick Henry, 482-485     John Jay, 524-527     Thomas Jefferson, 528-531     James Madison, 636-638     George Mason, 664-667     Gouverneur Morris, 705-707     Robert Morris, 707-711     Thomas Paine, 759-762     Benjamin Rush, 872-874     Roger Sherman, 908-911     George Washington, 1043-1047     James Wilson, 1090-1094     John Witherspoon, 1098-1102 Four Seasons, The (Vivaldi), 1020 Fox, Charles James, 216, 363-367, 410, 740, 789 Fox Libel Act (1792), 328 Fragmens sur les institutions républicaines (Saint-Just), 879 Fragment on Government, A (Bentham), 105 Fragmente             aus den Papieren eines Ungenannten (Lessing), 601 Fragments (Bolingbroke), 138 Fragonard, Jean-Honoré, 367-370     painting of Denis Diderot, 309 Frailty and Hypocrisy (Beaumarchais), 98 Framers     See Founding Fathers Francis I (Holy Roman Emperor), 655, 657 Franciscans in the New World, 891 François-Eugène     See Eugene of Savoy Frankenstein (Shelley, M.), 1110 Frankfurt, Germany, 971 Franklin, Benjamin, 12, 370-375, 621     autobiography, 373     Richard Howe, 507     Thomas Hutchinson, 520     diplomacy with William Pitt the Elder, 787     appeal to Charles Gravier de Vergennes, 1011     George Whitefield, 1074 Frauenromane, 578 Frederick I (king of Prussia), 375-377 Frederick II (king of Prussia)     See Frederick the Great Frederick the Great (king of Prussia), 378-381, 382     Jean le Rond d’Alembert, 32     Maria Theresa, 654     Siege of Silesia, 654, 881     patron of Voltaire, 1027 Frederick William I (king of Prussia), 381-383 Frederick William II (king of Prussia)     music patronage, 130 Free Economic Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture and Husbandry (Russia), 213 Freedom     association, 366     children, 732     civic, 812     press, 328, 1083-1086, 1116-1119     religious, 76, 206, 636, 705, 983     speech, 14, 328, 366     United States, 592 Freedom of Will (Edwards), 316 Freeholder, The (conservative periodical), 22 Freethinker, The (Lessing), 598 Freigeist, Die     See Freethinker, The French Academy, 78, 265, 267, 367, 574, 1027 French-American diplomacy, 373, 413, 706, 1011 French-American Indian relations, 801 French-American Treaties (1778), 12, 152, 253, 373, 507, 851, 1012 French and Indian War (1754-1763), 196, 1091     Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, 151     George II, 406     Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, 694     William Pitt the Elder, 787     Pontiac, 802     James Wolfe, 1105 French-Austrian conflicts, 330, 658, 881 French-British conflicts, 39, 136, 246, 311, 384, 406, 510, 661, 693, 786, 790, 851, 881, 984     North American colonies, 801 French-British diplomacy, 151, 939 French Canada, 38-42, 507, 692-695, 1105 French Constitution     See Constitution, French French India, 311-313 French Institute, 219 French-Irish conflicts, 983 French-Ottoman relations, 640 French-papal conflict, 794 French Republic, 619, 918 French Revolution     Jean-Sylvain Bailly, 77-79     Edmund Burke, 176     Lazare Carnot, 200-202     Marquis de Condorcet, 267-269     Georges Danton, 289-292     George III, 410     William Godwin, 425     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 503     Louis XVI, 618-620     Jean-Paul Marat, 648-651     Marie-Antoinette, 657-660     comte de Mirabeau, 679-682     Jacques Necker, 728     duc d’Orléans, 751-754     Thomas Paine, 760     William Pitt the Younger, 790     Joseph Priestley, 812     Robespierre, 844-847     Louis de Saint-Just, 877-880     Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, 916-919     Madame de Staël, 929 French Revolution, The (Blake), 122 French-Russian conflicts, 214, 570 French-Spanish alliance, 227 Friends, Society of     See Quakers Fulton, Robert, 355 Fundamenta botanica (Linnaeus), 606 Fundamenta chymiae dogmaticae et experimentalis (Stahl), 935 Funeral, The (Steele), 941 “Funeral Poem on the Death of C. E., an Infant of Twelve Months, A”    (Wheatley), 1072 Fur trade     See Trade Further Adventures (Defoe), 299 Fyodorovich, Pyotr     See Peter III Gabriel, Ange-Jacques, 799 Gage, Thomas, 16, 198, 384-387, 460, 511 Gainsborough, Thomas, 387-391, 857, 862     portraiture, 388 Galvani, Alyosio Domenico     See Galvani, Luigi Galvani, Luigi, 391-394 Gálvez, José    de, 394-396 Gaon of Vilna     See Elijah ben Solomon Gardens     Austria, 495     botanical, 81, 171     England, 166 Gardoquí, Diego, 525 Garrick, David, 1, 177, 397-400, 435, 912, 1102 Gases, study of, 580, 613 Gaston de Blondeville (Radcliffe), 823 Gay, John, 1 Gedanken über die Nachahmung der griechischen Werke                  See Reflections on the Paintings and Sculpture of the Greeks General History of Music, A (Burney, C.), 178 General System of Nature, A (Linnaeus), 605 Genocide of American Indians, 803 Genre painting, 223-226, 390, 1051 Genzinger, Maria Anna von, 477 Geography     See Category Index Geology, 172, 579 Geometria organica (Maclaurin), 633 Géométrie descriptive     See Elementary Treatise on Descriptive Geometry, An Geometry     See Agnesi, Maria Gaetana    Carnot, Lazare    Lagrange, Joseph-Louis    Maclaurin, Colin    Monge, Gaspard George I (king of Great Britain and Ireland), 48, 400-403, 938 George II (king of Great Britain and Ireland), 401, 403-407, 772, 881     Burma, 30     marriage to Caroline, 203 George III (king of Great Britain and Ireland), 235, 365, 408-412, 739, 789     Samuel Adams, 19     American Revolution, 409     Edmund Burke, 174     land grants in early America, 36     Qianlong, 817     Benjamin West, 1069     William Wilberforce, 1080     John Wilkes, 1083 George IV (king of Great Britain and Ireland)     marriage to Maria Anne Fitzherbert, 359 George Augustus     See George II George Louis     See George I George William Frederick     See George III Georgia colony, 626, 742, 1064, 1074 Germaine de Staël     See Staël, Madame de German National Theater, 600 Germany (Staël), 931 Gerry, Elbridge, 412-414 Gersaint’s Shopsign (Watteau), 1053 Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums     See History of Ancient Art Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim     See Sternheim Gibbon, Edward, 415-418 Gibraltar, Siege of (1779-1783), 508 Gil Blas (Lesage), 597 Gilles (Watteau), 1053 Gin Act (1751), 773 Giri (obligation), 244 Girondin-Jacobin conflict, 649, 845 Girondins, 267, 291, 649, 753, 760, 845, 878 “Give me liberty, or give me death!”    (Henry), 483 Glasgow, Scotland, 1048 Glorious First of June, Battle of the (1794), 508 Glorious Revolution (1688-1689), 119, 621, 661 “Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken”    (Haydn), 478 Gluck, Christoph, 178, 418-421 God Is My King (Bach), 71 Godolphin, first earl of, 421-424     Queen Anne, 47 Godolphin, Sidney     See Godolphin, first earl of Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft     See Wollstonecraft, Mary Godwin, William, 424-428, 1110 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 428-432, 486     Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, 563     Friedrich Schiller, 888     Sturm und Drang, 428     Johann Joachim Winckelmann, 1095 Golden age, Ottoman     See Tulip Age Goldsmith, Oliver, 432-436     new style of biography, 434 Gondar, Ethiopia, 678 Good Mother, The (Fragonard), 368 Goody Two-Shoes (Goldsmith), 434 Gordon Riots (1780), 645, 900 Gothic architecture, 133, 473, 1004 Gothic art, 121 Gothic literature, 823, 849, 1004 Government     See Category Index Government, Montesquieu’s three types, 696 Government reform     Austria, 655     China, 1113     England, 771-774     France, 648, 917     Great Britain, 789     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 503     Honda Toshiaki, 505     Louis XVI, 619     Mahmud I, 640     New Spain, 395     Lord North, 739     Ottoman Empire, 719-721     Persia, 722-723     Peter the Great, 776     Marquês de Pombal, 795-797     Robespierre, 844     Spain, 781-783     Thailand, 969     Tokugawa Yoshimune, 980     Toussaint Louverture, 987     Robert Walpole, 1037 Government repression     Great Britain, 791     Japan, 747 Goya, Francisco de, 436-440 Graham, Catherine Macaulay     See Macaulay, Catherine Grammaire raisonée (Châtelet and Voltaire), 241 Grand, Le     See Couperin, François Grand Alliance, 330, 661 Grand Canal, Venice, 191 Grand-Théâtre (Bordeaux), 296 Grand Trunk Canal, England, 164 Granny Nanny     See Nanny Grasse, comte de, 852 Grattan, Henry, 440-442 Great Andean Rebellion, 994 Great Awakening, 75, 315, 872, 1062, 1074 Great Compromise (1787), 413, 910 Great Lakes region (North America), 801 Great Lisbon earthquake (1755), 796, 1027 Great Northern Expedition (1733-1742), 109 Great Northern War (1701-1721), 108, 232, 382, 402, 775 Greek art, 1095 Green Mountain Boys, 36 Greene, Nathanael, 443-447 Greenville, Treaty of (1795), 611, 1056 Greenwich, duke of     See Argyll, second duke of Greenwich, earl of     See Argyll, second duke of Grey, Earl, 216 Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de, 447-449 Gribeauval system (artillery), 448 Griscom, Elizabeth     See Ross, Betsy Grub Street     William Hogarth, 497     Samuel Johnson, 536 Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten     See Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals Guardian (newspaper), 22 Guilford, Baron     See North, Lord Guilford, second earl of     See North, Lord Guilford Courthouse, Battle of (1781), 444 Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 966 Gutermann, Sophie     See La Roche, Sophie von Habsburg Dynasty     Charles VI, 229-231     Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 351     Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, 557     vs    Ottoman Empire, 230     Pragmatic Sanction, 230 Wadtth, 1000, 1030, 1032 Ha-gaon Rabbi Eliya-hu     See Elijah ben Solomon Ha-gra     See Elijah ben Solomon Haider Ali Khan     See Hyder Ali Haider Naik     See Hyder Ali Haitian Revolution, 985-988 Hakuin, 450-452     Rinzai Zen Buddhism, 450 “Hallelujah Chorus”    (Handel), 464 Halley’s comet, 77 Hamburg Dramaturgy (Lessing), 600 Hamburg Opera, 972 Hamburgische Dramaturgie     See Hamburg Dramaturgy Hamilton, Alexander, 452-456     John Adams, 13     duel with Aaron Burr, 455     Thomas Jefferson, 529 Hamilton, Andrew     defense of John Peter Zenger, 1117 Hamilton, Lady     See Hart, Emma Wanbalism, 1030 Hancock, John, 457-462 Handel, George Frideric, 462-466     influence on Joseph Haydn, 477 Hanover Dynasty, 1034     George I, 401     George II, 404     First Earl Stanhope, 938 Hanoverian succession, 137, 401 Hardewick Marriage Act (1753), 773 Harding, Chester, 145 Hargraves, James     See Hargreaves, James Hargreaves, James, 55, 466-468, 561 Harlot’s Progress, A (Hogarth), 498 Harpsichord     François Couperin, 282     George Frideric Handel, 465     Jean-Philippe Rameau, 826 Hart, Emma, 863 Hartford Wits     See Connecticut Wits Harvard College, 672 Hasidism, 69     Elijah ben Solomon, 318     founding, 69     and Orthodox Judaism, 69 Haskalah     founding, 319     opposed to Hasidism, 319 Hastings, Warren, 176, 469-472, 906     British India, 469     Hyder Ali, 523 Hattori Nankaku, 748 Havana, Siege of (1762), 395, 510 Hawaiian Islands, 271, 1006 Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 472-475, 1003 Haydn, Joseph, 131, 476-479     Austrian national anthem, 478     Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 712 Hayley, William     Anna Seward, 897 Haymarket Opera House, 398 Heavenly Arcana, The (Swedenborg), 961 Heiandf     See Chikamatsu Monzaemon Helvétius, Claude-Adrien, 479-482 Hendel, George Frideric     See Handel, George Frideric Hendeseh3ne (Ottoman military technical school), 640 Henry, Patrick, 482-485 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 486-489, 888 Hermann Moritz     See Saxe, comte de Herrnhut religious community, 1120 Herschel, Caroline Lucretia, 489-492 Herschel, Friedrich Wilhelm     See Herschel, William Herschel, William, 490, 492-493 High society     in art, 367-370     Casanova, 209     Georgiana Cavendish, 216     Madame de Pompadour, 798 Hildebrandt, Johann Lucas von, 494-497 Hindu-Muslim conflicts, 1032 Hints Towards Forming the Character of a Young Princess (More), 703 Hippolyte et Aricie (Rameau), 826 Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane     See Gil Blas Histoire de l’astronomie moderne (Bailly), 78 Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière     See Natural History, General and Particular Histoire philosophique et politique, des établissemens et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes     See Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies Historia (Krasicki), 568 Historia coelestis Britannica (Flamsteed), 490 Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution (Wollstonecraft), 1110 Historie van den Heer Willem Leevend, De (Deken and Wolff), 302 Historie van Mejuffrouw Sara Burgerhart, De (Deken and Wolff), 302 Historiography, 1095-1098     Edward Gibbon, 415-418     Catherine Macaulay, 621-623     Montesquieu, 696 History, ages of (Vico), 1014 History and Present State of Electricity, The (Priestley), 811 History of Ancient Art (Winckelmann), 1095 History of Charles XII, The (Voltaire), 1027 History of England (Hume), 515 History of England from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line, The (Macaulay), 621 History of Henrietta, The (Lennox), 595 History of Little Goody Two-Shoes, The (Newbery), 731 History of Massachusetts Bay (Hutchinson), 18 History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews, and of His Friend Mr    Abraham Adams, The (Fielding), 348 History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay, The (Hutchinson), 520 History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), 416 History of the Earth, and Animated Nature, An (Goldsmith), 432 History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution (Warren), 1042 History of the Thirty Years’    War (Schiller), 889 Hobbes, Thomas, 621 Hoffman, Friedrich, 933 Hogarth, William, 497-501 Holbach, Paul-Henri- Dietrich d’, 501-504 Holy Roman Emperors     Charles VI, 229-231, 653     Joseph II, 544-547, 558     Leopold I, 376 “Holy Willie’s Prayer”    (Burns), 184 Honda Toshiaki, 504-506 Honglou-meng     See Dream of the Red Chamber Hongxue, 195 Horse-Hoing Husbandry (Tull), 991 Howe, Richard, 506-510 Howe, William, 510-513 Hozumi Harunobu     See Suzuki Harunobu Hubertsburg, Treaty of (1763), 379 Hudibras (Butler), 989 Hudson River     and Erie Canal, 706     West Point, 565 Hudson’s Bay Company, 974 Humanität (Herder), 488 Hume, David, 113, 514-517 Hutchinson, Thomas, 17, 518-521 Hyder Ali, 522-523 Hymns and Sacred Poems (Wesley, C.), 1063 Hymns in Prose for Children (Barbauld), 87 Icelandic Collection (Banks), 81 Idea of a Patriot King, The (Bolingbroke), 138 Idealism, 344, 514, 548, 887-890 Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit     See Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man Imlay, Gilbert, 1110 Impeachment of Samuel Chase, 239 Impeachment of Warren Hastings, 176 Imperial Theater, Vienna, 129 Imperial War Council, 331 Imperialism     See Expansionism Impressionism     Jean-Siméon Chardin, 225     Francisco de Goya, 437 In Praise of the Ba4al Shem Tov, 69 Inca Empire, 993-995 Index of Forbidden Books     Montesquieu, 103     Voltaire, 103 India     British colonialism, 469-472     First Marquess Cornwallis, 279     Joseph-François Dupleix, 311-313     military, 522     nationalism, 523 India Act (1784), 365, 470, 789 Industrial Revolution     Sir Richard Arkwright, 55-59     Queen Caroline, 203     Abraham Darby, 292-295     England, 156-158, 162, 1058, 1087     John Kay, 559-561     mass production, 156     William Murdock, 717     Thomas Newcomen, 733-735     United States, 1077     James Watt, 1049     workers, 57, 560 Industrialism     Sir Richard Arkwright, 55     Matthew Boulton, 157     James Brindley, 162     Abraham Darby, 293     England, 162, 715     France, 589     Scotland, 858-862     steam engine, 735     transportation, 162 Infusoria, 926 Inquiry into Cause and Effects of the Variolæ    Vaccinæ, An (Jenner), 534 Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, An     See Wealth of Nations, The Inquisition     Charles III, 228     reform of, 796 Insanity defense, 328 Institut de France     See French Institute Institut d’Égypte     See Egyptian Institute Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religions (Priestley), 811 Institutiones calculi differentialis (Euler), 335 Institutiones calculi integralis (Euler), 335 Institutions de physique (Châtelet), 241 Instituzioni Analitiche ad Uso della Gioventù    Italiana     See Analytical Institutions Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, The (Equiano), 324 Interfaith marriage, 103 Interior design     Adam brothers, 5     England, 95     Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt, 496     Antônio Francisco Lisboa, 609 Intolerable Acts     See Coercive Acts Introductio in analysin infinitorum (Euler), 335 Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, An (Bentham), 106, 763 Invention     John Fitch, 353-356     Benjamin Franklin, 372     James Hargreaves, 466-468     John Kay, 559-561     plaster of Paris, 579     urban lighting, 579, 715-718     James Watt, 1048-1051     Josiah Wedgwood, 1057-1061     Eli Whitney, 1076-1079     John Wilkinson, 1086-1089 Inverary, Mull, Morvern, and Tirie, lord of     See Argyll, second duke of Iphigenia in Taurus (Goethe), 429 Iphigenie auf Tauris     See Iphigenia in Taurus Iphigénie en Tauride (Gluck), 420 Irish-English conflicts, 966, 983 Irish-French conflicts, 983 Irish independence, 356-358, 440-442, 982-984 Irish Rebellion (1798), 280, 357, 442, 791, 983 Irish Republicanism, 356-358, 982-984 Iron barges, 1088 Ironmaking     England, 292-295, 1087     Scotland, 859 Iroquois Country, 159 Islam     Africa, 914-916     India, 1032-1033 Islamic law, 1030, 1032 Islamic reform movement, 1030 Islamic scholars, 1000 Istanbul     See Constantinople Istanbul, Treaty of (1736), 639 Italian, The (Radcliffe), 823 Italskii, Prince     See Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich Itinerarium Curiosum (Stukeley), 952 Iyasu II (emperor of Ethiopia), 678 Jacobin-Girondin conflict, 649, 845 Jacobins, 267, 290, 649, 703, 760, 845, 878 Jacobite Rebellion (1715-1716), 54, 938 Jacobite Rebellion (1745-1746), 634, 772 Jacobites, 137, 661 Jacques the Fatalist and His Master (Diderot), 309 Jamaican independence, 724 James II (king of England), 46, 250, 623, 660, 672 Janissary corps, 27, 639, 719 Jansenism, 103, 247, 362, 616 Jansenist-Jesuit conflict, 616 Japan     government administration, 746-748     lifting of foreign book ban, 980     modernization, 504-506 Jay, John, 12, 524-527     portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 949 Jay’s Treaty (1794), 413, 526, 1046 Jefferson, Thomas, 86, 239, 528-531 Jeffersonian Republicans     See National Republicans Jenkins’s Ear, War of (1739-1748), 49, 744, 1036 Jenner, Edward, 532-535 Jennings, Sarah     See Churchill, Sarah Jenyns, Sarah     See Churchill, Sarah Jerusalem (Mendelssohn), 676 Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring (Bach), 74 Jesuit-Jansenist conflict, 616 Jesuits     Étienne François de Choiseul, 247     Clement XIV, 793     expulsion from Spain and its colonies, 228, 395     France, 247     Pius VI, 793     Marquês de Pombal, 796     suppression of, 616 Jesus, Society of     See Jesuits Jewish Naturalization Bill (1753), 773 Jews     integration of, 676     support of, 599     See also Judaism Jews, The (Lessing), 598 Jidai-mono (historical plays), 244 Jihei     See Suzuki Harunobu Jirobei     See Suzuki Harunobu John Paul     See Jones, John Paul Johnson, Dr    See Johnson, Samuel Johnson, Samuel, 66, 111, 146, 169, 178, 221, 535-539, 594, 898 Jones, John Paul, 539-543 Jfruri (puppet theater), 243 Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor), 544-547, 558, 654, 657, 793 Josephism, 793 Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, with Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (Boswell), 147 Journal of the Plague Year, A (Defoe), 299 Journal to Stella (Swift), 965 Journalism     Daniel Defoe, 299     John Wilkes, 1083 Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland (Boswell), 147 Judaism     Ba4al Shem Tov, 68-70     Elijah ben Solomon, 318-320     Joseph II, 545     Moses Mendelssohn, 675-677     revival of, 68     Friedrich Schiller, 889     See also Jews Juden, Die     See Jews, The Judicial reform, 100, 328 Julie     See New Héloïse, The Juliette (Sade), 876 Jurists     Sir William Blackstone, 118-121     Samuel Chase, 237-240     John Jay, 524-527     first earl of Mansfield, 643-647     Samuel Sewall, 894     James Wilson, 1093 Justine (Sade), 876 Kabbala, 68 Kabuki theater, 243 Kaiserstil, 352, 494 Kamchatka Peninsula, 109 Kamehameha (Hawaiian ruler), 1007 Kangxi, 1113 Kant, Immanuel, 548-551     aesthetics, 550     ethics, 549     Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 342     David Hume, 516     Friedrich Schiller, 888     critique of Emanuel Swedenborg, 962 Kapellmeisters     Georg Frideric Handel, 463     Georg Philipp Telemann, 971 Karbala, Iraq, 1000 Kartm Kh3n Zand, 552-553 Karl XII     See Charles XII Karlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 331 Karlskirche (Fischer von Erlach), 351 Kauffmann, Angelica, 554-556 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, 557-559 Kaunitz-Reitberg, prince of     See Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von Kay, John, 55, 559-561 Kayendanegea     See Brant, Joseph Keisei hisaku (Honda Toshiaki), 505 Keizairoku shni (Dazai Shundai), 747 Kemble, Sarah     See Siddons, Sarah Kentucky     Daniel Boone expedition, 143     George Rogers Clark, 253 Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799), 530, 637 Khartoum, 169 Kiakhta, Treaty of (1727), 776, 1113 King George’s War     See French and Indian War Kintyre and Lorne, Marquess of     See Argyll, second duke of Kit-Kat Club, 21 Kitab al-ijtihad wa4l-akhbar (Vawtd Bihbah3nt), 1001 Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, 428, 562-564 Knowledge, a priori, 549 Kokusenya kassen     See Battles of Coxinga, The Konzertmeisters     Christoph Gluck, 419     Georg Philipp Telemann, 971 Korean art, 248-249 Kokciuszko, Tadeusz, 564-566 Krasicki, Ignacy, 567-569 Kritik der praktischen Vernunft     See Critique of Practical Reason, The Kritik der Urteilskraft     See Critique of Judgment, The Kunta peoples, 915 Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich, 569-572 Kyo-nam-myongs ngch’    op (Cho©ng So©n), 248 Labor     division of, 923     and the natural order, 340     South American silver mines, 994 La Brède et de Montesquieu, Baron de     See Montesquieu Lady Worsley (Reynolds), 838 Lafayette, Marquis de, 79, 267, 529, 851 Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 573-576 Lagrangia, Giuseppe Luigi     See Lagrange, Joseph-Louis Laissez-faire economics, 820, 921-925, 996-999, 1081 Lale devri     See Tulip Age Lambertini, Prospero Lorenzo     See Benedict XIV Landscape architecture, 165-168 Landscape painting, 166, 248, 390 Laocoön (Lessing), 600 Laocoön statue, 1095 La Plata, Viceroyalty of (Buenos Aires), 228 La Roche, Sophie von, 577-579 Late Regulations Respecting the British Colonies on the Continent of America Considered, The (Dickinson), 304 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 579-582, 683     Joseph Black, 116     Henry Cavendish, 219     Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, 613 Law     Burma, 30     colonial America, 519, 646, 1090-1094     commercial, 646     England, 104-108     France, 844     history of, 696     individual rights, 328     Islam, 1000     judicial restraint, 239     judicial review, 239     Scotland, 326-330     substantive due process, 239     United States, 120, 239, 303, 524-527, 909     See also Crime and criminals    Legal reform    Prisons and jails    Category Index Law of Twenty-Two Prairial, 846, 878 Lawrence, Thomas, 583-586     portrait of Allied leaders, 585 Leblanc, Nicolas, 587-590 Leclerc, Georges-Louis     See Buffon, comte de Lee, Ann, 591-594 Legacy for Young Ladies, A (Barbauld), 88 Legal reform     England, 104-108     Ireland, 441     procedure, 645 Legal Tender Act (1777), 206 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 25, 203, 241, 264, 351, 675 Leibniz-Clarke debate (1715), 204 Leiden, University of, 501 Leiden des jungen Werthers, Die     See Sorrows of Young Werther, The Leipzig, Germany, 72 Leipzig Opera, 970 Lennox, Charlotte, 594-596 Leopold I (Holy Roman Emperor), 330, 376 Leopold, Prince, 90 Lesage, Alain-René, 596-598 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 343, 428, 598-602, 675 Lessons for Children (Barbauld), 87 Leszczyîski, Stanisuaw I (king of Poland), 232 Le Tonnelier de Breuteil, Gabrielle-Émilie     See Châtelet, Marquise du Letter on the Spirit of Patriotism (Bolingbroke), 138 Letter to Sir William Wyndham, A (Bolingbroke), 137 “Letter XXII: No Characteristic Difference in Sex”    (Macaulay), 622 Letters for the Advancement of Humanity (Herder), 487 Letters on Education with Observations on Religious and Metaphysical Subjects (Macaulay), 622 Letters on the Improvement of the Mind (Chapone), 222 Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (Wollstonecraft), 1110 Lettres Persanes     See Persian Letters Lettres sur l’Atalantide de Platon et sur l’ancienne histoire de l’Asie (Bailly), 78 Levni, 602-604 Lexington and Concord, Battle of (1775), 11, 60, 175, 386 Leyden jar, 392, 1023 Libel     John Wilkes, 1083     John Peter Zenger, 1117 Liberalism     First Baron Erskine, 329     William Godwin, 425     Montesquieu, 696     Robespierre, 844     Adam Smith, 922     Madame de Staël, 929     Wolfe Tone, 983     Mary Wollstonecraft, 1109    See also Democracy Liberty, Montesquieu on, 697 Liberty incident (1768), 19, 458 Librettos     George Frideric Handel, 464     Joseph Haydn, 477     Friedrich Schiller, 889 Life of Richard Nash, Esq., The (Goldsmith), 434 Life of Samuel Johnson (Hawkins), 148 Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D., The (Boswell), 147, 538, 898 Linguistics     Russia, 613     Giambattista Vico, 1013 Linnaeus, Carolus, 604-608     comte de Buffon, 172     species-genus classification, 605 Linné, Carl von     See Linnaeus, Carolus Linnean Society, 606 Lisboa, Antônio Francisco, 608-610 Lisbon earthquake     See Great Lisbon earthquake Literary criticism     England, 88     Johann Gottfried Herder, 486     Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 599 Literary patronage     Elizabeth Petrovna, 322 Literature     American, 988-990     antislavery, 88     autobiography, 146-150, 870     characterization, 842     children’s, 87-89, 433, 730-732     China, 194-196     England, 20-24, 64, 87, 181, 298-301, 841-843     epistolary, 689, 842, 965     erotic, 875-877     everyday life, 195, 434     female gothic, 823     France, 97-99, 1026-1029     gender bending in, 850     Germany, 428, 599     government suppression of, 875-877     Italy, 209     Japan, 243-245, 746-748     landscapes, 823     memoirs, 208-211     morality, 841     of the mundane, 148     neoclassical, 805     philology, 613     picturesque, 825     political, 424-428     psychological realism, 842     realism, 195, 600     Romanticism, 121-125, 850, 869, 898, 931, 953, 1010     Russia, 613     satire, 964-967, 988-990     Scotland, 183-187     sublime, 824, 869     tragedy, 599     treason, 88     women, 1041-1043     See also Category Index Little Pretty Pocket-Book, A (Newbery), 731 Little Turtle, 610-612, 1056 Little Turtle’s War (1790-1794), 610 Livre d’architecture (Boffrand), 133 Llangollen Vale (Seward), 898 Lochow and Glenyla, viscount of     See Argyll, second duke of Locke, John, 91, 113, 263, 315, 732 Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich, 613-615 London, England     American artists in, 769, 1068     classical music, 476     publishing, 730     theater, 1102 London     in literature, 123 London (Johnson, S.), 536 London and Westminster Chartered Gas Light and Coke Company, 717 Longitude and navigation, 152 Lord Dunmore’s War (1774), 143, 253 Louis XIV (king of France), 661     arts patronage, 133 Louis XV (king of France), 246, 361, 615-618, 798 Louis XVI (king of France), 290, 618-620, 649, 657, 752, 846, 878, 917     Brunswick Manifesto, 290     execution of, 620     trial of, 619 Louis-Auguste     See Louis XVI Louis-Philippe-Joseph     See Orléans, duc d’ Louisa (Seward), 898 Louisbourg, Siege of (1758), 39, 196, 510, 694, 787, 1105 Love Suicides at Amijima, The (Chikamatsu), 244 Love Suicides at Sonezaki, The (Chikamatsu), 243 Loyalists, British, 12, 61, 198, 305, 512, 518, 592 Lunar Society     Matthew Boulton, 157     Joseph Priestley, 812     John Roebuck, 860     Josiah Wedgwood, 1059 Lutheran Church     colonial Georgia, 743     count von Zinzendorf, 1121 Lyrical Tales (Robinson), 850 Maastricht, Battle of (1748), 882 Macaulay, Catherine, 621-623 MacDonald, Fionnghal     See MacDonald, Flora MacDonald, Flora, 623-625 MacDonald, Flory     See MacDonald, Flora McGillivray, Alexander, 626-629 Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, 629-632 Mackenzie River expeditions, 630 Maclaurin, Colin, 632-635 Mad Anthony     See Wayne, Anthony Madison, James, 636-638     Elbridge Gerry, 413     Thomas Jefferson, 529 Madrassah-i-Rahimiyah, 1033 Madrid Riot (1766), 227 Magic Flute, The (Mozart), 712 Magnalia Christi Americana (Mather, C.), 668 Mahmud I (Ottoman sultan), 28, 639-641 Malaprop, Mrs., 907 Malouine Islands     See Falkland Islands Malplaquet, Battle of (1709), 53, 331, 662 Manchus, 1114 Manley, Mary de la Rivière, 641-643 Mansfield, first earl of, 643-647 Manufacturing     copper, 834     England, 95, 156, 466, 560, 859     France, 587-590, 821     United States, 455, 834, 1077     Wedgwood ceramics, 1058 Manugye (Burmese legal treatise), 30 Marat, Jean-Paul, 648-651 Mar3th3s, 522 Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund, 651-653 Maria (Wollstonecraft), 1110 Maria I (queen of Portugal), 796 Maria Theresa (archduchess of Austria), 378, 557, 653-657, 881     Joseph II, 544 Marie-Antoinette, 657-660     Louis XVI, 618     Maria Theresa, 655     Mary Robinson, 849     portraits by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, 1016 Marie Antoinette and Her Children (Vigée-Lebrun), 1017 Marlborough, countess of     See Churchill, Sarah Marlborough, duchess of     See Churchill, Sarah Marlborough, first duke of, 331, 660-663     Joseph Addison, 20     first earl of Godolphin, 423     marriage to Sarah Churchill, 250 Marlborough Family, The (Reynolds), 838 Maroons, 724     and retaining African tradition, 725 Marriage, interfaith, 103 Marriage of Figaro, The (Beaumarchais), 98 Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The (Blake), 122 Mary I (queen of England), 45 Mary II (queen of England), 53, 250, 422, 660-661, 673 Mary, a Fiction (Wollstonecraft), 1109 Mason, George, 664-667 Mass production     and aesthetics, 95     Abraham Darby, 293     England, 95, 156, 293, 1060     See also Industrial Revolution    Industrialism    Manufacturing Massachusetts, 7, 11, 16     charter, 17, 672, 894     John Hancock, 460     Thomas Hutchinson, 518-521 Massachusetts Bay Government Act (1774), 460 Massachusetts General Court, 458 Material culture     See Bateman, Hester    Boulton, Matthew    Revere, Paul    Ross, Betsy    Wedgwood, Josiah Mathematics     China, 1039     England, 204     France, 31-35, 200, 240-243, 573-576, 682-687     Italy, 24     Scotland, 632-635     Switzerland, 333-335     United States, 84-87     See also Category Index Mather, Cotton, 667-672 Mather, Increase, 667, 671-675 Matilda, Aunt     See Cowley, Hannah Maurice of Saxony     See Saxe, comte de Mazepa, Ivan Stepanovich, 232 Mécanique analytique (Lagrange), 573 Mechanics, 24, 32, 335, 573, 1039 Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (Rush), 873 Medicine     Luigi Galvani, 391-394     homeopathy, 69     immunology, 532     physiology, 391, 925-928, 934, 961     surgery, 820     See also Disease    Physicians    Science    Category Index Medzhibozh, Poland     Hasidism, 69 Mémoires (Beaumarchais), 98 Mémoires sur différens sujets de mathématiques (Diderot), 33 Mémoires sur la respiration     See Memoirs on Respiration Memoirs     See Literature Memoirs (Robinson), 850 Memoirs of Dr    Charles Burney (Burney, F.), 182 Memoirs of Jacques Casanova de Seingalt, The (Casanova), 210 Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Godwin), 426 Memoirs on Respiration (Spallanzani), 927 “Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments”    (Madison), 636 Mendelssohn, Moses, 599, 675-677 Mentewab, 677-679 Mercantilism, 727 Mercenaries, 140-142 Mes rêveries (Saxe), 882 Messiah (Handel), 464 Messiah, The (Klopstock), 562 Metaphysics, 201, 241, 264, 343, 517, 548, 675 Meteorology, 336, 1039 Methane, discovery of, 1023 Method of Chemical Nomenclature (Lavoisier), 580 Methodenbuchs für Väter und Mütter der Familien und Völker, Des     See Elementarwerke Methodism     Francis Asbury, 62-64     George Whitefield, 1073     count von Zinzendorf, 1121 Methodist Church, 1064-1067 Metric system, 575 Mézières, France (military school), 682 M’Fingal (Trumbull), 989 Miamis, 610, 801 Michikinikwa     See Little Turtle Military leaders     Eugene of Savoy, 330-332     Richard Howe, 506-513     Hyder Ali, 522-523     John Paul Jones, 539-543     Tadeusz Kokciuszko, 564-566     Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, 569-572     Little Turtle, 610-612     Alexander McGillivray, 626-629     first duke of Marlborough, 660-663     Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, 692-695     James Edward Oglethorpe, 742-746     Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov, 755-758     Arthur Phillip, 783-785     Pontiac, 801-805     Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin, 808-810     comte de Rochambeau, 851-854     George Rodney, 854-858     Louis de Saint-Just, 878     comte de Saxe, 881-883     John Graves Simcoe, 919-921     Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, 954-958     Anthony Wayne, 1054-1057     James Wolfe, 1104-1108     See also Category Index Military reform     First Marquess Cornwallis, 280     France, 200     Frederick William I, 381-383     Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, 447-449     Hyder Ali, 522     Mahmud I, 640     Marquis de Montalembert, 690-692     Robert Morris, 708     Ottoman Empire, 720     Peter III, 779     Peter the Great, 775     Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin, 809     Russia, 954-958 Militia Act (1792), 1046 Milkmaid of Bordeaux, The (Goya), 439 Mill, John Stuart, 105, 516 Miller, Phineas, 1076 Milton (Blake), 123 Minas Gerais, Brazil, 609 Mining, 734, 1049 Minna von Barnhelm (Lessing), 600 Mirabeau, comte de, 679-682     Marie-Antoinette, 658     François Quesnay, 821 Miss Sara Sampson (Lessing), 599 Missionaries in China, 1114 Missions     California, 891-893     Carmel, 891     indigenous peoples, 891     Moravian, 1121     San Diego, 891 Mitate (visual likening), 958 Mitridate Eupatore, Il (Scarlatti), 885 Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People of Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents, A (Swift), 966 Mohawks     American Revolution, 159     sanctuary in Canada, 160 Moll Flanders (Defoe), 299 Moller, Margarethe, 562 Monachomachia (Krasicki), 567 Monge, Gaspard, 682-687 Monitor, The (Krasicki), 567 Monmouth, Battle of (1778), 258 Monody on the Death of Major André (Seward), 897 Monotheism, Islamic, 1030 Montagu, Elizabeth, 221 Montagu, Mary Wortley, 687-690 Montalembert, Marc-René    de     See Montalembert, Marquis de Montalembert, Marquis de, 690-692 Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de, 151, 692-695 Montcalm, Marquis de     See Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de Montcalm de Saint-Véran, Marquis de     See Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de Montesquieu, 479, 648, 695-698 Montgolfier, Jacques-Étienne, 698-701 Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel, 698-701 Montreal, British siege of, 40, 385 Moonlight Battle (1780), 856 Moral virtue, 188, 1080 Moravian missions, 1121 Moravians in colonial Georgia, 743, 1062, 1064 More, Hannah, 702-704 Morgenstunden (Mendelssohn), 676 Moritz, Hermann     See Saxe, comte de Morris, Gouverneur, 705-707, 1118 Morris, Robert, 707-711, 1092 Moscow, Russia, 571     French attack (1812), 571 Moscow, University of, 322, 613 Mother Ann     See Lee, Ann Mount Rainier, 1007 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 99, 131, 711-715 Mrs    Abington as the Comic Muse (Reynolds), 2 Mughal Empire and Muslims, 1032 Muwammad Kartm Beg     See Kartm Kh3n Zand Mujtahid, 1000 Mulattoes     Joseph Boulogne, 154     West Indies, 985 Mulberry Grove, 445, 1076 Mulso, Hester     See Chapone, Hester Murdock, William, 715-718 Murray, William     See Mansfield, first earl of Music     Baroque, 1019-1022     chamber, 73, 131, 713     church, 464     classical, 281-284, 418-421     criticism, 178     England, 177     France, 154, 281-284     French versus Italian, 827     Germany, 71     history, 178     Italy, 129     Neapolitan school, 886     orchestration, 1020     patronage, 130     popularization, 972     preclassical versus Baroque, 970-973     reform of Christoph Gluck, 420     rococo, 131     Scotland, 185     string quartet, 129     theory, 72, 826-827, 972     violin making, 944-947     See also Category Index Musical orphanages, 1019 Muslims     vs    Hindus, 1032     Mughal Empire, 1032 Mustafa III, 719-721 Mustapha III     See Mustafa III Mnteferrika, Ebrahim, 28 Mutiny on the Bounty     See Bounty, HMS Myanmar     See Burma Myrtle, Marmaduke     See Addison, Joseph Mysore, India, 470, 522 Mysteries of Udolpho, The (Radcliffe), 823 Myszeis (Krasicki), 567 N3dir Khan Afshar     See N3dir Sh3h N3dir Qolt Beg     See N3dir Sh3h N3dir Sh3h, 552, 640, 722-723 N3dir Sh3h Afshar     See N3dir Sh3h Naked Maja, The (Goya), 438 Nanny, 724-726 Napoleon I     Lazare Carnot, 200     Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, 570     Gaspard Monge, 684     Pius VI, 794     Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, 918     John Graves Simcoe, 920     Madame de Staël, 931     Toussaint Louverture, 987     Alessandro Volta, 1024 Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen’s Captivity, A (Allen), 37 Nathan der Weise     See Nathan the Wise Nathan the Wise (Lessing), 601, 676 National assembly (France), 648, 681, 728, 844, 878, 917, 985     See also Third Estate (France) National convention, France, 267, 649 National Legion of the South (France), 154 National Republicans (U.S    political party), 13     Elbridge Gerry, 413     Thomas Jefferson, 529     Paul Revere, 835 Nationalism     Austria, 653-656     Germany, 380, 383     India, 523     Ireland, 441, 983     Russia, 614     Saudi Arabia, 1030-1031     United States, 304, 452, 636, 1046 Nations, Les (Couperin), 281 Native Americans     See American Indian leaders    American Indians    Canada, Indians Natural history, 171-173, 533, 605, 926 Natural History, General and Particular (Buffon), 171 Natural law     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 503     William Paley, 763 Natural science, 172, 532, 548, 696 Natural Theology (Paley), 763 Nature     landscape architecture, 166     landscape painters, 166     study of, 68 Nauka Pobezhdat (Suvorov), 956 Naval reform, British, 50, 508 Navigation and longitude, 152 Navy, British     William Bligh, 126     Richard Howe, 506     George Vancouver, 1006     See also Admiralty (Royal Navy) Navy, Russian, 108, 542 Navy, U.S., 540 Necker, Anne Louise Germaine     See Staël, Madame de Necker, Jacques, 726-729, 929 Neden, Hester     See Bateman, Hester Needham, Hester     See Bateman, Hester Neoclassicism     architecture and design, 6     art, 554, 1068, 1097     Chinese literature, 746     literature, 538 Neo-Confucianism, 287     See also Confucianism Neolin, 803 Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689), 1113 Netherlands     art, 225, 1051     literature, 302     Peter the Great, 775     Sir Joshua Reynolds, 839     comte de Saxe, 881 Netherlands, Austrian, 545 Neva River, 775 New and Accurate Account of the Provinces of South Carolina and Georgia, A (Oglethorpe), 743 New England, 43, 60, 315, 512, 668, 671, 894 New England Courant, The, 370 New France, 693 New Hampshire Grants, 35 New Héloïse, The (Rousseau), 869 New Science, The (Vico), 1013 New Spain, 228, 395 New System of Music Theory (Rameau), 826 New York City, 529, 949, 1043 New York State, 524 New York Weekly Journal (newspaper), 1116 New Zealand, 271 Newbery, John, 433, 730-732 Newcomen, Thomas, 733-735, 1048 Newcomen steam engine, 715, 734, 860, 1048, 1087 Newton, Sir Isaac, 112, 220, 241, 632 Nguyen Hue, 736-738 Niger River exploration, 765 Ninjf (human feeling), 244 Nishiki-e (multicolor prints), 958 Nobility     French, 917     Russian, 778 Nomenclature chimique (Lavoisier), 219 Nonsense of Common Sense, The (Montagu), 688 Nootka Sound Convention (1790), 790, 1007 Normanist Russia, 614 North, Frederick     See North, Lord North, Lord, 174, 364, 409, 738-741, 789 North America, Spanish, 228 North American coast, 272 North Briton (political journal), 1083 North Briton controversy, 1083 North Pacific exploration     James Cook, 271     George Vancouver, 1006 North West Company, 630 Northern Confederate Indians (Canada), 160 Northwest campaign (Clark), 253 Northwest Passage, 108, 271, 975, 1007 Northwest Territory, 1056     George Rogers Clark, 253-256     Sir Alexander Mackenzie, 630 Nôtre Dame de Paris, 134 Nouveau système de musique théorique     See New System of Music Theory Novelists     Fanny Burney, 180- 183     Daniel Defoe, 298-301     Aagje Deken, 301-303     Henry Fielding, 346-350     Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 428- 432     Ignacy Krasicki, 567-569     Sophie von La Roche, 577-579     Charlotte Lennox, 594-596     Alain-René    Lesage, 596-598     Ann Radcliffe, 823-825     Samuel Richardson, 841-843     Anna Seward, 897-899     Madame de Staël, 929-932     Betje Wolff, 301-303 Nozze di Figaro, Le (Mozart), 712 Number theory, 574 Nystadt, Treaty of (1721), 233, 776 Oath of the Tennis Court (1789), 619 Obeah (Maroon spiritual guide), 725 Objections of the Hon    George Mason to the Proposed Federal Constitution, The (Mason), 665 Observations on the Natural History of the Cuckoo (Jenner), 533 Observations on the New Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions (Warren), 1042 Obwandiyag     See Pontiac Occasional Conformity Bill (1711), 47 Occom, Samson, 1071 Oedipus (Voltaire), 1026 Oeiras, count of     See Pombal, Marquês de Oglethorpe, James Edward, 742-746, 1062, 1064 Ogyn Mokei     See Ogyn Sorai Ogyn Shigenori     See Ogyn Sorai Ogyn Sorai, 504, 746-748 Ohio Company, 253 Ohio Country, 160, 611 Old Testament and racial equality, 1071 Old Walton Bridge (Canaletto), 192 Old Whig, The (pamphlet), 22 Oldfield, Anne, 749-751 Oldfield, Nance     See Oldfield, Anne On Duelling (Sharp), 901 “On the Death of a Young Lady of Five Years of Age”    (Wheatley), 1072 “On the Electricity Excited by the Mere Contact of Conducting Substances of Different Kinds”    (Volta), 1024 On the Study Methods of Our Times (Vico), 1013 120 Days of Sodom, The (Sade), 876 Ono no Komachi, 958 Opera, 99, 178, 295, 884     Christoph Gluck, 418-421     George Frideric Handel, 463     Jean-Philippe Rameau, 826     Alessandro Scarlatti, 883-887     Georg Philipp Telemann, 970 Opuscoli di fisica animale e vegetabile     See Tracts on Animals and Vegetables Oratorios, 73, 463, 476, 886, 972 Orfeo ed Euridice (Gluck and Calzabigi), 419 Organ music     Johann Sebastian Bach, 72     François Couperin, 281     George Frideric Handel, 465 Original Sonnets on Various Subjects, and Odes Paraphrased from Horace (Seward), 898 Original Stories from Real Life (Wollstonecraft), 122 Orlav, Count     See Orlov, Grigori Grigoryevich Orléans, duc d’, 751-754 Orlov, Aleksey Grigoryevich, 755-756, 809, 814 Orlov, Count     See Orlov, Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov, Grigori Grigoryevich, 757-758, 779, 809     Catherine the Great, 212 Orthodox Church, Ethiopia, 678 Orthodox Church, Russia, 776, 779 Osen, 959 Österreich-Lothringen, Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von     See Marie-Antoinette Otis, James, 519 Otis, Mercy     See Warren, Mercy Otis Ottoman-Austrian conflicts, 330, 639 Ottoman Empire     art, 602-604     Charles VI, 230     Westernization, 28 Ottoman-French relations, 640 Ottoman-Persian conflicts, 639, 723 Ottoman-Russian-Austrian War (1736-1739), 639 Ottoman-Russian conflicts, 570, 720, 775, 955 Ottoman-Russian Wars (1768-1792), 720 Ottoman sultans     Ahmed III, 26-29     Mahmud I, 639-641 Ottoman-Swedish alliance, 232 Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man (Herder), 487 Oxygen, discovery of, 116, 812 Pacific Northwest (United States), mapping of, 1006 Pacte de Famille, 246 Paine, Thomas, 328, 759-762 Painter and His Pug, The (Hogarth), 498 Painters     Canaletto, 190-193     Jean-Siméon Chardin, 223-226     Cho©ng So©n, 248-249     John Singleton Copley, 274-277     Jean-Honoré    Fragonard, 367-370     Thomas Gainsborough, 387-391     Francisco de Goya, 436-440     William Hogarth, 497-501     Angelica Kauffman, 554-556     Thomas Lawrence, 583-586     Levni, 602-604     Charles Willson Peale, 768-771     Sir Joshua Reynolds, 836-840     George Romney, 862-865     Gilbert Stuart, 947-951     Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 976-979     Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, 1016-1019     Antoine Watteau, 1051-1054     Benjamin West, 1068-1070 Painting     domestic themes, 368     erotic themes, 367, 1052     everyday life, 191, 225, 368, 1051-1052     fête galante, 1051     illusionism, 977     landscape, 248     manuscript, 603     neoclassicism, 838     Ottoman Empire, 603     Roman school, 555     Spain, 436-440 Palais Royal (Paris), 752 Palazzo Clerici (Milan), 977 Palestrina, Giovanni, 179 Paley, William, 763-765 Palladio, Andrea, 5, 133 Pamela (Richardson), 841 Pamphleteering     Granville Sharp, 900     Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, 916-919     Richard Steele, 942 Pan Podstoli (Krasicki), 568 Panopticon, 106 Pantheism, 69 Pantheon Opera House (London), 296 Pantophile     See Diderot, Denis Papal-French conflict, 794 Paradise Lost (Milton), 123 Paradox of Acting, The (Diderot), 309 Parasol, The (Goya), 437 Paris     first mayor of, 78     French Revolution, 78, 290, 619     Montesquieu, 695     Jean-Philippe Rameau, 826     Robespierre, 844     Mary Robinson, 849     Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 868     Marquis de Sade, 875     waterworks, 1088 Paris Commune, 753, 845 Paris Opera, 154, 295-296 Paris sewer system, 996 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 40, 151, 227, 246, 558, 787 Paris, Treaty of (1783), 14, 228, 254, 525, 1056 Park, Mungo, 765-768 Parkhouse, Hannah     See Cowley, Hannah Parliament, British, 138, 175, 364, 402, 406, 408, 441     and American colonies, 519, 646, 1091     and Canada, 197     Lord North, 739     sovereignty, 118     Robert Walpole, 1034 Parliament, Irish, 441 Parliamentary reform, 364     Henry Grattan, 441     Granville Sharp, 900     Robert Walpole, 1034-1038     Wilkites, 1085 Parson’s Cause (1763), 482 Parting of Hector and Andromache, The (Kauffman), 555 Partisan politics (United States), 413, 1046 Partition of Poland, 379, 567, 655 Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 28, 331 Pastorals (Pope), 805 Patriot king, 138 Patrona Halil Revolt (1730), 28, 639 Patronage of the arts, 130, 322, 585, 617, 799     See also Category Index Paul I (czar of Russia), 956 “Paul Revere’s Ride”    (Longfellow), 833 Peale, Charles Willson, 768-771     portrait of John Paul Jones, 541     painting of American flag, 866 Peasantry     Austria, 544     French Revolution, 78, 844, 877     in literature, 597     Marie-Antoinette, 659     in painting, 390     Pugachev’s Revolt, 816     Russia, 213     See also Poverty and the poor    Social reform Pelham, Henry, 405, 771-774 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 770 Pennsylvania Gazette, The (Franklin), 371 Pensacola, Siege of (1780), 626 Pensacola, Treaty of (1784), 627 Pensées philosophiques (Diderot), 308 Perception, 111, 113, 264, 481, 514, 548 Percy (More), 702 Perpetual Peace (Kant), 550 Perry, Matthew C., 505 Persian-Afghan Wars (1709-1747), 722 Persian Letters (Montesquieu), 695 Persian-Ottoman conflicts, 639, 723 Peruvian independence, 994 Pestsaule, Vienna, 350 Peter I     See Peter the Great Peter III (czar of Russia), 212, 755, 778-780, 814     abdication, 755-758     Catherine the Great, 757     death of, 756     Grigori Grigoryevich Orlov, 757     Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin, 808 Peter the Great (czar of Russia), 232, 774-777     Catherine the Great, 213     and Ottoman Empire, 27     Elizabeth Petrovna, 321 Peterwardein, Treaty of (1718), 230 Petrovna, Elizabeth    See Elizabeth Petrovna Phaedon (Mendelssohn), 675 Phaenomena quondam Apolcalyptica (Sewall), 894 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 865, 873, 1090 Philadelphia Convention, 373, 413, 453, 636, 1092 Philadelphia Museum, 769 Philanthropinum, 90 Philanthropy in England, 702-704 Philip V (king of Spain), 136, 781-783 Philippe, duc d’Orléans     See Orléans, duc d’ Phillip, Arthur, 783-785 Philosophes     Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, 265     Encylopedia project, 33     Claude-Adrien Helvétius, 479-482     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 501-504 Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies (Raynal), 829 Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, A (Burke), 174 Philosophical Radicals     See Utilitarianism Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, 1050 Philosophie rurale, La (Quesnay and Mirabeau), 821 Philosophy     China, 287-289     empiricism, 111-115, 264, 309     England, 104, 187-189     France, 31, 263-269, 307-311     Germany, 342-346, 548-551, 598-602, 675-677     idealism, 111     materialism, 111     mechanical, 934     moralism, 922, 1009     Neo-Confucianism, 287     religion, 601     Scotland, 338-342     sensationalist theory, 264     See also Category Index Philosophy of Earthquakes, Natural and Religious, The (Stukeley), 953 Phipps, Sir William, 673 Phlogiston theory, 218, 580, 683, 933-937 Pho Sma Ton Camp, Battle of (1768), 968 Phraya Taksin     See Taksin Phya Tak     See Taksin Phya Taksin     See Taksin Physicians     Edward Jenner, 532-535     Benjamin Rush, 873     See also Medicine Physics     Marquise du Châtelet, 241     Leonhard Euler, 333-335     Gaspard Monge, 683     theory of heat, 683     See also Category Index Physiocracy, 267, 545, 727, 820-822, 830, 996 Physiocratie (Quesnay), 821 Physiology     See Medicine Picaresque novel, 597 Picturesque     concept of, 166     in literature, 825 Pierrepont, Mary     See Montagu, Mary Wortley Pietism     Hannah More, 704     Prussia, 376     Georg Ernst Stahl, 933     count von Zinzendorf, 1119 Pilgrimage sites, 609 Pilgrimage to Cythera (Watteau), 1052 Pilgrim’s Progress, The (Bunyan), 123 Pio Ospedale della Pietà    (Venetian orphanage), 1019 Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, 4 Pirro e Demetrio, Il, 884 Pitt, William, the Elder, 406, 518, 786-789 Pitt, William, the Younger, 327, 365, 410, 740, 789-792 Pitt of Burton-Pynsent, Viscount     See Pitt, William, the Elder Pius II, 794 Pius VI, 545, 793-795 Plague in Vienna, 351 Plains of Abraham, Battle of the (1759), 694, 802     William Howe, 510     Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, 1106     James Wolfe, 694, 1106 Plan of Civil and Historical Architecture         . (Fischer von Erlach), 351 Plassey, Battle of (1757), 261, 469, 522 Plassey, First Baron Clive of     See Clive, Robert Plays of William Shakespeare, The (Johnson, S.), 537 Playwrights     Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 243     Hannah Cowley, 284-286     Alain-René    Lesage, 596-598     Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 600     Mary de la Rivière Manley, 641     Hannah More, 702     Friedrich Schiller, 887     Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 905-907     Richard Steele, 941     Sir John Vanbrugh, 1002-1005 Pluralism in Christianity, 1121 Poem on the Lisbon Earthquake (Voltaire), 1028 Poems (Barbauld), 87 Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (Wheatley), 1070 Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Burns), 184 Poetry     China, 1039     Hannah Cowley, 284-286     England, 122     Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 428-432     Oliver Goldsmith, 432-436     Samuel Johnson, 535-539     Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, 562-564     nostalgia, 434     Alexander Pope, 805-808     Romantic, 850     Anna Seward, 897-899     social criticism, 1039 “Poet’s Welcome to His Love-Begotten Daughter, A”    (Burns), 184 Poisson, Jeanne-Antoinette     See Pompadour, Madame de Polish Fables (Krasicki), 567 Polish-Russian conflicts, 566, 956 Polish Succession, War of the (1733-1735), 230, 616, 881 Polish-Swedish alliance, 232 Polish Ukraine, 68 “Political Authority”    (Encyclopedia), 309 Political Dialogue on the General Principles of Government, A (Priestley), 812 Political justice, 425 Political parties, 637     See also Federalist Party    National Republicans    Tory Party    Whig Party Political philosophy, 759-762     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 502     Mary de la Rivière Manley, 641-643     Montesquieu, 695-698     Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 869 Politicians     First Viscount Bolingbroke, 135-140     comte de Mirabeau, 679-682 Politics     antiauthoritarianism, 871     colonial America, 1116     popularization, 1085     Mary Wollstonecraft, 1108-1112     See also Category Index under Government and politics Poltava, Battle of (1709), 232, 776 Pombal, Marquês de, 795-797 Pomona für Teutschlands Tochter (La Roche), 578 Pompadour, Madame de, 798-800     Étienne François de Choiseul, 247     Louis XV, 616 Pompadour, Marquise de     See Pompadour, Madame de Pontiac, 801-805 Pontiac’s Resistance     See Pontiac’s War Pontiac’s War (1763-1766), 40, 385, 802     See French and Indian War Poor Richard’s Almanack (Franklin), 371 Pope, Alexander, 688, 805-808 Popes     Benedict XIV, 102-104     Pius II, 793     Pius VI, 793-795 Portico of a Palace (Canaletto), 192 Porto Novo, Pollilur, and Sholinghur, Battles of (1781), 523 Portolá, Gaspar de, 891 Portrait of an Actress (Lawrence), 584 Portrait of Don Manuel Orsorio (Goya), 437 Portrait of the Count of Floridablanca (Goya), 437 Portrait of the Family of King Charles IV (Goya), 438 Portraiture     John Singleton Copley, 274-277     Francisco de Goya, 437     Thomas Lawrence, 583     Sir Joshua Reynolds, 836     George Romney, 862-865     Gilbert Stuart, 948     Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, 1016 Posthumous Works of Mrs    Chapone, The (Chapone), 222 Potemkin, Grigori Aleksandrovich, 808-810, 955     Catherine the Great, 758 Potemkin village, 810 Poverty and the poor, 340     Maria Gaetana Agnesi, 25     Jean-Paul Marat, 648     Hannah More, 703     Shakers, 592     John Wesley on, 1067     See also Peasantry    Social reform Poyning’s Law, 441 Pragmatic Sanction (1713), 230, 653 Prague, Siege of (1741), 881 Prayer Book of the Anglican Church in Mohawk, 161 Preaching     See Edwards, Jonathan    Wesley, Charles    Wesley, John    Whitefield, George Predictions for the Ensuing Year, by Isaac Bickerstaff (Swift), 964 Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot (Alembert), 33 Prerevolutionary politics     colonial America, 1041, 1116     France, 997 Presbyterian Church, 1099     colonial Georgia, 743 Present State of Music in France and Italy, The (Burney, C.), 178 Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Provinces, The (Burney, C.), 178 Presidency, U.S.     term, 1046     George Washington, 1045 Pretenders to the throne     England, 634     Russia, 214, 815 Prez, Josquin des, 179 Priestley, Joseph, 116, 218, 580, 811-814, 1023 Prime ministers     George II, 404     George III, 408     first earl of Godolphin, 421-424     Lord North, 738-741     William Pitt the Elder, 786-789     William Pitt the Younger, 789-792     Robert Walpole, 1034-1038 Princeton University, 1100 Principes mathematiques de la philosophie naturelle (Châtelet), 242 Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, The (Paley), 763 Principles of Moral and Political Science (Ferguson), 338 Printing     John Baskerville, 92-94     Benjamin Franklin, 371     Ottoman Empire, 28     Samuel Richardson, 841     John Peter Zenger, 1116-1119 Prisons and jails, 100-102, 106     British convict colony, 784     James Edward Oglethorpe, 742     Voltaire, 1026 Prix de Rome, 367 Prodromo di un opera da imprimersi sopra le riproduzioni animali     See Essay on Animal Reproductions, An Progress of Dulness, The (Trumbull), 989 Propaganda     Anna Barbauld, 88     Georgiana Cavendish, 216     Daniel Defoe, 298     Mary de la Rivière Manley, 642     Thomas Paine, 759     Paul Revere, 832     Jonathan Swift, 965     John Wilkes, 1083 Propositiones Philosophicae (Agnesi), 24 Protestant-Catholic marriage, 103 Protestant missionary movement, 1121 Protestantism     Queen Caroline, 203     and English throne, 46     Great Britain, 402     Habsburg Dynasty, 544     Ireland, 357, 441, 983     Joseph II, 545     first duke of Marlborough, 660     George Whitefield, 1074 Proverbs, The (Goya), 438 Provincial Congress     Massachusetts, 412, 460     New Jersey, 1100 Provok’d Wife, The (Vanbrugh), 1003 Prussia     War of the Austrian Succession, 378     Frederick I, 376     Frederick the Great, 378-381     Joseph II, 545     Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, 558     military, 381-383     Seven Years’    War, 378 Prussian Academy of Arts, 376 Prussian Academy of Sciences, 486 Prussian-Austrian conflicts, 378, 654 Prussian-Austrian diplomacy, 557 Prussian-British alliance, 939 Prussian-Russian conflicts, 322 Prussian-Russian relations, 779 Prussianization     See Peter III Pruth, Treaty of the (1711), 27 Psychopathia sexualis (Krafft-Ebing), 876 Public Advertiser (newspaper), 17 Public Good, The (Paine), 760 Pugachev, Yemelyan Ivanovich, 814-816 Pugachev’s Revolt (1773-1774), 214, 809, 814-816 Pugachov, Yemelyan Ivanovich     See Pugachev, Yemelyan Ivanovich P’ung-akdo (Cho©ng So©n), 248 Puritanism     colonial America, 314-317, 671-675     Cotton Mather, 667-671     Samuel Sewall, 893 Pyotr Alekseyevich     See Peter the Great Qianlong, 817-819, 1114 Qing Dynasty, 817-819, 1113-1115 Qing Gaozong     See Qianlong Quakers     Benjamin Banneker, 85     Abraham Darby, 292     Ann Lee, 591     Betsy Ross, 867 Quang Trung     See Nguyen Hue Quartering Act (1774), 460 Quasi War (1798-1800), 1046 Quebec, Battle of (1759), 151, 510, 694, 1105 Quebec, Battle of (1775), 60 Quebec Act (1774), 197 Queen’s Ware, 1059 Querists, The (Whitefield), 1074 Quesnay, François, 820-822 Quintetto Boccherini, 131 Qur$3n, 1000, 1030, 1032-1033 Qutb al-Din Ahmad ibn 4Abd al-Rawtm     See Walt All3h, Sh3h Radcliffe, Ann, 823-825 Rake’s Progress, The (Hogarth), 498 Rambler, The (journal), 537 Rameau, Jean-Philippe, 826-829 Ramsay, Charlotte     See Lennox, Charlotte Randolph, Edward, 672 Rangaku (Dutch studies), 504 Rape of the Lock, The (Pope), 805 Rasselas (Johnson, S.), 537 Rastatt and Baden, Treaties of (1714), 230, 331, 781 Rationalism     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 503     David Hume, 514     Immanuel Kant, 548 Raynal, Abbé     See Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas, 829-831, 985 Reading Mercury (newspaper), 730 Realism     See Art    Literature Reason and emotion (Vauvenargues), 1010 Reason the Only Oracle of Man (Allen), 35, 37 Rebel leaders     Nanny, 724-726     Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev, 814-816     Daniel Shays, 902-905     Wolfe Tone, 982-984     Tupac Amaru II, 993-995 Reden an die deutsche Nation     See Addresses to the German Nation Reflections on the Causes of the Grandeur and Declension of the Romans (Montesquieu), 696 Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth (Turgot), 997 Reflections on the Paintings and Sculpture of the Greeks (Winckelmann), 1095 Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 176, 760, 1109 Reflections upon Marriage (Astell), 66 Reflexions on the Metaphysical Principles of the Infinitesimal Analysis (Carnot), 201 Réflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses     See Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth Réflexions sur la métaphysique du calcul infinitesimal     See Reflexions on the Metaphysical Principles of the Infinitesimal Analysis Regatta on the Grand Canal, A (Canaletto), 191 Regency Crisis (1788-1789), 216, 365, 790 Reign of Terror (1793-1794), 268, 291, 650, 659, 846, 878, 930 Relapse, The (Vanbrugh), 1003 Religion     America, 62-64     Joseph Butler, 187-189     Jonathan Edwards, 314-317     and emotion, 316, 1120     and evolution-creation, 763-765     David Hume, 515     theory of intelligent design, 763     Judaism, 68-70     Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 598-602     Ukraine, 68     See also Category Index Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft, Die     See Religion Within the Boundaries of Pure Reason Religion Within the Boundaries of Pure Reason (Kant), 550 Religious conversion     Catholicism in the New World, 891     of indigenous peoples, 159     of Jews, 676     Shakers, 592 Religious criticism     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 501-504     Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 601     Joseph Priestley, 811-814 Religious education     colonial America, 1099     Hannah More, 702 Religious freedom     American independence and, 206     colonial America, 76     Continental Congress, 76     English law, 645     Ireland, 983     Irish Catholics, 442     See also Constitution, U.S.    First Amendment    Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty Religious leaders     Cotton Mather, 667-671     Increase Mather, 671-675     Charles Wesley, 1061-1063     John Wesley, 1064-1067     George Whitefield, 1073-1075     John Witherspoon, 1098-1102     count von Zinzendorf, 1119-1122 Religious Liberty, Statute of (1786), 636 Religious persecution     Moravians, 1120     Shakers, 591 Religious reform     Holy Roman Empire, 793     Islam, 1030-1032     Joseph II, 545     Mustafa III, 722     Pius VI, 793     Robespierre, 846     Emanuel Swedenborg, 961 Remarks on the Uses of the Definitive Article in the Greek Text of the New Testament (Sharp), 901 “Remember the Ladies”     (Adams, A.), 9 “Report on Manufactures”    (Hamilton), 455 Report Relative to a Provision for the Support of Public Credit (Hamilton), 454 Representation of the Injustice and Dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery, A (Sharp), 900 Repton, Humphrey, 167 Republican-Federalist conflict, 238 Republican government     Montesquieu, 696 “Republican motherhood,”    9 Resolution, HMS, 271 Ressam Levni     See Levni Retaliation (Goldsmith), 435 Revere, Paul, 276, 832-836 Revivalism     in colonial America, 1074     in Great Britain, 1074     Jewish, 68 Revolutionary politics     Georges Danton, 289-292     William Godwin, 424-428     John Hancock, 457-462     Patrick Henry, 482-485     Ireland, 357     Thomas Jefferson, 528-531     Louis XVI, 619     Flora MacDonald, 623-625     Jean-Paul Marat, 648-651     duc d’Orléans, 751-754     Paul Revere, 832     Robespierre, 844-847     Louis de Saint-Just, 877-880     Wolfe Tone, 983     Toussaint Louverture, 985-988 Revolutionary Tribunal (France), 291, 846, 878 Revolutionary War, American     See American Revolution Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 275, 389, 554, 584, 836-840, 862, 1069     portrait of Fanny Abington, 2     portrait of George Rodney, 855     portrait of Sarah Siddons, 913 Richardson, Samuel, 221, 347, 577, 841-843 Right Excellent Nanny of the Maroons     See Nanny Rights of Man, The (Paine), 760, 1109 “Rights of Woman, The”    (Barbauld), 88 Rimniksky, Count     See Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich Riqueti, Honoré-Gabriel     See Mirabeau, comte de Rivals, The (Sheridan), 905 Robbers, The (Schiller), 887 Robespierre, 267, 290, 844-847, 877, 918 Robinson, Mary, 848-850 Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 299 Rochambeau, comte de, 851-854 Rockingham, Lord, 740 Rococo art, 617, 978, 1052 Rococo interiors, 133 Rodney, George, 854-858 Rodrigo (Handel), 463 Roebuck, John, 858-862, 1049 Rohilla War (1772-1773), 470 Roman Academy of St    Luke, 554 Roman Elegies (Goethe), 429 Romance of the Forest, The (Radcliffe), 823 Romans à    clef, 642, 849 Romanticism     art, 437, 1053, 1069     literature, 121-125, 850, 869, 898, 931, 953, 1010 Rome     and ancient history, 415     and archaeology, 1096     and the arts, 1068, 1096     and opera, 884 Rømer, Ole, 336 Römische Elegien     See Roman Elegies Romney, George, 862-865 Ross, Betsy, 865-867 Rossini, Gioacchino, 99 Rossiyskaya grammatika (Lomonosov), 613 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 90, 147, 845, 868-872, 877, 1028, 1109 Roxana (Defoe), 299 Royal Academy, London, 388, 555, 584, 837, 948 Royal Academy of Arts, France, 224, 1017, 1052 Royal Academy of Music, London, 464 Royal Academy of San Fernando (Spain), 437 Royal Astronomical Society, London, 490 Royal Gardens, France, 171 Royal Geographic Society, 82 Royal Guard, France, 154 Royal Horticultural Society, London, 82 Royal Irish Academy, 490 Royal Mischief, The (Manley), 641 Royal Society, London, 150, 217, 334, 490, 492, 533, 633, 811, 1050, 1059, 1069     sponsorship of Cook’s voyage, 270 Royal Society of Arts, London, 178 Royal Society of Edinburgh     See Philosophical Society of Edinburgh Royal succession of female heirs, 230 Ruins     Edward Gibbon, 416     Ann Radcliffe, 823     William Stukeley, 953     See also Archaeology    Avebury    Stonehenge Runaway, The (Cowley), 284 Rush, Benjamin, 872-874 Ruskin, John, 839, 1069 Russia     codification of laws, 213     coup against Czar Peter III, 756, 758     government centralization, 213     religious history, 756, 758     Slavophilism, 614     Westernization, 211-215, 614, 774-777 Russian-Austrian alliance, 570 Russian-Chinese treaty, 776, 1113 Russian-French conflicts, 214, 570 Russian-Ottoman conflicts, 570, 720, 775, 955 Russian-Polish conflicts, 566, 956 Russian-Prussian conflicts, 322 Russian-Prussian relations, 779 Russian-Swedish conflicts, 232, 776 Rymnikskii, Count     See Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich Saburouemon     See Honda Toshiaki Sachsen, graf von     See Saxe, comte de Sacred Edict (China), 1114 Sacrifice of Isaac, The (Tiepolo), 976 Sade, comte de     See Sade, Marquis de Sade, Marquis de, 875-877 :afavid Dynasty, 552, 722-723, 1000 Saggio di osservazioni microsopiche concernenti il sistema della generazione de’    signori di Needham e Buffon (Spallanzani), 926 Sahara Desert, 914 St    Clair, Arthur, 611 Saint-George, Chevalier de     See Boulogne, Joseph St    John, Baron     See Bolingbroke, First Viscount St    John, Henry     See Bolingbroke, First Viscount Saint-Just, Louis de, 877-880 St    Leon (Godwin), 426 St    Petersburg, Russia, 613, 775 St    Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Russia, 333 Sakondo sip’um (Cho©ng So©n), 249 Salem witchcraft trials, 667, 673, 893-896 Salons     Café    de l’Europe, 267     Queen Caroline, 203     England, 897     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 502     rue Ste-Anne salon, 480     Madame de Staël, 929 Sandwich Islands, 272 São Franciso de Assis (Brazil), 608 Sappho and Phaon (Robinson), 850 Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse (Reynolds), 913 Saratoga, Battles of (1777), 41, 61, 565 Satan Summoning up His Legions (Lawrence), 584 Satori (enlightenment), 450 Sa4nd, Muwammad ibn, 1030 Savage, Richard, 536 Savannah, Georgia, 1055 Savery, Thomas, 734 Saville, John, 898 Sawbridge, Catherine     See Macaulay, Catherine Saxe, comte de, 881-883 Saxony, Maurice of     See Saxe, comte de Scarlatti, Alessandro, 190, 463, 883-887 Schiller, Friedrich, 887-890, 1095 Scholarship     secular, 102     theological, 102 Schönborn, Friedrich Carl von, 495 School for Scandal, The (Sheridan), 2, 905 Science     animal reproduction, 928     archaeology, 952-954, 1096     invention of balloon, 699     biology, 925-928, 961     blood circulation, 926     botany, 80-83, 171, 604-608     calendars, 1039     eclipses, 1039     fertilization, 927     geology, 172, 579     meteorology, 336, 1039     natural history, 171-173, 533, 605, 926     spontaneous generation, 926     temperature scales, 336-338     thermometers, 336-338     water, 219     zoology, 927 Scotland Yard, 346-350 Scots Highland regiment, 53 Scots Musical Museum, The (Johnson, ed.), 185 Sculpture     and interior design, 132     Antônio Francisco Lisboa, 608     Johann Joachim Winckelmann, 1095 Scurvy, 110, 273 Search warrants (British law), 518 Seasons, The (Haydn), 477 Seaton Delaval (Vanbrugh), 1004 Second Keeper of the Robes, 181 Secondat, Charles-Louis de     See Montesquieu Secret History of Queen Zarah and the Zarazians, The (Manley), 642 Secret Memoirs and Manners         . (Manley), 642 Secularism     colonial America, 669     Europe, 103     Prussia, 379 Seingalt, chevalier de     See Casanova Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo (or Giacomo) Casanova de     See Casanova Selling of Joseph, The (Sewall), 895 Semiramide riconosciuta (Gluck), 418 Senses (Berkeley), 113 Serfdom     abolished by Joseph II, 545     Russia, 213 Serious Proposal to the Ladies, A (Astell), 65 Serra, Junípero, 891-893     See also Gálvez, José    de Settlement, Act of (1701), 47, 137, 359, 400 Seven Years’    War (1756-1763), 38, 246, 851     Charles III, 227     Frederick the Great, 378     George II, 406     Richard Howe, 507     Louis XV, 616     Maria Theresa, 655     Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, 693     Peter III, 779     William Pitt the Elder, 786     Pontiac, 802     Russia, 322     James Wolfe, 1105 Severn River, England     commercial waterway, 293     first iron bridge, 1088 Sewall, Samuel, 893-896 Sewa-mono, 244 Seward, Anna, 897-899 Sexuality     in art, 1052     in education, 90     Marquis de Sade, 210     same-gender, 251, 301, 1097 Sh3h, N3dir    See N3dir Sh3h Sh3h Walt All3h of Delhi     See Walt All3h, Sh3h Sh3h Walt Ull3h     See Walt All3h, Sh3h Shakers, 591-594 Shakespear Illustrated (Lennox), 595 Shakespeare, William, 399 Shamela Andrews     See Apology for the Life of Mrs    Shamela Andrews, An Sharia, 1030 Sharp, Granville, 899-902 Shays, Daniel, 902-905 Shays’s Rebellion (1786-1787), 413, 902-905, 910 She Stoops to Conquer (Goldsmith), 432 Sheep May Safely Graze (Bach), 74 Shelburne, Lord, 740 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 1110 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 426, 1110 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 2, 285, 905-907 Sherman, Roger, 908-911 Shia Islam, 640, 722, 1000, 1032     Usuli-Akhbari conflict, 1000 Shih-tsung     See Yongzheng Shikojin     See Suzuki Harunobu Shinjn ten no Amijima     See Love Suicides at Amijima, The Shippen, Margaret, 42 Shivhei ha-Besht     See In Praise of the Ba4al Shem Tov Shizong     See Yongzheng Shoin-ji temple, 451 Shoju Rojin, 451 Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of English Stage, A (Collier), 1003 Shunga (erotic prints), 959 Shusse Kagekiyo (Chikamatsu), 245 Shusuan jiancun (Wang Zhenyi), 1040 Shwebo (Alaungpaya capital), 30 Siam     See Thailand Siberia, exploration of, 108, 776 Siddons, Sarah, 284, 912-914 Stdt al-Mukwz3r al-Kuntt, 914-916 Siege of Gibraltar, The (Copley), 276 Sierra Leone resettlement plan, 900 Sieyès, Abbé     See Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph, 916-919 Siguquanshu (multiple authors), 818 Silesian invasion (1740), 103, 378, 881 Silver mining     Bolivia, 994     Spain, 228 Silversmiths     Hester Bateman, 95-97     Paul Revere, 832 Simcoe, John Graves, 919-921 Sin     See Taksin “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”    (Edwards), 314 Sins of Government, Sins of the Nation (Barbauld), 88 Sir Charles Grandison (Richardson), 842 Sir Christopher Sykes and Lady Sykes (Romney), 864 Sir Courtly Nice (Oldfield), 749 Six Edicts (France), 997 Skater, The (Stuart), 948 Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (Condorcet), 268 Slave rebellions, 724, 855, 985 Slave trade     abolition of, 900, 1079     of children, 279     Charles James Fox, 366 Slavery     abolition of, 920     economics, 830     English law, 645, 900     enslavers as non-Christians, 1071     Georgia, 744     Jamaica, 724     and poetry, 1070-1073     and U.S    Constitution, 706     West Indies, 126 Slavery Abolition Act (1833), 1081 Smallpox     Edward Jenner, 533     Mary Wortley Montagu, 688 Smith, Adam, 921-925 Smock Alley Theatre, 397, 1102 Smythe, Maria Anne     See Fitzherbert, Maria Anne Social criticism     Claude-Adrien Helvétius, 481     Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 869     Samuel Sewall, 893-896     Jonathan Swift, 964-967     Voltaire, 1026-1029     Mary Wollstonecraft, 1109 Social evolution, 338 Social reform     China, 1114     England, 703     Paul-Henri-Dietrich d’Holbach, 503     Joseph II, 544     Jean-Paul Marat, 648     Russia, 776     Louis de Saint-Just, 877     Granville Sharp, 899-902     William Wilberforce, 1079-1082     John Wilkes, 1083-1086     See also Peasantry    Poverty and the poor    Category Index Social theory in Japan, 747 Socialism     William Godwin, 425     Jean-Paul Marat, 650     Françoise Quesnay, 821 Society for the Abolition of Slavery (England), 325, 900 Society for the Supporters of the Bill of Rights (England), 1084 Society for the Suppression of Vice (England), 1080 Society of Antiquaries (London), 952 Society of Artists (London), 388, 862, 1068 Society of Arts and Manufactures (England), 560 Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Coming, United     See United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Coming Society of Friends     See Quakers Society of Jesus     See Jesuits Society of Roman Knights, 952 Society of United Irishmen, 357, 983 Sociology     See Condorcet, Marquis de    Ferguson, Adam    Smith, Adam    Vico, Giambattista Soda production, 587 Some Thoughts Concerning Education (Locke), 732 Somersett, James, 900 Somersett case (1771), 645, 900 Sonezaki shinjn     See Love Suicides at Sonezaki, The Song Dynasty, 248 Song of Los, The (Blake), 123 Songs of Innocence and Experience (Blake), 122 Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience (Blake), 122 Sonora, Marqués de la     See Gálvez, José    de Sons of Liberty, 237, 458, 520, 832 Sfrinshi     See Chikamatsu Monzaemon Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Goethe), 429, 577 South Pacific exploration, 151 South Sea Bubble, 939, 1035 South Sea Company     slave trade monopoly, 136     Tories, 137 Southeast Asia, 968 Southey, Robert, 898 Spain     Charles III’s reform, 227     Italian ministers, 227     in North America, 228     in South America, 228     trade reform, 228 Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 925-928 Spanish-American alliance, 227 Spanish-American conflicts, 627 Spanish-American Indian alliance, 627 Spanish-American relations, 524 Spanish-British conflicts, 626, 1036     West Indies, 986 Spanish-French alliance, 227 Spanish Succession, War of the (1701-1714), 135, 141, 230, 331, 376, 661, 781 Species plantarum (Linnaeus), 606 Spectator, The (Addison and Steele), 21, 942 Speech to the Electors of Bristol (Burke), 175 Spencer, Georgiana     See Cavendish, Georgiana Spinning jenny, 466 Spinning mule, 561 Spirit of the Laws, The (Montesquieu), 696 “Squabble of the Sea Nymphs, The”    (Warren), 1041 Staël, Madame de, 929-932 Stahl, Georg Ernst, 218, 933-937 Stamp Act (1765), 11, 304, 457, 483, 519, 707     repeal, 174 Stamp Act crisis (1765-1766), 17, 787 Stanhope, First Earl, 937-940, 1035 Stanhope, James     See Stanhope, First Earl Stanisuaw II Augustus Poniatowski (king of Poland), 567 State of the Finances of France (Necker), 727 States’    rights (United States), 637, 665, 910 Steam engines, 116, 157, 715, 733-735, 860, 1048-1051, 1087 Steam-powered loom, 561 Steam rolling mill, 1088 Steamboats, 353, 355 Steele, Richard, 941-943     The Tatler, 21 Sternheim (La Roche), 577 Stonehenge, 952-954 Stonehenge (Stukeley), 953 Stonemason’s Yard, The (Canaletto), 190 Story of the Stone (Cao Xueqin), 194 Stradivari, Antonio, 944-947 Streltsy, 755, 757, 774 String Quartet in E Major (Boccherini), 131 Strong, Jonathan, 899 Stuart, Gilbert, 947-951 Stukeley, William, 952-954 Sturm und Drang, 428, 486, 562, 887 Succession, Act of     See Hanoverian succession Sudan, exploration of, 169 Sufism     Africa, 914-916     India, 1032     Persia, 1001 Sugar, 652, 987 Sugar Act (1764), 304, 457, 519 Sunday School, 1081 Sunderland, third earl of, 1035 Sunni Islam, 722, 1000, 1032 Supply and demand, 923 Supreme Court, U.S., 238, 525, 1093 Sur la destruction des Jésuites en France     See Account of the Destruction of the Jesuits in France, An Surname-i Vehbi, 603 Surrealism, 438 Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilyevich, 954-958 Suzuki Harunobu, 958-960 Swedberg, Emanuel     See Swedenborg, Emanuel Swedenborg, Emanuel, 961-963 Swedish-Ottoman alliance, 232 Swedish-Polish alliance, 232 Swedish-Russian conflicts, 232, 776 Swift, Jonathan, 136, 688, 942, 964-967 Swing, The (Fragonard), 367 Sydney, Australia, 784 Sylph, The (Cavendish, G.), 216 Symphonies concertantes, 154 System of Nature, The     See Common Sense (Holbach) Systema naturae     See General System of Nature, A Tableau économique     See Economical Table, The Tahiti, 126, 271 Zahm3sap Qolt Khan     See N3dir Sh3h Tai Chen     See Dai Zhen Tai Tung-Yüan     See Dai Zhen Taksin, 968-969 Tale of a Tub, A (Swift), 964 Talmudic scholarship, 318 “Tam o’Shanter”    (Burns), 185 Tatler, The (Addison and Steele), 21, 942 Tavrichesky, Prince     See Potemkin, Grigori Aleksandrovich Tawhid     See Monotheism Taxation     American colonies, 17, 304, 458, 483, 759     China, 1113     France, 844     Great Britain, 791, 1036     Habsburg Dynasty, 545     Massachusetts, 903     New Spain, 395 Taxonomy     comte de Buffon, 172     Carolus Linnaeus, 604-608 Tay Son Rebellion (1773-1802), 736 Tea Act (1773), 18, 459 Tea trade, 82     British monopoly on, 18 Teaching     See Education Technology     See Invention    Category Index under Science and technology Tecumseh, 612 Telemann, Georg Philipp, 970-973 Telescopes, 490, 492 Temperature scales, 336 Tender Husband, The (Steele), 942 Terra Australis Incognito, 270 Textile industry, 466, 560 Thai-Burmese conflicts, 968 Thailand, 736, 968-969 Thames and the City of London from Richmond House, The (Canaletto), 192 Thanadelthur, 974-976 Thayendanegea     See Brant, Joseph Theater     Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 243-245     comedic, 907     David Garrick, 397-400     puppet play, 243     Restoration comedy, 1002 Théâtre de la Foire, 597 Théâtre de la Foire, Le (Lesage), 597 Theatrical Licensing Act (1737), 347 Theological Repository (Priestley), 811 Theology     Johann Gottfried Herder, 486     Ann Lee, 591-594     Samuel Sewall, 894     Granville Sharp, 901     Emanuel Swedenborg, 961-963     See also Category Index under Religion and theology Theoria medica vera (Stahl), 934 Theory of Colors (Goethe), 429 Theory of Moral Sentiments, The (Smith), 921 Theory of Vision, The (Berkeley), 112 Thermometers, 336 Things as They Are (Godwin), 425 Third Estate (France), 78, 619, 648, 680, 728, 753, 844, 917     See also National assembly (France) “Thoughts on American Liberty”    (Witherspoon), 1100 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents (Burke), 174 Thrale, Henry, 537 Thrale, Hester, 537 Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous (Berkeley), 111 Ticonderoga, Battle at (1775), 36, 60 Ticonderoga, Fort, 565 Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, 436, 976-979 Tirana, La (Boccherini), 130 Tobacco, 395, 482 Tokugawa Yoshimune, 980-982 Toleration, Edict of (1764)     Joseph II, 545 Tom Telescope (Newbery), 731 Tom Thumb (Fielding), 347 Tone, Wolfe, 982-984 Topkapi Sarayi, 26 Torres Strait, 128 Tory Party     Daniel Defoe, 298     Mary de la Rivière Manley, 642     South Sea Company, 137     opposition of First Earl Stanhope, 938     Jonathan Swift, 942, 965 Tory-Whig conflicts, 47, 441, 772, 941, 1034 Toussaint Bréda, François Dominique     See Toussaint Louverture Toussaint Louverture, 985-988 Townshend, Charles, 1035 Townshend Acts (1767), 18, 458 Tracts on Animals and Vegetables (Spallanzani), 926 Trade     American Indians and Europeans, 627, 743     China, 817     fur, 629, 974     and global economics, 923     Japan and Europe, 504     Russia and China, 776, 1113     Russia and Japan, 109     Thailand and China, 969     Thailand and Europe, 969     trans-Saharan, 915 Trade conflict     John Hancock, 458 Trade reform     Portugal, 796     Spain, 228 Tragedy of Faust, The (Goethe), 430 Traité    de dynamique (Alembert), 32 Traité    de l’harmonie     See Treatise on Harmony Traité    des sensations     See Condillac’s Treatise on the Sensations Traité    des systèmes (Condillac), 263 Traité    élémentaire de chimie (Lavoisier), 219 Traités élémentaires de calculus (Agnesi), 25 Transportation, 162, 1058 Träume eines Geistersehers erläutert durch Träume der Metaphysik     See Dreams of a Spirit-Seer, Illustrated by Dreams of Metaphysics Travel writing, 687 Traveller, The (Goldsmith), 434 Travels in the Interior of Africa (Park), 766 Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile         . (Bruce), 170 Treason    See Arnold, Benedict Treatise Concerning Religious Affections, A (Edwards), 315 Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, A (Berkeley), 111 Treatise of Fluxions, A (Maclaurin), 634 Treatise of Human Nature, A (Hume), 514 Treatise on Harmony (Rameau), 826 Treatise on Man, A (Helvetius), 480 Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth (Macaulay), 622 Treatise on the Social Contract, A (Rousseau), 869 Treatise upon the Origin of Language (Herder), 486 Trivialliteratur, 578 True-Born Englishman, The (Defoe), 298 True Christian Religion (Swedenborg), 962 Trumbull, John, 988-990     painting of American flag, 866 Ts’ao Chan     See Cao Xueqin Ts’ao Hsüeh-ch’in     See Cao Xueqin Tulip Age (Ottoman Empire), 28, 639 Tull, Jethro, 990-993 Tupac Amaru II, 993-995 Turcaret (Lesage), 597 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 619, 727, 821, 996-999 Turkish Embassy Letters (Montagu), 687 Turner, J    M    W., 193 Tushmal Kartm     See Kartm Kh3n Zand Ukiyo-e (pictures of the floating world), 958 Ulrich, Karl Peter     See Peter III Ulrika Eleonora (queen of Sweden), 233 Unigenitus (Clement XI), 103, 362 Union, Act of (1707), 53, 423 Union, Act of (1800), 280, 411, 442, 791 Unitarianism, 87-89, 812, 901 United Brethren Church, 1120 United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Coming, 593 United States     See American __    Western American settlement Universities     See name of university Upper Creeks, 626 U.S    Constitution     See Constitution, U.S. Utilitarianism, 100, 106, 763 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 48, 136, 141, 230, 331, 781 Vaccination, 532-535 Vawtd Bihbah3nt, 1000-1001 Valley Forge, 512, 1043 Vanbrugh, Sir John, 472, 1002-1005 Vancouver, George, 1006-1008 Vanity of Human Wishes, The (Johnson, S.), 536 Vasa Dynasty, 232-234 Vassa, Gustavas     See Equiano, Olaudah Vauban, Sébastien le Prestre de, 691 Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapiers, 1010 Vauvenargues, Marquis de, 1009-1010 Velázquez, Diego, 437 Velikaya, Yekaterina     See Catherine the Great Vendée, War in the (1793), 846 Venetian Academy, 192 Venetian painting, 978 Venice, Italy, 192, 1019 Vera Christiana religio     See True Christian Religion Vergennes, Charles Gravier de, 1011-1013 Vermeer, Jan, 224 Versailles gardens, 166 Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung     See Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation Vicar of Wakefield, The (Goldsmith), 434 Vice, Society for the Suppression of     See Society for the Suppression of Vice (England) Vico, Giambattista, 1013-1016 Vienna, Austria     Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, 351     garden palaces, 495     Christoph Gluck, 419     Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt, 495     Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, 570     Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 711 Vietnamese-Chinese conflicts, 737 Vietnamese civil war     See Tay Son Rebellion Vietnamese independence, 737 View of the Evidences of Christianity, A (Paley), 763 Vigée-Lebrun, Élisabeth, 1016-1019 Vimeur, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de     See Rochambeau, comte de Vindication of the Rights of Man, A (Wollstonecraft), 1109 Vindication of the Rights of Woman, A (Wollstonecraft), 1109 Virginia Resolutions (1769), 664 Virginia Resolutions (1798-1799), 637 Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty (1786), 529, 664 Visions of the Daughters of Albion (Blake), 122 Vivaldi, Antonio, 463, 1019-1022 Volcanology, 927 Volta, Alessandro, 393, 1022-1026 Voltaire, 33, 147, 241, 1026- 1029 Volunteer Corps (Ireland), 441 Von Anhalt-Zerbst, Sophie Friederike Auguste     See Catherine the Great Vorstellung an Menschenfreunde und vermögende Männer             (Basedow), 90 Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World (Vancouver), 1007 Voyages (Mackenzie), 631 Wahh3b, Muwammad ibn 4Abd al-, 1030-1031 Wahh3bism     See Wahh3b, Muwammad ibn 4Abd al- Wawtd Bihbah3nt     See Vawtd Bihbah3nt Wahlverwandtschaften, Die     See Elective Affinities Walatta Giyorgis     See Mentewab Walt All3h, Sh3h, 1032-1033 Waliullah     See Walt All3h, Sh3h Walpole, Robert, 54, 138, 203, 401, 405, 786, 938, 1034-1038 Walther, Johann Gottfried, 72 Wanderer, The (Burney, F.), 182 Wanderlingen door Bourgogne (Deken and Wolff), 302 Wang Zhenyi, 1038-1040 War of     See specific name War of Independence, American     See American Revolution Ward, Ann     See Radcliffe, Ann Warfare     See Category Index Warren, Mercy Otis, 1041-1043 Warren Association (Baptists), 76 Washerwoman, The (Goya), 437 Washington, George, 852, 1043-1047     negotiations with Alexander McGillivray, 627     portrait by Charles Willson Peale, 769     portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 949     Betsy Ross, 865 Washington State, 1006 Water-frame, 55 Water pumps, 734 Watson and the Shark (Copley), 276 Watt, James, 116, 157, 219, 715, 860, 1048-1051, 1087 Watteau, Antoine, 1051-1054 Wayne, Anthony, 611, 1054-1057 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith, A.), 922 Wedgwood, Josiah, 1057-1061 Weimar, Germany, 72, 888 Weld, Maria Anne     See Fitzherbert, Maria Anne Well-Tempered Clavier, The (Bach), 72 Wesley, Charles, 743, 1061-1064, 1073 Wesley, John, 62, 743, 1064-1067, 1073, 1121 West, Benjamin, 1068-1070     John Singleton Copley, 275     teacher of Gilbert Stuart, 948 West Indies, 59, 126, 829, 854-858     and missionaries, 1121     slave rebellion, 724-726     slavery, 325 West Point, New York, 43, 61, 565 Western American settlement     California, 892     Kentucky, 143     negotiations over, 525     Northwest Territory, 1056     Ohio Valley, 611     See also American frontier    Expansionism Western army, U.S., 1056 Westminster Abbey, 474 What Is the Third Estate? (Sieyès), 917 Wheatley, Phillis, 1070-1073 Whig Party, 20, 216, 365, 642, 906, 937, 942, 964, 1003, 1034 Whig-Tory conflicts, 47, 441, 772, 941, 1034 Whiskey Rebellion (1794), 455, 530, 1045 White Nile River exploration, 169 Whitefield, George, 75, 315, 743, 1062, 1064, 1073-1075 Whitehall and the Privy Gardens (Canaletto), 192 Whitney, Eli, 1076-1079 Whittaker, James, 592 Who’s the Dupe? (Cowley), 284 Wilberforce, William, 702, 1079-1082 Wilderness, idea of, 145 Wilderness Road, 143 Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship (Goethe), 429 Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre     See Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship Wilkes, John, 787, 1083-1086 Wilkinson, John, 1086-1089 Wilkite movement, 1085 William III (king of England), 53, 250, 422, 660-661, 673 William Penn’s Treaty with the Indians         . (West), 1069 Williams, William     teacher of Benjamin West, 1068 Wilson, James, 1090-1094 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 554, 1068, 1095-1098 “Witch of Agnesi,”    25 Witchcraft trials     See Salem witchcraft trials Witherspoon, John, 1098-1102 Woffington, Margaret     See Woffington, Peg Woffington, Peg, 397, 1102-1104 Wolfe, James, 151, 694, 1104-1108 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 66, 88, 426, 622, 850, 1108-1112 Women     Anglican education, 65     art, 554-556     artists, 1016-1019     astronomy, 489-491, 1038-1040     British society, 182     business, 95, 865-867     freedom from marriage, 65, 1110     answerable to God not men, 65     government and politics, 211-217, 358-361, 621-625, 641-643, 653-656, 677-679, 798-800, 929-932, 1042     leadership, 321-323     letter writing, 8     literature, 180-183, 301-303, 577-579, 594-596, 687-690, 702-704, 823-825, 848-850, 929-932, 1070-1073, 1108-1112     mathematics, 24-26, 240-243, 489-491, 1038-1040     physics, 241     and reason, 65     rebel leaders, 724-726     royal succession, 230     sexuality, 1110     theater, 912-914, 1102-1104     theologians, 591-594 Women’s rights, 7, 64-67, 221-223     American revolutionary period, 9     See also Category Index Works in Architecture, The (Adam brothers), 6 Works of Hannah Cowley, The (Cowley), 284 Wren, Christopher, 472 XYZ affair (1797-1800), 13, 413, 637 Yakubun sentei (Ogyn Sorai), 746 Yekaterina Alekseyevna     See Catherine the Great Yelizaveta Petrovna     See Elizabeth Petrovna Yin and yang, 288 Yinzhen     See Yongzheng Yongzheng, 1113-1115 Yorktown, Siege of (1781), 279, 852, 1044, 1055 Yotsugi Soga (Chikamatsu), 243 Young Pretender     See Charles, Prince Yung-cheng     See Yongzheng Zaddik, 69 Zalman, Elijah ben Solomon     See Elijah ben Solomon Zand Dynasty (Persia), 552-553 Zauberflöte, Die     See Magic Flute, The Zen Buddhism, 450     See also Buddhism Zenger, Anna Catherine, 1117 Zenger, John Peter, 1116-1119 Zinzendorf, count von, 1119-1122 Zong tragedy (1781), 325 Zum ewigen Frieden     See Perpetual Peace Zur Farbenlehre     See Theory of Colors

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