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Great Events from History: The Renaissance & Early Modern Era Table of Contents Contents Publisher's Note Contributors Keyword List of Contents List of Maps, Tables, and Sidebars Maps Half title page 1450's-1469 Mid-15th century: Foundation of the Saud Dynasty 1450's-1471: Champa Civil Wars 1450's-1529: Thai Wars 1451-1526: Lodī Kings Dominate Northern India 1454: China Subdues Burma 1454-1481: Rise of the Ottoman Empire April 9, 1454: Peace of Lodi 1455-1485: Wars of the Roses 1456: Publication of Gutenberg's Mazarin Bible 1457-1480's: Spread of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism February 11, 1457: Restoration of Zhengtong April 14, 1457-July 2, 1504: Reign of Stephen the Great 1458-1490: Hungarian Renaissance 1459: Rāo Jodha Founds Jodhpur Early 1460's: Labor Shortages Alter Europe's Social Structure new 1460-1600: Rise of the Akan Kingdoms 1462: Founding of the Platonic Academy c. 1462: Kazak Empire Is Established 1462: Regiomontanus Completes the Epitome of Ptolemy's Almagest 1463-1479: Ottoman-Venetian War c. 1464-1591: Songhai Empire Dominates the Western Sudan 1465-1487: Reign of Xianzong July 16, 1465-April, 1559: French-Burgundian and French-Austrian Wars October 19, 1466: Second Peace of Thorn 1467: End of King Parāakramabāhu VI's Reign 1467-1477: Ōnin War 1469-1481: Reign of the Ava King Thihathura 1469-1492: Rule of Lorenzo de' Medici 1469-1508: Ak Koyunlu Dynasty Controls Iraq and Northern Iran October 19, 1469: Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella 1470-1479 1471-1493: Reign of Topa Inca March 18-22, 1471: Battle of Vijaya c. 1473: Ashikaga Yoshimasa Builds the Silver Pavilion 1473: Jacob II Fugger Becomes a Merchant 1473-1600: Witch-Hunts and Witch Trials 1474: Great Wall of China Is Built 1474-1479: Castilian War of Succession Late 15th century: Mombasa, Malindi, and Kilwa Reach Their Height August 29, 1475: Peace of Picquigny 1477-1482: Work Begins on the Sistine Chapel 1477-1576: Japan's "Age of the Country at War" June 12, 1477-August 17, 1487: Hungarian War with the Holy Roman Empire August 17, 1477: Foundation of the Habsburg Dynasty 1478: Muscovite Conquest of Novgorod 1478-1482: Albanian-Turkish Wars End c. 1478-1519: Leonardo da Vinci Compiles His Notebooks April 26, 1478: Pazzi Conspiracy November 1, 1478: Establishment of the Spanish Inquisition 1480-1489 1480-1502: Destruction of the Golden Horde After 1480: Ivan the Great Organizes the "Third Rome" 1481-1482: Founding of Elmina 1481-1499: Ludovico Sforza Rules Milan 1481-1512: Reign of Bayezid II and Ottoman Civil Wars 1482-1492: Maximilian I Takes Control of the Low Countries 1483-1485: Richard III Rules England c. 1485: Portuguese Establish a Foothold in Africa Beginnning 1485: The Tudors Rule England May, 1485-April 13, 1517: Mamlūk-Ottoman Wars 1486-1487: Pico della Mirandola Writes Oration on the Dignity of Man August, 1487-December, 1488: Dias Rounds the Cape of Good Hope 1488: Reign of Xiaozong c. 1488-1594: Khmer-Thai Wars March 5, 1488: Composition of the Renga Masterpiece Minase sangin hyakuin 1489: Ādil Shah Dynasty Flourishes 1489: Yorkshire Rebellion 1490's-1499 1490's: Aldus Manutius Founds the Aldine Press 1490's: Decline of the Silk Road Beginning 1490: Development of the Camera Obscura c. 1490: Fragmentation of the Bahmani Sultanate 1490-1492: Martin Behaim Builds the First World Globe 1491-1545: Christianity Is Established in the Kingdom of Kongo 1492: Fall of Granada 1492: Jews Are Expelled from Spain October 12, 1492: Columbus Lands in the Americas 1493-1521: Ponce de León's Voyages 1493-1525: Reign of Huayna Capac 1493-1528: Reign of Mohammed I Askia August 19, 1493-January 12, 1519: Reign of Maximilian I 1494: Sebastian Brant Publishes The Ship of Fools June 7, 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas September, 1494-October, 1495: Charles VIII of France Invades Italy December 1, 1494: Poynings' Law Beginning c. 1495: Reform of the Spanish Church 1495-1497: Leonardo da Vinci Paints The Last Supper 1495-1510: West Indian Uprisings 1497: Cornish Rebellion Beginning 1497: Danish-Swedish Wars June 24, 1497-May, 1498: Cabot's Voyages January, 1498: Portuguese Reach the Swahili Coast 1499: Louis XII of France Seizes Milan 1499-1517: Erasmus Advances Humanism in England 1499-c. 1600: Russo-Polish Wars c. 1500-1509 Beginning c. 1500: Coffee, Cacao, Tobacco, and Sugar Are Sold Worldwide c. 1500: Netherlandish School of Painting c. 1500: Revival of Classical Themes in Art c. 1500: Rise of Sarmatism in Poland 1500: Roman Jubilee 1500-1530's: Portugal Begins to Colonize Brazil Early 16th century: Athapaskans Arrive in the Southwest Early 16th century: Devotional Bhakti Traditions Emerge Early 16th century: Fuzuli Writes Poetry in Three Languages Early 16th century: Rise of the Fur Trade 16th century: China's Population Boom 16th century: Decline of Moundville 16th century: Evolution of the Galleon 16th century: Iroquois Confederacy Is Established 16th century: Proliferation of Firearms 16th century: Rise of the Shenshi 16th century: Single-Whip Reform 16th century: Trans-Saharan Trade Enriches Akan Kingdoms 16th century: Worldwide Inflation 1501-1524: Reign of Ismāīl I 1502: Beginning of the Transatlantic Slave Trade 1502-1520: Reign of Montezuma II Beginning 1504: Decline of the Hafsid Dynasty 1504: Treaty of Blois November 26, 1504: Joan the Mad Becomes Queen of Castile 1505-1515: Portuguese Viceroys Establish Overseas Trade Empire 1505-1521: Reign of Zhengde and Liu Jin 1507: End of the Timurid Dynasty 1508: Formation of the League of Cambrai 1508-1520: Raphael Paints His Frescoes 1508-1512 and 1534-1541: Michelangelo Paints the Sistine Chapel 1509-1565: Vijayanagar Wars c. 1510 to 1519 c. 1510: Invention of the Watch 1510-1578: Sadī Sharifs Come to Power in Morocco December 2, 1510: Battle of Merv Establishes the Shaybānīd Dynasty 1511-c. 1515: Melaka Falls to the Portuguese 1512-1520: Reign of Selim I April 11, 1512: Battle of Ravenna Beginning 1513: Kanō School Flourishes July-December, 1513: Machiavelli Writes The Prince August 22, 1513-July 6, 1560: Anglo-Scottish Wars September 29, 1513: Balboa Reaches the Pacific Ocean 1514: Hungarian Peasants' Revolt 1514-1598: Portuguese Reach China 1515-1529: Wolsey Serves as Lord Chancellor and Cardinal September 13-14, 1515: Battle of Marignano 1516: Sir Thomas More Publishes Utopia January 23, 1516: Charles I Ascends the Throne of Spain August 18, 1516: Concordat of Bologna 1517: Fracastoro Develops His Theory of Fossils October 31, 1517: Luther Posts His Ninety-five Theses Beginning 1519: Smallpox Kills Thousands of Indigenous Americans 1519-1522: Magellan Expedition Circumnavigates the Globe April, 1519-August, 1521: Cortés Conquers Aztecs in Mexico June 28, 1519: Charles V Is Elected Holy Roman Emperor 1520-1529 1520-1522: Comunero Revolt 1520-1566: Reign of Süleyman June 5-24, 1520: Field of Cloth of Gold 1521-1559: Valois-Habsburg Wars 1521-1567: Reign of Jiajing April-May, 1521: Luther Appears Before the Diet of Worms June 28, 1522-December 27, 1522: Siege and Fall of Rhodes November 3, 1522-November 17, 1530: Correggio Paints the Assumption of the Virgin 1523: Gustav I Vasa Becomes King of Sweden Spring, 1523: Ōuchi Family Monopolizes Trade with China August, 1523: Franciscan Missionaries Arrive in Mexico June, 1524-July, 1526: German Peasants' War 1525-1532: Huāscar and Atahualpa Share Inca Rule 1525-1600: Ottoman-Ruled Egypt Sends Expeditions South and East February, 1525: Battle of Pavia 1526-1547: Hungarian Civil Wars April 21, 1526: First Battle of Panipat August 29, 1526: Battle of Mohács 1527-1543: Ethiopia's Early Solomonic Period Ends 1527-1547: Maya Resist Spanish Incursions in Yucatán 1527-1599: Burmese Civil Wars March 17, 1527: Battle of Khānua May 6, 1527-February, 1528: Sack of Rome 1528: Castiglione's Book of the Courtier Is Published 1528-1536: Narváez's and Cabeza de Vaca's Expeditions 1529-1574: North Africa Recognizes Ottoman Suzerainty March 7, 1529: Battle of Shimbra-Kure September 27-October 16, 1529: Siege of Vienna 1530's-1539 1530's-1540's: Paracelsus Presents His Theory of Disease December 30, 1530: Humāyūn Inherits the Throne in India 1531-1540: Cromwell Reforms British Government 1531-1585: Antwerp Becomes the Commercial Capital of Europe February 27, 1531: Formation of the Schmalkaldic League 1532: Holbein Settles in London 1532-1536: Temmon Hokke Rebellion 1532-1537: Pizarro Conquers the Incas in Peru 1534-1535: Ottomans Claim Sovereignty Over Mesopotamia April 20, 1534-July, 1543: Cartier and Roberval Search for a Northwest Passage August 15, 1534: Founding of the Jesuit Order December 18, 1534: Act of Supremacy December 23, 1534-1540: Parmigianino Paints Madonna with the Long Neck July, 1535-March, 1540: Henry VIII Dissolves the Monasteries 1536: Turkish Capitulations Begin 1536 and 1543: Acts of Union Between England and Wales March, 1536: Calvin Publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion October, 1536-June, 1537: Pilgrimage of Grace 1537: Pope Paul III Declares Rights of New World Peoples September 27-28, 1538: Battle of Préveza 1539: Jiajing Threatens Vietnam May, 1539: Six Articles of Henry VIII May 28, 1539-September 10, 1543: De Soto's North American Expedition 1540-1549 1540-1545: Shēr Shāh Sūr Becomes Emperor of Delhi February 23, 1540-October, 1542: Coronado's Southwest Expedition October 20-27, 1541: Holy Roman Empire Attacks Ottomans in Algiers 1542-1543: The New Laws of Spain June 27, 1542-c. 1600: Spain Explores Alta California July 15, 1542-1559: Paul III Establishes the Index of Prohibited Books 1543: Copernicus Publishes De Revolutionibus 1543: Vesalius Publishes On the Fabric of the Human Body Autumn, 1543: Europeans Begin Trade with Japan 1544-1628: Anglo-French Wars 1545-1548: Silver Is Discovered in Spanish America 1545-1563: Council of Trent February 27, 1545: Battle of Ancrum Moor 1546: Fracastoro Discovers That Contagion Spreads Disease January 16, 1547: Coronation of Ivan the Terrible January 28, 1547-July 6, 1553: Reign of Edward VI 1548-1600: Siamese-Burmese Wars 1549: Kett's Rebellion 1549-1552: Father Xavier Introduces Christianity to Japan 1549-1570's: La Pléiade Promotes French Poetry 1550's-1559 Mid-16th century: Development of the Caracole Maneuvernew 1550's: Tartaglia Publishes The New Science 1550's-1567: Japanese Pirates Pillage the Chinese Coast 1550's-c. 1600: Educational Reforms in Europe 1550-1571: Mongols Raid Beijing 1550-1593: Japanese Wars of Unification January-May, 1551: The Stoglav Convenes 1552: Las Casas Publishes The Tears of the Indians 1552: Struggle for the Strait of Hormuz 1553: Servetus Describes the Circulatory System July, 1553: Coronation of Mary Tudor September, 1553: First Battle of Kawanakajima January 25-February 7, 1554: Wyatt's Rebellion 1555-1556: Charles V Abdicates September 25, 1555: Peace of Augsburg 1556-1605: Reign of Akbar January 23, 1556: Earthquake in China Kills Thousands Summer, 1556: Ivan the Terrible Annexes Astrakhan 1557-1582: Livonian War 1558-1593: Burmese-Laotian Wars 1558-1603: Reign of Elizabeth I January 1-8, 1558: France Regains Calais from England 1559-1561: Süleyman's Sons Wage Civil War April 3, 1559: Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis May, 1559-August, 1561: Scottish Reformation 1560-1569 c. 1560's: Invention of the "Lead" Pencil April or May, 1560: Publication of the Geneva Bible June 12, 1560: Battle of Okehazama March, 1562-May 2, 1598: French Wars of Religion 1563-1584: Construction of the Escorial January, 1563: Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England January 20, 1564: Peace of Troyes June, 1564: Tintoretto Paints for the Scuola di San Rocco 1565: Spain Seizes the Philippines May 18, 1565-September 8, 1565: Siege of Malta September, 1565: St. Augustine Is Founded 1566-1574: Reign of Selim II new July 22, 1566: Pius V Expels the Prostitutes from Rome 1567: Palestrina Publishes the Pope Marcellus Mass 1567-1572: Reign of Longqing July 29, 1567: James VI Becomes King of Scotland 1568: Oda Nobunaga Seizes Kyōto c. 1568-1571: Ottoman-Russian War 1568-1648: Dutch Wars of Independence February 23, 1568: Fall of Chitor 1569: Mercator Publishes His World Map November 9, 1569: Rebellion of the Northern Earls 1570-1579 February 25, 1570: Pius V Excommunicates Elizabeth I July, 1570-August, 1571: Siege of Famagusta and Fall of Cyprus October 7, 1571: Battle of Lepanto 1572-1574: Tycho Brahe Observes a Supernova August 24-25, 1572: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1573-1620: Reign of Wanli 1574-1595: Reign of Murad III Mid-1570's: Powhatan Confederacy Is Founded 1575: Tallis and Byrd Publish Cantiones Sacrae March 3, 1575: Mongol Conquest of Bengal November, 1575: Stephen Báthory Becomes King of Poland 1576: James Burbage Builds The Theatre 1576-1612: Reign of Rudolf II June 7, 1576-July, 1578: Frobisher's Voyages 1577: Ram Dās Founds Amritsar 1578: First Dalai Lama Becomes Buddhist Spiritual Leader 1578-1590: The Battle for Tabrīz August 4, 1578: Battle of Ksar el-Kebir June 17, 1579: Drake Lands in Northern California 1580-1589 1580's-1590's: Galileo Conducts His Early Experiments 1580-1581: Spain Annexes Portugal 1580-1587: Rebellions in Bihar and Bengal 1580-1595: Montaigne Publishes His Essays c. 1580-c. 1600: Siamese-Cambodian Wars 1581-1597: Cossacks Seize Sibir July 26, 1581: The United Provinces Declare Independence from Spain 1582: Gregory XIII Reforms the Calendar July 21, 1582: Battle of the Tobol River 1583-1600: Bruno's Theory of the Infinite Universe 1583-1610: Matteo Ricci Travels to Beijing 1584-1613: Russia's Time of Troubles July 4, 1584-1590: Lost Colony of Roanoke July 7, 1585-December 23, 1588: War of the Three Henrys September 14, 1585-July 27, 1586: Drake's Expedition to the West Indies February, 1586: Annexation of Kashmir 1587: Toyotomi Hideyoshi Hosts a Ten-Day Tea Ceremony 1587-1629: Reign of Abbās the Great April, 1587-c. 1600: Anglo-Spanish War 1588-1602: Rise of the English Madrigal July 31-August 8, 1588: Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1589: Russian Patriarchate Is Established 1589: Second Janissary Revolt in Constantinople c. 1589-1613: Shakespeare Writes His Dramas August 2, 1589: Henry IV Ascends the Throne of France 1590-1600 1590's: Birth of Opera 1590: Odawara Campaign 1591: Fall of the Songhai Empire 1592: Wu Chengen Publishes The Journey to the West 1592-1599: Japan Invades Korea 1593-1606: Ottoman-Austrian War 1594-1595: Taikō Kenchi Survey 1594-1600: King Michael's Uprising 1596: Ralegh Arrives in Guiana October, 1596-February, 1597: San Felipe Incident 1597-September, 1601: Tyrone Rebellion October 31, 1597: John Dowland Publishes Ayres 1598: Astrakhanid Dynasty Is Established January, 1598-February, 1599: Ońate's New Mexico Expedition April 13, 1598: Edict of Nantes May 2, 1598: Treaty of Vervins December, 1598-May, 1599: The Globe Theatre Is Built 1599: Castrati Sing in the Sistine Chapel Choir 1600: William Gilbert Publishes De Magnete October 21, 1600: Battle of Sekigahara December 31, 1600: Elizabeth I Charters the East India Company Time Line Glossary Bibliography Web Sites Chronological List of Entries Geographical Index Category Index Personages Index Subject Index |
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