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Great Events from History: The Middle Ages Table of Contents Publisher's Note, xi Contributors, xv Keyword List of Contents, xix List of Maps and Tables, xxxiii Maps, xxxv 477-600 5th or 6th century, Confucianism Arrives in Japan, 1 484, White Huns Raid India, 3 496, Baptism of Clovis, 6 c. 500-1000, Rise of Swahili Cultures, 9 c. 500-1000, Tiwanaku Civilization Flourishes in Andean Highlands, 11 6th-8th centuries, Sogdians Dominate Central Asian Trade, 14 February 2, 506, Alaric II Drafts the Breviarum Alarici, 17 524, Imprisonment and Death of Boethius, 19 529-534, Justinian's Code Is Compiled, 23 532-537, Building of Hagia Sophia, 25 538-552, Buddhism Arrives in Japan, 28 563, Silk Worms Are Smuggled to the Byzantine Empire, 31 567-568, Sāsānians and Turks Defeat the White Huns, 33 568-571, Lombard Conquest of Italy, 36 581, Sui Dynasty Reunifies China, 39 590-604, Reforms of Pope Gregory the Great, 42 593-604, Regency of Shōtoku Taishi, 45 595-665, Invention of Decimals and Negative Numbers, 47 596-597, See of Canterbury Is Established, 49 c. 600-950, El Tajín Is Built, 53 601-700 7th-early 8th centuries, Maya Build Astronomical Observatory at Palenque, 56 7th-8th centuries, Papermaking Spreads to Korea, Japan, and Central Asia, 59 7th-13th centuries, Mogollons Establish Agricultural Settlements, 61 605-610, Building of the Grand Canal, 64 606, National University Awards First Doctorate, 66 606-647, Reign of Harsa of Kanauj, 69 607-839, Japan Sends Embassies to China, 72 c. 610-632, Muhammad Receives Revelations, 74 c. 611-642, Reign of Pulakeśin II, 77 618, Founding of the Tang Dynasty, 79 627-650, Reign of Songtsen Gampo, 82 629-645, Pilgrimage of Xuanzang, 85 630-668, Reign of Narasimhavarman I Mahāmalla, 88 630-711, Islam Expands Throughout North Africa, 91 635-800, Founding of Lindisfarne and Creation of the Book of Kells, 94 August 15-20, 636, Battle of Yarmūk, 97 637-657, Islam Expands Throughout the Middle East, 101 645-646, Adoption of Nengo System and Taika Reforms, 104 652-c. 1171, Christian Nubia and Muslim Egypt Sign Treaty, 106 668-935, Silla Unification of Korea, 108 October 10, 680, Martyrdom of Prophet's Grandson Husayn, 111 682-1377, Expansion of Śrivijaya, 113 685-691, Building of the Dome of the Rock, 116 690-705, Reign of Empress Wu, 120 new c. 700, Bow and Arrow Spread into North America, 122 c. 700-1000, Building of Chichén Itzá, 124 c. 700-1000, Heavy Plow Helps Increase Agricultural Yields, 127 c. 700-1100, Settlement of the South Pacific Islands, 130 c. 700-1253, Confederation of Thai Tribes, 132 701-800 8th-14th centuries, Cahokia Becomes the First North American City, 134 8th-15th centuries, Hohokam Adapt to the Desert Southwest, 137 701, Taihō Laws Reform Japanese Government, 140 c. 710, Construction of the Kāilaśanātha Temple, 142 April or May, 711, Tārik Crosses into Spain, 144 March 9, 712, and July 1, 720, Writing of Kojiki and Nihon shoki, 147 713-741, First Newspapers in China, 149 726-843, Iconoclastic Controversy, 151 729, Founding of Nanzhao, 154 730, Rise of the Pratihāras, 156 731, Bede Writes Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 160 October 11, 732, Battle of Tours, 162 735, Christianity Is Introduced into Germany, 165 740, Khazars Convert to Judaism, 168 744-840, Uighur Turks Rule Central Asia, 170 c. 750-1240, Rise and Fall of Ghana, 172 751, Battle of Talas River, 174 754, Coronation of Pépin the Short, 176 755-763, Rebellion of An Lushan, 179 763, Tibetans Capture Chang'an, 181 770-810, Reign of Dharmapāla, 183 775-840, Building of Borobudur, 185 780, Beginning of the Harem System, 188 780, Rise of the Sailendra Family, 191 781, Alcuin Becomes Adviser to Charlemagne, 193 786-809, Reign of Hārūn al-Rashīd, 196 788-850, Sankara Expounds Advaita Vedānta, 200 791, Buddhism Becomes Tibetan State Religion, 202 792, Rise of the Samurai, 204 June 7, 793, Norse Raid Lindisfarne Monastery, 206 794-1185, Heian Period, 210 c. 800, Kana Syllabary Is Developed, 213 c. 800-1350, Mississippian Mound-Building Culture Flourishes, 215 801-900 9th-14th centuries, Rise of the Toutswe Kingdom, 219 9th-15th centuries, Plains Village Culture Flourishes, 221 802, Founding of the Khmer Empire, 223 809, First Islamic Public Hospital, 226 812, Paper Money First Used in China, 229 832, Nanzhao Subjugates Pyu, 232 834, Gypsies Expelled from Persia, 234 838-842, Tibetan Empire Dissolves, 237 840-846, Uighur Migrations, 239 843, Treaty of Verdun, 241 845, Suppression of Buddhism, 245 Mid-9th century, Invention of Gunpowder and Guns, 247 c. 850, Development of Slavic Alphabet, 249 850-950, Viking Era, 251 After 850, Foundation of Chan Chan, 255 858, Rise of the Fujiwara Family, 257 863, Nanzhao Captures Hanoi, 260 864, Boris Converts to Christianity, 262 868, First Book Printed, 265 869-883, Zanj Revolt of African Slaves, 267 872-973, Publication of The History of Al-Tabarī, 270 877-889, Indravarman I Conquers the Thai and the Mons, 273 878, Alfred Defeats the Danes, 276 890's, Magyars Invade Italy, Saxony, and Bavaria, 279 893, Beginning of Bulgaria's Golden Age, 282 901-1000 Early 10th century, Qarakhanids Convert to Islam, 285 10th century, Cult of Quetzalcóatl Spreads Through Mesoamerica, 287 10th-11th centuries, First Hausa State Established, 289 907-960, Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, 291 915, Parāntaka I Conquers Pāndya, 294 918-936, Foundation of the Koryŏ Dynasty, 297 927, Compilation of the Engi shiki, 299 936, Khitans Settle Near Beijing, 302 939-944, Reign of Ngo Quyen, 304 c. 950, Court of Córdoba Flourishes in Spain, 307 c. 950-1100, Rise of Madrasas, 310 c. 950-1150, Toltecs Build Tula, 313 August 10, 955, Otto I Defeats the Magyars, 316 956, Oğhuz Turks Migrate to Transoxiana, 318 958-1076, Koreans Adopt the Tang Civil Service Model, 320 960, Founding of the Song Dynasty, 322 c. 960, Jews Settle in Bohemia, 326 960-1279, Scholar-Official Class Flowers Under Song Dynasty, 327 963, Foundation of the Mount Athos Monasteries, 330 969-1171, Reign of the Fātimids, 333 972, Building of al-Azhar Mosque, 336 973, Foundation of the Western Cālukya Dynasty, 338 976-1025, Reign of Basil II, 341 982, Le Dai Hanh Invades Champa, 344 c. 985-1014, Reign of Rājarāja I, 346 987, Hugh Capet Is Elected to the French Throne, 349 988, Baptism of Vladimir I, 352 992-1054, Ghana Takes Control of Awdaghust, 355 998-1030, Reign of Mahmūd of Ghazna, 357 c. 1000, Collapse of the Huari and Tiwanaku Civilizations, 360 c. 1000, Footbinding Develops in Chinese Society, 362 c. 1000, Hindi Becomes India's Dominant Language, 365 1001-1100 11th century, Expansion of Sunni Islam in North Africa and Iberia, 367 11th-12th centuries, Building of Romanesque Cathedrals, 370 11th-12th centuries, First European-Native American Contact, 373 11th-15th centuries, Development of the Ife Kingdom and Yoruba Culture, 376 11th-15th centuries, Great Zimbabwe Urbanism and Architecture, 378 After 1000, Development of Miracle and Mystery Plays, 381 c. 1001, Sei Shōnagon Completes The Pillow Book, 385 c. 1004, Murasaki Shikibu Writes The Tale of Genji, 387 1009, Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 390 1010, Firdusi Composes the Shahnamah, 393 c. 1010, Songhai Kingdom Converts to Islam, 395 c. 1010-1015, Avicenna Writes His Canon of Medicine, 397 1012, Rice Is Introduced into China, 401 April 23, 1014, Battle of Clontarf, 403 1016, Canute Conquers England, 406 c. 1025, Scholars at Chartres Revive Interest in the Classics, 409 1031, Caliphate of Córdoba Falls, 412 1040-1055, Expansion of the Seljuk Turks, 415 c. 1045, Bi Sheng Develops Movable Earthenware Type, 418 1048, Zīrids Break from Fātimid Dynasty and Revive Sunni Islam, 420 1054, Beginning of the Rome-Constantinople Schism, 422 1062-1147, Almoravids Conquer Morocco and Establish the Almoravid Empire, 425 October 14, 1066, Battle of Hastings, 428 1069-1072, Wang Anshi Introduces Bureaucratic Reforms, 432 August 26, 1071, Battle of Manzikert, 434 c. 1075-1086, Hummay Founds Sefuwa Dynasty, 436 1075-c. 1220, Emergence of Mapungubwe, 438 1076, Almoravids Sack Kumbi, 440 1077, Seljuk Dynasty Is Founded, 442 1086, Domesday Survey, 444 November, 1092-June 15, 1094, El Cid Conquers Valencia, 447 November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II Calls the First Crusade, 450 March 21, 1098, Foundation of the Cistercian Order, 455 c. 1100, Arabic Numerals Are Introduced into Europe, 458 c. 1100, Founding of Timbuktu, 461 c. 1100, Origins of Swahili in Its Written Form, 464 c. 1100, Rise of Courtly Love, 466 1100-1300, European Universities Emerge, 470 1101-1200 12th century, Coins Are Minted on the Swahili Coast, 474 12th century, Trading Center of Kilwa Kisiwani Founded, 476 12th century, Wang Chongyang Founds Quanzhen Daoism, 478 12th-14th centuries, Social and Political Impact of Leprosy, 480 115, Foundation of the Jin Dynasty, 483 c. 1120, Order of the Knights Templar Is Founded, 485 1127-1130, Creation of the Kingdom of Sicily, 488 1130, Birth of Zhu Xi, 491 1130, Karakitai Empire Established, 493 1136, Hildegard von Bingen Becomes Abbess, 495 1145, Kim Pu-sik Writes Samguk Sagi, 498 c. 1145, Prester John Myth Sweeps Across Europe, 500 1147-1149, Second Crusade, 503 c. 1150, Moors Transmit Classical Philosophy and Medicine to Europe, 507 c. 1150, Refinements in Banking, 511 1150, Venetian Merchants Dominate Trade with the East, 513 c. 1150-1200, Development of Gothic Architecture, 516 c. 1150-1200, Rise of the Hansa Merchant Union, 519 1152, Frederick Barbarossa Is Elected King of Germany, 522 1153, Jin Move Their Capital to Beijing, 525 1154-1204, Angevin Empire Is Established, 528 1155, Charter of Lorris Is Written, 531 September 17, 1156, Austria Emerges as a National Entity, 534 1156-1192, Minamoto Yoritomo Becomes Shogun, 537 1167, Foundation of the Nemanjid Dynasty, 540 1169-1172, Normans Invade Ireland, 542 December 29, 1170, Murder of Thomas Becket, 545 1175, Hōnen Shōnin Founds Pure Land Buddhism, 547 c. 1175, Waldensian Excommunications Usher in Protestant Movement, 549 c. 1180, Chrétien de Troyes Writes Perceval, 552 c. 1181-1221, Lalibela Founds the Christian Capital of Ethiopia, 554 1189-1192, Third Crusade, 557 1190, Moses Maimonides Writes The Guide of the Perplexed, 560 c. 1190-1279, Ma-Xia School of Painting Flourishes, 562 1193, Turkish Raiders Destroy Buddhist University at Nalanda, 565 1196-1258, Ch'oe Family Takes Power in Korea, 567 c. 1200, Common-Law Tradition Emerges in England, 569 c. 1200, Fairs of Champagne, 571 c. 1200, Scientific Cattle Breeding Developed, 574 c. 1200-1230, Manco Capac Founds the Inca State, 576 1201-1300 13th century, Ndiadiane N'diaye Founds the Wolof Empire, 579 1204, Genghis Khan Founds Mongol Empire, 581 1204, Knights of the Fourth Crusade Capture Constantinople, 584 1206-1210, Qut al-Dīn Aybak Establishes the Delhi Sultanate, 587 April 16, 1209, Founding of the Franciscans, 589 1209-1229, Albigensian Crusade, 593 1212, Children's Crusade, 596 July 27, 1214, Battle of Bouvines, 599 June 15, 1215, Signing of the Magna Carta, 602 November 11-30, 1215, Fourth Lateran Council, 605 1217-1221, Fifth Crusade, 608 1219-1333, Hōjō Family Dominates Shoguns, Rules Japan, 611 1221-1259, Mai Dunama Dibbalemi Expands Kanem Empire, 614 1225, Tran Thai Tong Establishes Tran Dynasty, 616 1225-1231, Jalāl al-Dīn Expands the Khwārizmian Empire, 618 1227-1230, Frederick II Leads the Sixth Crusade, 621 1228-1231, Teutonic Knights Bring Baltic Region Under Catholic Control, 624 1230, Unification of Castile and León, 627 1230's-1255, Reign of Sundiata of Mali, 630 1233, Papal Inquisition, 632 1236-1240, Reign of Raziya, 636 July 15, 1240, Alexander Nevsky Defends Novgorod from Swedish Invaders, 638 1248-1254, Failure of the Seventh Crusade, 641 Late 13th century, Maoris Hunt Moa to Extinction, 645 c. 1250, Improvements in Shipbuilding and Navigation, 648 c. 1250-1300, Homosexuality Criminalized and Subject to Death Penalty, 652 1258, Provisions of Oxford Are Established, 655 1259, Mangrai Founds the Kingdom of Lan Na, 657 September 3, 1260, Battle of Ain Jālūt, 659 c. 1265-1273, Thomas Aquinas Compiles the Summa Theologica, 662 1270-1285, Yekuno Amlak Founds the Solomonid Dynasty, 665 1271-1295, Travels of Marco Polo, 667 1273, Sufi Order of Mawlawīyah Is Established, 671 1275, First Mechanical Clock, 673 1275, Nestorian Archbishopric Is Founded in Beijing, 676 c. 1275, The Zohar Is Transcribed, 678 1285, Statute of Winchester, 680 1290-1306, Jews Are Expelled from England, France, and Southern Italy, 683 April, 1291, Fall of Acre, 686 1295, Model Parliament, 688 1295, Ramkhamhaeng Conquers the Mekong and Menam Valleys, 690 1299, Alā-ud-Dīn Muhammad Khaljī Conquers Gujarat, 692 1301-1400 July 27, 1302, Battle of Bapheus, 695 November 18, 1302, Boniface VIII Issues the Bull Unam Sanctam, 697 1305-1417, Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism, 700 c. 1306-1320, Dante Writes The Divine Comedy, 703 c. 1310-1350, William of Ockham Attacks Thomist Ideas, 707 June 23-24, 1314, Battle of Bannockburn, 709 November 15, 1315, Swiss Victory at Morgarten over Habsburg Forces, 713 c. 1320, Origins of the Bubonic Plague, 716 1323-1326, Champa Wins Independence from Dai Viet, 718 August 1, 1323-August 23, 1328, Peasants' Revolt in Flanders, 721 July 2, 1324, Lady Alice Kyteler Is Found Guilty of Witchcraft, 723 1324-1325, Mansa Mūsā's Pilgrimage to Mecca Sparks Interest in Mali Empire, 726 1325-1355, Travels of Ibn Battūtah, 729 1325-1519, Aztecs Build Tenochtitlán, 731 1328-1350, Flowering of Late Medieval Physics, 734 November, 1330, Basarab Defeats the Hungarians, 737 1333, Kilwa Kisiwani Begins Economic and Historical Decline, 739 1336-1392, Yoshino Civil Wars, 741 1337-1453, Hundred Years' War, 744 1340, Al-Umarī Writes a History of Africa, 748 August 26, 1346, Battle of Crécy, 750 1347, Alā-ud-Dīn Bahman Shāh Founds the Bahmanī Sultanate, 753 1347-1352, Invasion of the Black Death in Europe, 756 May 20, 1347-October 8, 1354, Cola di Rienzo Leads Popular Uprising in Rome, 759 1350, Ramathibodi I Creates First Thai Legal System, 762 c. 1350-1400, Petrarch and Boccaccio Recover Classical Texts, 764 January 10, 1356, and December 25, 1356, Golden Bull, 767 c. 1360-1440, Kan'ami and Zeami Perfect Nō Drama, 769 1366, Statute of Kilkenny, 772 1368, Establishment of the Ming Dynasty, 775 1368, Tibet Gains Independence from Mongols, 777 1373-1410, Jean Froissart Compiles His Chronicles, 780 1377, Ibn Khaldūn Completes His Muqaddimah, 783 1377-1378, Condemnation of John Wyclif, 786 c. 1380, Compilation of the Wise Sayings of Lal Ded, 789 September 8, 1380, Battle of Kulikovo, 791 May-June, 1381, Peasants' Revolt in England, 794 1381-1405, Tamerlane's Conquests, 797 1382-1395, Reign of Sthitimalla, 801 c. 1387, Chinese Create the Eight-Legged Essay, 803 1387-1400, Chaucer Writes The Canterbury Tales, 806 June 28, 1389, Turkish Conquest of Serbia, 809 c. 1392, Foundation of the Gelugpa Order, 812 July, 1392, Establishment of the Yi Dynasty, 815 1397, Publication of the Laws of Great Ming, 818 June 17, 1397, Kalmar Union Is Formed, 820 1399-1404, Tamerlane Builds the Bibi Khanum Mosque, 822 1400-1500, Foundation of the West African States of Benin, 824 1401-1453 1403-1407, Yonglo Dadian Encyclopedia Is Compiled, 827 1405-1433, Zheng He's Naval Expeditions, 829 July 15, 1410, Battle of Tannenberg, 831 c. 1410-1440, Florentine School of Art Emerges, 834 1414-1418, Council of Constance, 837 July 6, 1415, Martyrdom of Jan Hus, 841 1415-1460, Prince Henry the Navigator Promotes Portuguese Exploration, 844 1428, Le Loi Establishes Later Le Dynasty, 847 May 4-8, 1429, Joan of Arc's Relief of Orléans, 849 1440, Donation of Constantine Is Exposed, 852 1442-1456, János Hunyadi Defends Hungary Against the Ottomans, 854 1444-1446, Albanian Chieftains Unite Under Prince Skanderbeg, 858 c. 1450, Gutenberg Pioneers the Printing Press, 861 1453, English Are Driven from France, 864 May 29, 1453, Fall of Constantinople, 869 Time Line, 873 Glossary, 908 Bibliography, 924 Web Sites, 948 Chronological List of Entries, III Category Index, IX Geographical Index, XXI Personages Index, XXXI Subject Index, XLIII |
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