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Great Events from History: The Middle Ages Index A Abbāsid caliphate, 199 Abbāsids, 179, 188, 196-199, 226, 235, 267, 307, 319, 333, 357, 417; map, 197 Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St. Denis and Its Art Treasures (Suger), 517 Acre, fall of (1291), 686-688 Acre, Siege of (1191), 557 Advaita Vedānta, 200-201 Afghanistan. See Geographical Index under Central Asia Africa; agriculture, 10; architecture, 379, 476, 740; art, 825; iron-smelting, 10; Islam and, 91-94, 367-369, 436, 748; map, xliv, lxxx; papermaking, 60; religion, 426, 439; sculpture, 377; slavery, 290, 476, 579; taxation, 477; trade, 9, 290, 356, 377, 395, 437-438, 440, 461, 464, 474, 614, 630, 740, 825. See also Geographical Index under Africa; Egypt Aghlabids, 336 Agincourt, Battle of (1415), 746, 753, 849, 864 Agriculture; Africa, 10; Ayutthaya, 762; cattle breeding, 574-576; China, 80, 401, 432; Cōlas, 295; Europe, 127-130, 571; Greenland, 374; Hohokam, 137; Huari, 360; Mississippian culture, 215; Mogollons, 61-63; Peru, 360; Plains Village culture, 221; Tiwanaku, 11, 360; Uighurs, 240; Vietnam, 617. See also Category Index Ailao, 132, 154 Ain Jālūt, Battle of (1260), 659-662 Aksum, 554 Al-Andalus. See Andalusia Al-Azhar mosque, 333, 336-338 Al Mansūrah, Battle of (1250), 643 Al-Zallāqah, Battle of (1086), 367, 426 Alans, 696 Albania, 858-860 Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229), 593-596, 607, 632 Albigensians (as heretics), 595 Alchemy, China, 247, 478 Alemanni, 713 Alexandria, Treaty of (642), 91 Alf layla wa-layla. See Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The Algeria. See Geographical Index under Africa Almohad Empire. See Geographical Index under Africa Almohads, 367, 426 Almoravids, 356, 367, 425-427, 440-441, 448 Alodia, 106 Amdo, 82 Americas. See Geographical Index under North America, Central America, South America Americas to c. 1500 (map), xlv, lxxxi An Lushan Rebellion, 170, 175, 179-182, 230 Analects, The (Confucius), 1, 328, 491 Anatolia. See Geographical Index under Turkey Andalusia, 308, 412, 507; architecture, 426 Andes, Central, 11 Angevin Dynasty, 738 Angevin Empire, 528-531, 599, 656, 772; map, 529 Angkor Wat, 225, 273 Angkorean period, 225, 273 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 278 Anglo-Saxons; Christianity and, 43; end of, 430; Vikings and, 208 Annals of Inisfallen, 404 Annals of Ulster, 403 Annam, 260, 304 Anti-Semitism, 758 Arabia. See Geographical Index under Arabia, Iran, Iraq Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The, 198 Arabs; medicine, 508; Swahili and, 10 Architecture; Africa, 379, 476, 740; Andalusia, 426; Austral Islands, 130; Aztecs, 733; Byzantine, 26; Cālukya, 78; Central Asia, 822; Chartres Cathedral, 409; Chichén Itzá, 125; Chimú Empire, 255; China, 526; Christian, 370-373; Cōlas, 295; El Tajín, 53; Ethiopia, 555; Franks, 195; Gothic, 516-518; Inca, 578; India, 89, 142, 159; Italy, 834; Java, 185; Korea, 109; Mississippian culture, 215; Muslim, 116, 336; Palenque, 56; Peru, 255; Romanesque, 516; Sailendra family, 192; Seljuk Turks, 443; Southeast Asia, 115; Sukhothai, 691; Tiwanaku, 12; Toltec Empire, 315. See also Category Index Arianism, 6; Visigoths, 627 Arithmetic of al-Uqlidisi, The (al-Uqlīdisī), 48 Arms, Assize of (1181), 681 Árpád Dynasty, 738 Arras, Treaty of (1435), 747, 865 Art; Africa, 825; Cōlas, 347; Florence, 834; Ghaznavid Dynasty, 358; Korea, 109; Renaissance, 834; Song Dynasty, 324; Toltec Empire, 315 Aryabhatiya, The (Āryabhata the Elder), 47 Ascalon, Battle of (1123), 514 Ascension of Christ and the Giving of the Keys to Saint Peter (Donatello), 835 Ashikaga pretenders (table), 742 Asia. See Geographical Index under Central Asia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia Asia, European exploration of, 667-670 Asia, maps of, 16, 86, 114, 323, 582, 668, 717, 798 Assassins, 335 Astrolabe, 650 Astronomy; education, 410; Maya, 56-59; Muslim, 308 Asuka emperors (table), 46 Asuka Kiyomihara code, 140 Aśvamedha, 77 Atabetül-hakayik (Ahmet Yukneki), 240 Athos, Mount, 330-332 Austral Islands, 130 Austria, 534-536, 768 Avars, 35, 37, 279, 534 Avignon Papacy (1305-1378), 700-703, 759, 767. See also Papacy Awdaghust, 355-357, 440 Ayudhya. See Ayutthaya Ayuthaya. See Ayutthaya Ayuthia. See Ayutthaya Ayutthaya, 762-763 Ayyūbid Dynasty, 337, 557; fall of, 659 Aztecs, 288, 731-734 B Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 699, 702. See also Avignon Papacy (1305-1378) Bach-dang River, Battle of the (938), 305 Bahmanī sultanate, 753-755 Bakufu, 538 Balkan Peninsula. See Geographical Index under Greece, Macedonia, Serbia Ball courts and games; Central America, 55; Hohokam, 138 Baltic (map), 626 Baltic region, Christianity, 624-627 Banking, Italy, 511-513 Bannockburn, Battle of (1314), 709-712; map, 712 Bantus, 219, 464 Banu Hilal Bedouins, 421 Bapheus, Battle of (1302), 695-697 Barlas, 822 Barmakids, 197 Barons' Crusade. See Crusades, First Basmils, 170 Basra, sack of (871), 269 Bataszek, Battle of (1441), 855 Battle of Clontarf, The, 404 Bavaria, 534; Magyar invasion of, 279-282 Bede the Venerable, Saint, 51 Bedouins; Banū Hilāl, 421; religion, 74 Beijing, 525-527 Bejaïa, 783 Belgium. See Geographical Index under Netherlands, Flanders Benedictine Rule, 455 Benedictines, 128 Benevento, Battle of (1266), 704 Benin, 824-826 Berbers, 91, 172, 333, 355, 367, 395, 420, 425, 440, 447, 461 Bergamo, Council of (1218), 551 Bhakti cults, 89, 200 Bibi Khanum Mosque, 822-824 Bible, Gutenberg, 862 Black Death, 730, 740, 745, 756-758; description, 758; map, 717. See also Bubonic plague Bohemia; Jews and, 326-327; martyrdom in, 841-843. See also Geographical Index Bon, 238, 812 Bonpo, 84, 202 Book, first printed, 265-267 Book of Divine Works (Hildegard von Bingen), 496 Book of Government, The (Nizām al-Mulk), 417, 443 Book of Kells, 94-97 Book of Splendor. See Zohar Books of Opinions of Peter Lombard, The. See Sentences Borobudur, 185-187, 192 Bouvines, Battle of (1214), 599-602 Bow and arrow, 122-124, 215 Brahmasphutasiddhānta (Brahmagupta), 48 Brétigny, Treaty of (1360), 745, 864 Breviarum Alarici, 17-19 Brhadīśvara Temple, 346 British Isles. See Geographical Index under England, Ireland, Scotland Bubonic plague, 716-718; map, 717. See also Black Death Buddhism; China, 80, 85, 121, 293, 328; Confucianism and, 492; India, 86, 184; Islam and, 565; Japan, 28-31, 45, 204, 212, 548; Java, 185, 192; Korea, 81, 109, 297; Nestorianism and, 677; persecution of, 238, 245, 566; printing and, 265; Southeast Asia, 113; Sukhothai, 691; suppression of, 245-247; Tibet, 84, 202-203, 237, 777, 812; Vietnam, 617. See also Chan Buddhism; Mahāyāna Buddhism; Mādhyamika school; Pure Land Buddhism; Shingon sect; Sŏn Buddhism; Tantric Buddhism; Tendai sect; Theravāda Buddhism; Zen Buddhism Buddhist Records of the Western World (Xuanzang), 71, 87 Bulgaria, 282-284; Christianity and, 262-264; map, 283. See also Geographical Index Bulgarian Empire, Second, 737 Bulgaro-Vlach Empire. See Bulgarian Empire, Second Bulgars, 279, 342, 352 Bulguksa. See Pulguksa Burial mounds (Cahokia), 136 Burma. See Pagan Empire; Pyu Bushidō, 204, 259 Buyid Dynasty, 417 Byzantine Empire, 36, 91, 341-343, 435, 695; Bulgars and, 282; Muslim invasion of, 196, 451; Seljuk Turks and, 442; Serbs and, 540; silk and, 31-33; Turkish invasion of, 869; Venice and, 514. See also Geographical Index Byzantine Empire at Justinian's Death, 565 C.E. (map), xl, lxxvi C Cahokia, 134-136, 216 Calendar, Maya solar, 57 Caliphates; Abbāsids, 199; first (table), 99 Cālukya Dynasty, 77, 79, 338; map, 89; regional tables, 78, 340 Cālukya Dynasty, Western. See Western Cālukya Dynasty Cālukyas; Cōla invasion of, 346; Pallavas and, 88 Cambodia. See Khmers; Geographical Index under Southeast Asia Camel, Battle of the (656), 102 Canon of Medicine (Avicenna), 397-400 Cantar de mío Cid, El. See Poem of the Cid, The Canterbury, see of, 49-52 Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer), 756, 806-809; prologue, 807 Canzoniere (Petrarch), 764 Capetian Dynasty, 349-352, 744 Capuchins, 591 Carolingian Empire, 280, 768-814 c.e. (map), xli, lxxvii Carolingian Renaissance, 193-196 Carolingians, 176; maps, 243 Cartography, Portugal, 844 Casa Grande, 138 Caste system; Nepal, 802; Wolof Empire, 579 Castile and León, unification of, 627-629 Castillo (at Chichén Itzá), 126 Castillon, Battle of (1453), 747 Cath Cluana Tarbh. See Battle of Clontarf, The Catharists, 594, 726 Cathedrals, Romanesque, 370-373 Catholic Church. See Christianity; Roman Catholic Church Cattle; breeding, 574-576; Toutswe and, 220; trade in, 380, 438 Celtic Christianity, 95 Cenote of Sacrifice, 126 Central Asia; architecture, 822; papermaking, 60; maps, 16, 34, 358, 798. See also Geographical Index Ceuta, conquest of (1415), 844 Champa, 718-720; rice, 401; Vietnamese invasion of, 344-346 Champagne, fairs of, 571-574 Chan Buddhism, 202, 246 Chan Chan, 255-257 Chandelās, 158 Chang'an, Tibetan capture of, 181-183, 237 Chartres Cathedral, school at, 409-412 Chen Dynasty, 39 Chenla, 224 Chi Lang Pass, Battle of (1427), 847 Chiang Mai, 658 Children's Crusade, 596-599 Chimú Empire, 255-257 China; Buddhism, 80, 121, 245; clocks, 674; coinage, 229; education, 67, 491; epidemics in, 716; exploration, 829-830; governmental reforms, 432; influence on Japan, 73, 140; influence on Khitans, 303; influence on Korea, 108, 320; law, 39; maps, 81, 323; newspapers in, 149-151; painting, 562; papermaking, 59; printing, 418-420; religion, 478, 676; reunification of, 39; taxation, 39; Tibet and, 202, 238; trade, 80; Vietnam and, 847. See also Geographical Index Chinese Monks in India (Yijing), 191 Chivalry, 468; decline of, 753, 781 Ch'oe family, 567-569 Chosŏn Dynasty. See Yi Dynasty Christianity; Arian and Nicene, 17; Baltic region, 624-627; Bulgaria, 262-264; Celtic, 51, 95; conversion of Franks, 6; England, 43, 49, 94; Ethiopia, 555, 666; France, 600; Germany, 165-167; heresy and, 632; Ireland, 96; Islam and, 100, 106-108, 500; Italy, 590; Kievan Rus, 249, 352-355; Magyars, 317; Northumbria, 51; persecution of, 390; philosophy and, 663; Reformation, 549-552; schisms in, 422-425; Slavs, 249; Spain, 145, 628; Vikings, 278, 407; women and, 495-498 Chronicles (Froissart), 780-782; extract, 752 Chu Dynasty, 292 Church; corruption in, 702; persecution of heretics, 727; power of the, 700 Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 118, 390-392 Church reform, 42-44, 455; England, 786 Church-state relationship; Ethiopia, 666; European, 177, 699 Cibotus, Battle of (1096), 452 Cistercians, 455-458, 574 Civil service examinations. See Examinations, Chinese civil service Civil unrest. See Category Index under Wars, uprisings, and civil unrest Clericis laicos, 698 Clermont, Council of (1095), 451, 453 Clock, first mechanical, 673-675 Clontarf, Battle of (1014), 403-405 Cluniac reform, 455 Code of Maimonides, The (Maimonides), 561 Codex Euricianus, 17 Codex Justinianus, 23 Codex Theodosianus, 18 Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh. See War of the Gaedhil with the Gail, The Coinage; China, 229, 245; Europe, 511, 571; Swahili coast, 474-475 Cōlas, 294-296, 339, 346-348; regional table, 295, 347; Ŝrivijaya and, 115 Colonnas, 697 Commerce. See Category Index under Trade and commerce Communications. See Category Index Compass, 650 Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Kāshgarī), 239, 286 Complete Perfection (Daoism). See Quanzhen Daoism Confucianism; Chinese revival of, 293; Japan, 1-3, 45, 140, 205; Jurchens, 525; Korea, 81, 499, 817 Conscription, Japan, 204 Consolation of Philosophy, The (Boethius), 19, 21 Constance, Council of (1414-1418), 701, 788, 837-841; Sacrosancta, 838 Constance, Peace of (1183), 523 Constantine, Donation of, 786, 852-854 Constantinople; capture of, 584-587; fall of (1453), 811, 869-872 Constantinople, Latin Kingdom of, 695 Constantinople, Siege of (717), 152 Constitutions of Clarendon, 545 Constitutum Constantini. See Constantine, Donation of Conventuals (monastic movement), 591 Cook Islands, 130 Córdoba, 307-309, 412-415; Umayyad rulers (table), 307 Coricancha, 578 Corpus juris civilis, 24, 471 Corvée system; Korea, 297; Siam, 762 Council, Frankfurt (794), 152 Courtly love, 466-470, 806; rules of, 466 Courtrai, Battle of (1302), 721 Cravant, Battle of (1423), 746 Crécy, Battle of (1346), 745, 750-753 Crest Jewel of Wisdom, The (Ŝankara), 200 Cross, Brethren of the, 757 Crossbow, 751 Crusades, 235, 391, 424, 435, 502, 599, 626, 686, 855; First, 335, 443, 450-454; Second, 503-506; Third, 524, 557-559; Fourth, 330, 584-587, 605, 695; Fifth, 606, 608-611; Sixth, 621-624; Seventh, 641-645; cathedral construction and, 370; Childrens', 596, 599; map, 643; Peasants', 452; table, 450 Cuarte, Battle of (1094), 449 Cultural and intellectual history. See Category Index Czech Republic. See Geographical Index under Bohemia, Moravia D Da Xue. See Great Learning, The Dadu. See Beijing Dai Viet, 718-720. See also Vietnam Dai-la. See La Thanh Dál Cais, 404 Dalālat al-Hārīn. See Guide of the Perplexed, The Damianites, 590 Dandāngān Castle, Battle of (1040), 416 Danegeld, 277, 444 Danelaw, 252, 406; map, 277 Danes, defeat of, 276-279; map, 277 Dannoura, Battle of (1185), 538 Daoism, 246-247, 293; Nestorianism and, 677. See also Quanzhen Daoism Datang xiyouji. See Buddhist Records of the Western World Datang xiyu qiufa gaoseng zhuan. See Chinese Monks in India David (Donatello), 835 Dayunhe. See Grand Canal (China) De concordantia catholica (Nicholas of Cusa), 852 De consolatione philosophiae. See Consolation of Philosophy, The De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione declamatio. See Treatise of Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine, The De liber alter de consecratione ecclesiae Sancti Dionysii. See Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St. Denis and Its Art Treasures De nuptis philologie et mercurii. See Marriage of Philology and Mercury De operatione Dei. See Book of Divine Works Decameron (Boccaccio), 757, 764 Decimals, development of, 47-49 Delhi sultanate, 587-589, 636-638, 692-694; Khaljī regional table, 693; map, 637; Slave regional table, 588 Denmark, 820. See Geographical Index under Scandinavia Dervish order, 671 Deutsche Orden, Der. See Teutonic Knights Dge-lugs-pa. See Gelugpa order Diamond Sutra, 265 Dibao, 150 Diplomacy and international relations. See Category Index Discovery. See Category Index under Exploration and discovery Divina commedia, La. See Divine Comedy, The Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 703-707 Divisament dou monde. See Travels of Marco Polo, The Division Imperii (817), 242 Dīwān lughāt al-Turk. See Compendium of the Turkic Dialects Djenne. See Jenne Djolof Empire. See Wolof Empire Doctrine of the Mean, The, 491 Dolce stil nuovo, 466, 704 Dome of the Rock, 116-119 Domesday survey, 430, 444-447 Dominicans, 607 Donation of Pépin, 176 Drama. See Theater Druzism, 391 Dublin, Vikings and, 404 Dunhuang, 265 E Early Le Dynasty, 306 East Mark, 534 Easter, date of, 96 Eastern Hemisphere c. 800 C.E. (map), xxxv, lxxi Eastern Hemisphere c. 1000 (map), xxxvi, lxii Eastern Hemisphere, 1279 (map), xxxvii, lxxiii Eastern Hemisphere, 1492 (map), xxxviii, lxxiv Eastern Orthodox Church, 151. See also Orthodox Church Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Bede), 96, 160-162 Economics. See Category Index Edessa, fall of (1144), 503 Edington, Battle of. See Ethundune, Battle of (878) Education; China, 66-68, 491, 803-805; classics, 409-412; Europe, 470-473; France, 409; Franks, 193; India, 565; Muslim, 271, 310-313, 337; Vietnam, 617, 848. See also Category Index Egypt, 106-108; Fātimid conquest of, 333, 336; Mongol invasion of, 659; Muslim conquest of, 91; trade, 333. See also Geographical Index Eight Canton Federation, 715 El Caracol, 126 El Tajín, 53-55 Encyclopedia, Chinese, 827-828 Engi Shiki, 299-301 Engineering. See Category Index England; Christianity, 43, 49, 94; defeat by France, 864-868; law, 656; literature, 807; maps, 277, 529, 866; military, 680; Norman conquest of, 428; Parliament, 689; Viking conquest of, 406-408; Viking raids on, 206-210, 251, 276. See also Geographical Index Environment. See Category Index Ephthalites. See White Huns Erzincan, Battle of (1230), 619 Eşfahān, Battle of (1221), 619 Ethiopia, 554-556; Christianity, 666; Islam, 666. See also Geographical Index under Africa Ethundune, Battle of (878), 278 Europe; clocks, 674; coinage, 511; education, 470-473; map, 702; trade, 571. See also Geographical Index under Europe and specific countries Europe at Clovis's Death, 511 c.e. (map), xxxix, lxxv Europe in the Fourteenth Century (map), xliii, lxxix Examinations, Chinese civil service, 39, 66-68, 328, 803-805; Jin Dynasty, 526; Korean adoption of, 320-322; reform of, 432; Song Dynasty, 323 Expansion and land acquisition. See Category Index Exploration; of Asia, 667-670; Chinese, 829-830; Muslim, 729; Portuguese, 844-847; of South Pacific, 131 Exploration and discovery. See Category Index Expulsion of Adam and Eve (Masaccio), 836 F Falköping, Battle of (1389), 820 Fātimids, 107, 333-336, 390, 420-422; map, 334 Feast of Herod (Donatello), 835 Fès, 783 Feudalism; England, 430, 569; Europe, 744, 747; France, 468; Japan, 205, 259; Norman, 528 Field of Blackbirds, Battle of the. See Kosovo, Battle of (1389) Filioque doctrine, 195, 423 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (China), 175, 291-294, 302, 322, 327, 363, 483; regional tables, 292 Flagellants, Brotherhood of the, 757 Flanders. See Geographical Index under Flanders, Netherlands Florentine School of Art, 834-837 Footbinding, 362-364 Former Shu Dynasty, 292 Formigny, Battle of (1450), 747, 866 Forty Amirs, 636 Four Books of Dialogues on the Lives of the Italian Fathers and on the Immortality of Souls, The (Gregory the Great), 43 France; Christianity, 600; maps, 747, 866; monasticism, 455; poetry, 467; victory over England, 864-868. See also Geographical Index Franciscans, 589-592, 607 Franks, 176, 713; architecture, 195; conversion to Christianity, 6; education, 193; medicine, 508; theology, 195 Friars Minor of the Regular Observance, 591 Fudoki, 211 Fujigawa, Battle of (1180), 537 Fujiwara family, 211, 257-260, 299; table, 258 Funan, 114, 224 Fūshikaden. See Kadensho G Gaeta, Treaty of (1451), 859 Gandhavynha, 186 Ganita sara sangraha (Mahāvīra), 48 Gao, 395, 725 Gaoliang River, Battle of the (979), 303 Gattamelata (Donatello), 835 Gauda Dynasty, 183 Gaul, Muslim invasion of, 162 Gelugpa order, 779, 812-815 Geluk-pa. See Gelugpa order Gempei War (1180-1185), 537, 611, 741 Genji. See Minamoto Genji monogatari. See Tale of Genji, The Georgia. See Geographical Index under Central Asia, Russia Gepids, 36 Germany; Magyar invasions of, 316; monasticism, 496; trade, 519-521. See also Geographical Index Ghana (ancient), 172-174, 355-357, 440, 461, 579 Ghassānids, 98 Ghaznavid Dynasty, 156, 319, 357-359; map, 358 Ghibellines, 704 Ghūrids, 587, 693 Ghuzz. See Oğhuz Turks Gitanos, 235 Gloucester, Statutes of (1278), 680 Göktürk Empire, 415 Gold; Africa, 476; trade in, 172, 462, 474, 630, 725, 740 Golden Bull of Charles IV (1356), 767-769 Golden Bull of Rimini (1226), 625 Golden Horde, 717 Golden lotus. See Footbinding Gotland, 520 Government and politics. See Category Index Governmental reforms in China, 432 Granada, Fall of (1492), 146 Grand Canal (China), 40, 64-66, 79, 526 Great Lavra, 330 Great Learning, The, 491 Great Ming Code, 818-819 Great Moravia, 249, 280 Great Schism (1378-1417), 700-703, 786, 837; map, 702. See also Schism, Rome and Constantinople Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path of Enlightenment, The (Tsongkhapa), 813 Great Wall (Sui Dynasty), 40 Great Zimbabwe, 378-381, 439, 476 Greece. See Geographical Index Greenland; colonization of, 254; Inuit and, 373; Norse settlement of, 374. See also Geographical Index under Greenland, Scandinavia Guelphs, 704 Guide of the Perplexed, The (Maimonides), 560-562 Gujarat, conquest of (1299), 692-694 Gunpowder and guns, invention of, 247-248 Gupta Empire, 4, 69 Gurjara-Pratihāras. See Pratihāras Gypsies, 234-236 H Habbakuk (Donatello), 835 Habsburgs, defeat of (1315), 713-715 Hadith, 75 Hagia Sophia, 25-28 Hall of Columns, 53 Hammādids, 421 Han Dynasty, Later. See Later Han Dynasty Han Dynasty, Northern. See Northern Han Dynasty Han Dynasty, Southern. See Southern Han Dynasty Han Gou, 64 Hanoi. See La Thanh Hansa, 519-521 Hanseatic League, 820; map, 520 Hansen's disease. See Leprosy Harem System, 188-190 Haripunjaya, 658 Harshacharita of Banabhatta, The (Bāna), 69 Hastings, Battle of (1066), 428-431 Hausa state, 289-291 Health and medicine. See Category Index Heian period, 210-213, 257, 388, 537; table, 211 Heiji disturbance (1159), 537 Heike. See Taira Heling, 191 Hephthalites. See White Huns Heresy; Arian, 6, 627; Church and, 726; death penalty for, 551, 653; definition of, 423; England, 727; Hus, 838, 841; Joan of Arc, 851; Knights Templar, 486; leprosy as punishment for, 481; Nestorianism, 501; papal Inquisition, 632, 683; prosecution of, 606; William of Ockham, 708; Wyclif, 787 Hesychast regimen, 332 Hindi, 365-366 Hinduism, 200; Cōlas, 347; Islam and, 366 Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. See Ecclesiastical History of the English People Historia Francorum. See History of the Franks, The Historiography; Africa, 748-750; France, 780; Japan, 148; Korea, 498; Muslim, 271. See also Category Index History of al-Tabarī, The (al-Tabarī), 270-273 History of the Franks, The (Gregory of Tours), 6 Ho Dynasty, 847 Hōgen disturbance (1156), 537 Hohenstaufens, 522, 534 Hohokam, 137-139 Hōjō family, 539, 611-613, 741; table of regents, 612 Ho-ling. See Heling Holy Roman Empire, 713, 767; creation of, 317; Venice and, 514 Holy Roman Empire c. 1190 (map), xliv, lxxviii Homosexuality, 652-654 Homs, Battle of (1281), 661 Hospital, Islamic public, 226-229 Hoysalas, 340 Huari civilization, 360-362, 576 Humanism, 766 Humors, four, 398 Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), 700, 744-748, 752, 780, 794, 839, 849, 864; maps, 747, 866 Hungary, 737-739; Ottoman invasion of, 854-857 Hunnic migrations (map), 4 Huns. See White Huns Hunting, Toutswe, 219 Hussites, 838, 842 Hwarang, 108 I Iberia, Islam and, 367-369; map, 368 Iceland. See Geographical Index under Scandinavia Iceland, Viking invasion of, 254 Ichinotani, Battle of (1184), 538 Iconoclastic Controversy, 151-153, 177, 194, 423 Ife kingdom, 376-378 Ikhshidids, 336 Incas, 576-578 Incoherence of the Incoherence (Averroës), 507 India, 71, 638; architecture, 89, 142, 159; Buddhism, 86, 184; drama, 88; Islam, 358; language in, 365-366; Mahāyāna Buddhism, 200; maps, 4, 70, 89, 157, 197, 637; monasticism, 201; Muslim invasions of, 156, 357, 587, 692; philosophy, 200; poetry, 89, 789; religion, 71, 159, 200, 789; Turkish raids on, 565-566; White Hunnic raids on, 3-5; women in, 636. See also Geographical Index Indonesia, 191 Indrapura, 345; fall of (982), 344, 719 Inferno (Dante), 705 Inquisition, 561, 632-635, 685; Spanish, 634, 683 Institutions. See Category Index under Organizations and institutions Intellectual history. See Category Index under Cultural and intellectual history International relations. See Category Index under Diplomacy and international relations Inticancha, 577 Inuit, Thule, 373-375 Iran. See Geographical Index Iraq. See Geographical Index Ireland; Christianity, 96; England and, 773; Norman invasion of, 542-544; Vikings and, 403. See also Geographical Index Iron-smelting in Africa, 10 Irrigation; Hohokam, 137; Huari, 360; Peru, 360; Tiwanaku, 12, 360 Ishibashiyama, Battle of (1180), 537 Islam, 74-76; Africa, 91-94, 367-369, 395, 436, 748; Buddhism and, 565; Christianity and, 100, 106-108; Christians and, 607, 844; Ethiopia, 666; Hausa, 291; Iberia, 367-369; India, 358; influence on Spain, 146; Mali, 631, 724; maps, 92, 197, 253, 334; medicine, 198; Middle East, 101-104; Qarakhanids, 285-287; Seljuk Turks, 319, 443; Sicily, 489; spread of, 151; Uighurs, 240. See also Ismāīlī Shīite Islam; Khāijites; Mawlawīyah; Shīite Islam; Sufism; Sunni Islam Islamic Empire, 101 Ismāīlī Shīite Islam, 333 Israel/Palestine. See Geographical Index Italy, 713; architecture, 834; banking, 511-513; Christianity, 590; Lombard conquest of, 36-39; Magyar invasion of, 279-282; painting, 836; philosophy, 21; poetry, 704, 764; sculpture, 834; theology, 42. See also Geographical Index Ivory, trade in, 462 J Jōdo sect. See Pure Land Buddhism Jōdo Shinshn. See True Pure Land Buddhism Jacquerie movement (1358), 781 Jami Masjid, 755 Japan; Buddhism, 45, 548; Confucianism, 1-3, 45; diplomatic missions to China, 72-74; feudalism, 205, 259; historiography, 148; law, 140-142, 210; literature, 213, 385, 389, 743; papermaking, 60; regents, 257-260; regional tables, 46, 258; religion, 301; table of historical periods, 148; taxation, 204; writing, 213-215. See also Geographical Index Jarrow, Viking raid on, 276 Java, 115; architecture, 185; Buddhism, 185 Jayavarman II, 273 Jayavarman III, 273 Jenne, 395, 462 Jerusalem; Christianity and, 390; fall of (1187), 557; Islam and, 118; Venice and, 514 Jeu de Robin et de Marion, Le. See Play of Robin and Marion, The Jeu de Saint-Nicolas, Le. See Play of Saint Nicholas of Jean Bodel Jews; Bohemia and, 326-327; Christians and, 607; expulsion from England, France, and southern Italy, 683-685; Spain, 146. See also Judaism Jiangnan He, 64 Jihad, 75 Jin Dynasty, 432, 483-485, 493, 498, 525-527; table, 484 Jin Dynasty, Jurchen. See Jin Dynasty Jin Dynasty, Later. See Later Jin Dynasty Jin Dynasty, Western. See Western Jin Dynasty Jin gang jing. See Diamond Sutra Jin si lü. See Reflections on Things at Hand Jingnan Dynasty. See Nanping Dynasty Jinshi, 66-68 Jogaila. See Władysław II Jagiełło Jokhang, 84 Jōkyū War (1221), 612 Jolof Empire. See Wolof Empire Journey to the West (Wu), 87 Jubilee (Roman), 698 Judaism, 560, 678; Berbers and, 93; persecution of, 683-685, 757; Russia and, 168-170. See also Jews Jurchen Jin Dynasty. See Jin Dynasty Jurchens, 303, 324, 483-485, 493, 525-527 K Kabbalah, 678 Kadam order, 812 Kadensho (Zeami), 771 Kadisiya, Battle of (637). See Qadisiyah, Battle of (637) Kagyu order, 778, 812 Kahuripan kingdom, 115 Kāilaśanātha Temple, 142-144 Kaiyuan tongbao, 229, 245 Kaiyuan zabao, 150 Kākatīyas, 340 Kalish, Peace of (1343), 831 Kalmar Union, 820-822 Kamakura shogunate, 537-540, 612; table, 539 Kampyō testament, 258 Kana syllabary, 213-215 Kanauj, 69-71 Kanauj Triangle, map, 157 Kanchou Uighurs, 239 Kanem Empire, 436, 614-616, 748 Kanghwa, 568, 815 Kanuri, 614 Karakhoja Uighur Kingdom, 239 Karakitai, 493-495 Karanga, 379 Karbalā, Battle of (680), 111 Kathāsaritsāgara. See Ocean of Story, The Kazakhstan. See Geographical Index under Central Asia Kebra nagast, 666 Kemmu Restoration, 742 Kereits, 581 Khāijites, 103, 111, 420 Khaljī Dynasty, 693, 753; table, 693 Kharlukhs, 170 Khazars, 168-170, 280, 352 Khirghiz, 239 Khitan Liao Dynasty, 302, 432, 483, 525 Khitans, 175, 293, 302-304, 323-324, 493, 527 Khmers, 223-225, 273-275. See also Geographical Index under Southeast Asia Khorāsān, 799 Khujand, Battle of (1137), 493 Khwārizmian Empire, 494, 618-620; Mongol invasion of, 619 Kievan Rus, 169; Christianity, 352-355; map, 354; religion, 353. See also Geographical Index under Russia Kilkenny, Statute of (1366), 772-774 Kilwa Kisiwani, 474, 476-477, 739-741 Kingozi culture, 9 Kirina, Battle of (1235), 173, 725 Kitāb al-fusūl fī al-hisāb al-Hindī. See Arithmetic of al-Uqlidisi, The Kitāb al-jabr wa al-muqābalah (al-Khwārizmī), 471 Knights of the Hospital of Saint Mary of the Germans at Jerusalem. See Teutonic Knights Knights Templar, 485-488 Koguryŏ kingdom, Later. See Later Koguryŏ kingdom Kojiki, 147-149, 210 Kokin wakashn, 211, 214 Kokinshn. See Kokin wakashū Koran. See Qurān Korea; architecture, 109; art, 109; Buddhism, 81; Chinese invasion of, 40, 79; Confucianism, 81; historiography, 498; influence on Japan, 210; law, 321; Mongol invasions of, 568, 815; papermaking, 60; pottery, 109; slavery, 321; writing, 321. See also Geographical Index Koryŏ Dynasty, 110, 297-299, 320, 483, 498-500, 567-569, 815; regional table, 298 Kosovo, Battle of (1389), 738, 810 Kosovo, Second Battle of (1448), 856, 859 Koyunhisar. See Bapheus Kufans, 111 Kulikovo, Battle of (1380), 791-794 Kumbi, 172; sack of (1076), 356, 440-441 Kutadgú bilig. See Wisdom of Royal Glory Kyŏngju, 109 L La Janda, Battle of (711), 144 La Thanh, capture of, 260-262 Lalitavistara, 186 Lam Ap. See Champa Lamrim Ch'enmo. See Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path of Enlightenment, The Lan Na, 133, 657-659, 691 Land acquisition. See Category Index under Expansion and land acquisition Lao, 132 Las Navas de Tolosa, Battle of (1212), 368 Lastra, Battle of (1304), 705 Later Han Dynasty, 293 Later Jin Dynasty, 293 Later Koguryŏ kingdom, 110, 297 Later Le Dynasty, 847-849 Later Liang Dynasty, 39, 292 Later Paekche Dynasty, 297 Later Shu Dynasty, 292 Later Tang Dynasty, 293 Later Three Kingdoms period (Korea), 297 Later Zhou Dynasty, 293, 322 Lateran Council, Second (1139), 605 Lateran Council, Third (1179), 550, 584, 594, 605, 683 Lateran Council, Fourth (1215), 326, 605-609, 683 Laws and law codes; Byzantine Empire, 23-25; China, 39; Church, 606; common, 569-571; Danish, 252; England, 528, 569-571, 603, 656, 680, 773; France, 533; Ireland, 773; Islamic, 310; Japan, 140-142, 210, 299-301; Korea, 321; labor, 794; Nepal, 802; Roman, 17, 23; Taihō, 140-141; Thai, 762-763; Visigoths, 17. See also Category Index under Laws, acts, and legal history Le Dynasty, Early. See Early Le Dynasty Le Dynasty, Later. See Later Le Dynasty Lechfeld, Battle of (955), 317, 534 Legal history. See Laws and law codes; Category Index under Laws, acts, and legal history León and Castile, unification of. See Castile and León, unification of Leprosy, 480-482 Lex romana Visigothorum. See Breviarium Alarici Lezha, League of, 858 Liang Dynasty, Later. See Later Liang Dynasty Liao Dynasty, 493; regional tables, 303 Liao Dynasty, Khitan. See Khitan Liao Dynasty Liao Dynasty, Western; regional table, 303. See also Western Liao Dynasty Liber abaci (Leonardo of Pisa), 48, 460 Liber regulae pastoralis. See Pastoral Care Liberal arts, seven, 195 Lindisfarne, 94-97; Viking raid on, 206-210, 251, 276, 406 Lin-yi. See Champa Literature; China, 828; Cōlas, 347; England, 807; Islamic, 198; Japan, 212-213, 385, 389, 743; Kashmir, 789; Mali, 631. See also Category Index Lithuania, 626, 792, 831 Liu Hung-ts'ao Lives of Saints Peter and Paul (Masaccio), 836 Livonia, 626 Lollards, 787 Lombards, 36-39, 176; king table, 38 Longbow, 750 Lorris, Charter of (1155), 531-533; key provisions, 532 Lübeck, 519 Lunyu. See Analects, The Ly Dynasty, 616 M Ma-Xia school, 562-564 Macedonia. See Geographical Index Mādhyamika school, 200 Madrasa Nizamiya, 311 Madrasas, 240, 310-313, 337 Maghreb, 421, 426, 783 Magna Carta, 530, 602-605; key provisions, 604 Magomi, 437 Magyars, 279-282, 316-318; map of raids, 253 Mahabalipuram, 89 Mahābhārata (Vyāsa), 339 Mahākarmavibhanga, 185 Mahāyāna Buddhism, 85, 186; India, 200 Mahdali Dynasty, 474, 740 Majapahit, 115 Makura no sōshi. See Pillow Book, The Makuria, 106 Malayu, 115 Mālegiti Ŝivālaya, 78 Mali, 173, 462, 630-632, 723-726, 748; Islam, 724; religion, 396. See Geographical Index under Africa Malikites, 421 Malinke, 630 Malla Dynasty, 801-803 Mamlūks, 587 Mamlūk Dynasty, 659, 687, 748; map, 660 Mandinka state. See Mali Manichaeanism, Uighurs and, 171 Manu, 762 Manyōshū, 211 Manzikert, Battle of (1071), 434-435, 442, 452 Maoris, 130, 645-648 Mapungubwe, 438-439 Marica, Battle of (1371), 738, 809 Marriage as a political tool; Angevin Empire, 528; Aztecs, 315; Byzantine Empire, 342, 353; China, 293; Delhi sultanate, 637; England, 773; France, 153, 865; Japan, 45, 211, 259; León and Castile, 628; Lithuania, 831; Thai, 133; Tibet, 83 Marriage of Philology and Mercury (Capella), 409 Martyrdom; Bohemia, 841-843; Islam, 111-113 Masālik al-absār fī Mamālik al-am; ār (al-Umarī), 748 Masjid-i Jami. See Bibi Khanum Mosque Masts, Battle of the (655), 102 Mataram, 115 Mathematics; education, 410; India, 48; Muslim, 308. See also Category Index Mathnawī-i ma nawī. See Mathnawi, The Mathnawi, The (Rūmī), 671 Maukhari, 69 Mawlawīyah, 671-673 Maya civilization, 56-59 Meaux, Treaty of (1229), 633 Mecca; Ibn Battūtah, 729; Mūsā, Mansa, 396, 723-726; pilgrimages to, 75; Yahyā ibn Ibrāhīm, 426; Yūsuf ibn Tāshufīn, 367 Medicine; education, 410; Frankish, 508; Muslim, 198, 226-229, 397, 507-511; Uighurs, 240; Village Plains culture, 222. See Category Index under Health and medicine Meguti Temple, 78 Mencius (Mencius), 491 Mengzi. See Mencius Mercia, Viking settlement of, 278 Merkits, 582 Merovingians, 176. See also Carolingians; Franks Mesoamerica, map, 58; religion, 287-289 Mesopotamia. See Geographical Index under Iraq Mevleviye. See Mawlawīyah Mexico. See Geographical Index under Central America Middle East. See Geographical Index under Africa, Arabia, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel/Palestine, Middle East, Syria, Turkey Middle East, Islam and, 101-104 Middle East, maps of, 92, 334, 416, 660, 798 Migrations; Chams to Vietnam, 718; Gypsies into the Middle East and Europe, 235; Hausa to Niger, 290; Incas to Acamama, 577; Indians to south India, 5; Kanuri to Kanem, 614; Lombards to Italy, 36; Mississippian culture to Great Plains, 217; Muslims to Egypt, 107; Oğhuz Turks to Transoxiana, 318-320, 415; Ostrogoths to Italy, 20; Polynesian, 131; Pyu north to Pagan, 233; Swahili cultures to Bantu area, 9; Thai to Southeast Asia, 132, 154, 657; Thai tribes to Southeast Asia, 133; Uighurs to Turkistan and China, 239-241; Vikings to England, 207; Wolof to Senegal River region, 579 Military; Aztecs, 732; China, 432; England, 680; Europe, 781 Mimbreno, 62 Min Dynasty, 292 Minamoto family, 212, 537, 612, 741 Ming Dynasty, 775-778, 816, 827; table, 776; women, 363 Minggan, 583 Miracle de Théophile, Le. See Théophilus Miracle plays, 381-384 Miracles de Notre-Dame (Gautier de Coincy), 383 Mishneh Torah. See Code of Maimonides, The Mississippian culture, 134, 215-218 Model Parliament, 688-690 Mogadishu, 474 Mogollons, 61-63 Monarchy, England, 602 Monasticism; agriculture and, 574; Buddhism, 245; France, 455; Germany, 496; Greece, 330-332; India, 201; Tibet, 812 Money, paper, 229-232 Mongolia. See Geographical Index under China Mongols, 325, 484, 502, 581-583, 668, 791, 797-800; Champa and, 719; conquest of Nanzhao, 133; invasion of Lan Na, 658; invasion of Nanzhao, 155; map, 582; religion, 676; table of rulers, 581; Tibet and, 777-779 Monks Mound, 135, 217 Monomane, 771 Mononobe, 1, 29, 45 Monophysite Christianity, 106 Mons, 233, 657; Khmer conquest of, 273-275 Moors, 507-511 Moravia. See Great Moravia; Geographical Index Morgarten, Battle of (1315), 713-715 Morocco. See Geographical Index under Africa Morocco, Almoravid conquest of, 425-427 Mortmain, Statute of (1279), 680 Mound building; Cahokia, 135; Hopewell, 215; map, 216 Muangs, 132, 154 Mula Attha, 763 Muqaddimah (Ibn Khaldūn), 783-785 Murābitūn, al-. See Almoravids Murasaki Shikibu, 388 Murasaki Shikibu nikki. See Murasaki Shikibu: Her Diary and Poetic Memoirs Murasaki Shikibu: Her Diary and Poetic Memoirs (Murasaki Shikibu), 387 Muromachi emperors (table), 742 Muromachi period, 771 Muscovy, 791 Music; Christian, 497; Cōlas, 347; Gregorian chants, 44; Gypsy, 235; Japan, 770; Kashmir, 790; Mali, 631; Mawlawīyah, 671; Muslim, 198; Pallava, 142; Sogdiana, 14; troubadours, 469; Uighurs, 240 Muslims. See Islam Myoch'ŏng, 498 Mystère d'Adam, 381-382 Mystery plays, 381-384; stage directions, 382 Mysticism, Germany, 496; Judaism, 678 N Nahavand, Battle of (642), 102 Naiman, 581 Nakatomi, 1, 29, 104 Nalanda, 86, 565-566 Nam Chieu. See Nanzhao Nanboku-cho. See Northern and Southern Courts (Japan) Nanchao. See Nanzhao Nanping Dynasty, 292 Nanzhao, 132, 154-156, 232-234, 260-262; Mongol conquest of, 133, 657 Nara emperors (table), 46 Nara period, 204, 210 Native Americans, European contact with, 373-375 Navigation, 648-652 Near East. See Geographical Index under Arabia, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel/Palestine, Middle East, Syria, Turkey Nemanjid Dynasty, 540-542, 809 Nembutsu, 548 Nengo system, 104-106 Neo-Confucianism, 324, 328, 491; women and, 363 Nepal, 801-803 Nestorianism, 501, 676-678 Netherlands. See Geographical Index under Flanders, Netherlands New Life, The (Dante), 704 New Zealand, 130 Newspapers, first, 149-151 Niani, 748 Nicaea. See Geographical Index under Turkey Nicaea, Council of (787), 152, 423 Nihon shoki, 29, 147-149, 210 Nihongi. See Nihon shoki Nika riots (532), 25 Nishapur, Battle of (1038), 416 Nizaris, 335. See also Assassins Njáls Saga. See Story of Burnt Njal, The Nō drama, 769-772; Zeami's rules, 770 Nobatia, 106 Nocturnal, 651 Nominalism, 708 Norman Conquest (1066), 428, 430 Normandy, Viking settlement in, 252 Normans, 542-544; Venice and, 514 Norsemen, 251. See also Vikings Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), 742 Northern Dynasties (China), 39 Northern Han Dynasty, 292 Northern Song Dynasty, 324, 418; table, 324 Northumbria, 95, 160, 207; Christianity, 51 Norway, 820. See also Geographical Index under Scandinavia Norwich, Jews of, 683 Notre Dame, cathedral school at, 471 Novgorod, Swedish invasion of, 638-641 Nubia, 106-108 Numbers, negative, 47-49 Numerals, Arabic, 458-460 Nyingma order, 202, 779, 812 O Observants (monastic movement), 591 Observatory (at Chichén Itzá). See El Caracol Ocean navigation. See Navigation; Travel by sea Ocean of Story, The (Somadeva), 366 Oğhuz Turks, 318-320, 415-417, 695 Olmecs, 287 One Hundred, Council of, 704 Opéra-comique, 383 Ordu Balik, 170 Organizations and institutions. See Category Index Orléans, Siege of (1428-1429), 849, 865 Orsini, 697 Orthodox Church; Bulgaria, 284; Byzantine Empire, 332, 584, 869; Ethiopia, 555, 666; Russia, 352, 640, 792; Serbia, 541, 809 Ostrogoths, 20, 36 Ottomans, 671, 697, 809, 870; invasion of Hungary, 854-857 Ouolof Empire. See Wolof Empire; Geographical Index under Turkey Outremer, 504 Oxford, Provisions of (1258), 655-657 Oxford Council (1222), 683 P Pacific Islands, South, 130-132 Pacified South. See Vietnam Paekche Dynasty, Later. See Later Paekche Dynasty Paekche kingdom, 28 Pagan Empire, 233 Paganism; Franks, 6; Kievan Rus, 354; Prussia, 624; Vikings, 251 Painting; China, 562; Italy, 836 Pajano, 11 Pālas, 183, 185; Pratihāras and, 158; table, 184 Palenque, 56 Pallavas, 88-90, 142, 294; Cālukyans and, 78; map, 89; regional table, 90 Pāndyas; Cōla conquest of, 294-296; Pallavas and, 88 Papacy; power of, 700; relations with Eastern churches, 43, 263; relations with Holy Roman Empire, 490, 685; role in money lending, 512. See also Avignon Papacy Paper, invention of, 59, 149 Papermaking, 59-61, 174 Paris, Treaty of (1259), 655 Parliament, Model. See Model Parliament Pastoral Care (Gregory the Great), 43 Peasants' Revolt (England, 1381), 746, 781, 787, 794-797 Peasants' Revolt (Flanders, 1323-1328), 721-723; map, 722 Pechenegs, 280 Pépin, Donation of. See Donation of Pépin Perceval (Chrétien de Troyes), 552-554 Persia; expulsion of Gypsies, 234-236; poetry, 393. See also Geographical Index under Iran Peru; agriculture, 360; irrigation, 360; religion, 577 Pharmacology, Muslim, 508 Phayao, 133, 658, 691 Philip VI (king of France), 780 Philosophy; China, 324, 328, 492; France, 707; India, 200; Italy, 21; Jewish, 560; Muslim, 507-511. See Category Index Physics, 734-737 Pillars of Islam, five fundamental, 75 Pillow Book, The (Sei Shōnagon), 259, 385-387 Pisa, Council of (1408), 837 Plague, map, 717 Plague, bubonic. See Black Death; Bubonic plague Plains Village culture, 221-223 Play of Robin and Marion, The (Adam de la Halle), 383 Play of Saint Nicholas of Jean Bodel (Bodel), 382 Plays. See Miracle plays; Mystery plays; Nō drama Plow, 127-130 Poem of the Cid, The, 447 Poema de mío Cid. See Poem of the Cid, The Poetry; England, 806; France, 467, 553; India, 89, 789; Italy, 704, 764; Muslim, 198; Persia, 393 Poitiers, Battle of (732). See Tours, Battle of Poitiers, Battle of (1356), 745, 753 Poland. See Geographical Index Politics. See Category Index under Government and politics Polynesians, 130-132, 645-648 Poor Clares, 592 Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon. See Knights Templar Poor Men of Lyons, 549 Popol Vuh, 288 Portugal, exploration of, 844-847. See also Geographical Index Posada, Battle of (1330), 738 Pottery; Hohokam, 139; Korean, 109; Mogollon, 62 Prague, 326 Pratihāra Dynasty, table, 158 Pratihāras, 156-159, 183 Preah Ko, 274 Prester John (legendary), 501 Printing; China, 149, 265-267, 324, 418-420; Germany, 861-864 Protestant Reformation. See Reformation Pueblo cultures, 61 Pulguksa, 109 Pure Land Buddhism, 547-549 Pushyabhutis, 69 Pyramid B (at Tula), 314 Pyramid of the Niches, 53 Pyu, 155; conquest of, 232-234 Q Qadisiyah, Battle of (637), 35, 101 Qānūn fī al-tibb, al-. See Canon of Medicine Qarakhanids, 239, 285-287, 493; Seljuk defeat of, 416 Qatwan, Battle of (1141), 494 Qian Shu Dynasty. See Former Shu Dynasty Qidan. See Khitans Quadrivium, 195 Quanzhen Daoism, 478-480 Quoc hoc Vien, 617 Quoc tu Giam, 848 Qurān, 75 Qutb Mīnār, 588 Quwwat al-Islam, 588 R Rājarājeśvara. See Brhadīśvara Temple Rājasipheśvara Temple. See Kāilaśanātha Temple Rājputs, 693 Rāmāyana (Vālmīki), 802 Rāśtrakūtas, 156, 184, 338 Rathas, 89 Reconquista, 307, 447, 504, 628 Records of Ancient Matters. See Kojiki Records of Wind and Earth. See Fudoki Red Head Robbers, 816 Red Turban Rebellion (1351-1356), 775 Reflections on Things at Hand (Zhu Xi), 491 Reformation, 167, 549-552, 707, 853 Regents of Japan, 257-260 Religion; Africa, 426, 439; Aztecs, 732; Bedouins, 74; Cālukyas, 338; Chimú Empire, 256; China, 478; Cōlas, 347; Hausa, 291; Inca, 577; India, 71, 159, 200, 789; Japan, 301; Karakitai, 494; Khazars, 169; Khitans, 303; Khmer, 225; Kievan Rus, 353; Mali, 396; Maya, 57; Mesoamerica, 287-289; Mississippian culture, 216; Mongols, 676; Nepal, 802; Peru, 256, 577; Southeast Asia, 115; Tibet, 84, 237; Tiwanaku, 12; Uighurs, 239-240; Village Plains culture, 222. See also Category Index Rense, Declaration of (1338), 767 Rerum vulgarium fragmenta. See Canzoniere Rhymes. See Canzoniere Riazan, 792 Rice; Champa, 401; China, 401-403 Richard II; meeting with Wat Tyler, 795 Rígomezö, Battle of. See Kosovo, Second Battle of (1448) Rihlah (Ibn Battūtah), 730 Roman Catholic Church, 151; Germany, 167. See also Christianity Roman Empire, Eastern. See Byzantine Empire Roman Empire, Western, 17 Romana mater, 698 Romance (genre), 552 Romanians, 737 Romansh, 713 Rome, popular uprising in, 759-761 Russia; Judaism in, 168-170; map, 354; Mongol invasion of, 791. See also Kievan Rus; Slavs; Geographical Index S Sacrosancta (Council of Constance), 838 Sailendra family, 115, 185, 191-192, 348 Saint George and the Dragon (Donatello), 835 Sakha Attha, 763 Sakya order, 777, 812 Sallinwerder, Treaty of (1398), 831 Salt trade (Africa), 462 Sāmānid Dynasty, 239, 285, 319, 398 Samarqand, 822; papermaking, 60 Samguk Sagi (Kim), 498-500 Samoans, 130 Samogitia, 831 Samurai, 204-206, 259, 611 Samurai dokoro, 537 Samye, 202, 237, 812 Samye, Council of (792-794), 203 Sanskrit, 365 Sāsānian Empire, 33-36, 97; dynastic table, 35; map, 34; silk trade, 31 Saudi Arabia. See Geographical Index under Arabia Saxony, Magyar invasion of, 279-282 Sayf bin Dhī Yazan, 436, 748 Scandinavia. See Geographical Index Schism; Constantinople and Rome, 869; definition of, 423; Rome and Constantinople, 422-425, 451, 584 Scholar-officials, 66, 327-329 Scholasticism, 309, 509, 707 Schwyz, 713 Science and technology. See Category Index Scivias (Hildegard von Bingen), 496 Scotland; English invasion of, 709, 744; map, 712. See also Geographical Index Sculpture; Africa, 377; Italy, 834 Scythia. See Geographical Index under Central Asia Sea travel. See Travel by sea Sefuwa Dynasty, 436-437, 614, 748 Selection of the Nembutsu in the Original Vow, The (Hōnen), 548 Seljuk Turks, 415-417, 434, 442-444; Crusades and, 503; map, 416 Senchaku hongan nembutsu-shū. See Selection of the Nembutsu in the Original Vow, The Sengoku period. See Warring States period (Japan) Sentences (Lombard), 472, 663 Sententiarum libri IV. See Sentences Serbia; Turkish conquest of, 809-812. See also Geographical Index Serbs, 540 Serfs, 531 Seven liberal arts, 195 Seventeen Article Constitution, 2, 45 Shahnamah (Firdusi), 234, 285, 393-395 Shaivites, 88, 143 Shan, 132 Shanyang Qu, 64 Shih Ching-t'ang, 953 Shīite Islam, 103, 112, 333 Shingon sect, 30, 213 Shintō, 29, 211, 300; samurai and, 206 Shipbuilding, 648-652 Shirazi Dynasty, 474, 739 Shishigatani affair (1177), 537 Shōen, 211, 300, 537 Shoguns, Kamakura, 539 Shu Dynasty, Former. See Former Shu Dynasty Shu Dynasty, Later. See Later Shu Dynasty Siberia. See Geographical Index under Russia Sicilian Vespers (1282), 490 Sicily, Kingdom of, 488-490 Silk; Byzantine Empire and, 31-33, 175; payment in, 230; Sogdians and, 16 Silk Road, 14, 31, 168, 175; map, 16 Silla Dynasty, United, 108-110, 297; regional table, 109 Silla kingdom, 28 Sixteen Prefectures (China), 302 Siyāsat-nāma. See Book of Government, The Skraelings, 374 Slave Dynasty. See Delhi sultanate Slave Investigation Act (956), 321 Slavery; Africa, 267-270, 290, 476, 579; Ayutthaya, 762; Europe, 514; Gypsies, 235; Korea, 321; Muslim, 587; Portugal, 845 Slavs, 249-251, 263; Bulgars and, 282; Vikings and, 252 Sluis, Battle of (1340), 745 Snaketown, 137 Social reform. See Category Index Soga family, 1, 45, 104 Sogdians, 14-17; Uighurs and, 171 Sokkuram hermitage, 109 Solankis, 693 Solomonid Dynasty, 556, 665-667 Somnath, Battle of (1299), 693 Sŏn Buddhism, 110 Song Dynasty, 293, 303, 322-325, 327-329, 432, 483, 525; map, 323; newspapers and, 150; table, 324; Vietnam and, 344 Song Dynasty, Northern. See Northern Song Dynasty Song Dynasty, Southern. See Southern Song Dynasty Songhai kingdom, 461; Islam and, 395-397 Soninkes, 172, 356 Southeast Asia; architecture, 115; Buddhism, 113; map, 114; religion, 115. See also Geographical Index Southern Dynasties (China), 39 Southern Han Dynasty, 292, 304 Southern Song Dynasty, 324, 484; painting, 562; table, 324 Southern Tang Dynasty, 292, 363 Spain; Christianity, 145, 628; Islam and, 367; map, 368; Muslims and, 144-146, 162, 307, 412, 447, 627; papermaking, 60. See Castile and León; Geographical Index Sparrow parable (Bede), 51 Spirituals (monastic movement), 591 Spurgyal, 82 Sri Harsacarita. See Harshacharita of Banabhatta, The Sri Lanka, Cōla invasion of, 295 Ŝrivijaya, 113-116, 192, 296; map, 114 Stipend Land Law (976), 321 Stirling Bridge, Battle of (1297), 710 Stockholm Bloodbath (1520), 821 Story of Burnt Njal, The, 404 Strasbourg Oaths, 242, 244 Students, university, 471 Sufism, 671-673 Sui Dynasty, 39-41, 64, 67, 79; Japan and, 72; regional table, 40 Sukhothai, 133, 657, 690-692 Sumatra, 115 Summa theologiae. See Summa Theologica Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 472, 662-665, 707 Sung Dynasty. See Song Dynasty Sunni Islam, 112, 312, 333, 367-369, 420 Susu kingdom, 173, 630, 725 Swahili cultures, 9-11, 464-465, 474-475 Sweden, 820. See also Geographical Index under Scandinavia Sweet new style. See Dolce stil nuovo Swiss Republic, 713-715 Syria. See Geographical Index T Tabaristān. See Geographical Index under Iran Taborites, 842 Tabrōz, capture of (1386), 799 Tahāfut at-tahāfut. See Incoherence of the Incoherence Tahitians, 130 Tahuantinsuyo, 577 Taiheiki, The, 743 Taihō code, 73, 140-142, 300 Taika reforms, 46, 73, 104-106, 140 Taira family, 212, 537, 612, 741 Talas River, Battle of (751), 35, 60, 170, 174-176, 179 Tale of Genji, The (Murasaki Shikibu), 212, 214, 259, 385, 387-389 Tang Dynasty, 79-82, 170, 174, 179, 320; education, 67; fall of, 291; Japan and, 210; map, 81; military in, 247; Nanzhao and, 132, 154, 233; regional table, 80; Sogdians and, 15; Tibet and, 181; Vietnam and, 260; Vietnamese and, 304 Tang Dynasty, Later. See Later Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty, Southern. See Southern Tang Dynasty Tannenberg, Battle of (1410), 831-833 Tantric Buddhism, 115, 203, 566 Tantrism (Hinduism), 159 Tarain, Battle of (1215/1216), 636 Tarain, First Battle of (1191), 588 Tarain, Second Battle of (1192), 588 Tarīkh al-rusul wa al-mulūk. See History of al-Tabarī, The Tashkent, 174 Taxation; Africa, 477; China, 39, 230; Church, 698; England, 444, 795; France, 533; Ghana, 355; Japan, 141, 204; of Jews, 683; Khazars, 168; Korea, 297; Tibet, 237 Technology. See Category Index under Science and technology Tekrur, 579 Temple of Kukulcan. See Castillo (at Chichén Itzá) Temple of Quetzalcóatl. See Pyramid B (at Tula) Temple of the Inscriptions, 56 Ten Kingdoms (China). See Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (China) Ten Thousand Leaves, The. See Manyōshū Tendai sect, 30, 300, 547 Tenochtitlán, 731-734 Terminism, 708 Teutonic Knights, 624-627, 831; map, 626 Thai, 132-134; Khmer conquest of, 273-275; law, 762-763 Thamanasat, 762 Theater; Christian, 381; India, 88; medieval stage directions, 382; miracle plays, 381-384; mystery plays, 381-384; Nō, 769-772 Theater state, Tiwanaku, 12 Theology; England, 708, 787; France, 708; Franks, 195; Italy, 42 Théophilus (Rutebeuf), 383 Theravāda Buddhism, 133, 691; Lan Na, 658 Thorn, Treaty of (1411), 833 Thousand and One Nights, The. See Arabian Nights' Entertainments, The Three Kingdoms period, Later. See Later Three Kingdoms period (Korea) Tibet, 82-85, 237-239; Buddhism in, 202-203; Mongols and, 777-779; Uighurs and, 171 T'ieh-le. See Tiele Tiele, 170 Timbuktu, 395, 461-463, 725 Tiwanaku civilization, 11-14, 360-362 Toledo, Jews in, 508 Tollán. See Tula Toltec Empire, 125, 287, 313-316 Tongans, 130 Tongji Qu, 64 Tosa Diary, The (Ki no Tsurayuki), 213 Tosa nikki. See Tosa Diary, The Toulouse, Battle of (721), 162 Toulouse, kingdom of, 17 Tours, Battle of (732), 162-164 Tours, Truce of (1444), 747, 866 Toutswe kingdom, 219-221 Towns, rise of, 532 Trade, 33; Africa, 9, 290, 356, 377, 395, 437-438, 440, 461, 464, 474, 476-477, 614, 630, 740, 825; Aztecs, 732; Byzantine Empire, 91; Cahokia, 135; Central Asia, 14-17; Chimú Empire, 256; China, 80, 323, 668; Cōlas, 295, 348; Egypt, 333; Europe, 571, 844; Germany, 519-521; Italy, 511; Khazars, 168; Kilwa Kisiwani, 740; Mogollon civilization, 62; Novgorod, 639; Peru, 256; Venice, 513-515; Vietnam, 617. See also Category Index Tran Dynasty, 616-618, 847 Translations; Arabic to Latin, 309; Greek to Arabic, 226, 507; Sanskrit to Chinese, 87; Sanskrit to Tibetan, 237; Syriac to Arabic, 226 Transoxiana, 318-320. See also Geographical Index under Central Asia Transportation. See Category Index Transubstantiation, 606, 787, 842 Travel by land; al-Bakri, 172; Buddhists, 30; Jean Froissart, 780; Ibn Battūtah, 476, 729; Kāshgarī, 240; Mansa Mūsā, 724; Marco Polo, 115, 668; Muslim traders, 356; Silk Road, 14, 182; al-Tabarī, 270; al-Umarī, 749; Xuanzang, 78, 85, 245 Travel by sea, 114, 648-652; China, 324; Grand Canal, 41; Polynesians, 131; Thule Inuit, 373; Vikings, 207; Zheng He, 830 Travels of Ibn Battuta. See Rihlah Travels of Marco Polo, The (Polo), 670 Travels of Sir John Mandeville, 501 Treatise of Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine, The (Valla), 853 Treatise on Proportions (Bradwardine), 734 Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Kingdom of England (Glanville), 603 Tribute Money, The (Masaccio), 836 Trivium, 195 Trois, Treaty of (1420), 849 Troubadours, 469 Troyes, Council of (1128), 485 Troyes, Treaty of (1420), 746, 865 True Pure Land Buddhism, 548 Tuhfat al-nus ār fi gharaib al-amsar wa-ajaib al-asfar; Rihlah, 953 Tuareg, 461 T'u-chüeh. See Tuque Tughluqid Dynasty, 753 Tula, 313-316; similarity to Chichén Itzá, 125 Tuque, 170 Turkey. See Geographical Index Turkish Slave Dynasty. See Delhi sultanate Turkistan. See Geographical Index under Central Asia Turkmenistan. See Geographical Index under Central Asia Turks, 33-36. See also Ottomans; Seljuk Turks Typography; China, 266, 418-420; Germany, 861-864 U U, King, 816 Ubayd Allāh al-Mahdt, 333 Uighurs, 170-172, 239-241; Tang Dynasty and, 182 Ukraine. See Geographical Index under Russia Ulus Chagatai, 797 Umayyad caliphate, 111, 188, 196, 307; fall of, 412-415; Sogdians and, 15; table, 307 Unam sanctam (Boniface VIII), 697-699, 705; extract, 698 Universities; Chinese, 67; European, 470-473; rules of conduct, 471 Unterwalden, 713 Upper Ŝivālaya Temple, 78 Uprisings. See Category Index under Wars, uprisings, and civil unrest Urdu. See Hindi Uri, 713 Uzbekistan. See Geographical Index under Central Asia V Vajracchedikā-prajñāpāramitā Sūtra. See Diamond Sutra Valencia, conquest of, 447-450 Varangian Guard, 353, 695. See also Vikings Varna, Battle of (1444), 855, 858 Vellur, Battle of (915), 295 Venice; Crusades and, 585; Peace of (1177), 523; shipmaking, 649; trade, 513-515 Verdun, Treaty of (843), 241-244; map, 243 Verneuil, Battle of (1424), 746 Verona, Council of (1184), 550, 633 Vietnam, 304-306, 847-849; China and, 81, 617; Nanzhao invasion of, 155; table of historic periods, 305. See also Geographical Index under Southeast Asia Vijayanagar, 754 Vikings, 251-255, 406, 648; map of raids, 208, 253; migration into England, 207 Villeinage, 796 Vinland, 254, 374 Visigoths, 17, 145, 627 Vita nuova, La. See New Life, The Vivekachudamani. See Crest Jewel of Wisdom, The W Wagadu. See Ghana Walachians, 737-739 Waldensians, 549-552, 726, 841 Wales, rebellion against England, 655 War of the Gaedhil with the Gail, The, 403 Wari. See Huari civilization Warring States period (Japan), 743 Wars, uprisings, and civil unrest. See Category Index Welfs, 534 Wends, 504, 534 Western Cālukya Dynasty, 338-340 Western Jin Dynasty, 39 Western Liao Dynasty, 484 Westminster I (1275), 680 Westminster II (1285), 680 Westminster III (1290), 680 Whitby, Synod of (664), 96 White Deer Hollow Academy, 491 White Huns, 3, 69; defeat of, 33-36; map, 4 White Monks. See Cistercians Wild Goose Pagoda, 87 Winchester, Statute of (1285), 680-682 Windsor, Treaty of (1175), 544 Winterthur, Battle of (1292), 713 Wisdom of Royal Glory (Yūsuf Khāss Hājib), 239, 286 Witchcraft, 726-729 Wittelsbach Dynasty, 767 Wolof Empire, 579-580 Women; China, 121, 328, 362-364; Christianity and, 495-498; France, 468; India, 636, 789; Japan, 387; Ming Dynasty, 363; Muslim, 188; Neo-Confucianism, 363; Yuan Dynasty, 363 Woodhenge, 135, 217 Writing; El Tajín, 54; India, 366; Japan, 213-215; Korea, 321; Slavs, 249-251; Sogdiana, 14; Swahili, 464; Thai, 691; Tibet, 84; Uighurs, 239 Wu Dynasty, 292 Wu-Yue Dynasty, 292 X Xi'an. See Chang'an Xin Tang shu (Ouyang), 191 Xiyouji. See Journey to the West Xylography, 266 Y Yaloge, 170 Yamini Dynasty, 565 Yarmūk, Battle of (636), 97-100 Yaya-Mama, 11 Yeke Mongol Ulus, 583 Yellow Hat order. See Gelugpa order Yellow Uighurs, 239 Yenjing. See Beijing Yi Dynasty, 815-817; table, 816 Yongji Qu, 64 Yonglo Dadian, 827-828 Yōrō code, 141 Yorubas, 376-378 Yoshino Civil Wars (1336-1392), 741-743 Yuan Dynasty, 325, 525, 617, 676, 775, 777, 816, 818; Quanzhen Daoism in, 478; women, 363 Yūgen, 771 Yuzhou. See Beijing Z Zagwe Dynasty, 554, 665 Zanj revolt (869-883), 267-270 Zen Buddhism, 30; samurai and, 206 Zero, concept of, 47, 458 Zhang-zhung confederacy, 82 Zhong yong. See Doctrine of the Mean, The Zhongdu. See Beijing Zhou Dynasty, Later. See Later Zhou Dynasty Zimbabwe. See Great Zimbabwe Zīrids, 420-422 Zohar (Moses de León), 678-680 Zuihitsu, 386 |
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