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Here we may leave this question of sexual inversion. In dealing with it I have sought to avoid that attitude of moral superiority which is so common in the literature of this subject, and have refrained from pointing out how loathsome this phenomenon is, or how hideous that. Such an attitude is as much out of place in scientific investigation as it is in judicial investigation, and may well be left to the amateur. The physician who feels nothing but disgust at the sight of disease is unlikely to bring either succor to his patients or instructions to his pupils.

That the investigation we have here pursued is not only profitable to us in succoring the social organism and its members, but also in bringing light into the region of sexual psychology, is now, I hope, clear to every reader who has followed me to this point. There are a multitude of social questions which we cannot face squarely and honestly unless we possess such precise knowledge as has been here brought together concerning the part played by the homosexual tendency in human life. Moreover, the study of this perverted tendency stretches beyond itself;

O’er that art
Which you say adds to Nature,
is an art
That Nature makes.

Pathology is but physiology working under new conditions. The stream of nature still flows into the bent channel of sexual inversion, and still runs according to law. We have not wasted our time in this toilsome excursion. With the knowledge here gained we are better equipped to enter upon the study of the wider questions of sex.

Source: Havelock Ellis, Sexual Inversion (London: Wilson, 1897), chapter 7, conclusions.

Great Events from History: GLBT Events
Ellis Publishes Sexual Inversion

Sexual Inversion was the first social scientific work to describe homosexuality in neutral terms, avoiding moralistic, legal, and pathological representations. The text was regarded as radical by contemporary sexologists because it considered homosexuality to be hereditary and normal.

Date: 1897
Locale: Leipzig, Germany
Categories: Science; Publications

Key Figures
Havelock Ellis (1859-1939), English sexologist and physician
John Addington Symonds (1840-1893), English historian, poet, and translator,
     who collaborated with Ellis on Sexual Inversion
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Viennese psychiatrist and founder of
     psychoanalysis
Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935), German physician and sexologist
Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902), German psychiatrist and sex researcher
Karl Maria Kertbeny (1824-1882), German writer, coined term "homosexual"
     in 1868
Albert Moll (1862-1939), German physician and sexologist
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895), German lawyer and

Summary of Event
Western civilization in the nineteenth century witnessed the development, growth, and evolution of the social sciences, that is, the application of scientific methods to the study of human attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, emotions, and knowledge. One of these new sciences was sexology, or the study of human sexuality. The abstraction of human sexuality as a particular field of study presented sexologists with unique problems of categorization, and the study of sexuality led to the question, How are various forms of human sexual expression and identity to be conceived?

A variety of practitioners beginning in 1875 published their research and studies on human sexual difference and variation. Together these books formed the early fundamental literature on sexology. The core sexological texts included Karl Heinrich Ulrichs's Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe (1864-1879; The Riddle of "Man-Manly" Love, 1994), a series of pamphlets), Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia sexualis (1886), and Albert Moll's Untersuchungen über die Libido sexualis (1897). The definitive sexology textbook, the five-volume Geschlechtskunde auf Grund dreissigjähriger Forschung und Erfahrung (sexual knowledge) was written by Magnus Hirschfeld between 1926 and 1930.

The late nineteenth century interest in sexology, however, was overshadowed by the early twentieth century fascination with psychology. Sigmund Freud's voluminous groundbreaking works in the field of psychiatry, including Die Traumdeutung (1900; The Interpretation of Dreams, 1913) and his Vorlesungen Einführung in die Psychoanalyse (1916-1917; A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, 1920), attracted more attention than did sexology and diminished the overall prestige of the fledgling discipline.

In 1896, Havelock Ellis published his work on "sexual inversion," or "contrary sexual feeling," first in German translation, as Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl (Sexual Inversion, 1897). Ellis chose to publish the book in Germany rather than his native England because of the fear of censorship generated by the sensationalism surrounding the 1895 trials of Oscar Wilde in London for sodomy and gross indecency. British publishers were frightened to print any works dealing with homosexuality in the aftermath of Wilde's well-publicized prosecution and conviction, regardless of the seriousness of the scholarship. Ellis's decision to publish first in Germany instead of England would hold unintended consequences for the future of sexological research.

John Addington Symonds, who died in 1893, before Sexual Inversion was published, coauthored part of the work. Symonds's death forced Ellis to complete the book on his own. Only the first German edition, however, acknowledges Symonds as a coauthor. The first English edition of Sexual Inversion appeared the following year, and it was published in London. It was privately censored and distribution was largely curtailed. A second English edition was published in the United States (Philadelphia) in 1901.

Significance
Previous works in sexology had dealt with homosexuality as a form of degeneracy and as a disease of the mind, or a psychological disorder. Freud thought that homosexuality was a stage of human sexual development and saw its manifestation in adult males as cases of arrested development. Others, such as Krafft-Ebing and Moll, believed also that homosexuality was a psychological and medical pathology.

The term "homosexuality" was coined only in the latter half of the nineteenth century and did not come into widespread usage until the 1870's. Karl Heinrich Ulrichs did not have the benefit of access or reference to the term when writing his pamphlets. Instead, Ulrichs referred to homosexuality as "uranism" and to homosexuals as "uranians." The actual word "homosexual" appears to have been coined by Karl Maria Kertbeny in his 1869 open letter to the Prussian government, condemning reform of the penal code, which proposed defining male same-gender sexual relations as illegal and punishable. Despite such opposition, efforts to criminalize homosexuality succeeded when the Reichstag adopted Paragraph 143 of the Prussian Criminal Code, which included also a provision against bestiality. Paragraph 143 (changed to Paragraph 175) was widely used by the Nazis to arrest and punish homosexuals during the Third Reich.

Ellis's work is notable for discussing homosexuality in philosophical terms. His sensitivity toward homosexuality may have been conditioned by his wife, Edith Lees, who was a lesbian. Whereas Krafft-Ebing and Freud spoke of homosexuals in terms of psychopathology and abnormal sexual development, Ellis’s Sexual Inversion was revolutionary in its humane and nonjudgmental scientific approach toward human sexuality research. Deviating from contemporary attitudes toward homosexuality as abnormal, criminal, degenerate, immoral, or pathological, the work presented homosexuality as hereditary and as a normal variation in a spectrum of sexual orientations. Ellis was instrumental in developing a taxonomy of human sexual behavior and classification. He also described differences in homosexual behavior (situational homosexuality versus innate, or latent, homosexuality), and distinguished between male and female homosexuality and bisexuality. Sexual Inversion remains a foundational text of modern sex research.

Keith Carson

Further Reading
Ellis, Havelock. Studies in the Psychology of Sex: Sexual Inversion. Seattle, Wash.: University Press of the Pacific, 2001.

Hirschfeld, Magnus. The Homosexuality of Men and Women. 1920. Reprint. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2000.

Krafft-Ebing, Richard von. Psychopathia Sexualis. 1886. Reprint. Burbank, Calif.: Bloat, 1999.

Moll, Albert. Libido Sexualis: Studies in the Psychosexual Laws of Love Verified by Clinical Sexual Case Histories. New York: American Ethnological Press, 1933.

Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich. The Riddle of "Man-Manly" Love: The Pioneering Work on Male Homosexuality. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash. 2 vols. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1994.

See Also
1896: Raffalovich Publishes Uranisme et Unisexualité; May 14, 1897: Hirschfeld Founds the Scientific Humanitarian Committee; 1905: Freud Rejects "Third Sex" Theory; 1908: Carpenter Publishes The Intermediate Sex; 1929: Davis Identifies Lesbian Sexuality As Common and Normal; 1948: Kinsey Publishes Sexual Behavior in the Human Male; 1952: APA Classifies Homosexuality as a Mental Disorder; 1953: Kinsey Publishes Sexual Behavior in the Human Female; 1953-1957: Evelyn Hooker Debunks Homosexuality as a "Sickness"; December 15, 1973: Homosexuality Removed From List of Mental Disorders.