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Great Events from History: The Ancient World, Prehistory-476 C.E. Table of Contents 25,000-10,001 B.C.E. c. 25,000 B.C.E., San Peoples Create Earliest African Art, 1 c. 18,000-c. 11,000 B.C.E., Bering Strait Migrations, 3 c. 16,000-c. 3000 B.C.E., BaTwa Peoples Thrive in Central Africa, 6 c. 15,500 B.C.E., Early Australians Create the Bradshaw Rock Paintings, 9 c. 15,000 B.C.E., Early Europeans Create Lascaux Cave Paintings, 11 c. 13,000 B.C.E., Humans Enter the South American Continent, 13 c. 13,000-c. 7000 B.C.E., Paleo-Indian Culture Flourishes in North America, 15 10,000-5001 B.C.E. c. 10,000-c. 300 B.C.E., Jōmon Culture Thrives in Japan, 17 c. 10,000 B.C.E.-c. 1 C.E., Saharan Peoples Create Rock Art, 20 c. 9500-c. 9000 B.C.E., Clovis Culture Rises in New Mexico, 22 c. 9500-c. 5000 B.C.E., Settlement Established at Abu Hureyra in Syria, 24 c. 9000-c. 8000 B.C.E., Cochise Culture Thrives in American Southwest, 26 c. 9000-c. 7000 B.C.E., Nilo-Saharan Peoples Produce Food and Pottery, 28 c. 8800-c. 8500 B.C.E., Folsom People Flourish in New Mexico, 30 c. 8000 B.C.E., Permanent Settlement of the Andean Altiplano Begins, 32 c. 8000-c. 4000 B.C.E., Plano Culture Flourishes in Great Plains Area, 34 c. 8000-c. 1000 B.C.E., Archaic Indians Adapt to Warmer Climates, 35 c. 7700-c. 1000 B.C.E., Native Cultures Flourish on the North Pacific Coast, 38 c. 7500 B.C.E., Birth of Shintō, 40 c. 7500 B.C.E., East Asian Grain Cultivation Begins, 42 c. 7200 B.C.E., Kennewick Man Lives in North America, 44 c. 7000-c. 6000 B.C.E., Khoisan Peoples Disperse Throughout Southern Africa, 46 c. 7000-c. 4900 B.C.E., Çatalhüyük Flourishes as Center of Anatolian Culture, 48 c. 6800-c. 4900 B.C.E., Kitoi People Live Near Lake Baikal in Siberia, 50 c. 6500-c. 5000 B.C.E., Nilo-Saharan Farmers Spread Cultivation and Herding, 51 c. 6200-c. 3800 B.C.E., Ubaid Culture Thrives in Mesopotamia, 53 c. 6000-c. 5000 B.C.E., Niger-Congo Religion Takes Hold Across West Africa, 56 c. 6000-c. 1500 B.C.E., Yangshao and Longshan Cultures Flourish in China, 58 c. 6000-c. 1000 B.C.E., Omotics Advance Farming Practices in Horn of Africa, 60 c. 5800-c. 3700 B.C.E., Chinchorro Inhabit the Peruvian and Chilean Coasts, 63 c. 5500-c. 4500 B.C.E., Halafian Culture Flourishes in Northern Mesopotamia, 65 c. 5500-c. 4500 B.C.E., Niger-Congo Peoples Spread Agriculture in Africa, 67 5000-3001 B.C.E. c. 5000 B.C.E., Aleutian Coastal Hunters Flourish, 69 c. 5000-c. 3000 B.C.E., Kelteminar Culture Flourishes in Central Asia, 71 c. 5000 B.C.E.-c. 1 C.E., Red Paint Culture Flourishes in Eastern North America, 72 c. 4000 B.C.E., Horse Is Domesticated, 74 c. 4000 B.C.E., Sumerian Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia, 76 c. 4000-c. 1000 B.C.E., Old Copper Complex Flourishes in North America, 79 c. 4000 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Ban Chiang Culture Flourishes in Thailand, 80 c. 3800 B.C.E., Cities and Civic Institutions Are Invented in Mesopotamia, 82 c. 3500 B.C.E., Indus Valley Civilization Begins in South Asia, 84 c. 3300-c. 1500 B.C.E., Valdivia Culture Forms Villages in Coastal Ecuador, 87 c. 3100 B.C.E., Sumerians Invent Writing, 89 c. 3100-c. 1550 B.C.E., Building of Stonehenge, 91 c. 3050 B.C.E., Unification of Lower and Upper Egypt, 94 3000-2001 B.C.E. c. 3000 B.C.E., Australian Aborigines Create Wandjina Cave Paintings, 96 c. 3000 B.C.E., Canaanites Inhabit the Levant, 97 c. 3000-c. 500 B.C.E., Elamite Empire Rises in Near East, 99 2953-2838 B.C.E. traditionally, Reign of China's Legendary First Ruler, Fu Xi, 102 c. 2900-c. 2340 B.C.E., Early Dynastic Period Flourishes in Southern Mesopotamia, 104 c. 2700-c. 1400 B.C.E., Gash Civilization Thrives in Africa, 107 c. 2687 B.C.E., Old Kingdom Period Begins in Egypt, 109 c. 2682 B.C.E., Legendary Founding of China by Huangdi, 112 c. 2600 B.C.E., Leizu Discovers Silk Making, 114 c. 2575-c. 2566 B.C.E., Building of the Great Pyramid, 116 c. 2500 B.C.E., Construction of Monumental Architecture at Caral, in Peru, 119 2500-1900 B.C.E., Wawat Chiefdom Flourishes in Lower Nubia, 121 c. 2500-c. 1500 B.C.E., Southeast Asians Migrate into the South Pacific, 124 c. 2340 B.C.E., Sumerian Uruk-Agina Makes Social and Political Reforms, 126 c. 2334-c. 2279 B.C.E., Sargon of Akkad Establishes the Akkadian Dynasty, 128 c. 2333 B.C.E., Old Choson State Founded in Korea, 130 c. 2300 B.C.E., Enheduanna Becomes First Named Author, 132 c. 2300-c. 2000 B.C.E., First Great Expansion of Berber Peoples Across North Africa, 134 c. 2300-c. 1800 B.C.E., Beaker People Live in Western Europe, 136 c. 2200-1500 B.C.E., Kerma Kingdom Develops and Dominates Lower Nubia, 138 c. 2160 B.C.E., First Intermediate Period Begins in Egypt, 141 c. 2112 B.C.E., Ur-Nammu Establishes a Code of Law, 144 c. 2100 B.C.E., Xia Dynasty Marks Start of Historical China, 145 c. 2100-c. 600 B.C.E., Mogollon Culture Rises in American Southwest, 147 c. 2055 B.C.E., Middle Kingdom Period Begins in Egypt, 149 2000-1501 B.C.E. c. 2000 B.C.E., Composition of the Gilgamesh Epic, 152 c. 2000 B.C.E., Mon-Khmer Migrate into Southeast Asia, 154 c. 2000 B.C.E., Mongols Inhabit Steppes North of China, 157 c. 1900-1527? B.C.E., Kerma Kingdom Rules Nubia, 159 c. 1900-c. 1400 B.C.E., Early Villages Form in Oaxaca, 161 c. 1800-c. 1500 B.C.E., Construction of El Paraíso in Peru, 163 c. 1800-c. 700 B.C.E., Poverty Point Culture Builds Earthworks, 165 c. 1770 B.C.E., Promulgation of Hammurabi's Code, 168 1750-800 B.C.E., Andronovo Culture Rises in Central Asia, 171 c. 1650 B.C.E., Hyksos Create Second Intermediate Period, 173 1650-1620 B.C.E., Hattusilis I Establishes the Old Hittite Kingdom, 175 c. 1600 B.C.E., Shang Dynasty Develops Writing and Bronzework, 178 c. 1600-c. 1500 B.C.E., Flowering of Minoan Civilization, 180 c. 1600-c. 1300 B.C.E., Mitanni Kingdom Flourishes in Upper Mesopotamia, 183 c. 1600-c. 1000 B.C.E., City of Mycenae Flourishes, 185 c. 1570 B.C.E., New Kingdom Period Begins in Egypt, 189 c. 1530 B.C.E., Mixtec Civilization Develops in Western Oaxaca, 191 1500-1001 B.C.E. From c. 1500 B.C.E., Dissemination of the Book of the Dead, 194 1500-1100 B.C.E., Compilation of the Vedas, 197 c. 1500-c. 1000 B.C.E., Aryans Appear in India, 199 c. 1500-c. 300 B.C.E., Olmec Civilization Rises in Southern Mexico, 201 c. 1500 B.C.E.-c. 500 C.E., Lapita Culture Colonizes the South Pacific, 204 c. 1450 B.C.E., International Age of Major Kingdoms Begins in the Near East, 205 14th-9th centuries B.C.E., Urnfield Culture Flourishes in Northwestern Europe, 208 1400-1300 B.C.E., Aqhat Epic Is Composed in Ugarit, 209 c. 1338 B.C.E., Failure of Akhenaton's Cultural Revival, 211 c. 1280 B.C.E., Israelite Exodus from Egypt, 213 c. 1275 B.C.E., Battle of Kadesh, 216 c. 1250 B.C.E., Fall of Troy Marks End of Trojan War, 218 c. 1250 B.C.E., Transmission of the European Alphabet, 221 c. 1250-c. 700 B.C.E., Karasuk Culture Flourishes on Eurasian Steppes, 224 c. 1200-c. 1050 B.C.E., Sea Peoples Contribute to Mediterranean Upheaval, 225 c. 1200-c. 1000 B.C.E., Berbers Expand Across North Africa, 227 c. 1100 B.C.E., Arameans Emerge in Syria and Mesopotamia, 229 c. 1100-c. 500 B.C.E., Hallstatt Culture Dominates Northern Europe, 231 1069 B.C.E., Third Intermediate Period Begins in Egypt, 234 c. 1066 B.C.E., Western Zhou Dynasty Begins in China, 236 1000-801 B.C.E. c. 10th century B.C.E., Queen of Sheba Legends Arise, 239 c. 1000 B.C.E., Establishment of the United Kingdom of Israel, 241 c. 1000 B.C.E., Greek Alphabet Is Developed, 243 c. 1000 B.C.E., Sub-Saharan Ironworking Begins, 245 c. 1000-900 B.C.E., Ionian Confederacy Forms, 247 c. 1000-c. 700 B.C.E., Mashariki Bantu Establish Chifumbaze Ironworking Culture, 249 c. 1000-c. 690 B.C.E., Cimmerian Culture Rises in Russia, 252 c. 1000-c. 500 B.C.E., Nok Artists Develop Terra-cotta Sculpture, 253 c. 1000-c. 200 B.C.E., Compilation of the Upanisads, 255 c. 1000 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Adena Mound Builders Live in North America, 257 c. 1000 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E., Urban Commerce Develops in the Sudan Belt, 260 c. 1000 B.C.E.-c. 900 C.E., Woodland Culture Flourishes in Northern America, 261 c. 966 B.C.E., Building of the Temple of Jerusalem, 263 c. 950 B.C.E., Composition of the Book of Genesis, 265 c. 922 B.C.E., Establishment of the Kingdom of Israel, 267 c. 900-c. 200 B.C.E., Chavín de Huántar Is Peru's Urban Center, 270 c. 883-c. 824 B.C.E., Second Assyrian Empire Displays Military Prowess, 272 800-701 B.C.E. 8th century B.C.E., Kushite King Piye Conquers Upper Egypt, 275 8th century B.C.E., Scythians Drive the Cimmerians from Central Asia, 277 8th-6th centuries B.C.E., Phrygian Kingdom Rises, 279 c. 800 B.C.E., Phoenicians from Tyre Found Carthage, 281 c. 800-c. 600 B.C.E., Ironworking Spreads into Sub-Saharan Africa, 284 c. 783-c. 591 B.C.E., Napata Kingdom Flourishes in Kush, 286 776 B.C.E., Olympic Games Are First Recorded, 288 775 B.C.E., Delphic Oracle Provides Guidance for City-States, 291 770 B.C.E., Eastern Zhou Dynasty Begins in China, 293 c. 750 B.C.E., Homer Composes the Iliad, 296 c. 750-c. 500 B.C.E., Marib Dam Is Built in Yemen, 299 745 B.C.E., Tiglath-pileser III Rules Assyria, 300 c. 736-716 B.C.E., Spartan Conquest of Messenia, 303 c. 734-c. 580 B.C.E., Greeks Colonize the Mediterranean and Black Sea Regions, 305 c. 733 B.C.E., Founding of Syracuse, 307 c. 712-698 B.C.E., Shabaka Reunites the Nile Valley, 309 c. 705-330 B.C.E., Founding and Flourishing of the Achaemenian Dynasty, 311 701 B.C.E., Sennacherib Invades Syro-Palestine, 314 700-601 B.C.E. c. 700 B.C.E., Hesiod Composes Theogony and Works and Days, 317 c. 700-c. 500 B.C.E., Dorset Culture Extends into Labrador, Newfoundland, and Greenland, 319 c. 700-330 B.C.E., Phalanx Is Developed as a Military Unit, 321 700 B.C.E.-100 C.E., Paracas Culture Develops a Sophisticated Textile Tradition, 324 c. 700 B.C.E.-c. 500 C.E., Mound Builders Rise in Ohio Valley, 326 664 B.C.E., Saite Dynasty Begins in Egypt, 328 c. 645-546 B.C.E., Lydia Rises to Power Under the Mermnad Family, 331 c. 640 B.C.E., Greek City-States Use Coins as Means of Exchange, 333 625-509 B.C.E., Rise of Etruscan Civilization in Rome, 335 621 or 620 B.C.E., Draco's Code Is Instituted, 338 c. 607-562 B.C.E., Nebuchadnezzar Creates the First Neo-Babylonian State, 340 Before 600 B.C.E., Celebration of the Eleusinian Mysteries, 343 600-501 B.C.E. 6th or 5th century B.C.E., Birth of Buddhism, 346 c. 6th century B.C.E.-c. 350 C.E.., Meroitic Empire Rules from Southern Egypt to the Blue Nile, 348 6th-4th century B.C.E. (traditionally, 1st millennium B.C.E.), Susruta, Indian Physician, Writes Medical Compendium, 351 c. 600 B.C.E., Appearance of Zoroastrian Ditheism, 353 600-500 B.C.E., Greek Philosophers Formulate Theories of the Cosmos, 355 c. 594-580 B.C.E., Legislation of Solon, 358 587-423 B.C.E., Birth of Judaism, 360 c. 580 B.C.E., Greek Poet Sappho Dies, 362 c. 550 B.C.E., Construction of Trireme Changes Naval Warfare, 365 c. 550 B.C.E., Valmiki Composes the Ramayana, 368 547 B.C.E., Cyrus the Great Founds the Persian Empire, 370 October, 539 B.C.E., Fall of Babylon, 373 c. 538-c. 450 B.C.E., Jews Return from the Babylonian Captivity, 375 c. 530 B.C.E., Founding of the Pythagorean Brotherhood, 377 527 B.C.E., Death of Vardhamana, Founder of Jainism, 380 c. 525 B.C.E., Sibylline Books Are Compiled, 382 520-518 B.C.E., Darius the Great Conquers the Indus Valley, 384 520-518 B.C.E., Scylax of Caryanda Voyages the Indian Ocean, 387 509 B.C.E., Rape of Lucretia, 389 c. 509 B.C.E., Roman Republic Replaces Monarchy, 392 508-507 B.C.E., Reforms of Cleisthenes, 394 500-401 B.C.E. 5th century B.C.E., Composition of the Spring and Autumn Annals, 396 c. 5th-4th century B.C.E., Creation of the Jatakas, 398 c. 5th-3d century B.C.E., Composition of The Art of War, 400 5th-1st century B.C.E., Composition of The Great Learning, 403 c. 500 B.C.E., Acupuncture Develops in China, 405 c. 500 B.C.E., Panini Composes Sanskrit Work of Grammar, 407 c. 500-470 B.C.E., Hecataeus of Miletus Writes the First Geography Book, 409 500-400 B.C.E., Creation of the Wujing, 411 c. 500-400 B.C.E., Greek Physicians Begin Scientific Practice of Medicine, 413 c. 500 B.C.E.-c. 200 C.E., Libyan Garamantes Flourish as Farmers and Traders, 416 c. 500 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E., Socially Stratified Kingdoms Arise Around the Middle Niger River, 418 c. 500 B.C.E.-c. 600 C.E., Mithraism Emerges as Significant Religion, 420 c. 500 B.C.E.-c. 700 C.E., Zapotecs Build Monte Albán, 422 499-494 B.C.E., Ionian Revolt, 424 494/493 B.C.E., Institution of the Plebeian Tribunate, 427 September 17, 490 B.C.E., Battle of Marathon, 428 483 B.C.E., Naval Law of Themistocles Is Instituted, 431 480-479 B.C.E., Persian Invasion of Greece, 434 479 B.C.E., Confucius's Death Leads to the Creation of The Analects, 437 478-448 B.C.E., Athenian Empire Is Created, 440 475-221 B.C.E., China Enters Chaotic Warring States Period, 443 c. 467 B.C.E., Gosala Maskartputra, Founder of Ajivika Sect, Dies, 446 c. 456/455 B.C.E., Greek Tragedian Aeschylus Dies, 448 451-449 B.C.E., Twelve Tables of Roman Law Are Formulated, 451 c. 450-c. 425 B.C.E., History Develops as a Scholarly Discipline, 453 450-100 B.C.E., City-State of Yeha Flourishes in the Ethiopian Highlands, 456 447-438 B.C.E., Building of the Parthenon, 457 445 B.C.E., Establishment of the Canuleian Law, 460 c. 440 B.C.E., Sophists Train the Greeks in Rhetoric and Politics, 462 c. 438 B.C.E., Greek Lyric Poet Pindar Dies, 464 May, 431-September, 404 B.C.E., Peloponnesian War, 466 c. 420 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Yuezhi Culture Links Persia and China, 469 June, 415-September, 413 B.C.E., Athenian Invasion of Sicily, 470 406 B.C.E., Greek Dramatist Euripides Dies, 473 September, 404-May, 403 B.C.E., Thirty Tyrants Rule Athens for Eight Months, 475 401-400 B.C.E., March of the Ten Thousand, 477 400-301 B.C.E. c. 4th century B.C.E.-3d century C.E., Kautilya Compiles a Treatise on Practical Statecraft, 480 Early 4th century B.C.E., Founding of Mohism, 482 c. 400 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E., Bantu Peoples Spread Farming Across Southern Africa, 485 c. 400 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E., Dong Son Culture Appears in Vietnam, 487 c. 400 B.C.E.-400 C.E., Composition of the Mahabharata, 489 399 B.C.E., Death of Socrates, 491 Between 394 and 371 B.C.E., Xenophon Writes the Anabasis, 494 386 B.C.E., King's Peace Ends Corinthian War, 496 c. 385 B.C.E., Greek Playwright Aristophanes Dies, 499 c. 380 B.C.E., Plato Develops His Theory of Ideas, 501 359-336 B.C.E., Philip II Expands and Empowers Macedonia, 504 c. 350 B.C.E., Diogenes Popularizes Cynicism, 507 340-338 B.C.E., Origin of Municipia, 509 August 2, 338 B.C.E., Battle of Chaeronea, 511 336 B.C.E., Alexander the Great Begins Expansion of Macedonia, 513 c. 335-323 B.C.E., Aristotle Writes the Politics, 516 333 B.C.E., Battle of Issus, 518 332 B.C.E., Founding of Alexandria, 520 October 1, 331 B.C.E., Battle of Gaugamela, 523 327-325 B.C.E., Alexander the Great Invades the Indian Subcontinent, 526 325-323 B.C.E., Aristotle Isolates Science as a Discipline, 528 323 B.C.E., Founding of the Ptolemaic Dynasty and Seleucid Kingdom, 530 c. 323-275 B.C.E., Diadochi Divide Alexander the Great's Empire, 533 c. 321 B.C.E., Mauryan Empire Rises in India, 535 c. 320 B.C.E., Theophrastus Initiates the Study of Botany, 538 312 B.C.E., First Roman Aqueduct Is Built, 540 312-264 B.C.E., Building of the Appian Way, 543 300-201 B.C.E. 3d century B.C.E., Commercial City of Jenne Is Founded on Niger River, 545 3d century B.C.E. (traditionally 660 B.C.E.), Jimmu Tenno Becomes the First Emperor of Japan, 547 3d century B.C.E. (traditionally 6th century B.C.E.), Laozi Composes the Dao De Jing, 549 c. 300 B.C.E., Euclid Compiles a Treatise on Geometry, 552 c. 300 B.C.E., Izapan Civilization Dominates Mesoamerica, 554 c. 300 B.C.E., Hohokam Culture Arises in American Southwest, 557 c. 300 B.C.E., Stoics Conceptualize Natural Law, 559 c. 300 B.C.E., Yayoi Period Begins, 561 c. 300-c. 100 B.C.E., Berber Kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania Flourish, 564 c. 300 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Khoikhoi and Kwadi Adopt Pastoral Lifestyle, 566 300 B.C.E.-600 C.E., Construction of the Mahabodhi Temple, 568 287 B.C.E., Lex Hortensia Reforms the Roman Constitution, 570 c. 285-c. 255 b.c.e, Xunzi Develops Teachings That Lead to Legalism, 571 285-160 B.C.E. (traditionally, c. 300 B.C.E.), Composition of the Zhuangzi, 574 c. 275 B.C.E., Greeks Advance Hellenistic Astronomy, 576 c. 273/265-c. 238 B.C.E., Asoka Reigns over India, 579 264-225 B.C.E., First Punic War, 581 c. 250 B.C.E., Discoveries of Archimedes, 584 c. 250 B.C.E., Third Buddhist Council Convenes, 586 c. 250 B.C.E., Tipitaka Is Compiled, 589 250-130 B.C.E., Commissioning of the Septuagint, 591 c. 250 B.C.E.-70 C.E., Dead Sea Scrolls Are Composed, 593 c. 247-207 B.C.E., Buddhism Established in Sri Lanka, 595 c. 245 B.C.E., Diodotus I Founds the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, 597 245-140 B.C.E., Rise of Parthia, 599 From 240 B.C.E., Exploitation of the Arch, 603 221 B.C.E., Qin Dynasty Founded in China, 605 c. 221-211 B.C.E., Building the Great Wall of China, 607 221-206 B.C.E., Legalist Movement in China, 610 221 B.C.E.-220 C.E., Advances Are Made in Chinese Agricultural Technology, 612 218-201 B.C.E., Second Punic War, 614 c. 212-202? B.C.E., Construction of the Qin Tomb, 618 209-174 B.C.E., Maodun Creates a Large Confederation in Central Asia, 621 206 B.C.E., Liu Bang Captures Qin Capital, Founds Han Dynasty, 623 202 B.C.E., Battle of Zama, 625 200-101 B.C.E. 2d century B.C.E., Silk Road Opens, 627 c. 200 B.C.E., Birth of Hinduism, 630 c. 200 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Composition of the Intertestamental Jewish Apocrypha, 632 c. 200 B.C.E.-200 C.E., Bhagavad Gita Is Created, 635 200 B.C.E.-200 C.E., Nasca Lines Drawn in Desert Near Coast of Peru, 637 c. 200 B.C.E.-c. 500 C.E., Hopewell People Construct Earthworks, 640 180 B.C.E., Establishment of the Cursus Honorum, 642 167-142 B.C.E., Revolt of the Maccabees, 644 159 B.C.E., Roman Playwright Terence Dies, 646 c. 155 B.C.E., Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Reaches Zenith Under Menander, 649 149-146 B.C.E., Third Punic War, 651 146 B.C.E., Sack of Corinth, 654 140-87 B.C.E., Wudi Rules Han Dynasty China, 656 139-122 B.C.E., Composition of the Huainanzi, 658 c. 135 B.C.E., Rise of the Pharisees, 661 133 B.C.E., Pergamum Is Transferred to Rome, 664 133 B.C.E., Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus Is Tribune, 667 107-101 B.C.E., Marius Creates a Private Army, 669 104 B.C.E., Dong Zhongshu Systematizes Confucianism, 671 100-1 B.C.E. Early 1st century B.C.E.-225 C.E., Satavahana Dynasty Rises to Power in South India, 673 c. 1st century B.C.E., Indian Buddhist Nuns Compile the Therigatha, 676 1st century B.C.E., Sima Qian Writes Chinese History, 678 1st century B.C.E.-1st century C.E., Compilation of the Lotus Sutra, 680 c. 100 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Celtic Hill Forts Are Replaced by Oppida, 682 c. 100 B.C.E.-c. 200 C.E., Zapotec State Dominates Oaxaca, 685 c. 100 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E., East African Trading Port of Rhapta Flourishes, 687 95-69 B.C.E., Armenian Empire Reaches Its Peak Under Tigranes the Great, 689 90 B.C.E., Julian Law Expands Roman Citizenship, 691 73-71 B.C.E., Spartacus Leads Slave Revolt, 694 Late 63-January 62 B.C.E., Catiline Conspiracy, 697 c. 60 B.C.E., Druidism Flourishes in Gaul and Britain, 699 58-51 B.C.E., Caesar Conquers Gaul, 702 54 B.C.E., Roman Poet Catullus Dies, 706 51 B.C.E., Cicero Writes De Republica, 709 51-30 B.C.E., Cleopatra VII, Last of Ptolemies, Reigns, 711 46 B.C.E., Establishment of the Julian Calendar, 714 43-42 B.C.E., Second Triumvirate Enacts Proscriptions, 716 September 2, 31 B.C.E., Battle of Actium, 719 27-23 B.C.E., Completion of the Augustan Settlement, 721 19 B.C.E., Roman Poet Vergil Dies, 724 15 B.C.E.-15 C.E., Rhine-Danube Frontier Is Established, 727 November 27, 8 B.C.E., Roman Lyric Poet Horace Dies, 730 c. 6 B.C.E., Birth of Jesus Christ, 732 1-100 c.e. Early 1st century C.E., Pyu Kingdom Develops Urban Culture, 734 1st century C.E., Kingdom of Aksum Emerges, 735 1st century C.E., Tai Peoples Migrate into Southeast Asia, 738 1st-2d century C.E., Fourth Buddhist Council Convenes, 739 1st-3d centuries C.E., Cankam Literature Composed in South India, 742 1st-5th centuries C.E., Alani Gain Power, 744 1st century-c. 627 C.E., Kingdom of Funan Flourishes, 746 c. 1 C.E., Development Begins at Teotihuacán, 748 8 C.E., Ovid's Metamorphoses Is Published, 751 9 C.E., Battle of Teutoburg Forest, 753 9-23 C.E., Wang Mang's Rise to Power, 756 25 C.E., Guang Wudi Restores the Han Dynasty, 758 c. 30 C.E., Condemnation and Crucifixion of Jesus Christ, 760 c. 30 C.E., Preaching of the Pentecostal Gospel, 763 40-43 C.E., Trung Sisters Lead Vietnamese Rebellion Against Chinese, 766 43-130 C.E., Roman Conquest of Britain, 768 c. 50 C.E., Creation of the Roman Imperial Bureaucracy, 772 c. 50-c. 150 C.E., Compilation of the New Testament, 774 January-March, 55 or 56 C.E., Paul Writes His Letter to the Romans, 776 60 C.E., Boudicca Leads Revolt Against Roman Rule, 779 c. 60-68 C.E., Buddhism Enters China, 782 64-67 C.E., Nero Persecutes the Christians, 784 68-69 C.E., Year of the Four Emperors, 787 September 8, 70 C.E., Roman Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem, 790 August 24, 79 C.E., Destruction of Pompeii, 792 90 C.E., Founding of the Classic Period Maya Royal Dynasty at Tikal, 794 c. 90 C.E., Synod of Jamnia, 797 c. 99-105 C.E., Ban Zhao Writes Behavior Guide for Young Women, 800 c. 100-c. 127 C.E., Kushan Dynasty Expands into India, 802 100-127 C.E., Roman Juvenal Composes Satires, 805 c. 100-200 C.E., Construction of the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon at Teotihuacán, 807 c. 100-c. 700 C.E., Moche Build the Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna, 810 101-200 c.e. c. 105 C.E., Cai Lun Invents Paper, 812 c. 110 C.E., Trajan Adopts Anti-Christian Religious Policy, 813 c. 127-c. 152 C.E., Kanishka's Reign Brings Flowering of the Arts, 816 130-135 C.E., Dedication of Aelia Capitolina, 819 142 C.E., Zhang Daoling Founds the Celestial Masters Movement, 821 c. 150 C.E., Akvaghosa Composes Complete Biography of the Buddha, 823 c. 157-201 C.E., Galen Synthesizes Ancient Medical Knowledge, 825 c. 165 C.E., Gaius Creates Edition of the Institutes of Roman Law, 828 184-204 C.E., Yellow Turbans Rebellion, 829 200 C.E., Christian Apologists Develop Concept of Theology, 832 200-800 C.E., Lima Culture Flourishes on the Central Andean Coast, 834 200-900 C.E., Maya Civilization Flourishes, 836 200-1250 C.E., Anasazi Civilization Flourishes in American Southwest, 839 201-300 c.e. c. 3d century C.E., Wang Bi and Guo Xiang Revive Daoism, 842 c. 3d-4th century C.E., Huns Begin Migration West from Central Asia, 844 3d-5th century C.E., Giant Stelae Are Raised at Aksum, 847 c. 220 C.E., Cai Yan Composes Poetry About Her Capture by Nomads, 850 220 C.E., Three Kingdoms Period Begins in China, 852 c. 220 C.E., Ulpian Issues Dictum in Rome, 854 224 C.E., Ardashir I Establishes the Sasanian Empire, 856 c. 230-1300 C.E., Manichaeanism Begins in Mesopotamia, 858 c. mid-3d century C.E., Himiko Rules the Yamatai, 860 250 C.E., Outbreak of the Decian Persecution, 862 c. 250 C.E., Saint Denis Converts Paris to Christianity, 864 265 C.E., Sima Yan Establishes the Western Jin Dynasty, 866 284 C.E., Inauguration of the Dominate in Rome, 868 c. 286 C.E., Saint Anthony of Egypt Begins Ascetic Life, 870 290-300 C.E., West African Gold First Reaches North Africa, 872 c. 300 C.E., Licchavi Dynasty Begins in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, 874 300-400 C.E., Bantu People Invent Copper Metallurgy, 876 c. 300-600 C.E., Three Kingdoms Period Forms Korean Culture, 878 c. 300-710 C.E., Kofun Period Unifies Japan, 880 301-400 c.e. 4th century C.E., Ezana Expands Aksum, Later Converts to Christianity, 883 4th-11th centuries C.E., Ancient Ghana Emerges, 885 309-379 C.E., Shapur II Reigns over Sasanian Empire, 887 October 28, 312 C.E., Conversion of Constantine to Christianity, 890 313-395 C.E., Inception of Church-State Problem, 893 316 C.E., Western Jin Dynasty Falls, 896 325 C.E., Adoption of the Nicene Creed, 899 November 24, 326-May 11, 330 C.E., Constantinople Is Founded, 901 361-363 C.E., Failure of Julian's Pagan Revival, 904 Late 4th-5th century C.E., Asanga Helps Spread Mahayana Buddhism, 907 August 9, 378 C.E., Battle of Adrianople, 909 380-392 C.E., Theodosius's Edicts Promote Christian Orthodoxy, 911 c. 380-c. 415 C.E., Gupta Dynasty Reaches Its Peak Under Chandragupta II, 914 c. 382-c. 405 C.E., Saint Jerome Creates the Vulgate, 917 386 C.E., Toba Establishes the Northern Wei Dynasty in China, 920 390-430 C.E. or later, traditionally r. 270-310, Ojin Tenno, First Historical Emperor of Japan, Reigns, 923 397-402 C.E., Ge Chaofu Founds the Lingbao Tradition of Daoism, 925 399 C.E., Chinese Monk Faxian Travels to India, 928 c. 400 C.E., Kalidasa Composes Sanskrit Poetry and Plays, 930 401-476 c.e. c. 5th century C.E., Lydenburg Bantus Sculpt Life-Size Terra-cotta Heads, 932 5th or 6th century C.E., First Major Text on Hinduism's Great Goddess Is Compiled, 934 c. 405 C.E., Statesman Tao Qian Becomes Farmer and Daoist Poet, 935 August 24-26, 410 C.E., Gothic Armies Sack Rome, 938 413-427 C.E., Saint Augustine Writes The City of God, 940 415 C.E., Mathematician and Philosopher Hypatia Is Killed in Alexandria, 943 420 C.E., Southern Dynasties Period Begins in China, 945 428-431 C.E., Nestorian Controversy, 948 439 C.E., Vandals Seize Carthage, 950 445-453 C.E., Invasions of Attila the Hun, 952 449 C.E., Saxon Settlement of Britain Begins, 954 c. 450 C.E., Conversion of Ireland to Christianity, 957 c. 450-500 C.E., Era of the Nine Saints, 959 July, 451 C.E., Battle of Châlons, 962 October 8-25, 451 C.E., Council of Chalcedon, 965 460-477 C.E., Buddhist Temples Built at Ajanta Caves in India, 968 c. 470 C.E., Bodhidharma Brings Chan Buddhism to China, 969 September 4, 476 C.E., Fall of Rome, 973 Time Line, 977 Glossary, 1000 Bibliography, 1006 Web Sites, 1014 Chronological List of Entries, III Category Index of Entries, XIII Geographical Index of Entries, XXVII Personages Index, XXXVII Subject Index, XLVII |
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