To return to this sets' summary please click Overview. For Salem's main product directory, click Directory. Articles The Olmec Civilization The Birth of Buddhism Vālmīki's Rāmāyana Bantu Peoples & Farming The Death of Socrates Alexander the Great Construction of the Qin Tomb Bhagavad Gita is Created Hopewell Earthworks Other Elements Publisher's Note Index Table of Contents You can view many of the holdings of this title in the U.S. and Canada by selecting a State or Province below. Choose from the pull-down menu below to show a Google map that displays the sets' locations. Jump to a State/Province: Alabama Alaska Alberta Arizona Arkansas British Columbia California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Manitoba Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Brunswick New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York Newfoundland and Labrador North Carolina North Dakota Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ohio Oklahoma Ontario Oregon Pennsylvania Prince Edward Island Quebec Rhode Island Saskatchewan South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Yukon If you need help with products and ordering, setting up a new account or working with this website, call or email us: Phone: (800) 221-1592 Email: csr@salempress.com Although aimed at high school students, the essays are sufficiently detailed to serve adult audiences in public and undergraduate libraries. Lawrence Looks at Books   Gale Group   No doubt this set and the others to follow will earn shelf space in libraries serving high school students and above, and the general public. Reference & Research   Book News   This won't be as popular as reading about great lives, but it is certainly a good starting point for a student who wants to develop a theory about the background of today's conflicts. Recommended. Reference for Students   Great Events has not been updated in some time. With a considerable amount of new material, this revision is both justified and welcome and is recommended for high-school, undergraduate, and public libraries. Booklist   These resources will be helpful for reports at the high school level and beyond. School Library Journal   Recommended - both volumes. General readers; undergraduates. Choice

Editor: Mark W. Chavalas, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Consulting Editors: Mark S. Aldenderfer, Carole A. Barrett, Jeffrey W. Dippmann, Christopher Ehret, and Katherine Anne Harper ISBN: 978-1-58765-155-7 List Price: $175 April 2004 · 2 volumes · 1,089 pages · 8"x10" Includes Free Online Access Through 12/31/2011 Great Events from History: The Ancient World, Prehistory-476 C.E. Index A Aaron, 214 Aa-woserre. See Apophis Abdi-Ashirta, 206 Abhidhamma, 589 Abhidharmasamuccaya (Asanga), 907 Abhijñānaśākuntala (Kālidāsa), 931 Abner, 241 Aborigines, 9, 96 Abraham, 265 Abram. See Abraham Abu Hureyra settlement, 24-26 Achaea, 306 Achaean League, 654 Achaean War (146 B.C.E.), 654 Achaemenes, 311 Achaemenian Dynasty, 311-314, 384; genealogy, 312 Achilles (legendary figure), 220 Acropolis, 457 Actium, Battle of (31 B.C.E.), 534, 713, 719-722 Acupuncture, development of, 405-407 Adeimantus, 436 Adena culture, 257-259, 262, 326, 641 Adherbal, 565 Adoption stela, 329 Adrianople, Battle of (378 c.e.), 846, 909-912 Adventures of Catullus, and the History of His Amours with Lesbia, The. See Carmina Catulli Aedile, 643 Aegina, 334, 431 Aegospotami, Battle of (405 B.C.E.), 468, 475 Aelia Capitolina, dedication of, 819-820 Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus, 717, 722 Aeneid (Vergil), 724 Aeschylus, 186, 448-450 Aetius, Flavius, 950, 953, 962 Africa; cultivation of rice, 418; gold trade in, 872-873; hunter-gatherers, 566; ironworking, 245-247, 284-285, 287, 418; irrigation, 62; map, xciv; pottery, 249; trade, 872; under Vandals, 950. See also Geographical Index Afse, 960 Agamemnon (legendary figure), 186, 220 Agathocles, 649 Agaw Cushites, 61 Agesilaos. See Agesilaus II of Sparta Agesilaus II of Sparta, 496 Agis, 475 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 769 Agriculture; Abu Hureya, 25; Adena culture, 257; Anasazi culture, 840; Andronovo, 171; Arabia, 299; Bantu, 485, 877, 932; China, 58, 612-614; Cochise culture, 27; Dong Son culture, 488; Euphrates Valley, 24; Garamantes, 416; Greek, 318; Hohokam culture, 557; Jōmon, 18; Moche, 810; Mogollon, 148; Niger-Congo, 67; Nilo-Saharan, 28, 51-53; Oaxaca, 191; Omotics, 60-63; South America, 14; Ubaid, 54. See also Category Index Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 719, 727 Agrippina the Younger, 784 Ahaz, 302 Ahhotep, 190 Ahijah, 268 Ahimsā, 381 Ahmose I, 174, 189 Ahmose II, 330, 371 Ahmose (son of Ebana), 190 Ahmose-Pennekheb, 190 Ahriman (god), 420 Ahron. See Aaron Ahura Mazda (god), 353, 420 Ai Khanoum, 598 Aitareya, 256 Ajanta Caves, Buddhist temples at, 968-969 Ājīvika sect, 446-447 Akam, 742 Akhenaton, 207, 286; Aton worship, 211-213; genealogy, 212 Akiba ben Joseph, 819 Akkadian Dynasty, 128-130; map, cii; table, 129 Aksum, 350, 456; Christianity and, 959; emergence of, 735-737; under Ezana, 883-885; monasticism, 959; stelae at, 847-849; table, 736; trade, 883 Alani, 744-745, 909, 963 Alara, 275, 309 Alaric I, 938, 940 Alatheus, 909 Alcaeus of Lesbos, 362 Alcibiades of Athens, 468, 471, 476, 492 Alcman, 464 Alef, 960 Alemanni, 904 Alesia, Battle of (52 B.C.E.), 684 Aleutian coastal culture, 69-70 Alexander III (the Great), 220, 279, 323, 371, 505, 507, 512-516, 518, 520, 523, 526, 530, 533-536, 581; table, 514; war against Persia, map, 524 Alexander III of Macedonia. See Alexander III (the Great) Alexander IV, 530, 533 Alexander, Saint, 899 Alexandria, 943; Christianity and, 948; founding of, 520-522; mathematics, 943. See also Geographical Index Alienus, Aulus Caecina. See Caecina Alienus, Aulus Alkibiades. See Alcibiades of Athens Alphabet; Arabic, 222; Canaanite, 99; Coptic, 244; Cyrillic, 222, 244; Greek, 222, 243-245, 305; Mayan, 222; Phoenician, 243; Roman, 221-223; Semitic, 222 Alyattes, 331 Amanitare, 287 Amarna letters, 184, 206, 213 Amaterasu (goddess), 41, 547, 861, 923 Ambiorix, 704 Ambrose, Saint, 894, 912-913 Ambrosius. See Ambrose, Saint Ambrosius Aurelianus, 956 Ameinocles, 366 Amen (god), 211 Amen-Ra (god), 151 Amenemhet I, 135, 149 Amenhotep II, 206 Amenhotep III, 184, 206, 211, 286 Amenhotep IV. See Akhenaton Amenirdis, 276, 309 Ammonites, 241 Amphipolis, Battle of (422 B.C.E.), 468 Amśuvarman, 874 Amyrtaeus of Saïs, 235 An Shigao, 970 Anabasis (Xenophon), 477, 494-496 Analects, The. See Lunyu Analytica posterioria (Aristotle), 528 Analytica priora (Aristotle), 529 Ānanda, 586, 589 Anasazi culture, 148, 839-841; map, 148 Anatolian culture, 48-49 Anau culture, 71 Anaxagoras, 414, 474 Anaximander, 356, 409, 559 Anaximenes of Miletus, 356, 414 Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian. See Indica Andean altiplano, settlement of, 32-33 Āndhra Dynasty. See Sātavāhana Dynasty Āndhradeśa, sculpture, 675 Andragoras, 599 Androclus, 248 Andronovo culture, 171-172, 224 Angkor, 747 Anglo-Saxons, 954 Anguttara-nikāya, 590 Animal husbandry; Ayacucho (Andes), 32; Bantu, 485; Kelteminar, 71; Khoikhoi, 567; Kwadi, 567; Niger-Congo, 68; Nilo-Saharan, 28, 52 Anittas, 176 Ankhtifi, 142 Annals of Hattusilis, 177 Antalcidas, 497 Antalcidas, Peace of. See King's Peace Anthony of Egypt, Saint, 870-872 Antigonid Empire, founding of, 530-534 Antigonus I Monophthalmos, 531, 533 Antimachus, 649 Antioch, Christianity and, 764, 948 Antiochus II, 597 Antiochus III (the Great), 598, 600, 644, 649, 654, 664 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 644 Antipater, 533 Antisthenes, 507 Antonios. See Anthony of Egypt, Saint Antonius, Marcus. See Antony, Marc Antonius Primus, Marcus, 789 Antony, Marc, 600, 713, 717, 719, 722 Anytus, 491 Apamea, Peace of (187 B.C.E.), 664 Apocrypha, 593; composition of, 632-634 Apollinarius, 966 Apollo (god), cult of, 291 Apollo 11 Cave, 1 Apollonius of Perga, 577 Apologia Sōkratous (Plato), 491 Apology. See Apologia Sōkratous Apophis, 139, 189 Apophthegmata Patrum, 871 Apostle Paul. See Paul, Saint Apostles, 763 Apostles' Creed, 833 Appian Way, building of, 543-545 Apries, 330 Aqhat epic, 209-210 Aqiba ben Joseph. See Akiba ben Joseph Aqueduct, Roman, 540-542 Aquila of Pontus, 591, 776 Aquillius, Manius, 665 Arabia; agriculture, 299; irrigation, 299 Aragawi, 960 Arameans, 229-230, 301 Āranyakas, 197 Arbela, Battle of. See Gaugamela, Battle of Arcadius, 846, 938 Arch, exploitation of, 335, 603-604 Archaic cultures (North America), 26, 35-37, 326; hunter-gatherers, 36 Archelaus, 473 Archias, 307 Archidamian War (431-421 B.C.E.), 471 Archimedes, 584-586 Architecture; Anasazi culture, 839; arch, 603; Britain, 91; Caral (Peru), 119-121; Chavín, 270; Egypt, 109, 116; El Paraíso, 163-165; Elamites, 100; Greece, 459; Kerma, 159; Kushān, 817; Lima culture, 834; Maya, 838; Minoan, 181; Moche, 811; Monte Albán, 422; Mycenaean, 187; Olmec civilization, 201; Paracas, 325; Phrygia, 280; Saite Dynasty, 329; Temple of Jerusalem, 263; Teotihuacán, 748, 807; Yeha, 456. See also Category Index Archytas of Tarentum, 377 Ardashīr I, 601, 804, 856 Ardys, 331 Argead Dynasty, 504; table, 506 Argos, 496 Arianism, 899, 910, 965; Valens, 911; Vandals, 951; Visigoths, 938 Ariaramnes, 312 Aristagoras, 425 Aristarchus of Samos, 577 Aristarchus of Samothrace, 363 Aristeas, Letter of, 591 Aristides of Athens, 440 Aristocles. See Plato Aristonicus, 665 Aristophanes, 363, 492, 499-501 Aristotle, 414, 513, 516, 528, 539 Arius, 899, 911 Ark of the Covenant, 241, 848 Armenian Empire, 689-691 Arminius, 728, 754 Armor, 321 Army; Assyrian, 301; Egyptian, 122; Han Dynasty, 657; Macedonian, 512-513; Roman, 669 Arpachiyah, 54, 65 Arrian, 744 Arsaces, 600, 888 Arsinoe II Philadelphus, 711 Art; Buddhist, 804; Chavín, 270; Egyptian, 151, 212; Gandharan, 740, 804, 817; Gupta Dynasty, 915; Hallstatt, 233; Izapan, 555; Monte Albán, 422. See also Paintings; Petroglyphs; Pictographs; Sculpture Art of War, The. See Sunzi Bingfa Artabanus V, 856 Artaphernes, 425, 428 Artatarma I, 184 Artavasdes II, 690 Artaxerxes I, 361 Artaxerxes II, 478, 494, 497 Artaxerxes IV, 525 Arthaśāstra (Kautilya), 480-482, 537, 915 Artorius, 956 Arya Asanaga. See Asanga Aryans, 199-201 Asana, 32 Asanga, 907 Asceticism, 380, 917; Ājīvika sect, 446; India, 255 Ashoka. See Aśoka Ashqelon, 314 Ashur, looting of, 184 Ashur-nirâri V, 300 Ashur-uballit I, 184, 272 Ashurbanipal, 100, 152, 235, 287, 328 Ashurnasirpal II, 273 Ashvaghosa. See Aśvaghosa Asia Minor. See Geographical Index Aśoka, 347, 568, 579-581, 587, 589, 596, 673, 739, 969 Aspelta, 287, 348 Assaceni Kingdom, 526 Assyrian Empire, 311, 328, 340; land reform, 300; map, ciii; Second, 272-275; table, 274; under Tiglath-pileser III, 300-303 Astādhyāyī (Pānini), 407-409 Astronomy; Anasazi culture, 841; Caral (Peru), 120; China, 672; Hellenistic, 576-578; Maya, 837; Stonehenge, 93 Astyages, 313, 370 Aśvaghosa, 740, 823 Ataulf, 939 Athanasius of Alexandria, Saint, 634, 870, 894, 899 Athapaskan, 38 Atharvaveda, 197 Athenian Empire, 440-443, 470; invasion of Sicily, 470-473; map, 441 Athens, 358, 425; navy, 431, 440; war with Sparta, 467 Atkinson, R. J. C., 91 Atlatl, 23 Ātman, 636 Aton (god), 207, 212 Attalid Dynasty, 664; table, 666 Attalus I, 534, 664 Attalus II, 664 Attalus III, 665, 667 Attila, 846, 962, 974; invasion of Roman Empire, 952-954 Aubrey, John, 91 Aubrey Holes, 91 Augustine, Saint, 592, 633, 894, 919, 941; Manichaeanism and, 858 Augustus (first Roman emperor), 565, 601, 705, 710, 713, 717, 719, 721-724, 727, 730, 751, 753, 772 Aulus Caecina Alienus. See Caecina Alienus, Aulus Aulus Vitellius. See Vitellius, Aulus Aurelian, 973 Aurelius Orestes, Lucius, 655 Australia, 9-10; map, 125; origin myths, 96; religion, 96 Austronesian languages, 155 Avebury, 92, 137 Avesta, 354 Awibre Hor, 150 Awil-Marduk, 341 Axial Age, 255 Ayacucho caves, 32 Ayoub, Mohammed S., 416 Āyurveda, 351 Aziru, 206 B B'iu-nam. See Funan Baby Jaguar. See Ix Une Balam Babylon; Assyrian conquest of, 302; fall of (539 B.C.E.), 313, 371, 373-374; sack of (1595 B.C.E.), 177 Babylonia; map, ciii; social structure, 169; women, 169 Babylonian captivity, 340, 360, 371, 375 Babylonian/Nabonidus Chronicle, 313 Bactria, 597, 649 Baekje. See Paekje Bahrām I, 858 Bakenranef, 309, 328 Balamir, 622 Ball games, 202, 685 Ballcourt Mound, 166 Ban Biao, 800 Ban Chiang culture, 80-82 Ban Gu, 800 Ban Zhao, 800 Banpo, 58, 102 Bantu people, 485-486; invention of copper metallurgy, 876-878; terra-cotta sculpture, 932-933. See also Chifumbaze culture Baopuzi (Ge Hong), 926 Bar Kokhba, 819 Barrows, 91 Bashidang, 42 Basket Makers. See Anasazi culture Basketry; Anasazi culture, 839; Cochise culture, 27; Hohokam culture, 558 Bat Cave, 26 Bat Zabbai. See Zenobia Batrachoi (Aristophanes), 500 Battle-Ax people, 136; pottery, 136 Battle of _______. See _______, Battle of BaTwa people, 6-8 Beaker people, 92, 136-138 Bede the Venerable, Saint, 956 Beglar, J. D., 569 Belgae, 703 Bellum Catilinae (Sallust), 698 Belshazzar, 372, 374 Berbers, 134-136, 260, 281, 564; expansion across North Africa, 227-229 Bering Strait migrations, 3, 5-6; map, 4 Beringia, 3, 22 Bessus. See Artaxerxes IV Bhagavad Gita. See Bhagavadgītā Bhagavadgītā, 490, 630, 635-637, 916 Bhagavati Sūtra, 446 Bhakti, 630 Bible, 591, 774, 917; flood, 154; Jewish, table, 798. See also Genesis, Book of; New Testament; Old Testament; Septuagint; Vulgate Bindusāra, 579 Birth and rebirth, cycle of, 255, 346, 381, 447, 630, 740, 927. See also Reincarnation Birth of the War-God, The. See Kumārasambhava Bithynia-Pontus, 813 Black Pottery culture. See Longshan culture Black Sea region, Greek colonization of, 305-307 Blackstone, Kathryn, 676 Blegen, Carl, 219 Boats; Aleuts, 70; Rhapta, 688 Bocchus, 564 Bodh Gayā, 569 Bodhi tree, 346, 568, 580, 596 Bodhidharma, 969 Bodhisattva, 908 Boeotia, 498, 654 Bonampak, 837 Bonifacius, 950 Bonnet, Charles, 160 Book burning, 411, 606-607, 611, 671, 679 Book of Changes. See Yijing Book of the Dead, 194-196 Borza, Eugene, 504 Botany, study of, 538-540 Boudicca's revolt (60 c.e.), 769, 779-782 Boule, 395 Boustrophedon, 244 Bow and arrow, development of, 262 Bradshaw, Joseph, 9 Bradshaw paintings, 9 Brāhmanas, 197, 630 Brahmanism, 255 Brandberg Mountain, 1 Brasidas of Sparta, 467 Breitenbach, Hans R., 495 Breuil, Abbé Henri-Édouard-Prosper, 11 Brhad-āranyaka, 256 Bright, John, 316 Brihatkathā (Gunādhya), 675 Britain; Caesar's invasion of, 704; map, 769; Roman conquest of, 768-771; Saxon settlement of, 954-957; villages, 91. See also Geographical Index Bronze Age; Andronovo culture, 171; Ban Chiang, 81; Beaker people, 137; Britain, 92; Canaan, 97; China, 178; Cimmerians, 252; Hittites, 175; Japan, 561; Karasuk culture, 224; Kerma, 160; Mycenaean, 186; Syria-Palestine, 229; Urnfield culture, 208 Bronzework; Dong Son culture, 487; Western Zhou, 237 Brutus, Marcus Junius, 713, 717, 721, 730 Bubalus period, 20 Buchanan-Hamilton, Francis, 569 Buci, 178 Bucolics. See Eclogues Buddha, 380, 398, 568, 586, 589, 676, 680, 969; biography of, 824; images of, 817 Buddhabhadra, 929, 968 Buddhacarita (Aśvaghosa), 823-825 Buddhacharitam. See Buddhacarita Buddhaghosa, 399, 589 Buddhism, 112, 256, 346-348, 398, 446, 629, 632, 650, 674, 739; Asanga and, 907-909; Aśoka and, 579; China, 929, 947, 969-972; Eightfold Path, 970; entrance into China, 782-783; entrance into Sri Lanka, 595-597; Five Precepts, 970; Kanishka and, 816; Korea, 879; Licchavi Dynasty, 874; Mon, 155; monasticism, 969; nuns, 676; painting, 968; Pyu, 734; sculpture, 922, 968; temples at Ajanta Caves, 968-969; Theravāda, 156; Three Kingdoms Period, 866. See also Chan Buddhism Buddhist Birth-Stories. See Jātakas Buddhist Council, First, 346, 586, 589 Buddhist Council, Second, 347, 586, 589, 739 Buddhist Council, Third, 347, 579, 586-589, 596, 739 Buddhist Council, Fourth, 739-741, 816, 823 Buhen, 122 Burials; Abu Hureyra, 25; Adena culture, 257; Andronovo culture, 171; Beaker people, 137; Berbers, 135; Britain, 91; Çatalhüyük, 48; Chavín de Huantár, 271; China, 620; Chinchorro, 63; Eastern Woodland, 36; Egypt, 143, 150, 234, 287, 310, 329; Etruscan, 335; Ghana, 886; Halafian, 66; Hallstatt, 231; Hopewell culture, 327, 640; Indus Valley civilization, 85; Japan, 861, 880, 924; Karsuk culture, 224; Kelteminar, 71; Kerma, 139, 159; Kitoi culture, 50; Lima culture, 834; Monte Albán, 423; Moorehead tradition, 73; Mycenaean, 187; Niger River, 418; Ohio Valley, 326; Old Copper complex, 79; Paracas, 324; Phrygia, 280; Red Paint culture, 73; Telamarchay (Andes), 32; Urnfield culture, 208; Valdivia culture, 87; wagon, 231; Yangshao, 58 Burma, 734 Burna-Buriyash, 206 Bush Barrow, 93 Bushnell, David T., 73 Butuans, 107 Byzantium, 306, 902, 973 C Cacao, 554 Caecilius Metellus, Quintus, 655 Caecina Alienus, Aulus, 788 Caepia Brutus, Quintus. See Brutus, Marcus Junius Caesar, Julius, 565, 682, 697, 702, 706, 709, 714, 721, 727, 768 Caesar, Lucius Julius. See Julius Caesar, Lucius Caesar Germanicus, Gaius. See Caligula Cai Lun, 812 Cai Wenji. See Cai Yan Cai Yan, 850-851 Caiaphas, 761 Calchedon, 306 Calendar; Izapan, 555; Mayan, 837; Zapotec, 686 Caligula, 772 Callicrates (architect), 458 Callicrates (statesman), 654 Calligraphy, Chinese, 179, 812 Callistratus. See Aristophanes Cambodia. See Chenla; Funan Cambyses I, 312, 370 Cambyses II, 235, 313, 372, 375, 384 Camels, 21, 872 Campania, 510 Canaanites, 97-99; religion, 99 Cānakya. See Kauzilya Cankam, 742-744 Canuleian Law, 460-461 Canuleius, Gaius, 461 Cao Cao, 822, 830, 850, 852, 866, 896 Cao Pei, 830, 866, 896 Cape Verde, settlement at, 13 Capua, 544 Caputo, Giacomo, 416 Caracalla, 973 Caral (Peru), construction of complex at, 119-121 Caratacus, 780 Carians, 248, 387 Carmina Catulli (Catullus), 707 Carrhae, Battle of (53 B.C.E.), 600 Carthage, 306, 564-565, 581, 614, 626, 651; founding of, 281-284; map, 282; Vandal conquest of, 950-952 Caso, Alfonso, 423 Cassius Longinus, Gaius, 721 Cassivellaunus, 768 Caste system, India, 199, 255, 347, 352, 380 Castro, Rubén Cabrera, 808 Catalaunian Plain, Battle of. See Châlons, Battle of Çatalhüyük, 48-49, 67 Catiline conspiracy (63-62 B.C.E.), 697-699 Cato the Censor, 651 Cato the Elder. See Cato the Censor Catullus, 706-708, 730 Catus Decianus, 780 Catuvellauni, 780 Causes of Plants, The. See Peri phytikon aition Cavalry, 75, 273, 301, 304 Cave temples, Buddhist, 922, 968-969 Celestial Masters movement, 821-823, 926, 970 Celestine I, 948, 957 Celts, 208, 233, 699, 703, 768; map, 683 Central Asia. See Geographical Index Cephas. See Peter, Saint Ch'en Pa-hsien. See Chen Baxian Ch'eng-ti. See Chengdi Ch'in Dynasty. See Qin Dynasty Ch'in Dynasty, Earlier. See Qin Dynasty, Earlier Ch'in Hsiaokung. See Xiaogong Ch'in Shih Huang-ti. See Shi Huangdi Ch'u tz'u: The Songs of the South. See Chu ci zhang ju Chaco Canyon, 840 Chaeronea, Battle of (338 B.C.E.), 505, 507, 511-513, 523 Chak Tok Ich'aak I, 795 Chalcedon, Council of. See Ecumenical Council, Fourth Chalkis, 306 Châlons, Battle of (451 c.e.), 953, 962-965 Chan, Wing-tsit, 550 Chan Buddhism, 783, 822, 969-972 Chāndogya, 256 Chandragupta I, 874, 914 Chandragupta II, 914 Chandragupta Maurya, 381, 480, 535, 579 Chang Ch'ien. See Zhang Qian Chang Chüeh. See Zhang Jue Chang Liang. See Zhang Liang Chang Pao. See Zhang Bao Chang Tao-ling. See Zhang Daoling Changan, 623 Chao Dynasty, Earlier. See Zhao Dynasty, Earlier Chariots, 21, 75, 83, 171, 199, 443 Chatters, James, 44 Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave paintings, 12 Chavín de Huántar, 270-272; map, 270 Chen Baxian, 946 Chen Dynasty, 946 Cheng. See Shi Huangdi Cheng Tang, 146 Cheng Yin. See Zheng Yin Chengchou. See Zhengzhou Chengdi, 756 Chenla, 155, 747 Cheops. See Khufu Chephren. See Khafre Chēra kings, 743 Cherusci, 754 Chi. See Qi Chi-Chih, 622 Chiao Chih, 766 Chichén Itzá, 837 Chifumbaze culture, 249-251; table, 250 Chin, 131 China; agriculture, 612-614; education, 403; feudalism, 237; founding of (traditional), 112-114; influence on Korea, 879; invention of writing, 59, 103, 112, 178; irrigation, 295, 605, 612; Japan and, 924; land reform, 295, 921; Licchavi Dynasty and, 875; Manichaeanism and, 859; map, cvii; medicine, 113, 405; military strategy, 853, 866; nomads, 605; poetry, 851; religion, 295, 483, 588, 782, 920; trade, 783, 947; unification of, 295; warfare, 400, 443; women, 801. See also Geographical Index Chinchorro culture, 63-65 Chinese Book of Etiquette and Conduct for Women and Girls, The. See Nu jie Chou Dynasty. See Zhou Dynasty Christian Church, 765, 774, 833, 891, 893 Christianity, 591, 632, 732, 776; Aksum and, 737, 847; conversion of Constantine, 890-892; conversion of Ezana, 884; conversion of Ireland, 957-959; conversion of Paris, 864-865; founding of, 760; Manichaeanism and, 859; Nestorian, 629; New Testament, 774; Roman Empire and, 814, 941, 973; similarities to Mithraism, 421; state religion of Roman Empire, 911-914, 944; theology, 832-834; writings of, 833 Christians; Decius's persecution of, 862-864; Diocletian's persecution of, 865, 869, 890; Nero's persecution of, 784, 786-787; Trajan's persecution of, 813-816 Chrysippus, 559 Chu ci zhang ju (Wang Yi), 102 Chu Hsi. See Zhi Xi Chuang Chou. See Zhuangzi Chuang-tzu. See Zhuangzi Chunqiu (Confucius), 294, 396-398, 411, 656 Church-state problem, 893-895 Cicero, 560, 697, 706, 709, 718 Cimmerians, 252-253, 331; invasion of Phrygia, 279; Scythians and, 277-279 Cimon, 440 Cirta, Sack of (112 B.C.E.), 565 Citadel of Mycenae, 187 Cities; Canaan, 97; Çatalhüyük, 48; Harappā , 84; Mohenjo-Daro, 85; Ubaid, 76; Uruk, 82 Citizenship, Roman Republic, 460, 510, 691 City formation; Indus Valley, 84-86; Mesopotamia, 82-84; Sumer, 89 City of God, The. See De civitate Dei City-states; Etruscan, 335; Greek, 288, 424, 432, 516; Ionian, 248; Jenne, 546; Mesopotamia, 128; Sparta, 303; Sumerian, 77 Civil service examination system, Chinese, 411, 484, 657 Civil War, First (88-82 B.C.E.), 694 Classes of society, China, 295 Classic of Rituals. See Liji Claudius I, 565, 769, 772, 780 Claudius II Gothicus, 973 Claudius Caecus, Appius, 543 Claudius Caudex, Appius, 582 Claudius Crassus, Appius, 451 Claudius Drusus, Nero, 727 Claudius Glaber, Gaius, 694 Claudius Marcellus, Marcus, 584 Claudius Ptolemaeus. See Ptolemy (astronomer) Claudius Sabinus Inregillensis, Appius, 427 Cleanthes, 559 Clearchus, 478, 494 Cleisthenes of Athens, 431; reforms of, 394-395 Clement of Alexandria, 344 Cleomenes I, 394, 425 Cleon of Athens, 467, 499 Cleopatra VII, 534, 711-714, 719, 722 Cloaca Maxima, 337 Clodia, 706 Clodianus, Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus. See Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Gnaeus Clodius Pulcher, Publius, 706, 709 Cloud Messenger, The. See Meghadūta Clouds, The. See Nephelai Clovis culture, 5, 15, 22-24 Cnidus, Battle of (394 B.C.E.), 497 Cochise culture, 26-27 Codrus, 248 Coe, Michael, 556 Cohort, 670 Coins; Aksum, 736; Kushān, 816; Lydia, 333; Pyu, 734; usage of, 332-334 Comenatrii de bello Gallico (Caesar), 702 Commentaries. See Comenatrii de bello Gallico Commentaries, Chinese, 396 Commodus, 973 Compendium of the Higher Teaching. See Abhidharmasamuccaya Complete Works of Chuang Tzu, The. See Zhuangzi Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu. See Hanfeizi Confucian Four Books, 404 Confucianism, 295, 411, 437; criticism of, 575; Dong Zhongshu and, 656, 671-673; Eastern Han Dynasty, 830; Guang Wudi and, 759; Han Dynasty, 624, 658, 842; Huang-Lao, 112; Korea, 879; Legalism and, 572, 605, 610; Mohism and, 483; Shun and, 112; Tao Qian and, 936; Wang Mang and, 756; Warring States Period, 444, 671, 678; Yao and, 112 Confucius, 294, 396, 403, 411, 437, 444, 550, 572, 574, 656, 672, 679 Conkey, Margaret W., 12 Conspiracy of Catiline, The. See Bellum Catilinae Constans I, 894 Constantine II, 894 Constantine the Great, 887, 893, 899, 901, 973; conversion to Christianity, 890-892 Constantinople, 973; founding of, 901-904; map, 902 Constantius II, 888, 894, 904 Constitution; mixed, 710; Roman, 394, 431, 570 Consuls, 642 Cook, Angel García, 809 Cook, Harold, 30 Copán, 837 Copper working; Archaic Indian, 79; Archaic Indians, 261; Bantu, 876-877; Beaker people, 92 Coptos, 142 Corcyra, 306-307, 466 Corded-Ware people. See Battle-Ax people Corinth, 306-307, 466, 496; sack of (146 B.C.E.), 654-656 Corinthian War (395-386 B.C.E.), 479, 496 Corn cultivation, 27, 87, 557 Cornelius, Saint, 863 Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Gnaeus, 694 Cornelius Scipio, Gnaeus, 616 Cornelius Scipio, Publius, 564, 616 Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, Publius. See Scipio Aemilianus Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Publius. See Scipio Africanus. Cornelius Sulla, Lucius. See Sulla, Lucius Cornelius Corupedion, Battle of (281 B.C.E.), 534 Cosmology, Greek, 355-358 Cotton, 545; cultivation of, 52; El Paraíso, 164 Covenant between Israel and Yahweh, 215, 265 Cowgill, George, 808 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 600, 695, 697, 709, 717 Crassus Dives Mucianus, Publius Licinius. See Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus, Publius Creamer, Winifred, 119 Cremona, First Battle of (April, 69 c.e.), 788 Cremona, Second Battle of (Oct., 69 c.e.), 789 Crete, 187; women, 182 Critias of Athens, 475, 492 Crito, 493. See Kritōn Critolaus, 655 Crixus, 694 Croesus, 331, 370 Croton, 306 Ctesiphon, Battle of (363 c.e.), 888 Cui Hao, 920 Cultural and intellectual history. See Category Index Cumae, 306 Cumae, Battle of (474 B.C.E.), 393 Cunaxa, Battle of (401 B.C.E.), 478, 494 Cuneiform, 89, 129, 221, 243 Cunningham, Alexander, 568 Curl Snout. See Nuun Yax Ayiin I Cursus honorum, 642-643 Cyaxares, 331 Cynicism, 507-509 Cyprian of Carthage, Saint, 862 Cyrene, 306 Cyril of Alexandria, Saint, 906, 944, 948, 966 Cyrus I, 312 Cyrus Cylinder, 313, 372 Cyrus the Great, 311, 331, 360, 370, 374-375, 384, 431, 434 Cyrus the Younger, 478, 494 D Da Xue (Confucius), 403-405, 412 Da'amat, 456 Daisen kofun, 881 Daksiputra Pānini. See Pānini Damascus, Assyrian destruction of, 302 Damasus I, 912, 917 Danger Cave, 26 Daniels, Charles, 416 Dao, 549, 574, 659, 843 Dao De Jing (Laozi), 549-551, 574, 659, 821, 842 Dao Wudi, 920 Daoism, 112, 444, 549, 574, 658, 671, 678, 821, 970; Lingbao and, 925; medicine and, 405; Tao Qian and, 936; universal salvation, 927; Wang Bi and Guo Xiang's revival of, 842-844 Darius I (the Great), 100, 235, 311, 353, 361, 372, 384, 387, 421, 425, 428, 431, 434 Darius II, 478, 523 Darius III, 313, 518 Dark Age, Greek, 291, 305 Data (Euclid), 553 Datis, 428 Datong, 920 David, 241, 263, 265, 267, 269, 762 Davis, Edwin H., 640 De aquis urbis Romae (Frontinus), 542 De Causis Plantarum. See Peri phytikon aition De civitate Dei (Augustine), 940-942 De cujuslibet animi peccatorum dignotione atque medela (Galen), 826 De historia plantarum. See Peri phytikon historion De naturalibus facultatibus (Galen), 825 De propriorum animi cujusque affectuum dignotione et curatione (Galen), 826 De republica (Cicero), 709-711 De usu partium corporis humani (Galen), 825 Dead Sea Scrolls, 593-595, 661 Decimus Junius Juvenalis. See Juvenal Decius, 862 Delian League, 432, 440, 470 Delphic Oracle, 291-293, 331-332 Demeter (god), 343 Demetrius I, 649 Demetrius II, 649 Demetrius Poliorcetes, 531, 534 Democritus, 357 Demosthenes (general), 467, 472 Demosthenes (statesman), 505, 511 Den, 95 Denis, Saint, 864 Description of Greece. See Periegesis Hellados Desert culture, 26, 35; social structure, 35; villages, 36; women, 35 De Vaux, Roland, 593 Devī Māhātmyam, 934-935 Dhammapala, 676 Dhanananda, 480, 536 Dharmaraksha, 680 Diadochi, 533-535; table, 534 Diaeus, 654 Dido, 281 Dīgha-nikāya, 589 Dikran. See Tigranes the Great Dinocrates, 521 Diocles. See Diocletian Diocletian, 868, 901, 973 Diodotus I, 597, 599, 649 Diodotus II, 598, 649 Diogenes (philosopher), 507-509, 559 Diogenes Laertius (biographer), 507 Dionysius (tyrant of Syracuse), 308 Dionysius, Saint. See Denis, Saint Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 382 Dionysius of Paris. See Denis, Saint Dionysos (god), 343 Dīpavamsa, 587 Disunity, Period of (China), 920 Ditheism, 353 Divination, 178, 335, 412, 744 Divine Classic of Nan-hua, The. See Zhuangzi Djedkare, 141 Djer, 95 Djet, 95 Djoser. See Zoser Dominate, 868-870, 901 Domitian, 805 Donatists, 950 Dong Son culture, 487-488 Dong Zhongshu, 656, 671-673, 678 Dong Zhuo, 830 Dong Zobin, 178 Dorians, 247, 303 Dorset culture, 319-320 Draco, 338 Drama; Greek, 449, 473, 500; Gupta Dynasty, 916; Indian, 824, 930; Roman, 646 Dream stela, 329 Dreamtime, 96 Druidism, 699-702, 779; table, 701 Drums, Dong Son, 487 Drusus, Marcus Livius. See Livius Drusus, Marcus Drusus, Nero Claudius. See Claudius Drusus, Nero Du yi zhi (Li Rong), 102 Duilius, Gaius, 583 Dumézil, Georges, 490 Dynasty of Raghu, The. See Raghuvamka E Eannatum, 106 Early Archaic period (South America), 14 Early Dynastic period (Mesopotamia), 104-106 Earthquakes, 182 Earthworks; Hopewell, 640; Poverty Point, 165 Eastern Cushites, 61 Eastern Woodland culture, 36, 257 Eastern Zhou Dynasty. See Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Ecbatana, 370 Eclogues (Vergil), 725 Ecumenical Council, Second (381 c.e.), 900, 917, 966 Ecumenical Council, Third (431 c.e.), 966 Ecumenical Council, Fourth (451 c.e.), 774, 949, 960, 965-967 Edict of Telepinus, 177 Education; China, 403; Greek, 462 Egypt; under Assyria, 235; Assyrian invasions of, 287, 328; Berber invasions of, 227; conquering of Upper, 275-277, 287; Hittites and, 216; Hyksos and, 173, 206; invention of writing, 221; Kerma and, 160; under Nubia, 234; under Persia, 235; pyramids, 151; religion, 151, 194, 207, 286; under Saïs, 235; unification of Lower and Upper, 94-96. See also Geographical Index Egyptian dynasties; First, 94, table, 94; Third, 109; Fourth, 109; Fifth, 110, 141; Sixth, 110, 141; Ninth and Tenth, 142; Eleventh, 149; Twelfth, 149; Thirteenth, 150, 173; Fifteenth, 189; Sixteenth, 189; Seventeenth, 174; Eighteenth, 174, 184, 211, map, xcvi; Nineteenth, 228, 286, Twentieth, 234; Twenty-first, 234, 275, 286; Twenty-second, 275, 287; Twenty-fifth, 234, 276, 309-311, 328, 348, table, 276; Twenty-sixth (Saite), table, 329; Twenty-eighth, 235; Thirtieth, 235 Eighteenth Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Eightfold Path, 346, 970 Eirēnē (Aristophanes), 499 Ekron, 314 El Paraíso, construction of, 163-165 Elamite Empire, 99-101, 105; religion, 100; table, 100 Elements. See Stoicheia Eleusinian Mysteries, 343-345 Eleventh Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Elgin Marbles, 459 Elohist, 266 Empedocles, 414 English Translation of the Sushrata Samhita, An. See Suśruta Samhitā Enheduanna, 129, 132-134 Enlightenment, 256, 346, 568, 580, 740, 907-908, 969; sudden, 970 Enoch, Book of, 633 Enquiry into Plants and Minor Works on Odours and Weather Signs. See Peri phytikon historion Ensete cultivation, 61 Epaminondas, 322, 498 Ephialtes of Athens, 440 Epictetus, 560 Epirus, 582, 654 Epodes (Horace), 730 Erasistratus, 825 Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 577, 584 Eretria, 308 Erga kai Emerai (Hesiod), 317 Eridu, 76, 82 Erythraian people, 28 Esarhaddon, 287, 328 Essenes, 593, 661 Ethiopia. See Aksum Etruscan civilization, 335-338, 390, 393, 603; map, 336; social reform, 337 Ettuttokai, 742 Euclid, 584 Eucratides I, 649 Eumenes II (king of Pergamum), |664 Eumenes (Macedonian general), 533 Euripides, 448, 473-475 Europe. See Geographical Index Eurybiades, 436 Eurymedon, Battle of (c. 467 B.C.E.), 440 Eusebius of Caesarea, 288, 775, 899 Eusebius of Nicomedia, 899 Eustochium, 917 Euthydemus I, 598, 649 Euthydemus II, 649 Eutyches of Constantinople, 966 Evans, Sir Arthur, 180 "Exaltation of Inanna, The." See "Nin-me-sar-ra" Exodus (Israelite), 213-216 Expansion and land acquisition. See Category Index Expedition of Cyrus. See Anabasis Ezana, 350, 737, 847, 883-885 Ezra, 361, 375, 798 F Fabian, Saint, 862, 864 Fabius Valens, 788 Fagg, Bernard, 253 Fa-hsiang. See Faxiang Fan Shih-man, 747 Fangshi, 926 Fattovich, Rodolfo, 456 Faxian, 568, 579, 928-930, 969; Gupta Dynasty and, 915 Faxian Zhuan. See Fo guo ji Faxiang, 908 Feathered Serpent Pyramid (Teotihuacán), 750, 809 Fei River, Battle of the (383 c.e.), 920 Feng shui, 103 Fergana, horses of, 628 Feudalism, Chinese, 237 Fifteenth Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Fifth Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Figgins, Jesse, 30 Filial piety, 756 Fiorelli, Giuseppe, 793 First Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties First Intermediate Period (Egypt), 141-143; table, 142 First Step Shark. See Yax Ehb "Xook" Fishing, Bantu, 877 Five Classics. See Wujing Five elements (Chinese), 406 Five Great Vows (Jainism), 381 Five Overlords of the Spring and Autumn Period, 294 Five Precepts (Buddhist), 970 Flaccus, Marcus Fulvius. See Fulvius Flaccus, Marcus Flavian, Saint, 966 Flavian Dynasty, 789; genealogy, 788 Flavius Aetius. See Aetius, Flavius Flood, biblical, 154 Florus, Gessius. See Gessius Florus Fo guo ji (Faxian), 928 Fo Koue Ki. See Fo guo ji Folsom culture, 16, 22, 30-31; hunter-gatherers, 30 Ford, James, 165 Forms, theory of. See Ideas, theory of Fortresses, Egyptian, 139 Four Emperors, Year of the, 787-789 Four humors, theory of, 825 Four Noble Truths, 346 Fourth Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Franks, 963 Fritigern, 909 Frogs, The. See Batrachoi Frumentius, Saint, 847, 884, 960 Fu Xi, 102-104 Fujinoki kofun, 882 Fulvius Flaccus, Marcus, 692 Funan, 155, 746-747 G Gāhākośa. See Gāthāsaptaśati Gaius (Roman jurist), 828 Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus. See Diocletian Gaius Claudius Glaber. See Claudius Glaber, Gaius Gaius Maecenas. See Maecenas, Gaius Gaius Marius. See Marius, Gaius Gaius Sempronius Gracchus. See Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius Galba, Servius Sulpicius, 787 Galen, 825-827 Galla Placidia, 939, 950 Gandhara, 384, 804 Gao (Africa), 261 Gaodi. See Liu Bang Gaozu. See Liu Bang Garamantes, 416-417 Garima, 960 Garlington, Thomas S., 641 Gash civilization, 107-108 Gathas, 354 Gāthāsaptaśati (Hāla), 675 Gaugamela, Battle of (331 B.C.E.), 520, 523-525 Gaul, 684, 727, 745, 787; Attila's invasion of, 953; Caesar's conquest of, 702-705; Christianity and, 864; Druidism, 699 Gautama Śākyamuni. See Buddha Gautamīputra Sātakarni, 674 Gaya. See Kaya Gaza, Battle of (312 B.C.E.), 532 Ge Chaofu, 925 Ge Hong, 926 Ge Xuan, 926 Gebel Barkal, 276, 287, 309 Gellius Publicola, Lucius, 694 Genealogia (Hecataeus of Miletus), 453 Genesis, Book of, 265-266 Genseric, 950, 974 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 91 Geometry, 552 Georgics (Vergil), 724 Germa, 416 Germanic tribes, 704, 728, 754, 846, 910, 953 Germanicus, 728 Ges Periodos (Hecataeus of Miletus), 409-410, 454 Gessius Florus, 790 Ghana (ancient), 872, 885-887; trade, 886 Gibson, Jon L., 165 Gilgamesh (legendary figure), 78, 104, 152 Gilgamesh epic, 152-154 Glaber, Gaius Claudius. See Claudius Glaber, Gaius Gladiators, 694 Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. See Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Gnaeus Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo. See Pompeius Strabo, Gnaeus Gnosticism, 775, 833, 858 Goguryeo. See Koguryŏ Gold; mining of, 872; trading of, 260, 419 Goloubew, Victor, 487 Gongylus, 471 Gordium, 279 Gordius (legendary figure), 279 Gorgias, 462 Gośāla Maskarīputra, 446-447 Gospel, Pentecostal, 763-766 Gospels, 774 Goths. See Visigoths Government, representative, 394. See also Category Index, "Government and politics" Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, 666, 669, 692 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, 665, 667-669 Grain cultivation; Bantu, 485; Cochise culture, 27; East Asian, 42-43; Niger-Congo, 68; Nilo-Saharan, 28, 52 Granicus, Battle of (334 B.C.E.), 518 Gratian, 745, 894, 909, 911 Great Flood (Mesopotamia), 104, 153 Great Learning, The. See Da Xue Great Pyramid at Giza, 110, 116-119 Great Wall of China, 606, 618, 621, 759; building of, 607-609; table, 609 Greco-Bactrian kingdom, 597-599; under Menander, 649-650 Greco-Persian War (499-449 B.C.E.), 313, 384, 425, 434, 440, 466; map, 435 Greece; areas of influence, map, xcix; battles with Carthage, 281; use of coins in, 333-334; colonization of the Mediterranean, 303, 305-307, 333; education, 462; map, xcviii; mathematics, 377, 414; medicine, 413-415, 825; military strategy, 321, 432, 467; Persian invasion of, 434-437; poetry, 730; political reform, 395; religion, 181, 289, 291, 318, 343, 378; social reform, 358; social structure, 318, 358; trade, 333; women, 318, 364. See also Geographical Index Gregorovius, Ferdinand, 653 Gregory of Tours, 864 Gretzer, Wilhelm, 324 Grey, Sir George, 9, 96 Grube, Nikolai, 795 Guang Wudi, 757-758 Guba, 960 Gunādhya, 675 Guo Shentong, 759 Guo Xiang, 574, 842 Gupta Dynasty, 804, 930; under Chandragupta II, 914-916; mathematics, 916; painting, 915; poetry, 916; table, 915 Gyges, 248, 329, 331 Gylippus, 468, 471 H Haas, Jonathan, 119 Hades (god), 343 Hadrian, 604, 770, 773, 819, 832 Hadrian's Wall, 770 Haggai, 375 Hāla, 675 Halab, 176 Halafian culture, 65-67, 76 Hall, Harry R., 53 Hallstatt culture, 231-234, 682; map, 232 Hamilcar Barca, 616 Hammurabi, 100, 126, 272; law code of, 168-171 Han Dynasty, 411, 469, 606, 612, 622, 658, 671; Eastern, 612, 758, 829, table, 759; fall of, 852; founding of, 623-625; Koguryŏ Kingdom and, 878; Korea and, 131; map, cvii; restoration of, 756, 758-760; Western, 612, 758, table, 624; under Wudi, 656-658 Han Dynasty, Former. See Han Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Later. See Han Dynasty, Eastern Han Fei-tzu. See Hanfeizi Han Shu (Ban), 800 Hanfeizi (Hanfeizi), 572 Hanfeizi, 444, 572 Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 341, 373 Haniwa, 882 Hannibal, 616, 625, 651, 692 Harappān culture, 84, 199. See also Indus Valley civilization Harding, G. Lankester, 593 Haremakhet, 309 Harisena, 968 Harkhuf, 122, 134; inscription of, 110, 160 Harwa, 276 Hasdrubal (Hamilcar Barca's son-in-law), 616 Hasdrubal Barca (Hamilcar Barca's son), 617, 625 Hashihaka kofun, 881 Hashshu, 176 Hatshepsut, 184 Hattians. See Hittites Hattusilis I, 176, 184 Haury, Emil, 147 Hawkins, Gerald, 93, 639 Health and medicine. See Category Index Hebrews, 170, 214, 241, 265, 267, 342, 360, 375, 421 Hecataeus of Miletus, 248, 409-410, 453 Hedi, 812 Hedin, Sven, 627 Heger, Franz, 487 Helen (legendary figure), 219 Heliocles I, 649 Helvetii, 703 Hemudu, 42 Henge, 91 Hengist, 955 Heracleopolis, 141 Heraclides of Pontus, 576 Heraclitus of Ephesus, 357, 414, 501, 559 Herihor, 275, 286 Hermann the Cheruscan. See Arminius Herod Agrippa II, 790 Herodotus, 331, 384, 387, 416, 425, 453 Herophilus, 825 Hesiod, 317-319, 356, 559 Hezekiah, 314 Hiempsal, 565 Hieron I of Syracuse, 448 Hieron II of Syracuse, 582, 584 Higgins, William, 495 Highlands Eastern Cushites, 61 Hill forts, Celtic, 231, 682-684 Hillel, 661 Hiltebeitel, Alf, 368, 489, 631 Hime Tatatara Isuzu Hime no Mikoto, 548 Himera, Battle of (480 B.C.E.), 281 Himiko, 41, 563, 860-862 Hīnayāna. See Theravāda Hinduism, 197, 199, 255, 380, 446, 635-636, 674; birth of, 630-632; great goddess, 934; Gupta Dynasty, 915; Licchavi Dynasty, 874 Hindush, 385, 387 Hipparchus, 578 Hippēs (Aristophanes), 499 Hippias of Athens, 428 Hippocrates, 414, 825 Hirsch, Steven W., 495 Histiaeus of Miletus, 425 Historia tou Peloponnesiacou polemou (Thucydides), 453 Historiai Herodotou (Herodotus), 453 Historiography; China, 396; Greece, 453-455; Ionia, 248. See also Category Index History, The. See Historiai Herodotou History of Plants, The. See Peri phytikon historion History of the Former Han Dynasty, The. See Han Shu History of the Peloponnesian War. See Historia tou Peloponnesiacou polemou Hittite Kingdom, Old. See Old Hittite Kingdom Hittites, 175, 184, 205, 247; collapse of empire, 226; against Egypt, 216 Hoabin-hian, 80 Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, 93 Hohmichele barrow, 232 Hohokam culture, 148, 557-558; map, 148 Holder, Ian, 49 Homer, 185, 218, 296, 356, 453 Homicide, laws concerning, 338 Homuda. See Ōjin Tennō Homutawake no Mikoto. See Ōjin Tennō Honoria, 953, 962 Honorius, 846, 938, 940 Hopewell culture, 262, 327, 640-642 Hoplites, 304, 321, 478, 494 Hor-Aha, 95 Horace, 730-732, 805 Hormizd I, 858 Horse and camel period, 21 Horses; Andronovo culture, 171; Cimmerians, 252; domestication of, 74-75; Karasuk culture, 224; Mongols, 157; in the Sahara, 21; Yuezhi, 470 Hortensius, Quintus, 570 Hosius of Córdoba, 899 Hou Jing, 946 Hsia Dynasty. See Xia Dynasty Hsiang Yü. See Xiang Yu Hsiao Tao-ch'eng. See Xiao Daocheng Hsiao Yen. See Xiao Yan Hsiaokung. See Xiaogong Hsien-ti. See Xiandi Hsin Dynasty. See Xin Dynasty Hsiung-nu. See Xiongnu Hsün Ch'ing. See Xunzi Hsün K'uang. See Xunzi Hsün-tang. See Xundang Hsün-tzu. See Xunzi Hu, Empress Regent, 922 Hu Hai, 618 Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna; building of, 810-811 Huai-nan-tzu. See Huainanzi Huainanzi, 658-660 Huan Xuan, 945 Huang-Lao Confucianism, 112 Huangdi, 102, 112-114 Huangdi nei jing su wen (Huangdi), 113, 405 Huang-jin Rebellion. See Yellow Turbans Rebellion Huang-ti. See Huangdi Huidi, 624 Hui-ti. See Huidi Humanity, origin of; map, lxxxix Hundred Schools of Thought, 295, 444, 671 Huni, 109 Huns, 158, 962; invasion of Gupta Empire, 916; migration from Central Asia, 844-847; Roman Empire and, 974 Hunter-gatherers; Adena culture, 258; Africa, 566; BaTwa, 6; Early Archaic people, 36; Folsom culture, 30; Khoisan, 1, 46; Kitoi culture, 50; Oaxaca, 162, 191; Old Copper complex, 79; Paleo-Indians, 16, 26; Plano culture, 34; Poverty Point culture, 165; Saharan, 20; South America, 14; Upper Paleolithic, 11 Hunting; Adena culture, 258; Aleuts, 69; Andes, 32; Desert culture, 36; Dorset culture, 319; Khoisan, 2, 47; Kitoi culture, 50; Oaxaca, 162 Hurrians, 183, 205 Huvishka I, 804 Hwanung (mythological), 130 Hydaspes, Battle of (326 B.C.E.), 527, 536 Hyksos, 139, 159, 173-175, 206; expulsion from Egypt, 189 "Hymn to Inanna, A." See "In-nin sa-gur-ra" Hymns of the Arthava-veda, The. See Atharvaveda Hypatia, 943-945 I I Ching. See Yijing Ible, 633 Iceni, 779 Ictinius, 458 Ideas, theory of (Plato), 379, 501-503, 528 Iliad (Homer), 296-298 Imashirozuka kofun, 882 Imhotep, 109 Imperial Academy (China), 412 Inanna (god), 77, 132 India; Aryans and, 199; drama, 930; influence on Southeast Asia, 155; map, cvi; medicine, 351; Menander's invasion of, 649; poetry, 742, 824, 930; religion, 256, 380, 447, 489, 580, 588; surgery, 352; trade, 783; Vedas and, 198; women, 197, 677. See also Geographical Index Indica (Megasthenes), 537 Indo-Aryans, 205; religion, 874 Indus Valley civilization, 84-86; Alexander the Great's invasion of, 526-527, 536; Persian conquest of, 384-386; religion, 86. See also Harappān culture Indutiomarus, 704 "In-nin me-hus-a" (Enheduanna), 133 "In-nin sa-gur-ra" (Enheduanna), 133 Inskeep, Ray, 932 Institutes. See Institutiones Institutiones (Gaius), 828-829 Intef I, 142 Intef II, 142 International Age of Major Kingdoms (Near East), 205-207 International Rock Art Research Team, 10 Ionia, 248; bards, 297 Ionian Confederacy, 247-249 Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.), 248, 424-426, 429, 434 Iphicrates, 497 Ipsus, Battle of (301 B.C.E.), 533 Ireland, conversion to Christianity, 957-959 Irenaeus, Saint, 775, 833, 864 Iron Age; Africa, 285; Celts, 682; Chifumbaze complex, 249; Hallstatt, 231; Japan, 561; Karasuk culture, 224; Niger River, 418; sub-Saharan, 246; Urnfield culture, 208 Ironworking; Bantu, 486; Lake Chad and Rwanda Great Lakes, 245-247; Mashariki Bantu, 249-251; Meroë, 287; Niger River, 418; Pyu, 734; sub-Saharan, 284-285 Irrigation; Andronovo, 171; Arabia, 299; Caral, 120; China, 295, 605, 612; Funan, 746; Garamantes, 416; Highlands Eastern Cushites, 62; Hohokam culture, 557; Japan, 561; Oaxaca, 162; Pyu, 734; Sumer, 82; Ubaid, 76 Irtjet, 121, 138, 160 Iryŏn, 130 Īśa, 256, 630 Isaak. See Garima Isagoras, 394 Ishbaal, 241 Ishme-Dagan I, 272 Ismenias, 498 Isocrates, 505, 511 Israel, 226, 265; defeat by Assyrians, 302; Judah and, 267; map, 268; religion, 360; table, 263. See also Geographical Index Israel, Kingdom of, 267-269 Israel, United Kingdom of, 241-243, 268 Issus, Battle of (333 B.C.E.), 518-520, 523 Isthmian Games, 289 Ix Une Balam, 795 Izapan civilization, 554-556 J Jade, 202 Jaeger, Werner, 495 Jainism, 346, 380-382, 446, 537, 674 James, Saint, 764, 774 Jamnia, Synod of, 632, 797-800 Japan; cultivation of rice, 561; first emperor of, 547-549; first historical emperor of, 923-925; irrigation, 561; Paekje Kingdom and, 879; pottery, 17, 882; table, 548. See also Geographical Index Jasim, Sabah, 54 Jason (Jewish high priest). See Joshua (Jewish high priest) Jaspers, Karl, 255 Jātakas, 398-400 Jayavarman I, 155 Jayavarman II, 155 Jehoiachin, 340 Jeitun culture, 71 Jemdet Nasr period, 104 Jenne, 260, 419; founding of, 545-546 Jenness, Diamond, 319 Jeroboam, 268 Jerome, Saint, 592, 775, 917, 940 Jerusalem, 242, 340, 360, 644, 819, 832 Jerusalem, Council of (c. 49 c.e.), 832 Jerusalem, Siege of (701 B.C.E.), 315 Jerusalem, Temple of, 375; building of, 263-264; destruction of (587/586 B.C.E.), 360; destruction of (70 c.e.), 361, 790-791, 819 Jesus Christ, 662, 732, 760, 763, 832; birth of, 732-733; crucifixion of, 760-763; nature of, 899, 948, 960, 965 Jewelry, Ban Chiang, 81 Jews; in Alexandria, 521; Christian view of, 777; return from Babylonian captivity, 375-377; Roman Empire and, 819; under the Seleucids, 644 Jie, 146 Jimmu Tennō, 41, 547-549 Jin Dynasty, Eastern, 897, 945; table, 897 Jin Dynasty, Western, 866-867, 896-898, 920; table, 867 Jina. See Vardhamāna Jingū, 861, 923 Joffroy, René, 231 Johanan ben Zakkai, 798 John Hyrcanus, 661 John of Gischala, 790 John the Apostle, 761, 764, 774 John the Baptist, Saint, 661 Jōmon culture, 17-19, 40, 561 Jones, Indigo, 91 Jones, Sir William, 200 Josephus, Flavius, 594, 661, 790 Joshua (Jewish high priest), 644 Josiah, 797 Jovinian, 918 Juba I of Numidia, 565 Jubilees, Book of, 633 Judaea, 644, 790 Judah, 268, 314, 360; map, 268; reestablishment of, 371; vassal of Assyria, 302 Judaism, 263, 269, 342, 360-362, 375, 591, 593, 632, 798 Jugurtha, 565 Jugurthine War (111-105 B.C.E.), 565, 669 Julian calendar, 714-716 Julian Law (90 B.C.E.), 510, 691-693 Julian the Apostate, 888, 904, 973 Julio-Claudian Dynasty, genealogy, 785 Julius Caesar. See Caesar, Julius Julius Caesar, Germanicus. See Germanicus Julius Caesar, Lucius, 692 Julius Nepos, 974 Julius Severus, Sextus, 820 Junius Brutus, Lucius, 337, 389, 392 Junius Juvenalis. See Juvenal Juntian. See Reforms, land; China Justin, 598 Justinian, 604, 828, 951 Juvenal, 805 K Kadashman-Enlil I, 206 Kadesh, Battle of (c. 1275 B.C.E.), 207, 216-218 Kālidāsa, 490, 916, 930-932 Kalinga, 579 Kami, 41 Kaminaga Hime, 924 Kamose, 139, 189 Kanha. See Krsna (Sātavāhana ruler) Kanishka, 740, 803, 823; art patronage of, 816-818 Kaniśka. See Kanishka Karasuk culture, 224-225 Karma, 630 Kashta, 275, 287, 309 Kāśikā-vrtti, 408 Kassites, 205, 272 Katha, 256 Kaundinya, 746 Kautilya, 536 Kavya, 824 Kaya, 878 Keitai, 548 Kelteminar culture, 71-72 Kena, 256 Kennewick Man, 44-46 Kerma, 138-140, 159-161; pottery, 107 Khaba, 109 Khafre, 110, 116 Khandaka, 589 Khmer, 154, 738 Khoikhoi people, 932; adoption of pastoralism by, 566-568 Khoisan people; dispersal of, 46-47; hunting, 2 Khosrow II, 889 Khuddaka-nikāya, 590 Khufu, 110, 116 Kija, 131 Kija Chosŏn, 131 King's Law (Persia), 361 King's Peace (Corinthian War), 496-498 Kish, 105 Kisra Legend, 418 Kitoi people, 50-51 Kittum, 170 Kivas, 148 Knights, The. See Hippēs Knoblock, John, 572 Ko Ch'ao-fu. See Ge Chaofu Ko Chosŏn. See Old Chosŏn Ko Hsüan. See Ge Xuan Ko Hung. See Ge Hong Kofun period, 880-882, 925 Koguryŏ, 878 Kojiki, 41, 548, 861, 923 Kongfuzi. See Confucius Konnah, Graham, 419 Korea, 130-132, 878-880; China and, 625; Japan and, 561, 881-882, 923. See also Geographical Index Koumbi Saleh, 260, 886 Krishna. See Krsna Kritōn (Plato), 493 Kroeber, Alfred, 324 Krsna (god), 490, 635 Krsna (Sātavāhana ruler), 674 Kuan Cheng, 113 Kuang Wu-ti. See Guang Wudi Kujūla Kadphises, 469, 803 Kumārajīva, 680, 970 Kumārasambhava (Kālidāsa), 930 K'ung-Fu-Tzu. See Confucius Kuo Hsiang. See Guo Xiang Kuo Shen-t'ung. See Guo Shentong Kurou anabasis. See Anabasis Kush, 160, 190, 286, 309, 348 Kushān Dynasty, 469, 740, 816, 823, 914; religion, 803; sculpture, 817; table, 803; trade, 804; under Kanishka, 802-805 Kushite Dynasty. See Egyptian dynasties, Twenty-fifth Kusi Bantu, 485 Kwadi people, adoption of pastoralism by, 566-568 L La Tène culture, 233, 682; map, 232 La Venta, 201 Labarnas I, 176 Lachish, defeat by Assyrian Empire, 314 Lades, Battle of (494 B.C.E.), 426 Laelius, Gaius, 626 Lagash, 105, 126 Lamachus, 471 Lamian War (323-321 B.C.E.), 512 Languages; American Southwest, 558; Aramean, 230; Bactrian, 803; Bantu, 485; Bible, 591; Celts, 781, 956; Funan, 746; Ge'ez, 456, 883; Germanic, 956; Han Dynasty, 922; Khoikhoi, 486; koine Greek, 559; Pāli, 589; Qin Dynasty, 618; Sanskrit, 876, 916; Soninke, 885; Tai, 738; Tamil, 742; Tokharian, 469, 802 Lanning, Edward, 324 Lao Dan. See Laozi Lao Shang. See Chi-Chih Laocoon (legendary figure), 220 Lao-tan. See Laozi Lao-tzu. See Laozi Laozi, 550, 574, 821 Lapita culture, 124, 204-205; pottery, 124, 204 Lascaux cave paintings, 11 Lathrap, Donald, 324 Latin League, 509 Latium, 509 Law, natural, 559-561 Law, Twelve Tables of Roman. See Twelve Tables of Roman Law Law codes; Draco, 338-340; Hammurabi, 168-171; Solon, 358-359; Sumer, 144 Laws; Confucian, 610; Legalist view of, 610; Roman, 451, 570, 828, 854; Themistocles' naval, 431-433. See also Category Index, "Laws, acts, and legal history" Legalism (China), 295, 403, 444, 483, 605, 610-612, 656, 660, 671, 678; Western Jin Dynasty, 867; Xunzi, 571-573 Legend of Aqhat, The. See Aqhat epic Lei Lao, 738 Leizu, 113-114 Lenaea contest, 499 Lentulus Clodianus, Gnaeus Cornelius. See Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Gnaeus Leo I (Roman emperor), 974 Leo I, Saint, 951, 954, 964, 966 Leonidas, 436 Leontiades, 498 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius. See Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus Lepper, Bradley T., 641 Leroi-Gourhan, André, 12 Lessons for Women. See Nu jie Letter to the Romans (Saint Paul), 776-779 Letters; Anthony of Egypt's, 871; Saint Paul's, 774, 776 Leuctra, Battle of (371 B.C.E.), 322, 498, 511 Lex Hortensia (287 B.C.E.), 570-571 Lex Julia: De civitate Latinis et sociis danda, 692 Lex Pompeia, 693 Lex talionis, 144, 170 Lex villius annalis, 642 Li, 610 Li (king of Zhou), 237 Li Anshi, 921 Li Er. See Laozi Li Rong, 102 Li Si, 572, 611 Li Ssu. See Li Si Liang Dynasty, 946 Liang Wudi. See Xiao Yan Library, Alexandrian, 363, 521, 531, 535 Libyan Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian Dynasties, Twenty-second Dynasty Licchavi Dynasty, 874-876, 914; table, 875 Licinius (Roman emperor), 890, 973 Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus, Publius, 665 Licinius Lucullus, Lucius, 690 Licinius Lucullus, Marcus, 695 Life of Saint Anthony the Great, The. See Vita S. Antonii Liji (Dai Sheng), 404, 411 Lima culture, 834-836 Linear B, 187, 243 Lingbao, 822, 925-927 Lingdi, 830 Ling-ti. See Lingdi Lion Gate, 187 Liqanos, 960 Literature. See Category Index Liu An, 658 Liu Bang, 612, 621, 623, 656, 758 Liu Che. See Wudi Liu E, 178 Liu Hsieh. See Xiandi Liu Hsiu. See Guang Wudi Liu Ji. See Liu Bang Liu Pang. See Liu Bang Liu-Song Dynasty, 897, 945 Liu Xie. See Xiandi Liu Xiu. See Guang Wudi Liu Yang. See Mingdi Liu-yeh, 746 Liu Yu, 897, 945 Liu Yuan, 896 Livius Drusus, Marcus, 692 Livy, 389, 392 Lo Chenyu, 178 Lo Kuan-chung. See Luo Guanzhong Longmen, 922 Longshan culture, 58-60 Lotus Sutra, 680-681, 970 Lower Jackson Mound, 167 Lu (Chinese state), 396 Lü (Han empress), 624 Lualaba-Upemba region, 877 Luba people, 876 Lucilius, Gaius, 805 Lucius Aurelius Orestes. See Aurelius Orestes, Lucius Lucius Cornelius Sulla. See Sulla, Lucius Cornelius Lucius Gellius Publicola. See Gellius Publicola, Lucius Lucius Julius Caesar. See Julius Caesar, Lucius Lucius Licinius Lucullus. See Licinius Lucullus, Lucius Lucius Mummius. See Mummius, Lucius Lucius Varius, 725 Lucretia, 337, 392; rape of, 389-392 Lucretius (Lucretia's father), 389, 392 Lucullus, Lucius Licinius. See Licinius Lucullus, Lucius Lucullus, Marcus Licinius. See Licinius Lucullus, Marcus Lugalzagesi, 106, 127, 129 Luke, Saint, 760, 763 Luli, 314 Lung-shan. See Longshan culture Lunyu (Confucius), 412, 437-439 Luo Guanzhong, 821, 896 Lyceum, 528 Lydenburg heads, 932 Lydia, 252, 279, 370; use of coins in, 333; defeat by Persians, 313, 332; Mermnad kings of, 331 Lysander of Sparta, 468, 475, 496 Lysimachus, 533 Lysistratē (Atistophanes), 499 M Ma Vien. See Ma Yüan Ma Yüan, 767 Maccabaeus, Judas, 645 Maccabees, revolt of (167-142 B.C.E.), 644-646; table, 645 Macedonia; Alexander the Great's expansion of, 513-516; Philip II's expansion of, 504-506 Macedonian War, Second (200-196 B.C.E.), 654 Macedonian War, Third (171-167 B.C.E.), 654, 664 Macedonians, 323 McGhee, Robert, 319 McJunkin, George, 22, 30 Mādhyamika, 675, 907 Maecenas, Gaius, 730 Magadha, 536 Magdalenian culture, 11-13 Mahāvihāra monastery, 596 Mahābhārata (Vyāsa), 368, 489-491, 631, 635, 915 Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, The. See Mahābhārata Mahābhāsya (Patañjali), 408 Māhabodhi Temple; building of, 568-569 Mahāsānghika, 589, 739 Māhavamsa, 595 Mahāvibhāsa, 741, 824 Māhavīra. See Vardhamāna Mahāyāna, 347, 580, 586, 596, 680, 740, 907, 970; Lingbao and, 926 Mahāyānasamgraha (Asanga), 907 Mahendra. See Mahinda Mahinda, 580, 587, 596 Maiden Castle, 683 Majjhima-nikāya, 590 Mālavikāgnimitra (Kālidāsa), 931 Malays, 738 Mali, 260 Mallowan, Max, 65 Mamertines, 582 Mānadeva I, 874 Manasseh, 316 Mandate of heaven, 237, 656, 671, 678 Manetho, 309 Mani, 858 Manichaeanism, 629, 858-860 Manius Aquillius. See Aquillius, Manius Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus, Titus, 509 Mantinea, Battle of (362 B.C.E.), 322, 498, 511 Maodun, 621, 624 Mao-tun. See Maodun Mapmaking, 409 Marathon, Battle of (490 B.C.E.), 313, 322, 384, 426, 428-430, 432, 434 Marcellinus, 941 March Up Country. See Anabais Marcian, 846 Marcion (Gnostic leader), 775, 799, 833 Marcomanni, 729 Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. See Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus Marcus Antonius Primus. See Antonius Primus, Marcus Marcus Aurelius, 560, 601, 973 Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. See Fulvius Flaccus, Marcus Marcus Licinius Lucullus. See Licinius Lucullus, Marcus Marcus Livius Drusus. See Livius Drusus, Marcus Marcus Octavius. See Octavius, Marcus Marcus Perperna. See Perperna, Marcus Marcus Salvius Otho. See Otho, Marcus Salvius Marcus Terentius. See Varro, Marcus Terentius Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. See Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius Marduk-apal-iddina. See Merodachbaladan Maret, Pierre de, 877 Marib Dam, building of, 299-300 Maritime Archaic tradition. See Red Paint culture Maritime cultures; Aleuts, 69; Chinchorro, 63; Northwest Coast, 38; Peru, 163 Marius, Gaius, 669, 693, 717; private army of, 669-670 Markali. See Gosāla Maskarīputra Marriage; Bantu, 246; Roman Empire, 461; Sumer, 127 Marshack, Alexander, 93 Marshall, Sir John, 84 Martin, Louise, 49 Martin, Simon, 795 Martyrs, Christian, 786, 862, 864 Mary (mother of Jesus), 732 Mashariki Bantu, 485; ironworking, 249-251 Masinissa, 564, 626, 651 Mass deportation, practice of, 301 Massagetae, 372 Massilia, 306, 308 Master Sun. See Sunzi Mata. See Yemata Mathematics, 552, 584; Alexandria, 943; Greek, 377, 414; Gupta Dynasty, 916. See also Category Index Mati'il, 301 Mattathias, 645 Matthew, Saint, 761 Mauretania, kingdom of, 564-566 Mauryan Dynasty, 347, 535-538, 579; table, 537 Maxentius, 890 Maximian, 869, 973 Maya, 836-839; alphabet, 222; royal dynasty at Tikal, 794-797, table, 795 Mead, Major, 569 Meadowcroft Rockshelter, 5, 15 Mebaragesi, 105 Medes, 312, 370 Medicine; Āyurvedic, 351; China, 113, 405; Druids, 700; Greece, 825; Greek, 413-415; India, 351; Roman Empire, 825 Medinet Habu, 228, 309 Mediterranean; Carthage's domination of, 281; Greek colonization of, 305-307; map, xcvii; Sea Peoples and, 225-226. See also Geographical Index Medjay. See Pan-Grave culture Megabates, 425 Megara, 306, 466 Megasthenes, 537 Meggers, Betty, 87 Meghadūta (Kālidāsa), 930 Meh Tzu. See Mozi Mehrgarh, 84 Mejia Xesspe, Toribio, 324 Melanesia, 124 Meletus, 491 Mellaart, James, 48 Melos, 468 Memphite Theology, 310 Menachem, 302 Menander (dramatist), 364, 647 Menander (Greco-Bactrian king), 649 Mencius, 295, 396, 550 Menelaus (legendary figure), 219 Menes, 94 Mengke. See Mencius Mengk'o. See Mencius Meng-tzu. See Mencius Mengzi. See Mencius Menkara. See Menkaure Menkaura. See Menkaure Menkaure, 110, 116 Menkheperre' Thutmose. See Thutmose III Menkure. See Menkaure Mentuemhat, 329 Mentuhotep II. See Montuhotep II Menzi (Mencius), 412 Merenptah, 227 Merenre, 110, 160 Merey, 227 Meritaton, 207 Meritocracy, 624 Mermnad Dynasty, 331-332; table, 332 Merodachbaladan, 314 Meroë. See Meroitic Empire Meroitic Empire, 287, 348-350; Aksum's conflict with, 884; ironworking, 284 Mesarum, 170 Meshesher, 228 Meshwesh, 228 Mesoamerica, map, xcii. See Geographical Index Mesopotamia. See Geographical Index Messana, 582 Messenia, 498; Spartan conquest of, 303-305 Metallurgy; Ban Chiang, 81; Beaker people, 137; sub-Saharan, 245. See also Bronzework Metamorphoses (Ovid), 751-753 Metaphysica (Aristotle), 529 Metellus, Quintus Caecilius. See Caecilius Metellus, Quintus Michi no Omi, 547 Micipsa, 565 Micius. See Mozi Micronesia, 124 Midas (Phrygian king), 252, 279 Midas Monument, 280 Midas Mound, 280 Middle East. See Geographical Index Middle Kingdom (Egypt), 149-152; table, 150 Middle Niger, 546 Migrations; Bantu, 251, 254, 485-486; Beaker people, 136; Berbers, 134-136; Bering Strait, 3, 5-6; Greeks into Ionia, 247; Huns west from Central Asia, 844-847; Oceania, 204; into South America, 13-14; into the South Pacific, 124-126; Tai, 738 Mih Tzu. See Mozi Milan, Edict of (313 c.e.), 869, 891, 893 Milesian wars, 331 Miletus, 308, 425 Milinda. See Menander (Greco-Bactrian king) Milindapañha, 649 Military strategy; Assyrian Empire, 273; China, 853, 866; Etruscan, 335; Greek, 321, 432, 467; Sparta, 303; Thebes, 504 Miller, Mary Ellen, 556 Millet cultivation, 43, 68 Millon, René, 748 Miltiades the Younger, 322, 429 Milvian Bridge, Battle of (312 c.e.), 890 Mingdi, 759, 782, 970 Ming-ti. See Mingdi Minoan civilization, 180-183; map, 180 Minos, 180 Mississippian culture, 327 Mitanni kingdom, 183-185, 205; invasion by Hittites, 272; invasion of Assyria, 272 Mithra (god), 354 Mithradates I, 600 Mithradates VI Eupator, 666, 690 Mithraism, 420-422 Mithridates the Great. See Mithradates VI Eupator Mitylene, 467 Mixtec civilization, 191-194 Mo Di. See Mozi Mo Ti. See Mozi Moche, 810-811; map, 270 Mogollon culture, 147-149; map, 148 Mohenjo-Daro, 84 Mohism, 482-484 Mon, 154 Mon-Khmer, 154-156, 746 Monasticism; Aksum, 959; anchoritic, 870; Buddhist, 969; cenobitic, 870; Ireland, 957 Mongols, 157-158, 607 Monophysitism, 949, 959, 967 Monotheletism, 967 Montanists, 833 Montanus, 833 Monte Albán, 162, 193, 685; building of, 422-424 Monte Verde, 15 Montuhotep I, 149 Montuhotep II, 122, 142 Moor, Josef, 495 Moorehead, Warren K., 72 Moorehead Burial tradition, 73 Moseley, Michael, 163 Moses, 214 Motley Mound, 167 Motze. See Mozi Mo-tzu. See Mozi Mound Builders, 326-328 Mounds, Adena culture, 257 Mozi, 482 Mucianus, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives. See Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus, Publius Mūlasarvāstivādin, 589 Müller, Max, 198, 200 Mummies; Chinchorro, 63; Egypt, 118, 189 Mummius, Lucius, 655, 664 Mundaka, 256 Municipia, 509-511, 693 Muratorian Canon of Rome, 633 Mursilis I, 176 Music; BaTwa, 7; Caral (Peru), 120; China, 113, 850; Dong Son culture, 487; Greece, 363, 464; India, 197, 824; Shang Dynasty, 179; Tamil, 743 Muwatallis, 216 Mycenaean civilization, 185-188, 247; invention of writing, 243 Mycerinus. See Menkaure Myers, J. L., 387 Mykerinos. See Menkaure "Myth of Inanna and Ebih, The." See "In-nin me-hus-a" N Nabonidus, 313, 341, 371, 373 Nabopolassar, 340, 373 Nabu-Kudurri-User. See Nebuchadnezzar II Naga princess. See Liu-yeh Nāgārjuna, 675, 907 Nagasune Hiko, 547 Nahapāna, 674 Nakatsuhime, 923 Napata, 234, 276, 286-288, 349 Nara, 547 Naram-Sin, 340 Narendradeva, 875 Narmer. See Menes Nasca lines, 637-640 Nasca people, 637 Nasica, Scipio. See Scipio Nasica Natakamani, 287 Nataputta Vardhamānam. See Vardhamāna Nathan, 263 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990), 44 Native Americans. See specific cultures Naucratis, 306, 308, 329 Navy, Roman, 583 Naxos, 306, 425, 440, 498 Near East, trade, 207 Nebhepetra. See Montuhotep II Nebuchadnezzar II, 340, 371, 373, 762 Necho I, 328, 366 Nectanebo II, 235 Nedao River, Battle of (454 c.e.), 846, 964 Neferirkare, 110 Nefertiti, 212 Nehemiah, 375 Neitzel, Stuart, 165 Neleus, 248 Nemea, Battle of (394 B.C.E.), 497 Nemean Games, 289 Neo-Assyrian Empire, 235; table, 302 Neo-Babylonian Empire, 340-342; table, 340 Neolithic period, Anatolia, 48 Nepal, 874 Nephelai (Aristophanes), 492, 499 Nero, 773, 780, 784, 787, 790 Nero Claudius Drusus. See Claudius Drusus, Nero Nestorianism, 948-950, 966 Nestorius, 948 Netjerikhet. See Zoser New Comedy, 647 New Kingdom (Egypt), 174, 189-191, 275, 286, 309; table, 190 New Temple (Chavín de Huántar), 271 New Testament, 591, 633, 763; compilation of, 774-776, 833; table, 775 Nicaea, Council of. See Nicene Creed Nicene Creed, 887, 899-901, 911, 965 Nicias, Peace of, 468, 471 Nicias of Athens, 467, 471 Nicomedes II, 666 Nicomedes IV, 666 Nigantha Nātaputra. See Vardhamāna Niger-Congo people; agriculture, 67-68; religion, 56-58 Niger River, kingdoms near the, 418-420 Nihon shoki, 41, 548, 861, 923 Nilo-Saharan people, 28-29; agriculture, 51-53; pottery, 28; textiles, 52; villages, 52 Nine Rank System, 896, 945 Nine Saints, era of the, 959-961 Nineteenth Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Nineveh, fall of (612 B.C.E.), 340 "Nin-me-sar-ra" (Enheduanna), 133 Ninth and Tenth Dynasties (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Nintoku, 881 Nirvana, 346, 381 Nitocris, 111, 329 Noba, 884 Nok culture, 253-254, 260 Nomads; Alani, 744; Andronovo culture, 171; China, 605; Cimmerians, 252, 277; Karasuk culture, 224; Kelteminar, 71; Mongols, 157; Xiongnu, 621; Yuezhi, 469 Nonviolence. See Ahimsā Norman, K. R., 399 North America, map, xci. See Geographical Index Northern Dynasties (China), table, 921 Northwest Coast cultures, 38-40 Novatian, 863 Novocherkassk culture, 252 Nu jie (Ban Zhao), 800-802 Nu Wa, 102 Nubia; conquest of Egypt, 234; under Kerma kingdom, 159; Lower, 121 Numidia, kingdom of, 564-566, 651 Nuns, Buddhist, 676 Nuun Yax Ayiin I, 796 O Oaxaca; agriculture, 191; hunter-gatherers, 191; pottery, 192; villages, 161-163, 191 Oceania, map, 125. See also Geographical Index O'Connor, David, 122 Octavian. See Augustus Octavius, Marcus, 667 Odes (Horace), 730 Odoacer, 975 Odysseus (legendary figure), 220 Ohio Valley Mound Builders. See Adena culture Ohosazaki no Mikoto. See Nintoku Ōjin Tennō, 923-925; table, 924 Okladnikov, A. P., 50 Old Chosŏn, 130-132 Old Comedy, 499 Old Copper complex, 79-80, 261 Old Hittite Kingdom, 175-177; table, 176 Old Kingdom (Egypt), 109-111, 116, 141; map, xcv; table, 111 Old Temple (Chavín de Huántar), 271 Old Testament, 591, 797 Olmec civilization, 201-203, 555 Olympias, 513, 534 Olympic Games, 288-290; end of, 913 Omotic people, agriculture and, 60-63 Omphis, 526 On Divisions of Figures. See Peri diairéson biblion On the Natural Faculties. See De naturalibus facultatibus On the Passions and Errors of the Soul. See De cujuslibet animi peccatorum dignotione atque medela; De propriorum animi cujusque affectuum dignotione et curatione On the Size and Distance of the Sun and the Moon. See Peri megethon kai apostematon heliou kai selenes On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body. See De usu partium corporis humani Onesilus, 425 Onias (high priest, 172-163/162 B.C.E.), 644 Onias III (high priest, 185-174 B.C.E.), 644 Oppida, Celtic, 233, 682-684 Oracle bones, 178, 812 Oracle of Delphi. See Delphic Oracle Oresteia (Aeschylus), 448 Orestes (Germanic leader), 975 Orestes (Roman prefect of Egypt), 944 Orestes, Lucius Aurelius. See Aurelius Orestes, Lucius Origen, 591, 833, 918 Origin myths; Australian, 96; Bantu, 246; Ethiopia, 240; Japan, 41; Niger-Congo, 57 Orlin, Eric, 383 Orodes II, 600 Orosius, Paulus, 941 Os. See Afse Ostorius Scapula, Publius, 780 Otho, Marcus Salvius, 788 Ovid, 751 P Pacha Kamaq (god), 834 Pachacámac, 835 Pachamachay, 32 Pachomius, 870 Padi, 314 Paekje, 131, 878, 923 Paganism; Julian's failed revival of, 904-906; Roman Empire, 941 Painted Pottery culture. See Yangshao culture Paintings; Buddhist, 968; Gupta Dynasty, 915 Pajot, Émile, 487 Pak Hyŏkkŏse, 879 Palace of Minos, 181 Palenque, 837 Paleo-Eskimos, 319 Paleo-Indian culture, 5, 15-17, 326; hunter-gathers, 26 Pan Chao. See Ban Zhao Pan-Grave culture, 122 Pan Ku. See Ban Gu Pan Piao. See Ban Biao Panehsy, 275, 286 Pangu (legendary figure), 113 Pānini, 407-409 Panp'o. See Banpo Pantalewon, 960 Panteleon, 649 Pantheon, 604 Paper, invention of, 812-813 Papyrus, 812 Paracas culture, 324-326 Pāradam Pādiya Perundēvanār, 742 Paratarna, 184 Paris (city), conversion to Christianity, 864-865 Paris (legendary figure), 219 Parivāra, 589 Parmenides, 357, 501 Parmenio, 524 Parni, 599 Parthenon, 433, 457-460 Parthia, 599-602, 856; map, cv; table, 601 Pasargadae, Battle of (550 B.C.E.), 313 Pastoralist period, 21 Patañjali, 408 Patayan culture, 148; map, 148 Patricians, 337, 427, 451, 460, 570 Patrick, Saint, 957 Paul, Saint, 763, 774, 776, 784, 832 Paul of Tarsus. See Paul, Saint Paul the Apostle. See Paul, Saint Paula, 917 Paurava, 526 Pausanias (Spartan king), 475 Pausanias of Sparta (regent), 436, 440 Pausanias the Traveler, 220 Pax Romana, 753 Peace. See Eirēnē Peisistratus. See Pisistratus Pekah, 302 Pelagius, 919, 957 Peli, 100 Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.), 466-468, 471, 473, 475, 478, 491 Peloponnesian War, Great (459-445 B.C.E.), 466 Peltasts, 494 Pengtoushan, 42 Pentateuch, 265, 375 Penutian, 38 Pepi I, 110, 134, 141 Pepi II, 110, 122 Perdiccas (Macedonian regent), 530, 533 Perdiccas III, 504 Pergamum, 664-667 Peri diairéson biblion (Euclid), 553 Peri megethon kai apostematon heliou kai selenes (Aristarchus of Samos), 577 Peri phytikon aition (Theophrastus), 538 Peri phytikon historion (Theophrastus), 538 Pericles, 433, 442, 458, 467 Periegesis Hellados (Pausanias the Traveler), 220 Periplus Maris Erythraei, 650, 687 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. See Periplus Maris Erythraei Perire, Battle of (c. 1208 B.C.E.), 227 Perperna, Marcus, 665 Persephone (daughter of goddess), 343 Perseus (mythological), 186 Perseus of Macedonia, 664 Persia. See Geographical Index Persian Empire, 312, 367, 370-372, 387, 424, 477, 505; Athens and, 431; under Darius the Great, 384-386; invasion by Alexander the Great, 518; invasion of Greece, 434-437; map, civ; religion, 353, 420 Peter, Saint, 763-764, 786 Petroglyphs; African, 1-3; Anasazi culture, 839; Australian, 9-10; Karasuk culture, 224; Lascaux cave, 11-13; Quelcatani (Andes), 33; Saharan, 20-22; Wandjina cave, 96-97 Petrus. See Peter, Saint Phaedōn (Plato), 493, 503 Phalanx, development of, 321-323 Pharisees, 661-663 Pharos of Alexandria, 521, 531, 535 Pharsalus, Battle of (48 B.C.E.), 712 Phemonoe, 292 Phidias, 290, 458 Philip II of Macedonia, 504, 507, 511, 513 Philip III Arrhidaeus, 530, 533 Philip V, 654 Philippi, Battle of (42 B.C.E.), 722, 730 Philippics (Demosthenes), 505 Philistines, 226, 241 Philo Judaeus. See Philo of Alexandria Philo of Alexandria, 591 Philochorus, 473 Philolaus of Croton, 377 Philopoemen, 654 Philosophy; China, 103, 295, 403, 437, 445, 482, 575; Greece, 355-358, 377, 414, 462, 503, 507, 516, 943; Han Dynasty, 658; India, 256, 481; Ionia, 248. See also specific school of philosophy; Category Index Phocaea, 306 Phoenicians, 281, 367; trade, 281 Phormion, 367 Phrygia, 252, 279-280 Piankhi. See Piye Piao. See Pyu Pictogram, 221 Pictographs, Saharan, 20 Pilate, Pontius, 760 Pindar, 289, 464-466 Pindaros. See Pindar Pingwang, 293 Pisistratus, 343, 358 Pit houses, 148 Piye, 234, 275, 287, 309, 328 Plague, 467, 601 Plain of Hormizdagān, Battle of (224 c.e.), 856 Plains people, 36. See also Plano culture Plano culture, 34-35; hunter-gatherers, 34. See also Plains people Plataea, Battle of (479 B.C.E.), 426, 436, 457 Plato, 303, 378, 414, 491, 501, 508, 511, 528, 559, 709 Platon. See Plato Plautus, 647 Plebeian tribunate, institution of, 427-428 Plebeians, 337, 427, 451, 460, 570 Plinius Secundus, Gaius. See Pliny the Elder Pliny the Elder, 792 Pliny the Younger, 792, 814 Plotius Tucca, 726 Plow, 62 Plutarch, 584 Pneuma, theory of, 826 Poetry; China, 851; Daoist, 936; epic, 296, 317, 368, 453, 489, 751, 824; Greek, 730; Gupta Dynasty, 916; India, 824, 930; lyric, 362, 464, 706; Roman, 724, 730, 751; Tamil, 742; by women, 132 Pohl, Mary, 555 Politeia (Plato), 503 Politica (Aristotle), 516-518 Politics. See Politica (Aristotle); Category Index, "Government and Politics" Pollhammer, K. P., 231 Pollock, Sheldon, 369 Polybius, 393 Polycrates, 367 Polynesia, 124 Polyperchon, 533 Pompeii, destruction of, 792-794 Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus. See Pompey the Great Pompeius Strabo, Gnaeus, 693 Pompey the Great, 534, 565, 666, 690, 695, 709, 712 Pontus, 690 Pope, Kevin, 555 Popes, table, 765 Poppaea Sabina, 784 Porter, Roy, 351 Porus, 526, 536 Posterior Analytics. See Analytica posterioria Poteidaea, 306 Potnia (goddess), 182 Potter's wheel, 83 Pottery; Adena culture, 259; Anasazi culture, 840; Andronovo culture, 171; Ban Chiang, 81; Battle-Ax, 136; Chifumbaze, 249; Cochise culture, 27; Daigi, 19; Haji ware, 882; Halafian, 66; Hallstatt, 233; Hohokam culture, 557; Ionian, 248; Jōmon, 17; Katsusaka, 18; Kelteminar, 71; Kerma, 107; Kwale, 249; Lapita, 124, 204; Lelesu, 249; Lima culture, 834; Longshan, 59; Matola, 249; Moche, 810; Mogollon, 148; Oaxaca, 192; Paracas, 325; Sue ware, 882; Tigray, 107; Ubaid, 53, 76; Umataka, 19; Urewe, 249; Valdivia culture, 87; Wavy Line, 28; Woodland culture, 262; Yangshao, 59 Poverty Point culture, 165-168 Praetor, 642 Prakrit Gāthā-Saptaśati, The. See Gāthāsaptaśati Prasutagus, 769, 780 Predynastic Period (Egypt), 94; table, 94 Prehistory and ancient cultures. See Category Index Priam (legendary figure), 220 Prices, Edict of, 869 Primus, Marcus Antonius. See Antonius Primus, Marcus Principate, 721-723 Prinsep, James, 579 Prior Analytics. See Analytica priora Priscilla, 776 Pritchard, James B., 314 Proclaimation, Christian, 765 Proscriptions, Roman, 716-718, 722 Protagoras, 462, 474 Przewalski's horse, 74 Psalms of the Brethen. See Theragatha Psalms of the Sisters. See Therigatha Psammetichus I. See Psamtik I Psamtik I, 235, 287, 328 Psamtik II, 287, 348 Psappho. See Sappho Pseudepigrapha, 593, 632 Psusennes I, 234 Ptolemaic Dynasty, 711; founding of, 530-534; table, 532 Ptolemy I. See Ptolemy Soter Ptolemy II. See Ptolemy Philadelphus Ptolemy VI, 644 Ptolemy XIII, 712 Ptolemy (astronomer), 578 Ptolemy Philadelphus, 521, 591 Ptolemy Soter, 521, 531, 534, 711 Public office, Roman Empire, 427 Public works; Neo-Babylonian Empire, 342; Roman Empire, 603 Publicola, Lucius Gellius. See Gellius Publicola, Lucius Publilius Philo, Quintus, 570 Publius Clodius Pulcher. See Clodius Pulcher, Publius Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus. See Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus, Publius Publius Quinctilius Varus. See Quinctilius Varus, Publius Publius Sulpicius Rufus. See Sulpicius Rufus, Publius Publius Terentius Afer. See Terence Publius Valerius, 389, 392 Publius Varinius, 694 Publius Vatinius. See Vatinius, Publius Publius Vergilius Maro. See Vergil Pulcher, Publius Clodius. See Clodius Pulcher, Publius Pulu. See Tiglath-Pileser III Pulumāvi, 674 Punic War, First (264-225 B.C.E.), 581-584, 615 Punic War, Second (218-201 B.C.E.), 564, 614-617, 625, 664, 692, 694; map, 615 Punic War, Third (149-146 B.C.E.), 651-653, 655 Puram, 742 Purānas (Vyāsa), 673 Putnam, Frederick Ward, 640 Puyo, 131 Pylos, 187 Pyramid Age, 109, 116 Pyramid of Khafre, 116 Pyramid of Menkaure, 117 Pyramid of the Gallery (Caral), 120 Pyramid of the Moon (Teotihuacán), 748, 807-810 Pyramid of the Sun (Teotihuacán), 748, 807-810 Pyramid Texts, 110, 143 Pyramids, Egyptian, 151 Pyrrhus of Epirus, 534, 582 Pythagoras, 357, 377, 584 Pythagorean brotherhood, 377-379, 502 Pythian Games, 288, 291 Pyu, 734-735 Q Qandahār, 537 Qi, 103, 146, 406, 659 Qi Dynasty, Southern, 945 Qin, state of, 294 Qin Dynasty, 445, 605-607, 610, 612, 618, 623, 656, 671; Earlier, 897, 920; history of, 679 Qin emperor tomb. See Shi Huangdi tomb Qin Shi Huangdi. See Shi Huangdi Qin Xiaogong. See Xiaogong Quaestor, 643 Quelcatani, 33 Questions of King Milinda, The. See Milindapañha Quilter, Jeffrey, 164 Quinctilius Varus, Publius, 728, 754 Quinctius Flamininus, Titus, 643, 654 Quintus Caecilius Metellus. See Caecilius Metellus, Quintus Qumran, 593 R Ra (god), 211 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 255 Raghuvamśa (Kālidāsa), 930 Raiding, 158; Celts, 233; Sea Peoples, 225 Rāmāyana (Vālmīki), 368-370, 631 Rameses II. See Ramses II Rameses III. See Ramses III Ramsauer, George, 231 Ramses II, 189, 213, 216, 227 Ramses III, 226, 228 Real Alto, 87 Rebellion of the Eight Princes (291-306 c.e.), 896 Rebellions; against Assyrian Empire, 314; against Etruscans, 337; against Sargon of Akkad, 129, 133; against Shulgi of Ur, 100; against the Hyksos, 174; against the Kushites, 286; Assyrians against Mitannians, 184; China peasant, 238; Jews against the Romans, 790, 819; Kush against Egypt, 275; Saïs against the Libyans, 276; Theban priests against Kushites, 275 Records of Ancient Matters. See Kojiki Records of the Grand Historian of China. See Shiji Red Cliffs, Battle of (208 c.e.), 853, 866 Red Eyebrows Rebellion (18-23 c.e.), 757-758 Red Paint culture, 72-74 Reform, land; Assyrian Empire, 300; China, 295, 921; Qin Dynasty, 612; Roman, 667 Reform, political; Cleisthenes, 394-395; Eastern Han Dynasty, 758; Greek, 395; Han Dynasty, 624; Qin Dynasty, 611-612; Roman, 392, 868; Sumer, 126-127; Xin Dynasty, 756 Reform, social; Etruscan, 337; Greece, 358; Qin Dynasty, 612; Sumer, 126-127 Regulus, 583 Rehoboam, 268 Reiche, Maria, 638 Reincarnation, 381; Daoism and, 926. See also Birth and rebirth, cycle of Reisner, George, 121, 159, 310 Religion; Akkad, 133; Aksum, 847; Andronovo culture, 171; Aramean, 230; Australia, 96; Canaan, 99; Caral (Peru), 120; China, 295, 483, 588, 782; Dong Son culture, 487; Druids, 700; Egypt, 151, 194, 286; Elamite, 100; Fifth Dynasty (Egypt), 194; Funan, 746; Greece, 181, 289, 291, 318, 343, 378; Hyksos, 173; India, 380, 447, 489, 580, 588; Indo-Aryan, 874; Indus Valley civilization, 86; Israel, 360; Izapan, 555; Kushān Dynasty, 803; Maya, 838; Minoan, 182; Mixtecs, 193; Niger-Congo people, 56-58; Oaxaca, 162; Olmec civilization, 202; Persia, 353, 420; Phrygia, 280; Poverty Point culture, 166; Roman, 383; Sāsānian, 888; Shang Dynasty, 179; Southeast Asia, 580, 597; Sri Lanka, 588; Sumer, 78, 82; Tai, 738; Teotihuacán, 748-749; Toba, 920; Zapotecs, 424, 685. See also Category Index Resurrection (Jesus Christ), 763 Rezin, 302 Rhapta, port of (East Africa), 687-689 Rhetoric, 462 Rhine-Danube frontier, 727-729 Rhys Davids, T. W., 399 Rice cultivation, 42, 80, 155, 613; Africa, 418; Dong Son culture, 488; Japan, 561 Richthofen, Ferdinand von, 627 Rigveda, 197, 199, 408, 630 Rimush, 129 Roads; Anasazi culture, 841; Roman Empire, 543. See also Appian Way, building of; Silk Road Robber Synod (449 c.e.), 966 Robin Hood's Ball, 91 Roman Empire, 617, 642, 651; acquisition of Pergamum, 665; battles with Gaul, map, 703; Boudicca's revolt against, 779-782; Christianity and, 784, 832, 862, 890-891, 893, 904, 911-914; conquest of Britain, 768-771; creation of the imperial bureaucracy, 772-773; dominates, 868-870; emperors (27 B.C.E.-81 c.e.), table, 722; emperors (69-79 c.e.), table, 790; emperors (98-194 c.e.), table, 815; emperors (282-337 c.e.), table, 868; emperors (306-395 c.e.), table, 891; emperors (379-474 c.e.), table, 913; height of, map, c; Huns and, 845; Juvenal's satires of, 806; late, map, ci; marriage, 461; medicine, 825; paganism, 941; poetry, 724, 730, 751; political reform, 392; principate, 721-723; public office, 427; public works, 603; religion, 383; roads, 543; Shāpūr II and, 888; social structure, 460; transportation, 543; Visigoths and, 910. See also Geographical Index Roman Republic, 581, 694, 716; genesis of, 389, 392-394; political system, 393; women, 391 Romance of the Three Kingdoms. See San guo zhi yan yi Rome, city of; map, 974 Rome, Fall of (476 c.e.), 973-976 Rome, sack of (410 c.e.), 938-940, 974 Romulus (founder of Rome), 392 Romulus Augustulus (Roman emperor), 975 Round Head period, 21 Rowe, John Howland, 324 Royal Road, 313 Rtusamhāra (Kālidāsa), 930 Rufus, Publius Suplicius. See Sulpicius Rufus, Publius Rufus, Tineius, 819 Ruler, role of; Buddhism, 580; Confucianism, 610, 656, 671, 679; Daoism, 659, 843; Hinduism, 915; India, 481; Legalism, 444, 572, 605; Roman Empire, 854 Ruling class; Etruscan, 337; Sumer, 83 S Sabaeans, 239 Sabi people, 876 Sacrifices; animal, 159, 332, 344, 347, 421, 619, 630; children, 99; Druids, 699; Egypt, 118; human, 120, 159, 162, 179, 193, 202; Maya, 838; Vedic, 255 Sādavāhana-kula Dynasty. See Sātavāhana Dynasty Saddharma-pundarīka Sūtra. See Lotus Sutra Sadducees, 661 Sadyattes, 331 Saharan people, 20-22 Sahel, 260 Sahelians, 485 Sahma, 960 Sahure, 110 Sai, 160 Saite Dynasty, 235, 328-330; sculpture, 235, 329 Śakas, 674, 803 Śākuntala: Or, The Lost Ring. See Abhijnānaśākuntala Śākyamuni. See Buddha Salamis, Battle of (306 B.C.E.), 532 Salamis, Battle of (480 B.C.E.), 426, 432, 436 Salish, 38 Salt, 260 Salvation and Daoism, 927 Salvius Otho, Marcus. See Otho, Marcus Salvius Sama Veda of the Jaiminiyas. See Sāmaveda Samaritans, 375 Samarra culture, 76 Sāmaveda, 197 Samguk Yusa (Iryŏn), 130 Samhitās, 197 Sāmkhya, 635 Samnite Wars (343-290 B.C.E.), 510, 582 Samsāra, 630 Samudragupta, 914 Samuel, 241 Samyutta-nikāya, 590 San guo zhi yan yi (Luo), 821, 896 San Huang, 102, 112, 618; table, 103 San José Mogote, 422 San Kuo: Or, Romance of the Three Kingdoms. See San guo zhi yan yi San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, 201 San people, 1-3 Sanballat, 375 Śangam. See Cankam Sanghamitta, 596 Sangibanus, 963 Saniat Gebril, 416 Sanitation; Etruscan, 337; Indus Valley civilization, 85; Minoans, 181 Sankhibtawy. See Montuhotep II Sanmati. See Vardhamāna Sannai Maruyama, 18 Sanskrit; grammar of, 407; table, 408 Saphrax, 909 Sappho, 362-365 Sardis, Battle of (498 B.C.E.), 425, 429 Sardis, sack of (546 B.C.E.), 332 Sarduri II, 301 Sargon II, 252 Sargon of Akkad, 128-130, 132 Sarvāstivādin, 589, 739 Sāsānian Empire, 601, 856-858; early, table, 856; later, table, 888; Manichaeanism and, 858; map, cv; religion, 888; sculpture, 857, 888; under Shāpūr II, 887-889 Sātakarni, 674 Sātakarni Dynasty. See Sātavāhana Dynasty Sātavāhana Dynasty, 673-675; table, 674 Satires (Juvenal). See Saturae Satires (Horace), 730 Saturae (Juvenal), 805-807 Saturninus of Toulouse, 864 Saul (king of Israel), 241, 267 Saul of Tarsus. See Paul, Saint Saustatar I, 184 Saxons, 954-957 Schliemann, Heinrich, 187, 219 Science, beginning of scholarly discipline of, 528-530. See also Category Index Scipio, Publius Cornelius. See Scipio Africanus Scipio Aemilianus, 652, 667, 709 Scipio Africanus, 564, 617, 625, 643 Scipio Nasica, 665, 668 Scipio the Elder. See Scipio Africanus Scorpion, 94 Scriptures, Hebrew, 593 Sculpture; Āndhradeśa, 675; Bantu, 932-933; Buddhist, 922, 968; Chavín, 270; Cimmerians, 252; Ionian, 248; Kushān, 817; Licchavi Dynasty, 876; Nok, 253-254; Olmec civilization, 202; Saite Dynasty, 235, 329; Sāsānian, 857, 888; statue of Zeus, 290 Scylax of Caryanda, 385, 387-388 Scythians, Cimmerians and, 277-279 Sea Peoples, 225-227 Seafaring, 318; Dong Son culture, 488 Seals, 100 Sebastian, 909 Sebeknefru, 150 Second Athenian Confederation, 498 Second coming of Christ, 832 Second Intermediate Period (Egypt), 173-175; table, 174 Second Triumvirate, 717, 722 Sekenenre, 189 Sekhemkhet, 109 Seleucid Dynasty, 597, 644, 649; founding of, 530-534 Seleucus I Nicator, 531, 534, 537, 600 Sempronian Agrarian Law, 667 Sempronius Gracchus, Gaius. See Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberius. See Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius Seneca the Younger, 560 Senherib. See Sennacherib Sennacherib, 310, 314-317 Senwosret I. See Sesostris I Senwosret III. See Sesostris III Septimia Zenobia. See Zenobia Septimius Severus, 601, 771 Septuagint, 591-592 Sericulture. See Silk making Serpent Mound, 257 Servile War, First (135-132 B.C.E.), 694 Servile War, Second (104-101 B.C.E.), 694 Servile War, Third (73-71 B.C.E.), 694-696 Servilius, Publius, 427 Servius Sulpicius Galba. See Galba, Servius Sulpicius Sesostris I, 135, 150 Sesostris III, 150 Seti I, 213, 227 Setju, 122, 138, 160 Seutonius Paulinus, Gaius, 780 Seven Overlords of the Warring States, 294 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, 110, 290, 341, 531 Seventeenth Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Severus, Sextus Julius. See Julius Severus, Sextus Severus Alexander, 857, 868, 973 Sextus Julius Severus. See Julius Severus, Sextus Shabaka, 234, 276, 287, 309-311 Shabataka. See Shebitku Shady Solís, Ruth, 119 Shalmaneser III, 274 Shammai, 661 Shamshi-Adad I, 272 Shang Dynasty, 178-180 Shang Yang, 295, 572, 610, 612 Shangqing, 822, 926 Shāpūr I, 856, 858 Shāpūr II, 887-889 Sheba, queen of, 239-240, 299, 847 Shebitku, 276, 287 Shell ring sites, 37 Shen Nong, 43, 102 Shepsekhaf, 110 Sheshi, 173 Shi Huangdi, 572, 607, 610, 612, 618, 621, 656, 671, 679 Shi Huangdi tomb, 618-620 Shi yi ji (Wang Jia), 102 Shield Archaic culture, 36 Shih Huang-ti. See Shi Huangdi Shiji (Sima Qian), 550, 618, 678-680 Shijing, 411 Shilla. See Silla Shintō, 40-42 Shiva. See Śiva Shmu'el. See Samuel Shu Han Dynasty, 830, 852, 854, 866, 896 Shun, 112, 146 Si Ling-Chi. See Leizu Sibylline Books, 382-384 Sibyls, 382 Sicily, Athenian invasion of, 468, 470-473 Sicinius, 427 Siddhārtha Gautama. See Buddha Sidqa, 314 Silk, 628 Silk making, 59; invention of, 113-115 Silk Road, 621, 627-629, 657, 783, 852; spread of Buddhism and, 969 Silla, 131, 878 Silo Pompaedius, 692 Sima Guang, 404 Sima Qian, 618, 678 Sima Yan, 866, 896 Sima Yi, 866 Simeon. See Peter, Saint Simeon ben Kosiba. See Bar Kokhba Simon ben Giora, 791 Simon Peter. See Peter, Saint Simuka, 673 Sin-ahhe-eriba. See Sennacherib Sinicization, Toba, 920 Sishu. See Confucian Four Books Śiva (god), 631 Six Dynasties, 897 Six Garrisons, Rebellion of (523 c.e.), 922 Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians (China), 897, 920 Sixteenth Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Sixth Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Siyaj Chan K'awiil I, 795 Siyaj Chan K'awiil II, 796 Sky-Born K'awiil Great Claw. See Siyaj Chan K'awiil I Smelting, 245 Smith, George, 154 Snaketown, 557 Snefru, 109 Social structure; Athens, 358; Babylonia, 169; Bantu, 877; Caral (Peru), 120; Çatalhüyük, 49; Chavín de Huantár, 271; Clovis culture, 23; Desert culture, 35; Eastern Woodland culture, 36; Greece, 318; Hohokam culture, 558; Hopewell culture, 641; Indus Valley civilization, 85; Khoisan, 47; Maya, 838; Mixtecs, 193; Mongols, 157; Monte Albán, 422; Niger River, 419; Northwest Coast cultures, 39; Old Copper complex, 79; Paracas, 325; Roman Empire, 460; Sumer, 77, 82; Teotihuacán, 748; Ubaid, 55; Upper Paleolithic people, 11; Western Zhou, 237; Woodland culture, 262; Yayoi, 562 Social War (357-355 B.C.E.), 511 Socrates, 463, 476, 491-493, 499, 501, 559 Solomon, 239, 263, 265, 267, 299 Solon, 331, 358-359 Son of Ariston. See Plato Soninke people, 885 Sophists, 462-463, 491, 499, 501 Sophocles, 448 Sorghum cultivation, 68 Sosigenes, 714 Sostratus of Cnidus, 521 Souls, transmigration of, 379, 386 South America; map, xciii; settlement of, 13-14. See also Geographical Index South Asia. See Geographical Index South Pacific people, 124 Southeast Asia; religion, 580, 597. See also Geographical Index Southern Dynasties (China), 897, 920, 945-947; table, 946 Sparta, 306, 425, 436, 440, 470, 496, 654; conquest of Messenia, 303-305; war with Athens, 467 Spartacus, 694-696 Spear points, 22, 31 Sphēkes (Aristophanes), 499 Sphinx, 110, 118 Spink, Walter, 968 Sports, 290. See also Ball games; Olympic Games Spring and Autumn Annals. See Chunqiu Spring and Autumn Period, 294, 396, 444 Squash cultivation, 162 Squier, Ephraim G., 640 Sri Lanka, religion, 588 Ssu-ma I. See Sima Yi Ssu-ma Ch'ien. See Sima Qian Ssu-ma Kuang. See Sima Guang Ssu-ma Yen. See Sima Yan Stein, Sir Aurel, 627 Stelae; Aksum, 736, 847-849; Piye's, 276, 309; Stela of the Vultures, 106 Step Pyramid complex, 109 Sthavirada. See Theravāda Stilicho, Flavius, 938 Stirrup, 866 Stoicheia (Euclid), 552-554 Stoicism, 559-561 Stonehenge, 91-93, 137 Stormy Sky. See Siyaj Chan K'awiil II Strabo, Gnaeus Pompeius. See Pompeius Strabo, Gnaeus Street of the Dead (Teotihuacán), 748, 807 Strong, William Duncan, 324 Stukeley, William, 91, 701 Sudan Belt, trade, 260-261 Sudharma Svami's Bhagavati Sutra. See Bhagavati Sntra Sugiyama, Saburo, 808 Sui Dynasty, 946 Sui Jen. See Sui Ren Sui Ren, 102 Sujin, 548 Sulla Felix. See Sulla, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 693-694, 697, 717 Sulpicius Galba, Servius. See Galba, Servius Sulpicius Sulpicius Rufus, Publius, 693 Sumedha, 399 Sumer, 76-78, 82; invention of writing, 89-90; map, cii; marriage, 127; political reform, 126-127; religion, 78, 82; social reform, 126-127; social structure, 82; transportation, 77 Sumerian King List, 105 Summary of the Great Vehicle, The. See Mahāyānasapgraha Sun Wu. See Sunzi Sunzi, 400 Sunzi Bingfa (Sunzi), 400-402 Suppiluliumas I, 184, 207 Surgery, India, 352 Susa, 100 Suśruta of Benares, 351 Suśruta Samhitā (Suśruta), 351-353 Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law. See Lotus Sutra Suttas, 589 Suttavibhanga, 589 Sybaris, 306 Symmachus, 591 Synesius of Cyrene, 943 Syphax, 565 Syracuse, 471, 581; founding of, 306-308 Syracuse, Battle of (413 B.C.E.), 472, 492 Syrian War, Third (246-241 B.C.E.), 599 Syrian War, Fifth (201-200 B.C.E.), 644 Syrian War, Sixth (170-168 B.C.E.), 644 Syro-Palestine, invasion of, 314-317, 328 T Tabgatch. See Toba Tadmor, Hayim, 301 Taharqa, 276, 287, 310, 328 Tai Kang, 146 Tai people, 154, 738-739 Taittirīya, 256 Taizong, 972 Takamatsuzuka kofun, 882 Takechi no Sukune, 924 Tamils, 742 Tang Dynasty, 971 Tangun Chosŏn, 131 Tangun Wanggom, 130 Tanutamuni, 276, 287, 329 T'ao Ch'ien. See Tao Qian Tao of Politics, The. See Huainanzi Tao Qian, 935-937 Tao Te Ching. See Dao De Jing Tao Yuanming. See Tao Qian Taoism. See Daoism Tarpan, 74 Tarquin the First. See Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius Tarquin the Proud. See Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucius, 389, 392 Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius, 337 Tarquinius Sextus, 389, 392 Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius, 337, 382, 389, 392 Tasian, 134 Ta-t'ung. See Datong Tawanannas, 176 Taxes, 127 Taxila, 526 Technology. See Category Index, "Science and technology" Tefnakht, 276, 309, 328 Teispes, 312 Telarmachay, 32 Telesterion, 344 Telipinus, 177 Tell Abada, 54 Tell al-Ubaid, 53 Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, 98 Tell es-Sawwan, 65 Tell Halaf, 65 Tello, Julio, 324 Ten Commandments, 215 Ten Thousand, March of the (Greece), 477-480, 494 Teotihuacán, 193, 748-750, 837; Pyramids of the Sun and Moon, 807-810; Tikal and, 796 Tepe Gawra, 76 Teploukov, S. A., 171 Terence, 646-648 Terentilius Harsa, Gaius, 451 Terentius Afer, Publius. See Terence Terra-cotta warriors, 620 Tertullian, 833 Tervingi. See also Visigoths Testament (of Hattusilis), 177 Teti, 110, 190 Teutoburg Forest, Battle of (9 c.e.), 728, 753-755 Textiles; Chinchorro, 64; El Paraíso, 164; Nilo-Saharan, 52; Paracas, 324-326 Texts of the White Yajurveda, The. See Yajurveda Thales of Miletus, 356 Thapsus, Battle of (48 B.C.E.), 565 Thasos, 440 Thebes, 496; invasion by Alexander the Great, 515; military strategy, 504; sack of (663 B.C.E.), 235, 329 Themistocles, 367, 431, 436 Theodoric I, 953, 963 Theodosius I (the Great), 290, 846, 893, 911, 938, 974 Theodosius II, 290, 846, 948, 962 Theodosius, Flavius. See Theodosius I (the Great) Theodotion, 591 Theogony (Hesiod), 317, 356 Theon, 943 Theophrastus, 538 Theopompus I, 303 Thera, 306; destruction of, 182 Theragatha, 676 Theramenes, 475 Theravāda, 347, 579, 586, 589, 596, 739 Therigatha, 676-677 Thermopylae, Battle of (480 B.C.E.), 426, 436 Thesmophoriazousai (Aristophanes), 500 Thespis, 448 Thi Sach, 767 Third Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Third Dynasty of Ur, 144 Third Intermediate Period (Egypt), 234-236; table, 235 Thirteenth Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Thirtieth Dynasty (Egypt). See Egyptian dynasties Thirty Tyrants (Athens), 475-476, 491 Thomas, Cyrus, 641 Thomsen, Christian Jürgensen, 231 Thorismund, 964 Thothmes. See Thutmose III Thrasybulus, 331, 476 Thrasymachus of Chalcedon, 463 Three Jewels, 346 Three Kingdoms Period (China), 821, 830, 852-854, 866, 896, 920; table, 853 Three Kingdoms Period (Korea), 878-880 Thucydides, 306, 366, 442, 453, 474 Thutmose I, 139, 184 Thutmose III, 184, 189, 206, 286 Thutmose IV, 184 Tianshi. See Celestial Masters movement Tiberius, 727, 755, 772 Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar. See Tiberius Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. See Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius Tiglath-pileser I, 229 Tiglath-pileser III, 300-303 Tigran. See Tigranes the Great Tigranes II. See Tigranes the Great Tigranes the Great, 689 Tigray, 108; pottery, 107 Tikal, 794, 837 Tilak, Bala Gangadhar, 198 Timotheus, 474 Tineius Rufus. See Rufus, Tineius Ting-Lings, 621 Tipitaka, 580, 587, 589-590, 596, 740, 970 Tircul. See Pyu Tirhakah. See Taharqa Tiribazus, 497 Tiridates, 598, 600 Tīrthankara, 380, 447 Tissa, Dēvānampiya, 580, 595 Tissa, Moggaliputta, 587 Tissaphernes, 478, 494 Titus, 791 Titus Maccius Plautus. See Plautus Tiy, 211 Tiye. See Tiy Tjauti, 142 Tjemehou. See Berbers Toba, 897, 920 Tolstov, S. P., 71 "Tome of Leo, The," 966; sidebar, 966 Tomyris, 313 Tonghu, 621 Tools, iron, 249 T'o-pa. See Toba Torah, 361 T'ou-man. See Touman Touman, 621 Trade; Africa, 456, 872; Aksum, 736, 847, 883; Archaic cultures, 36; Bantu, 877; BaTwa, 7; Canaan, 98; Caral (Peru), 120; Çatalhüyük, 48; China, 783, 947; Dong Son culture, 488; Etruscans, 335; Garamantes, 417; Gash civilization, 107; Ghana, 886; Greece, 333; Halafian culture, 66; Hallstatt, 231; Han Dynasty, 657; India, 783; Indus Valley civilization, 85; Izapan, 554; Jenne, 545; Kerma, 139, 159; Kushān Empire, 804; Meroë, 350; Mycenaean, 187; Near East, 207; Niger River, 419; Old Copper complex, 79; Phoenicians, 281; Poverty Point culture, 167; Rhapta, 687; Sāavāhana Dynasty, 674; Sudan Belt, 260-261; Sumer, 83; Teotihuacán, 749; Ubaid, 55, 76. See also Category Index, "Trade and commerce" Tragedy, Greek, 448; Euripides, 474 Traianus, Marcus Ulpius. See Trajan Trajan, 544, 601, 729, 814 Transportation, 21, 75, 107; Roman Empire, 543; seafaring, 125; Sumer, 77 Travels of Fa-hsien, The. See Fo guo ji Treasury of Atreus, 187 Treatise on Buddhism and Taoism. See Wei Shu Treatise on the Good. See Arthaśāstra Trent, Council of, 633 Trepanation, 325 Treveri, 704 Trinity, 911 Triptolemus, 343 Triremes, 431; construction of, 365-368 Trogus, Pompeius, 650 Trojan horse, 220 Trojan War (legendary), 188, 218, 297 Troy, Fall of (c. 1250 B.C.E.), 218-221, 296 Trung Nhi, 766 Trung sisters' rebellion, 766-768 Trung Trach, 766 Ts'ai Lun. See Cai Lun Ts'ai Yen. See Cai Yan Ts'ao P'ei. See Cao Pei Ts'ao Ts'ao. See Cao Cao Ts'ui Hao. See Cui Hao Tseng Tzu. See Zengzi Tshitolian Stone Age technolo