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Great Events from History: The 20th Century, 1901-1940 Contents by Category Agriculture 1904: Canadian Cultivation of Marquis Wheat 1904-1908: Haber Develops Process for Extracting Nitrogen from the Air 1907: Famine Strikes Russia 1917: American Farmers Increase Insecticide Use May 21, 1924: Farmers Dynamite the Los Angeles Aqueduct 1927: U.S. Food and Drug Administration Is Established June 15, 1929: Agricultural Marketing Act July, 1931: Yellow River Flood Dec., 1932-Spring, 1934: Great Famine Strikes the Soviet Union Oct. 18, 1933: Roosevelt Creates the Commodity Credit Corporation 1934-1939: Dust Bowl Devastates the Great Plains 1939: Müller Discovers the Insecticidal Properties of DDT Anthropology Dec., 1908: Boule Reconstructs the First Neanderthal Skeleton 1911: Boas Publishes The Mind of Primitive Man Summer, 1923: Zdansky Discovers Peking Man Summer, 1924: Dart Discovers the First Australopithecine Fossil 1925: The City Initiates the Study of Urban Ecology Aug., 1928: Mead Publishes Coming of Age in Samoa 1934: Benedict Publishes Patterns of Culture Fall, 1937-Winter, 1938: Weidenreich Reconstructs the Face of Peking Man Archaeology Jan., 1902: French Expedition at Susa Discovers Hammurabi's Code Dec., 1908: Boule Reconstructs the First Neanderthal Skeleton July 24, 1911: Bingham Discovers Machu Picchu Nov. 4, 1922: Carter Discovers the Tomb of Tutankhamen 1923-1939: Cambridge Ancient History Appears Sept. 12, 1940: Lascaux Cave Paintings Are Discovered Architecture 1905: Hoffmann Designs the Palais Stoclet Oct., 1907: Deutscher Werkbund Is Founded Oct., 1909: Completion of the AEG Turbine Factory 1910: Gaudí Completes the Casa Milá Apartment House 1919: German Artists Found the Bauhaus 1922: First Major U.S. Shopping Center Opens May-June, 1925: Paris Exhibition Defines Art Deco Spring, 1931: Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye Exemplifies Functionalist Architecture May 1, 1931: Empire State Building Opens Oct., 1932: Wright Founds the Taliesin Fellowship 1937: Prouvé Pioneers Architectural Prefabrication 1937-1938: Aalto Designs Villa Mairea Nov. 1, 1939: Rockefeller Center Is Completed Arts 1902-1913: Tiffany Leads the Art Nouveau Movement in the United States Feb. 17, 1902: Stieglitz Organizes the Photo-Secession 1903: Hoffmann and Moser Found the Wiener Werkstätte Summer, 1905: Avant-Garde Artists Form Die Brücke Fall, 1905: Stein Holds Her First Paris Salons Oct., 1905: Fauves Exhibit at the Salon d'Automne 1906-1907: Artists Find Inspiration in African Tribal Art Oct., 1907: Deutscher Werkbund Is Founded Summer, 1908: Salon d'Automne Rejects Braque's Cubist Works Feb. 20, 1909: Marinetti Issues the Futurist Manifesto Sept., 1911: Der Blaue Reiter Abandons Representation in Art 1912: Kandinsky Publishes His Theory of Abstract Art 1913: Apollinaire Defines Cubism 1913: Duchamp's "Readymades" Redefine Art Feb. 17-Mar. 15, 1913: Armory Show Dec. 17, 1915: Malevich Introduces Suprematism 1916: Dada Movement Emerges at the Cabaret Voltaire 1917: De Stijl Advocates Mondrian's Neoplasticism 1918-1919: Rietveld Designs the Red-Blue Chair 1919: German Artists Found the Bauhaus 1920's: Harlem Renaissance May 7, 1920: Group of Seven Exhibition 1921: Man Ray Creates the Rayograph Mar. 31, 1924: Formation of the Blue Four Advances Abstract Painting Oct., 1924: Surrealism Is Born 1925: New Objectivity Movement Is Introduced May 17, 1927: Monet's Water Lilies Are Shown at the Musée de L'Orangerie Nov. 8, 1929: New York's Museum of Modern Art Opens to the Public Nov. 17, 1931: Whitney Museum of American Art Opens in New York 1934: Soviet Union Bans Abstract Art Feb., 1934: Rivera's Rockefeller Center Mural Is Destroyed Jan., 1935: Schiaparelli's Boutique Mingles Art and Fashion Feb. 12, 1935: Exhibition of American Abstract Painting Opens in New York July, 1937: Picasso Exhibits Guernica July 19-Nov. 30, 1937: Nazi Germany Hosts the Degenerate Art Exhibition 1940-1941: Moore's Subway Sketches Record War Images Sept. 12, 1940: Lascaux Cave Paintings Are Discovered Astronomy 1903-1904: Hale Establishes Mount Wilson Observatory 1904: Hartmann Discovers the First Evidence of Interstellar Matter 1904: Kapteyn Discovers Two Star Streams in the Galaxy 1905: Hertzsprung Notes Relationship Between Star Color and Luminosity Aug., 1905: Lowell Predicts the Existence of Pluto 1907: Hertzsprung Describes Giant and Dwarf Stellar Divisions June 26, 1908: Hale Discovers Strong Magnetic Fields in Sunspots 1912: Slipher Obtains the Spectrum of a Distant Galaxy Mar. 3, 1912: Leavitt Discovers How to Measure Galactic Distances 1913: Hertzsprung Uses Cepheid Variables to Calculate Distances to the Stars Dec., 1913: Russell Announces His Theory of Stellar Evolution 1916: Schwarzschild Solves the Equations of General Relativity Nov., 1917: Hooker Telescope Is Installed on Mount Wilson Jan. 8, 1918: Shapley Proves the Sun Is Distant from the Center of Our Galaxy Nov. 6, 1919: Einstein's Theory of Gravitation Is Confirmed over Newton's Theory Early 1920's: Slipher Presents Evidence of Redshifts in Galactic Spectra Dec. 13, 1920: Michelson Measures the Diameter of a Star 1924: Hubble Determines the Distance to the Andromeda Nebula Mar., 1924: Eddington Formulates the Mass-Luminosity Law for Stars Dec., 1924: Hubble Shows That Other Galaxies Are Independent Systems July, 1926: Eddington Publishes The Internal Constitution of the Stars 1927: Lemaître Proposes the Big Bang Theory 1927: Oort Proves the Spiral Structure of the Milky Way 1929: Hubble Confirms the Expanding Universe Winter, 1929-1930: Schmidt Invents the Corrector for the Schmidt Camera and Telescope 1930: Lyot's Coronagraph Allows Observation of the Sun's Outer Atmosphere 1930-1932: Jansky's Experiments Lead to Radio Astronomy Feb. 18, 1930: Tombaugh Discovers Pluto 1931-1935: Chandrasekhar Calculates the Upper Limit of a White Dwarf Star's Mass 1934: Zwicky and Baade Propose a Theory of Neutron Stars June-Sept., 1937: Reber Builds the First Intentional Radio Telescope Feb. 15, 1939: Oppenheimer Calculates the Nature of Black Holes Atrocities and war crimes 1902: Philippines Ends Its Uprising Against the United States 1903-1906: Pogroms in Imperial Russia Jan., 1904-1905: Herero and Nama Revolts Jan. 22, 1905: Bloody Sunday Oct. 18, 1907: Second Hague Peace Conference Apr. 22-27, 1915: Germany Uses Poison Gas Against Allied Troops Apr. 24, 1915: Armenian Genocide Begins 1917-1924: Russian Communists Inaugurate the Red Terror Apr. 13, 1919: British Soldiers Massacre Indians at Amritsar Jan.-Feb., 1932: El Salvador's Military Massacres Civilians Mar., 1933: Nazi Concentration Camps Begin Operating Aug. 11-13, 1933: Iraqi Army Slaughters Assyrian Christians June 30-July 2, 1934: Great Blood Purge Dec., 1934: Stalin Begins the Purge Trials Aug. 2-18, 1936: Claretian Martyrs Are Executed in Spain Apr. 26, 1937: Raids on Guernica Dec., 1937-Feb., 1938: Rape of Nanjing July 6-15, 1938: Evian Conference Nov. 9-10, 1938: Kristallnacht 1939-1945: Nazi Extermination of the Jews Summer, 1939: Stalin Suppresses the Russian Orthodox Church Apr.-May, 1940: Soviets Massacre Polish Prisoners of War May 16, 1940-1944: Gypsies Are Exterminated in Nazi Death Camps Banking and finance Oct.-Nov., 1907: Panic of 1907 Apr. 5, 1910: First Morris Plan Bank Opens Feb. 25, 1913: U.S. Federal Income Tax Is Authorized Dec. 23, 1913: Federal Reserve Act 1915: Merrill Lynch & Company Is Founded 1919-1920: Ponzi Cheats Thousands in an Investment Scheme Feb. 25, 1927: McFadden Act Regulates Branch Banking Oct. 24-29, 1929: U.S. Stock Market Crashes Dec. 11, 1930: Bank of United States Fails May 8, 1931: Credit-Anstalt Bank of Austria Fails Jan. 22, 1932: Reconstruction Finance Corporation Is Created Jan. 23, 1933: Italy Creates the Industrial Reconstruction Institute June 16, 1933: Banking Act of 1933 Reorganizes the American Banking System June 6, 1934: Securities and Exchange Commission Is Established June 26, 1934: Federal Credit Union Act Aug. 23, 1935: Banking Act of 1935 Centralizes U.S. Monetary Control 1936-1946: France Nationalizes Its Banking and Industrial Sectors Feb. 10, 1938: Fannie Mae Promotes Home Ownership Biology 1901: Discovery of Human Blood Groups 1901: Hopkins Announces the Discovery of Tryptophan 1901: Ivanov Develops Artificial Insemination 1902: Bateson Publishes Mendel's Principles of Heredity 1902: McClung Contributes to the Discovery of the Sex Chromosome 1902-1903: Pavlov Develops the Concept of Reinforcement Apr.-June, 1902: Bayliss and Starling Establish the Role of Hormones Dec., 1902: Sutton Proposes That Chromosomes Carry Hereditary Traits Apr.-May, 1904: Sherrington Clarifies the Role of the Nervous System 1905: Punnett's Mendelism Includes Diagrams Showing Heredity 1906: Bateson and Punnett Observe Gene Linkage 1906: Hopkins Postulates the Presence of Vitamins 1907: Plague Kills 1.2 Million in India Spring, 1907: Development of Nerve Fibers Is Observed 1908: Chlorination of the U.S. Water Supply Begins 1908: Hardy and Weinberg Present a Model of Population Genetics 1908-1915: Morgan Develops the Gene-Chromosome Theory Nov.-Dec., 1908: Ehrlich and Metchnikoff Conduct Pioneering Immunity Research 1909: Johannsen Coins the Terms "Gene," "Genotype," and "Phenotype" 1910: Rous Discovers That Some Cancers Are Caused by Viruses Fall, 1911: Sturtevant Produces the First Chromosome Map Sept., 1915-Feb., 1916: McLean Discovers the Natural Anticoagulant Heparin Spring, 1919: Frisch Discovers That Bees Communicate Through Body Movements 1921: Tuberculosis Vaccine BCG Is Developed 1924: Steenbock Discovers Sunlight Increases Vitamin D in Food 1924: Svedberg Develops the Ultracentrifuge 1925: Whipple Discovers Importance of Iron for Red Blood Cells 1926: Vernadsky Publishes The Biosphere 1928-1932: Szent-Györgyi Discovers Vitamin C 1930: Zinsser Develops an Immunization Against Typhus July, 1935: Tansley Proposes the Term "Ecosystem" Mar., 1937: Krebs Describes the Citric Acid Cycle Business and labor May 12-Oct. 23, 1902: Anthracite Coal Strike 1903: Delaware Revises Corporation Laws Apr. 17, 1905: U.S. Supreme Court Strikes Down Maximum Hours Law June 27, 1905: Founding of Industrial Workers of the World Feb., 1906: Sinclair Publishes The Jungle Feb. 12, 1906: Establishment of the British Labour Party Spring, 1906: Lee Establishes the Field of Public Relations June 30, 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act Sept. 19, 1906: Bern Convention Prohibits Night Work for Women Mar. 14, 1907: Gentlemen's Agreement Jan. 27, 1908: U.S. Supreme Court Ruling Allows Yellow-Dog Contracts Feb. 3, 1908: Danbury Hatters Decision Constrains Secondary Boycotts Feb. 24, 1908: Muller v. Oregon Apr. 8, 1908: Harvard University Founds a Business School Mar. 4, 1909: U.S. Congress Updates Copyright Law 1910-1930: Great Northern Migration July 1, 1910: U.S. Bureau of Mines Is Established Mar. 25, 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Apr. 14, 1911: Lever Acquires Land Concession in the Belgian Congo June 4, 1912: Massachusetts Adopts the First Minimum Wage Law in the United States Mar. 1, 1913: Ford Assembly Line Begins Operation 1914: U.S. Government Begins Using Cost-Plus Contracts Jan. 5, 1914: Ford Announces a Five-Dollar, Eight-Hour Workday Feb. 13, 1914: ASCAP Forms to Protect Writers and Publishers of Music Mar., 1914: Gilbreth Publishes The Psychology of Management Oct. 15, 1914: Labor Unions Win Exemption from Antitrust Laws July, 1916: Fayol Publishes General and Industrial Management Sept. 11, 1916: First Self-Service Grocery Store Opens Sept. 19, 1916: American Institute of Accountants Is Founded Jan. 31, 1917: Mexican Constitution Establishes an Advanced Labor Code Oct. 3, 1917: U.S. Congress Imposes a Wartime Excess-Profits Tax Nov., 1918-June, 1920: Demobilization of U.S. Forces After World War I May 15-June 26, 1919: Winnipeg General Strike June 28, 1919: International Labor Organization Is Established Sept. 22, 1919-Jan. 8, 1920: Steelworkers Strike for Improved Working Conditions 1920's: Donham Promotes the Case Study Teaching Method at Harvard 1920-1925: Great Britain Establishes Unemployment Benefits Jan. 3, 1920: New York Yankees Acquire Babe Ruth Dec. 29, 1920: General Motors Institutes a Multidivisional Structure Mar. 5, 1923: Nevada and Montana Introduce Old-Age Pensions Mar. 14, 1923: American Management Association Is Established Apr. 9, 1923: U.S. Supreme Court Rules Against Minimum Wage Laws 1924-1932: Hawthorne Studies Examine Human Productivity 1924-1976: Howard Hughes Builds a Business Empire May 21, 1924: Farmers Dynamite the Los Angeles Aqueduct May 26, 1924: Immigration Act of 1924 May 28, 1924: U.S. Congress Establishes the Border Patrol Nov. 4, 1924: Coolidge Is Elected U.S. President 1925: Hamilton Publishes Industrial Poisons in the United States 1925: McKinsey Founds a Management Consulting Firm Feb. 28, 1925: Corrupt Practices Act Limits Political Contributions May 3-12, 1926: British Workers Launch General Strike May 20, 1926: Railway Labor Act Provides for Mediation of Labor Disputes Oct. 29, 1929-1939: Great Depression Early 1930's: Mass Deportations of Mexicans Mar. 31, 1930-1931: Hawk's Nest Tunnel Construction Leads to Disaster 1931: Ultramares Case Establishes Liability for Auditors 1932: Berle and Means Discuss Corporate Control Jan. 22, 1932: Reconstruction Finance Corporation Is Created Mar. 23, 1932: Norris-La Guardia Act Strengthens Labor Organizations Feb. 28, 1933: Perkins Becomes First Woman Secretary of Labor June 16, 1933: Roosevelt Signs the National Industrial Recovery Act June 6, 1934: Securities and Exchange Commission Is Established Apr. 8, 1935: Works Progress Administration Is Established July 5, 1935: Wagner Act Nov. 10, 1935: Congress of Industrial Organizations Is Founded 1936-1946: France Nationalizes Its Banking and Industrial Sectors Jan.-Mar., 1936: Consumers Union of the United States Emerges June 19, 1936: Robinson-Patman Act Restricts Price Discrimination 1938: Barnard Publishes The Functions of the Executive June 25, 1938: Fair Labor Standards Act Aug., 1939: United States Begins Mobilization for World War II Chemistry 1901: Creation of the First Synthetic Vat Dye 1901-1904: Kipping Discovers Silicones 1902: Zsigmondy Invents the Ultramicroscope 1904-1908: Haber Develops Process for Extracting Nitrogen from the Air 1904-1912: Brandenberger Invents Cellophane 1905: Introduction of the First Injectable Anesthetic 1905-1907: Baekeland Invents Bakelite 1906: Cottrell Invents the Electrostatic Precipitation Process 1906-1913: Willstätter Discovers the Composition of Chlorophyll 1907: Lumières Develop Color Photography Apr., 1910: Ehrlich Introduces Salvarsan as a Cure for Syphilis 1912-1915: X-Ray Crystallography Is Developed by the Braggs Jan., 1913: Burton Refines Petroleum with Thermal Cracking 1917: American Farmers Increase Insecticide Use 1923: Discovery of the Compton Effect 1924: Svedberg Develops the Ultracentrifuge 1928-1932: Szent-Györgyi Discovers Vitamin C Sept., 1928: Fleming Discovers Penicillin in Molds 1930-1931: Pauling Develops His Theory of the Chemical Bond Apr., 1930: Midgley Introduces Dichlorodifluoromethane as a Refrigerant Gas Feb., 1935-Oct. 27, 1938: Carothers Invents Nylon Mar., 1937: Krebs Describes the Citric Acid Cycle 1938: Callendar Connects Industry with Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 1938: Hofmann Synthesizes the Potent Psychedelic Drug LSD-25 Dec., 1938: Hahn Splits the Uranium Atom 1939: Müller Discovers the Insecticidal Properties of DDT Civil rights and liberties June 12, 1902: Australia Extends Suffrage to Women Apr. 18, 1904: L'Humanité Gives Voice to French Socialist Politics July 11, 1905: Founding of the Niagara Movement Oct., 1906-Oct., 1907: Persia Adopts a Constitution Dec. 30, 1906: Muslim League Protests Government Abuses of Minority Rights in India July 26, 1908: Bureau of Investigation Begins Operation 1909: Mecklenburg-Schwerin Admits Women to University Education Feb. 12, 1909: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Is Founded Sept. 4-15, 1911: Students Challenge Corporal Punishment in British Schools Oct. 12, 1912: First Conference of the Society of American Indians May 20, 1913: Passage of the First Alien Land Law Sept., 1913: Anti-Defamation League Is Founded Apr. 13, 1917: U.S. Curtails Civil Liberties During World War I May, 1917: Universal Negro Improvement Association Establishes a U.S. Chapter June 15, 1917, and May 16, 1918: Espionage and Sedition Acts Sept. 20, 1917: Canadian Women Gain the Vote Feb. 6, 1918: British Women Gain the Vote 1919-1933: Racist Theories Aid Nazi Rise to Political Power Jan. 19-21, 1919: Paris Peace Conference Addresses Protection for Minorities Aug., 1919-May, 1920: Red Scare Sept. 10, 1919: Saint-Germain-en-Laye Convention Attempts to Curtail Slavery Sept. 22, 1919-Jan. 8, 1920: Steelworkers Strike for Improved Working Conditions 1920-1922: Gandhi Leads a Noncooperation Movement Jan. 19, 1920: American Civil Liberties Union Is Founded Aug. 26, 1920: U.S. Women Gain the Right to Vote 1921-1924: Ku Klux Klan Spreads Terror in the American South Sept. 22, 1922: Cable Act Nov. 13, 1922: Ozawa v. United States June 26, 1923: Oklahoma Imposes Martial Law in Response to KKK Violence Dec. 10, 1923: Proposal of the Equal Rights Amendment May 28, 1924: U.S. Congress Establishes the Border Patrol 1925-1926: Mussolini Seizes Dictatorial Powers in Italy 1925-1979: Pahlavi Shahs Attempt to Modernize Iran May 5, 1925: Japan Introduces Suffrage for Men July 10-21, 1925: Scopes Trial Aug. 7, 1925: West African Student Union Is Founded Oct., 1925: Germany Attempts to Restructure the Versailles Treaty Sept. 25, 1926: League of Nations Adopts International Slavery Convention May 18, 1928: Shakhty Case Debuts Show Trials in Moscow July 2, 1928: Great Britain Lowers the Voting Age for Women Feb. 17, 1929: League of United Latin American Citizens Is Founded Aug. 23, 1929: Western Wall Riots Mar. 12-Apr. 5, 1930: Gandhi Leads the Salt March Mar. 25, 1931-July, 1937: Scottsboro Trials 1932-1940: Development of Negritude Apr. 23, 1932: Stalin Restricts Soviet Composers Apr. 23, 1932-Aug., 1934: Socialist Realism Is Mandated in Soviet Literature Sept. 25, 1932: Poona Pact Grants Representation to India's Untouchables Feb. 27, 1933: Reichstag Fire Mar., 1933: Nazi Concentration Camps Begin Operating 1934: Soviet Union Bans Abstract Art Mar. 14, 1937: Pius XI Urges Resistance Against Nazism May 26, 1938: HUAC Is Established Jan. 2, 1939: Marian Anderson Is Barred from Constitution Hall Colonialism and occupation Dec. 19, 1901: Completion of the Mombasa-Lake Victoria Railway 1902: Heart of Darkness Critiques Imperialism 1902: Hobson Critiques Imperialism May 31, 1902: Treaty of Vereeniging Ends the Boer War June 6, 1903: Founding of the Weekly Indian Opinion Jan., 1904-1905: Herero and Nama Revolts Sept. 7, 1904: Lhasa Convention Is Signed in Tibet Mar. 31, 1905: Tangier Crisis Nov. 28, 1905: Sinn Féin Is Founded Nov. 1, 1908: Belgium Annexes the Congo 1909: First Kibbutz Is Established in Palestine May 31, 1910: Formation of the Union of South Africa Aug. 22, 1910: Japanese Annexation of Korea 1911-1912: Italy Annexes Libya Mar. 28, 1911: Baro-Kano Railroad Begins Operation in Nigeria June 7, 1912: Pope Pius X Condemns Slavery Mar., 1915: Defense of India Act Impedes the Freedom Struggle Early 1920: Britain Represses Somali Rebellion 1920: Advisory Councils Give Botswana Natives Limited Representation May-Nov., 1920: Great Iraqi Revolt Aug., 1921: Moplah Rebellion July 24, 1922: League of Nations Establishes Mandate for Palestine Aug. 27-Sept. 29, 1923: Corfu Crisis Oct. 1, 1923: Great Britain Grants Self-Government to Southern Rhodesia May 1, 1925: Cyprus Becomes a British Crown Colony Aug. 7, 1925: West African Student Union Is Founded Mar., 1928: Muslim Brotherhood Is Founded in Egypt Aug. 23, 1929: Western Wall Riots Mar. 12-Apr. 5, 1930: Gandhi Leads the Salt March Dec. 11, 1931: Formation of the British Commonwealth of Nations Feb. 24, 1933: Japan Withdraws from the League of Nations Mar. 24, 1934: Philippine Independence Act Apr. 15, 1936-1939: Great Uprising of Arabs in Palestine Apr. 1, 1937: Britain Separates Burma from India Sept. 1, 1939: Germany Invades Poland Apr. 9, 1940: Germany Invades Norway May 10-June 22, 1940: Collapse of France Aug., 1940: Japan Announces the Greater East Asia Coprosperity Sphere Aug. 3, 1940-Mar., 1941: Italy Invades British Somaliland Sept., 1940: Japan Occupies Indochinese Ports Sept. 13, 1940: Italy Invades Egypt Communications and media 1901-1925: Teletype Is Developed Dec. 12, 1901: First Transatlantic Telegraphic Radio Transmission Dec. 24, 1906: Fessenden Pioneers Radio Broadcasting Dec. 31, 1911: Parliament Nationalizes the British Telephone System Jan. 25, 1915: First Transcontinental Telephone Call Is Made Oct. 21, 1915: First Demonstration of Transatlantic Radiotelephony 1919: Principles of Shortwave Radio Communication Are Discovered 1920's: Radio Develops as a Mass Broadcast Medium Aug. 20-Nov. 2, 1920: Radio Broadcasting Begins 1923: A. C. Nielsen Company Pioneers in Marketing and Media Research Dec. 29, 1923: Zworykin Applies for Patent on an Early Type of Television Aug., 1926-Sept., 1928: Warner Bros. Introduces Talking Motion Pictures Sept. 9, 1926: National Broadcasting Company Is Founded Jan. 1, 1927: British Broadcasting Corporation Is Chartered 1934: Squier Founds Muzak June 10, 1934: Federal Communications Commission Is Established by Congress Nov. 5, 1935: Armstrong Demonstrates FM Radio Broadcasting Nov. 2, 1936: BBC Airs the First High-Definition Television Program Apr. 30, 1939: American Television Debuts at the World's Fair Sept. 1, 1940: First Color Television Broadcast Computers and computer science Feb., 1924: IBM Changes Its Name and Product Line 1928: Bush Builds the First Differential Analyzer 1935-1936: Turing Invents the Universal Turing Machine Crime and scandal Aug.-Dec., 1905: Armstrong Committee Examines the Insurance Industry July 26, 1908: Bureau of Investigation Begins Operation Oct. 15, 1917: France Executes Mata Hari 1919-1920: Ponzi Cheats Thousands in an Investment Scheme Oct. 1-9, 1919: Black Sox Scandal 1921-1923: Scandals of the Harding Administration 1921-1924: Ku Klux Klan Spreads Terror in the American South Oct., 1923: Teapot Dome Scandal Dec. 10, 1924: Hoover Becomes the Director of the U.S. Bureau of Investigation Aug. 23, 1927: Sacco and Vanzetti Are Executed Feb. 14, 1929: Valentine's Day Massacre May 23, 1934: Police Apprehend Bonnie and Clyde Dec. 10, 1936: Edward VIII Abdicates the British Throne Dance Dec. 26, 1904: Duncan Interprets Chopin in Her Russian Debut Dec. 22, 1907: Pavlova Performs The Dying Swan May 19, 1909: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes Astounds Paris June 2, 1909: Fokine's Les Sylphides Introduces Abstract Ballet June 25, 1910: The Firebird Premieres in Paris May 29, 1912: L'Après-midi d'un faune Scandalizes Parisian Audiences May 29, 1913: The Rite of Spring Stuns Audiences Summer, 1915: Denishawn School of Dance Opens Oct.-Dec., 1925: Baker Dances in La Revue nègre July 3, 1932: Jooss's Antiwar Dance The Green Table Premieres 1933: Forty-Second Street Defines 1930's Film Musicals Dec. 6, 1934: Balanchine's Serenade Inaugurates American Ballet Sept. 6, 1935: Top Hat Establishes the Astaire-Rogers Dance Team Jan. 26, 1936: Tudor's Jardin aux lilas Premieres in London Apr. 5, 1938: Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo Debuts Diplomacy and international relations May 27, 1901: Insular Cases July 1, 1901: Canada Claims the Arctic Islands Jan. 30, 1902: Anglo-Japanese Treaty Brings Japan into World Markets May 31, 1902: Treaty of Vereeniging Ends the Boer War May 22, 1903: Platt Amendment Aug. 2-Sept., 1903: Ilinden Uprising in Macedonia Apr. 8, 1904: Entente Cordiale Mar. 31, 1905: Tangier Crisis Oct. 26, 1905: Norway Becomes Independent Sept. 19, 1906: Bern Convention Prohibits Night Work for Women Oct. 25, 1906: Japan Protests Segregation of Japanese in California Schools Mar. 14, 1907: Gentlemen's Agreement Aug. 31, 1907: Formation of the Triple Entente Oct. 18, 1907: Second Hague Peace Conference May 26, 1908: Oil Is Discovered in Persia 1909-1913: United States Begins "Dollar Diplomacy" 1910: Angell Advances Pacifism Aug. 22, 1910: Japanese Annexation of Korea Nov. 25, 1910: Carnegie Establishes the Endowment for International Peace 1911-1920: Borden Leads Canada Through World War I July 1, 1911: Agadir Crisis Feb. 23, 1912: International Opium Convention Is Signed May 5-July 27, 1912: Stockholm Hosts the Summer Olympics Aug. 4-Nov., 1912: U.S. Intervention in Nicaragua June 28-Aug. 4, 1914: Outbreak of World War I Oct. 30, 1914: Spain Declares Neutrality in World War I Apr. 28-May 1, 1915: International Congress of Women May 7, 1915: German Torpedoes Sink the Lusitania Mar. 2, 1917: Jones Act of 1917 Apr. 6, 1917: United States Enters World War I Oct. 15, 1917: France Executes Mata Hari Nov. 2, 1917: Balfour Declaration Supports a Jewish Homeland in Palestine Dec. 6, 1917-Oct. 14, 1920: Finland Gains Independence Mar. 3, 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Dec. 1, 1918: Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes Declares Independence Dec. 21, 1918: Birth of Czechoslovakia Jan. 19-21, 1919: Paris Peace Conference Addresses Protection for Minorities Mar. 2-6, 1919: Lenin Establishes the Comintern Apr. 28, 1919: League of Nations Is Established June 28, 1919: International Labor Organization Is Established June 28, 1919: Treaty of Versailles Aug., 1919-May, 1920: Red Scare Sept. 10, 1919: Saint-Germain-en-Laye Convention Attempts to Curtail Slavery Apr. 26, 1920: Great Britain and France Sign the San Remo Agreement May 16, 1920: Canonization of Joan of Arc Dec. 13, 1920: Permanent Court of International Justice Is Established Mar. 18, 1921: Poland Secures Independence Mar. 20, 1921: Plebiscite Splits Upper Silesia Between Poland and Germany Nov. 12, 1921-Feb. 6, 1922: Washington Disarmament Conference Apr. 16, 1922: Treaty of Rapallo July 24, 1922: League of Nations Establishes Mandate for Palestine Jan. 11, 1923-Aug. 16, 1924: France Occupies the Ruhr Aug. 27-Sept. 29, 1923: Corfu Crisis Jan. 25-Feb. 5, 1924: First Winter Olympic Games Sept. 1, 1924: Dawes Plan Oct. 21, 1924: Halibut Treaty May 1, 1925: Cyprus Becomes a British Crown Colony June 17, 1925: Geneva Protocol Is Signed Aug. 14, 1925: Norway Annexes Svalbard Oct., 1925: Germany Attempts to Restructure the Versailles Treaty Oct. 23, 1925: Greece Invades Bulgaria July 18, 1926: Treaty of Ankara Sept. 25, 1926: League of Nations Adopts International Slavery Convention Aug. 27, 1928: Kellogg-Briand Pact Feb. 11, 1929: Lateran Treaty June 3-Aug. 28, 1929: Tacna-Arica Compromise June 17, 1930: Hoover Signs the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act Sept. 8, 1930: Canada Enacts Depression-Era Relief Legislation Mar. 5, 1931: India Signs the Delhi Pact Jan. 7, 1932: Stimson Doctrine July 18, 1932: St. Lawrence Seaway Treaty July 21-Aug. 21, 1932: Ottawa Agreements Sept. 25, 1932: Poona Pact Grants Representation to India's Untouchables Feb. 24, 1933: Japan Withdraws from the League of Nations Mar. 4, 1933-1945: Good Neighbor Policy Nov. 16, 1933: United States Recognizes Russia's Bolshevik Regime Dec. 29, 1934: Japan Renounces Disarmament Treaties Apr. 15, 1935: Arbitration Affirms National Responsibility for Pollution Aug. 31, 1935-Nov. 4, 1939: Neutrality Acts Oct. 11, 1935-July 15, 1936: League of Nations Applies Economic Sanctions Against Italy Oct. 23, 1935-Nov. 15, 1948: King Returns to Power in Canada Mar. 7, 1936: German Troops March into the Rhineland Aug. 1-16, 1936: Germany Hosts the Summer Olympics Nov. 11, 1936: Reciprocal Trade Act Nov. 25, 1936: Germany and Japan Sign the Anti-Comintern Pact Dec., 1936: Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace Jan. 6, 1937: Embargo on Arms to Spain May 26, 1937: Egypt Joins the League of Nations Dec., 1937-Feb., 1938: Rape of Nanjing Feb. 12-Apr. 10, 1938: The Anschluss Mar. 18, 1938: Mexico Nationalizes Foreign Oil Properties July 6-15, 1938: Evian Conference Sept. 29-30, 1938: Munich Conference Mar. 2, 1939: Pius XII Becomes Pope Apr. 7, 1939: Italy Invades and Annexes Albania Aug. 23-24, 1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact Sept. 10, 1939: Canada Enters World War II Aug., 1940: Japan Announces the Greater East Asia Coprosperity Sphere Aug. 16, 1940: Ogdensburg Agreement Sept., 1940: Japan Occupies Indochinese Ports Disasters May 8, 1902: Mount Pelée Erupts Apr. 18, 1906: San Francisco Earthquake 1907: Famine Strikes Russia Dec. 28, 1908: Earthquake and Tsunami Devastate Sicily Mar. 25, 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Apr. 14-15, 1912: Sinking of the Titanic Dec. 6, 1917: Halifax Explosion 1921-1923: Famine in Russia Claims Millions of Lives Sept. 1, 1923: Earthquake Rocks Japan July, 1931: Yellow River Flood Dec., 1932-Spring, 1934: Great Famine Strikes the Soviet Union 1934-1939: Dust Bowl Devastates the Great Plains May 6, 1937: Hindenburg Dirigible Bursts into Flames June 7, 1938: Chinese Forces Break Yellow River Levees Earth science Early 20th cent.: Elster and Geitel Study Radioactivity Mar. and June, 1902: Kennelly and Heaviside Theorize Existence of the Ionosphere May 8, 1902: Mount Pelée Erupts 1905-1907: Boltwood Uses Radioactivity to Determine Ages of Rocks 1906-1910: Oldham and Mohorovi{ccaron}i{cacute} Determine the Earth's Interior Structure Dec. 28, 1908: Earthquake and Tsunami Devastate Sicily 1910: Steinmetz Warns of Pollution in "The Future of Electricity" 1912-1915: X-Ray Crystallography Is Developed by the Braggs Jan., 1912: Wegener Proposes the Theory of Continental Drift 1913: First Geothermal Power Plant Begins Operation 1913: Gutenberg Discovers Earth's Mantle-Outer Core Boundary Jan. 17, 1913: Fabry Quantifies Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere Oct., 1915-Mar., 1917: Langevin Develops Active Sonar 1919-1921: Bjerknes Discovers Fronts in Atmospheric Circulation Sept. 1, 1923: Earthquake Rocks Japan Apr., 1925-May, 1927: German Expedition Discovers the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1926: Vernadsky Publishes The Biosphere June 6, 1930-Aug. 27, 1934: First Manned Bathysphere Dives Dec., 1930: Du Pont Introduces Freon 1935: Chapman Determines the Lunar Atmospheric Tide at Moderate Latitudes Jan., 1935: Richter Develops a Scale for Measuring Earthquake Strength 1936: Lehmann Discovers the Earth's Inner Core 1938: Callendar Connects Industry with Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Economics 1902: Hobson Critiques Imperialism Nov. 18, 1903: U.S. Acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone 1906: Pareto Analyzes the Distribution of Wealth Oct.-Nov., 1907: Panic of 1907 May 13-15, 1908: Conference on the Conservation of Natural Resources 1909-1913: United States Begins "Dollar Diplomacy" 1910-1930: Great Northern Migration May 20, 1913: Passage of the First Alien Land Law Nov. 5, 1913: Completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct Jan. 5, 1914: Ford Announces a Five-Dollar, Eight-Hour Workday Jan.-June, 1916: Lenin Critiques Modern Capitalism Aug., 1916: Hindenburg Program Militarizes the German Economy Nov., 1918-June, 1920: Demobilization of U.S. Forces After World War I 1920-1925: Great Britain Establishes Unemployment Benefits Sept. 8, 1920: U.S. Post Office Begins Transcontinental Airmail Delivery Mar., 1921: Lenin Announces the New Economic Policy 1923: Germans Barter for Goods in Response to Hyperinflation Jan. 11, 1923-Aug. 16, 1924: France Occupies the Ruhr Sept. 1, 1924: Dawes Plan Nov. 4, 1924: Coolidge Is Elected U.S. President Oct., 1925: Germany Attempts to Restructure the Versailles Treaty 1929: Baylor Plan Introduces Prepaid Hospital Care Oct. 24-29, 1929: U.S. Stock Market Crashes Oct. 29, 1929-1939: Great Depression Early 1930's: Mass Deportations of Mexicans Dec. 11, 1930: Bank of United States Fails May 1, 1931: Empire State Building Opens May 8, 1931: Credit-Anstalt Bank of Austria Fails 1932: Berle and Means Discuss Corporate Control Jan. 22, 1932: Reconstruction Finance Corporation Is Created Nov. 8, 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt Is Elected U.S. President 1934-1939: Dust Bowl Devastates the Great Plains May 27, 1935: Black Monday July 5, 1935: Wagner Act Aug. 14, 1935: Roosevelt Signs the Social Security Act Feb. 4, 1936: Keynes Proposes Government Management of the Economy Nov. 11, 1936: Reciprocal Trade Act Aug., 1939: United States Begins Mobilization for World War II Apr., 1902: Rhodes Scholarships Are Instituted Oct. 25, 1906: Japan Protests Segregation of Japanese in California Schools May 14, 1907: Formation of the Plunket Society Aug., 1907: Baden-Powell Establishes the Boy Scouts Apr. 8, 1908: Harvard University Founds a Business School Dec. 21, 1908: Cairo University Is Inaugurated 1909: Mecklenburg-Schwerin Admits Women to University Education Sept. 4-15, 1911: Students Challenge Corporal Punishment in British Schools 1916: Dewey Applies Pragmatism to Education 1920's: Donham Promotes the Case Study Teaching Method at Harvard July 10-21, 1925: Scopes Trial Feb. 17, 1929: League of United Latin American Citizens Is Founded Energy Jan. 10, 1901: Discovery of Oil at Spindletop May 26, 1908: Oil Is Discovered in Persia 1910: Steinmetz Warns of Pollution in "The Future of Electricity" 1913: First Geothermal Power Plant Begins Operation Jan., 1913: Burton Refines Petroleum with Thermal Cracking Dec. 14, 1922: Oil Is Discovered in Venezuela 1923: Federal Power Commission Disallows Kings River Dams Sept. 17, 1928: Oil Companies Cooperate in a Cartel Covering the Middle East May 18, 1933: Tennessee Valley Authority Is Created Sept. 8, 1933: Work Begins on the Grand Coulee Dam Mar. 11, 1936: Boulder Dam Is Completed Mar. 3, 1938: Rise of Commercial Oil Industry in Saudi Arabia Mar. 18, 1938: Mexico Nationalizes Foreign Oil Properties Engineering Nov. 18, 1903: U.S. Acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone Summer, 1904: Construction Begins on the Panama Canal Aug. 4, 1906: First German U-Boat Is Launched Nov. 5, 1913: Completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct Aug. 15, 1914: Panama Canal Opens 1916: Completion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad 1928: Bush Builds the First Differential Analyzer 1929-1940: Maginot Line Is Built Mar. 19, 1932: Dedication of the Sydney Harbour Bridge Aug. 2, 1933: Soviets Open the White Sea-Baltic Canal Sept. 8, 1933: Work Begins on the Grand Coulee Dam Mar. 11, 1936: Boulder Dam Is Completed Mar., 1937: Delaware River Project Begins May 27, 1937: Golden Gate Bridge Opens Nov. 7, 1940: Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapses Entertainment Nov. 7, 1904: Cohan's Little Johnny Jones Premieres June, 1905: First Nickelodeon Film Theater Opens Oct. 22, 1907: Ringling Bros. Buys Barnum and Bailey Circus 1910's: Handy Ushers in the Commercial Blues Era Aug., 1912: Sennett Defines Slapstick Comedy Sept. 8, 1921: First Miss America Is Crowned Nov. 28, 1925: WSM Launches The Grand Ole Opry Aug., 1926-Sept., 1928: Warner Bros. Introduces Talking Motion Pictures Oct. 6, 1927: The Jazz Singer Premieres as the First "Talkie" Dec. 27, 1927: Show Boat Is the First American Musical to Emphasize Plot Mar. 19, 1928: Amos 'n' Andy Radio Show Goes on the Air 1930's: Americans Embrace Radio Entertainment 1931: Karloff and Lugosi Become Kings of Horror 1931-1932: Gangster Films Become Popular 1933: Forty-Second Street Defines 1930's Film Musicals 1934-1935: Hitchcock Becomes Synonymous with Suspense 1934-1938: Production Code Gives Birth to Screwball Comedy Dec. 1, 1934: Goodman Begins His Let's Dance Broadcasts Sept. 6, 1935: Top Hat Establishes the Astaire-Rogers Dance Team Dec. 21, 1937: Disney Releases Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1939: Ford Defines the Western in Stagecoach Mar. 31, 1939: Sherlock Holmes Film Series Begins Aug. 17, 1939: The Wizard of Oz Premieres Dec. 15, 1939: Gone with the Wind Premieres Nov. 13, 1940: Disney's Fantasia Premieres Environmental issues June 17, 1902: Reclamation Act Promotes Western Agriculture Mar. 14, 1903: First U.S. National Wildlife Refuge Is Established May, 1903: Roosevelt and Muir Visit Yosemite Jan. 3, 1905: Pinchot Becomes Head of the U.S. Forest Service Jan. 5, 1905: National Audubon Society Is Established June 27-29, 1906: International Association for the Prevention of Smoke Is Founded Jan. 11, 1908: Roosevelt Withdraws the Grand Canyon from Mining Claims May 13-15, 1908: Conference on the Conservation of Natural Resources 1910's: Garbage Industry Introduces Reforms 1910: Euthenics Calls for Pollution Control 1910: Steinmetz Warns of Pollution in "The Future of Electricity" Mar. 4, 1913: Migratory Bird Act Nov. 5, 1913: Completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct Dec. 19, 1913: U.S. Congress Approves a Dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley Sept. 1, 1914: Last Passenger Pigeon Dies July, 1916: New York City Institutes a Comprehensive Zoning Law Aug. 25, 1916: National Park Service Is Created 1917: American Farmers Increase Insecticide Use Feb. 26, 1917: Mount McKinley National Park Is Created July 3, 1918: Migratory Bird Treaty Act Feb. 1, 1919: Lenin Approves the First Soviet Nature Preserve May 20, 1919: National Parks and Conservation Association Is Founded Feb. 25, 1920: Mineral Act Regulates Public Lands Jan., 1922: Izaak Walton League Is Formed 1923: Federal Power Commission Disallows Kings River Dams 1924: Soviets Establish a Society for the Protection of Nature June 3, 1924: Gila Wilderness Area Is Designated June 7, 1924: Oil Pollution Act Sets Penalties for Polluters Oct. 21, 1924: Halibut Treaty 1925: Hamilton Publishes Industrial Poisons in the United States 1926: Vernadsky Publishes The Biosphere May, 1927: Indiana Dunes Are Preserved as a State Park Nov. 19, 1929: Serengeti Game Reserve Is Created 1930's: Wolman Begins Investigating Water and Sewage Systems 1930: Dutch Elm Disease Arrives in the United States Mar. 31, 1930-1931: Hawk's Nest Tunnel Construction Leads to Disaster May 30, 1930: Canadian National Parks Act Dec., 1930: Du Pont Introduces Freon July, 1931: Yellow River Flood May 18, 1933: Tennessee Valley Authority Is Created Sept., 1933: Marshall Writes The People's Forests Sept. 8, 1933: Work Begins on the Grand Coulee Dam 1934-1939: Dust Bowl Devastates the Great Plains Mar. 16, 1934: Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act Oct. 19, 1934: Marshall and Leopold Form the Wilderness Society Apr. 15, 1935: Arbitration Affirms National Responsibility for Pollution Apr. 27, 1935: Soil Conservation Service Is Established July, 1935: Tansley Proposes the Term "Ecosystem" Feb. 4, 1936: Darling Founds the National Wildlife Federation Mar. 11, 1936: Boulder Dam Is Completed Jan., 1937-Feb., 1940: Adams Lobbies Congress to Preserve Kings Canyon Mar., 1937: Delaware River Project Begins Sept. 2, 1937: Pittman-Robertson Act Provides State Wildlife Funding 1938: Callendar Connects Industry with Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 1938: John Muir Trail Is Completed June 21, 1938: Natural Gas Act 1939: Müller Discovers the Insecticidal Properties of DDT July 1, 1940: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Is Formed Dec. 30, 1940: Arroyo Seco Freeway Opens in Los Angeles Expansion and land acquisition May 27, 1901: Insular Cases July 1, 1901: Canada Claims the Arctic Islands 1902: Hobson Critiques Imperialism 1902: Philippines Ends Its Uprising Against the United States Jan. 5, 1903: Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Nov. 18, 1903: U.S. Acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone Feb. 9, 1904-Sept. 5, 1905: Russo-Japanese War Jan. 16, 1907-Feb. 14, 1912: Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona Become U.S. States Oct. 7, 1908: Austria Annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina Nov. 1, 1908: Belgium Annexes the Congo 1909: First Kibbutz Is Established in Palestine Aug. 22, 1910: Japanese Annexation of Korea 1911-1912: Italy Annexes Libya 1916: Completion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad May 19, 1919-Sept. 11, 1922: Greco-Turkish War Apr. 26, 1920: Great Britain and France Sign the San Remo Agreement Mar. 18, 1921: Poland Secures Independence Mar. 20, 1921: Plebiscite Splits Upper Silesia Between Poland and Germany Aug. 14, 1925: Norway Annexes Svalbard July 18, 1926: Treaty of Ankara Feb. 11, 1929: Lateran Treaty June 28, 1934: Taylor Grazing Act Oct. 11, 1935-July 15, 1936: League of Nations Applies Economic Sanctions Against Italy Sept. 29-30, 1938: Munich Conference Apr. 7, 1939: Italy Invades and Annexes Albania Nov. 30, 1939-Mar. 12, 1940: Russo-Finnish War Exploration and discovery July 1, 1901: Canada Claims the Arctic Islands Apr. 6, 1909: Peary and Henson Reach the North Pole Dec. 2, 1911: Australasian Antarctic Expedition Commences Dec. 14, 1911: Amundsen Reaches the South Pole June 6, 1930-Aug. 27, 1934: First Manned Bathysphere Dives Fashion and design 1902-1913: Tiffany Leads the Art Nouveau Movement in the United States 1903: Hoffmann and Moser Found the Wiener Werkstätte Oct., 1907: Deutscher Werkbund Is Founded Spring, 1910: Poiret's Hobble Skirt Becomes the Rage 1918-1919: Rietveld Designs the Red-Blue Chair 1920's: Chanel Defines Modern Women's Fashion 1920's: Jantzen Popularizes the One-Piece Bathing Suit 1925: Cranbrook Academy Promotes the Arts and Crafts Movement May-June, 1925: Paris Exhibition Defines Art Deco 1929: Loewy Pioneers American Industrial Design Jan., 1935: Schiaparelli's Boutique Mingles Art and Fashion 1937: Dreyfuss Designs the Bell 300 Telephone Genetics 1901: Ivanov Develops Artificial Insemination 1902: Bateson Publishes Mendel's Principles of Heredity 1902: McClung Contributes to the Discovery of the Sex Chromosome Dec., 1902: Sutton Proposes That Chromosomes Carry Hereditary Traits 1905: Punnett's Mendelism Includes Diagrams Showing Heredity 1906: Bateson and Punnett Observe Gene Linkage 1908: Hardy and Weinberg Present a Model of Population Genetics 1908-1915: Morgan Develops the Gene-Chromosome Theory 1909: Johannsen Coins the Terms "Gene," "Genotype," and "Phenotype" Fall, 1911: Sturtevant Produces the First Chromosome Map Geography Apr., 1925-May, 1927: German Expedition Discovers the Mid-Atlantic Ridge July, 1931: Yellow River Flood Geology Jan. 10, 1901: Discovery of Oil at Spindletop May 8, 1902: Mount Pelée Erupts 1905-1907: Boltwood Uses Radioactivity to Determine Ages of Rocks 1906-1910: Oldham and Mohorovi{ccaron}i{cacute} Determine the Earth's Interior Structure Jan., 1912: Wegener Proposes the Theory of Continental Drift 1913: First Geothermal Power Plant Begins Operation 1913: Gutenberg Discovers Earth's Mantle-Outer Core Boundary Jan., 1935: Richter Develops a Scale for Measuring Earthquake Strength 1936: Lehmann Discovers the Earth's Inner Core Government and politics 1901-1911: China Allows Some Western Reforms Jan. 1, 1901: Commonwealth of Australia Is Formed Sept. 14, 1901: Theodore Roosevelt Becomes U.S. President May 12-Oct. 23, 1902: Anthracite Coal Strike May 31, 1902: Treaty of Vereeniging Ends the Boer War June 2, 1902-May 31, 1913: Expansion of Direct Democracy 1903: Delaware Revises Corporation Laws 1903-1906: Pogroms in Imperial Russia Feb. 14, 1903: Creation of the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor May, 1903: Roosevelt and Muir Visit Yosemite May 23, 1903: Wisconsin Adopts the First Primary Election Law June 6, 1903: Founding of the Weekly Indian Opinion Oct. 10, 1903: Pankhursts Found the Women's Social and Political Union Apr. 18, 1904: L'Humanité Gives Voice to French Socialist Politics Sept. 7, 1904: Lhasa Convention Is Signed in Tibet Jan. 22, 1905: Bloody Sunday Mar. 31, 1905: Tangier Crisis Oct. 26, 1905: Norway Becomes Independent Feb. 12, 1906: Establishment of the British Labour Party May 10-July 21, 1906: First Meeting of the Duma Oct., 1906-Oct., 1907: Persia Adopts a Constitution 1907: Meinecke Advances the Analytic Method in History Jan. 16, 1907-Feb. 14, 1912: Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona Become U.S. States Mar., 1907: Romanian Peasant Revolt Jan. 11, 1908: Roosevelt Withdraws the Grand Canyon from Mining Claims May 13-15, 1908: Conference on the Conservation of Natural Resources May 26, 1908: Oil Is Discovered in Persia Oct. 3, 1908: First Issue of Pravda Appears Oct. 7, 1908: Austria Annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina 1909: First Kibbutz Is Established in Palestine Mar., 1909-1912: Republican Congressional Insurgency Apr., 1909-Aug., 1911: Parliament Act Redefines British Democracy Aug. 5, 1909: Tariff Act of 1909 Limits Corporate Privacy Oct., 1909: Canada Cement Affair Prompts Legislative Reform 1910's: Garbage Industry Introduces Reforms 1910: Angell Advances Pacifism May 31, 1910: Formation of the Union of South Africa July 1, 1910: U.S. Bureau of Mines Is Established Oct. 5, 1910: Republic of Portugal Is Proclaimed Mid-Oct., 1910-Dec. 1, 1920: Mexican Revolution 1911-1920: Borden Leads Canada Through World War I Sept. 14, 1911: Assassination of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin Dec. 31, 1911: Parliament Nationalizes the British Telephone System 1912-1929: Wahh{amacr}b{imacr}ism Strengthens in Saudi Arabia Feb. 23, 1912: International Opium Convention Is Signed July 10, 1912: Massey Is Elected Prime Minister of New Zealand Oct. 18, 1912-Aug. 10, 1913: Balkan Wars Nov. 5, 1912: Wilson Is Elected U.S. President Feb. 25, 1913: U.S. Federal Income Tax Is Authorized Nov. 5, 1913: Completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct 1914: U.S. Government Begins Using Cost-Plus Contracts June 28-Aug. 4, 1914: Outbreak of World War I Sept. 15, 1914: Irish Home Rule Bill Sept. 26, 1914: Federal Trade Commission Is Organized Sept. 5-8, 1915, and Apr. 24-30, 1916: Zimmerwald and Kienthal Conferences Jan.-June, 1916: Lenin Critiques Modern Capitalism Apr. 24-29, 1916: Easter Rebellion July, 1916: New York City Institutes a Comprehensive Zoning Law Aug., 1916: Hindenburg Program Militarizes the German Economy Nov. 7, 1916: First Woman Is Elected to the U.S. Congress 1917-1918: Bolsheviks Suppress the Russian Orthodox Church 1917-1920: Ukrainian Nationalists Struggle for Independence Jan. 31, 1917: Mexican Constitution Establishes an Advanced Labor Code Mar.-Nov., 1917: Lenin Leads the Russian Revolution June 15, 1917, and May 16, 1918: Espionage and Sedition Acts July 8, 1917: United States Establishes the War Industries Board Oct. 3, 1917: U.S. Congress Imposes a Wartime Excess-Profits Tax Nov. 6-7, 1917: Bolsheviks Mount the October Revolution 1918-1919: Germans Revolt and Form a Socialist Government 1918-1921: Russian Civil War Feb. 24, 1918-Aug. 11, 1920: Baltic States Gain Independence Nov. 5, 1918-Nov. 2, 1920: Republican Resurgence Ends America's Progressive Era Dec. 1, 1918: Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes Declares Independence Dec. 21, 1918: Birth of Czechoslovakia 1919-1933: Racist Theories Aid Nazi Rise to Political Power Jan. 15, 1919: Assassination of Rosa Luxemburg Feb. 1, 1919: Lenin Approves the First Soviet Nature Preserve Mar. 2-6, 1919: Lenin Establishes the Comintern July 31, 1919: Weimar Constitution Aug., 1919-May, 1920: Red Scare Nov. 16, 1919: Horthy Consolidates Power in Hungary 1920-1921: Ireland Is Granted Home Rule and Northern Ireland Is Created July 10, 1920-Sept., 1926: Meighen Era in Canada Dec. 29, 1920: Rise of the French Communist Party 1921: First Woman Elected to Australian Parliament 1921-1923: Famine in Russia Claims Millions of Lives 1921-1923: Scandals of the Harding Administration 1921-1948: King Era in Canada Mar., 1921: Lenin Announces the New Economic Policy Mar. 20, 1921: Plebiscite Splits Upper Silesia Between Poland and Germany Apr. 16, 1922: Treaty of Rapallo Oct. 24-30, 1922: Mussolini's "March on Rome" 1923: Federal Power Commission Disallows Kings River Dams 1923: Germans Barter for Goods in Response to Hyperinflation June 26, 1923: Oklahoma Imposes Martial Law in Response to KKK Violence Oct., 1923: Teapot Dome Scandal Oct. 1, 1923: Great Britain Grants Self-Government to Southern Rhodesia Nov. 8, 1923: Beer Hall Putsch 1924-1976: Howard Hughes Builds a Business Empire May 28, 1924: U.S. Congress Establishes the Border Patrol June 3, 1924: Gila Wilderness Area Is Designated Nov. 4, 1924: Coolidge Is Elected U.S. President Dec. 10, 1924: Hoover Becomes the Director of the U.S. Bureau of Investigation 1925-1926: Mussolini Seizes Dictatorial Powers in Italy 1925-1979: Pahlavi Shahs Attempt to Modernize Iran Jan. 5, 1925: First Female Governor in the United States Feb. 28, 1925: Corrupt Practices Act Limits Political Contributions May 1, 1925: Cyprus Becomes a British Crown Colony July 18, 1925-Dec. 11, 1926: Mein Kampf Outlines Nazi Thought Aug. 14, 1925: Norway Annexes Svalbard 1926-1949: Chinese Civil War May 3-12, 1926: British Workers Launch General Strike May 12-15, 1926: Pi{lstrok}sudski Seizes Power in Poland May, 1927: Indiana Dunes Are Preserved as a State Park 1928: Smith-Hoover Campaign May 18, 1928: Shakhty Case Debuts Show Trials in Moscow Oct. 1, 1928: Stalin Introduces Central Planning Jan., 1929: Trotsky Is Sent into Exile Nov. 19, 1929: Serengeti Game Reserve Is Created Apr. 2, 1930: Haile Selassie Is Crowned Emperor of Ethiopia Aug., 1930-1935: Bennett Era in Canada Apr. 14, 1931: Second Spanish Republic Is Proclaimed Dec. 11, 1931: Formation of the British Commonwealth of Nations Jan. 7, 1932: Stimson Doctrine Jan. 22, 1932: Reconstruction Finance Corporation Is Created Mar. 9, 1932: De Valera Is Elected President of the Irish Dáil July 21-Aug. 21, 1932: Ottawa Agreements July 28, 1932: Bonus March Aug. 1, 1932: Canada's First Major Socialist Movement Nov. 8, 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt Is Elected U.S. President Dec., 1932-Spring, 1934: Great Famine Strikes the Soviet Union Jan. 23, 1933: Italy Creates the Industrial Reconstruction Institute Jan. 30, 1933: Hitler Comes to Power in Germany Feb. 27, 1933: Reichstag Fire Feb. 28, 1933: Perkins Becomes First Woman Secretary of Labor Mar. 4, 1933-1945: Good Neighbor Policy Mar. 9-June 16, 1933: The Hundred Days Mar. 23, 1933: Enabling Act of 1933 Apr. 5, 1933: U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps Is Established May 18, 1933: Tennessee Valley Authority Is Created Aug. 2, 1933: Soviets Open the White Sea-Baltic Canal Oct. 18, 1933: Roosevelt Creates the Commodity Credit Corporation Nov. 16, 1933: United States Recognizes Russia's Bolshevik Regime Dec. 17, 1933: End of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama's Rule 1934: Soviet Union Bans Abstract Art Feb. 6, 1934: Stavisky Riots June 30-July 2, 1934: Great Blood Purge Oct. 16, 1934-Oct. 18, 1935: Mao's Long March Dec., 1934: Stalin Begins the Purge Trials Apr. 8, 1935: Works Progress Administration Is Established Apr. 27, 1935: Soil Conservation Service Is Established May 27, 1935: Black Monday Oct. 23, 1935-Nov. 15, 1948: King Returns to Power in Canada Nov. 27, 1935: New Zealand's First Labour Party Administration 1936-1946: France Nationalizes Its Banking and Industrial Sectors Jan.-Mar., 1936: Consumers Union of the United States Emerges Feb. 4, 1936: Keynes Proposes Government Management of the Economy Feb. 17, 1936: Corporatism Comes to Paraguay Mar. 7, 1936: German Troops March into the Rhineland July 17, 1936: Spanish Civil War Begins Nov. 25, 1936: Germany and Japan Sign the Anti-Comintern Pact Dec., 1936: Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace Dec. 10, 1936: Edward VIII Abdicates the British Throne Feb. 5-July 22, 1937: Supreme Court-Packing Fight Mar., 1937: Delaware River Project Begins Mar. 18, 1938: Mexico Nationalizes Foreign Oil Properties May 26, 1938: HUAC Is Established May 16, 1939: First U.S. Food Stamp Program Begins Sept. 10, 1939: Canada Enters World War II May, 1940: Roosevelt Uses Business Leaders for World War II Planning June 14, 1940: United States Begins Building a Two-Ocean Navy July 1, 1940: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Is Formed Dec., 1940: Koestler Examines the Dark Side of Communism Health and medicine 1901: Discovery of Human Blood Groups 1901: Grijns Suggests the Cause of Beriberi 1901: Ivanov Develops Artificial Insemination Feb. 4, 1901: Reed Reports That Mosquitoes Transmit Yellow Fever Dec. 10, 1901: First Nobel Prizes Are Awarded 1902: Carrel Rejoins Severed Blood Vessels Apr.-June, 1902: Bayliss and Starling Establish the Role of Hormones Dec. 2-5, 1902: Founding of the International Sanitary Bureau 1904-1905: Gorgas Develops Effective Methods of Mosquito Control 1905: Einthoven Begins Clinical Studies with Electrocardiography 1905: Introduction of the First Injectable Anesthetic Dec., 1905: Crile Performs the First Direct Blood Transfusion June 30, 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act 1907: Haldane Develops Stage Decompression for Deep-Sea Divers 1907: Plague Kills 1.2 Million in India Spring, 1907: Development of Nerve Fibers Is Observed May 14, 1907: Formation of the Plunket Society 1908: Chlorination of the U.S. Water Supply Begins Nov.-Dec., 1908: Ehrlich and Metchnikoff Conduct Pioneering Immunity Research 1910's: Garbage Industry Introduces Reforms 1910: Rous Discovers That Some Cancers Are Caused by Viruses Apr., 1910: Ehrlich Introduces Salvarsan as a Cure for Syphilis 1912-1914: Abel Develops the First Artificial Kidney Aug. 14, 1912: U.S. Public Health Service Is Established 1913: Salomon Develops Mammography 1913: Schick Introduces a Test for Diphtheria Sept., 1915-Feb., 1916: McLean Discovers the Natural Anticoagulant Heparin Oct. 16, 1916: First American Birth Control Clinic Opens Mar., 1918-1919: Influenza Epidemic Strikes 1921: Tuberculosis Vaccine BCG Is Developed 1921-1922: Banting and Best Isolate the Hormone Insulin Nov. 11-13, 1921, and Mar. 25-31, 1925: Sanger Organizes Conferences on Birth Control Nov. 23, 1921-June 30, 1929: Sheppard-Towner Act 1922: McCollum Names Vitamin D and Pioneers Its Use Against Rickets 1923: Kahn Develops a Modified Syphilis Test 1925: Whipple Discovers Importance of Iron for Red Blood Cells June 17, 1925: Geneva Protocol Is Signed 1927: U.S. Food and Drug Administration Is Established 1928-1932: Szent-Györgyi Discovers Vitamin C Jan., 1928: Papanicolaou Develops a Test for Diagnosing Uterine Cancer May 15, 1928: Australia Begins the Flying Doctor Service Sept., 1928: Fleming Discovers Penicillin in Molds 1929: Baylor Plan Introduces Prepaid Hospital Care 1929-1938: Berger Studies the Human Electroencephalogram July, 1929: Drinker and Shaw Develop a Mechanical Respirator 1930's: Jung Develops Analytical Psychology 1930's: Wolman Begins Investigating Water and Sewage Systems 1930: Zinsser Develops an Immunization Against Typhus Mar. 31, 1930-1931: Hawk's Nest Tunnel Construction Leads to Disaster 1932-1935: Domagk Discovers That Sulfonamides Can Save Lives Fall, 1934-May 6, 1953: Gibbon Develops the Heart-Lung Machine June 10, 1935: Formation of Alcoholics Anonymous Nov.-Dec., 1935: Egas Moniz Develops the Prefrontal Lobotomy June, 1937: Theiler Develops a Treatment for Yellow Fever Apr., 1938: Cerletti and Bini Use Electroshock to Treat Schizophrenia 1939: Müller Discovers the Insecticidal Properties of DDT May 16, 1939: First U.S. Food Stamp Program Begins May, 1940: Florey and Chain Develop Penicillin as an Antibiotic Historiography 1907: Meinecke Advances the Analytic Method in History Summer, 1918: Rise of Cultural Relativism Revises Historiography 1923-1939: Cambridge Ancient History Appears 1932: Gilson's Spirit of Medieval Philosophy Reassesses Christian Thought 1934: Toynbee's Metahistorical Approach Sparks Debate Human rights June 7, 1912: Pope Pius X Condemns Slavery 1917-1918: Bolsheviks Suppress the Russian Orthodox Church 1917-1924: Russian Communists Inaugurate the Red Terror Nov. 2, 1917: Balfour Declaration Supports a Jewish Homeland in Palestine 1919-1933: Racist Theories Aid Nazi Rise to Political Power 1920-1922: Gandhi Leads a Noncooperation Movement 1921: Sweden Abolishes Capital Punishment Dec. 10, 1922: Nansen Wins the Nobel Peace Prize 1925-1935: Women's Rights in India Undergo a Decade of Change 1925-1979: Pahlavi Shahs Attempt to Modernize Iran Sept. 25, 1926: League of Nations Adopts International Slavery Convention May 18, 1928: Shakhty Case Debuts Show Trials in Moscow Dec., 1932-Spring, 1934: Great Famine Strikes the Soviet Union Mar., 1933: Nazi Concentration Camps Begin Operating Mar. 14, 1937: Pius XI Urges Resistance Against Nazism July 6-15, 1938: Evian Conference 1939-1945: Nazi Extermination of the Jews Apr.-May, 1940: Soviets Massacre Polish Prisoners of War Humanitarianism and philanthropy Apr., 1902: Rhodes Scholarships Are Instituted Feb. 23, 1905: First American Service Organization Is Founded Nov. 25, 1910: Carnegie Establishes the Endowment for International Peace May 14, 1913: Rockefeller Foundation Is Founded Apr. 30, 1917: Formation of the American Friends Service Committee 1921-1923: Famine in Russia Claims Millions of Lives Dec. 10, 1922: Nansen Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Jan. 1, 1936: Ford Foundation Is Established Immigration, emigration, and relocation Oct. 25, 1906: Japan Protests Segregation of Japanese in California Schools Mar. 14, 1907: Gentlemen's Agreement 1910-1930: Great Northern Migration May 20, 1913: Passage of the First Alien Land Law Feb. 5, 1917: Immigration Act of 1917 May 19, 1921: Emergency Quota Act Sept. 22, 1922: Cable Act Nov. 13, 1922: Ozawa v. United States May 26, 1924: Immigration Act of 1924 May 28, 1924: U.S. Congress Establishes the Border Patrol Early 1930's: Mass Deportations of Mexicans Apr. 15, 1936-1939: Great Uprising of Arabs in Palestine Independence movements Jan. 1, 1901: Commonwealth of Australia Is Formed 1902: Philippines Ends Its Uprising Against the United States May 22, 1903: Platt Amendment Nov. 3, 1903: Panama Declares Independence from Colombia Oct. 26, 1905: Norway Becomes Independent Apr. 24-29, 1916: Easter Rebellion 1917-1920: Ukrainian Nationalists Struggle for Independence Dec. 6, 1917-Oct. 14, 1920: Finland Gains Independence Feb. 24, 1918-Aug. 11, 1920: Baltic States Gain Independence Dec. 1, 1918: Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes Declares Independence Dec. 21, 1918: Birth of Czechoslovakia Apr. 13, 1919: British Soldiers Massacre Indians at Amritsar May 19, 1919-Sept. 11, 1922: Greco-Turkish War 1920-1921: Ireland Is Granted Home Rule and Northern Ireland Is Created 1920-1922: Gandhi Leads a Noncooperation Movement Mar. 18, 1921: Poland Secures Independence Mar. 12-Apr. 5, 1930: Gandhi Leads the Salt March Mar. 5, 1931: India Signs the Delhi Pact Dec. 11, 1931: Formation of the British Commonwealth of Nations Mar. 24, 1934: Philippine Independence Act Indigenous peoples' rights May 31, 1902: Treaty of Vereeniging Ends the Boer War Jan., 1904-1905: Herero and Nama Revolts Dec. 30, 1906: Muslim League Protests Government Abuses of Minority Rights in India Nov. 1, 1908: Belgium Annexes the Congo Jan. 8, 1912: South African Native National Congress Meets June 7, 1912: Pope Pius X Condemns Slavery Oct. 12, 1912: First Conference of the Society of American Indians Mar., 1915: Defense of India Act Impedes the Freedom Struggle Dec. 6, 1917-Oct. 14, 1920: Finland Gains Independence Apr. 13, 1919: British Soldiers Massacre Indians at Amritsar May 4, 1919: May Fourth Movement 1920: Advisory Councils Give Botswana Natives Limited Representation 1920-1922: Gandhi Leads a Noncooperation Movement Oct. 1, 1923: Great Britain Grants Self-Government to Southern Rhodesia June 2, 1924: Indian Citizenship Act Aug. 7, 1925: West African Student Union Is Founded Mar. 12-Apr. 5, 1930: Gandhi Leads the Salt March Mar. 5, 1931: India Signs the Delhi Pact Sept. 25, 1932: Poona Pact Grants Representation to India's Untouchables June 18, 1934: Indian Reorganization Act Inventions 1901: Hewitt Invents the Mercury-Vapor Lamp 1901-1925: Teletype Is Developed Aug. 30, 1901: Booth Receives Patent for the Vacuum Cleaner Dec. 12, 1901: First Transatlantic Telegraphic Radio Transmission 1902: Johnson Duplicates Disc Recordings 1902: Zsigmondy Invents the Ultramicroscope Fall, 1903: Gillette Markets the First Razor with a Disposable Blade Dec. 17, 1903: Wright Brothers' First Flight 1904: First Practical Photoelectric Cell Is Developed 1904-1912: Brandenberger Invents Cellophane Nov. 16, 1904: Fleming Patents the First Vacuum Tube 1905: Einthoven Begins Clinical Studies with Electrocardiography 1905-1907: Baekeland Invents Bakelite 1906: Anschütz-Kaempfe Invents the First Practical Gyrocompass 1906: Cottrell Invents the Electrostatic Precipitation Process Dec. 24, 1906: Fessenden Pioneers Radio Broadcasting 1907: Lumières Develop Color Photography 1908: Hughes Revolutionizes Oil Well Drilling 1910: Electric Washing Machine Is Introduced 1912-1914: Abel Develops the First Artificial Kidney 1913: Edison Shows the First Talking Pictures 1913: First Geothermal Power Plant Begins Operation Jan. 25, 1915: First Transcontinental Telephone Call Is Made May, 1915: Fokker Aircraft Are Equipped with Machine Guns May 20, 1915: Corning Glass Works Trademarks Pyrex Oct., 1915-Mar., 1917: Langevin Develops Active Sonar 1917: Birdseye Invents Quick-Frozen Foods 1919: Aston Builds the First Mass Spectrograph and Discovers Isotopes 1921: Larson Constructs the First Modern Polygraph Dec. 29, 1923: Zworykin Applies for Patent on an Early Type of Television Aug., 1926-Sept., 1928: Warner Bros. Introduces Talking Motion Pictures 1928: Bush Builds the First Differential Analyzer May 11, 1928: Sound Technology Revolutionizes the Motion-Picture Industry 1929-1938: Berger Studies the Human Electroencephalogram July, 1929: Drinker and Shaw Develop a Mechanical Respirator Winter, 1929-1930: Schmidt Invents the Corrector for the Schmidt Camera and Telescope 1930's: Invention of the Slug Rejector Spreads Use of Vending Machines 1930: Lyot's Coronagraph Allows Observation of the Sun's Outer Atmosphere Dec., 1930: Du Pont Introduces Freon Jan. 2, 1931: Lawrence Develops the Cyclotron Apr., 1931: First Electron Microscope Is Constructed 1934-1945: Radar Is Developed Fall, 1934-May 6, 1953: Gibbon Develops the Heart-Lung Machine Feb., 1935-Oct. 27, 1938: Carothers Invents Nylon Nov. 5, 1935: Armstrong Demonstrates FM Radio Broadcasting 1936: Müller Invents the Field Emission Microscope Nov. 2, 1936: BBC Airs the First High-Definition Television Program Nov. 23, 1936: Fluorescent Lighting Is Introduced Oct. 22, 1938: Carlson and Kornei Make the First Xerographic Photocopy Apr. 30, 1939: American Television Debuts at the World's Fair Laws, acts, and legal history Jan. 1, 1901: Commonwealth of Australia Is Formed May 27, 1901: Insular Cases June 2, 1902-May 31, 1913: Expansion of Direct Democracy June 17, 1902: Reclamation Act Promotes Western Agriculture 1903: Delaware Revises Corporation Laws Jan. 5, 1903: Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Feb. 23, 1903: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Federal Powers to Regulate Commerce May 22, 1903: Platt Amendment May 23, 1903: Wisconsin Adopts the First Primary Election Law Mar. 14, 1904: U.S. Supreme Court Rules Against Northern Securities May 18, 1904: International Agreement Targets White Slave Trade Jan. 30, 1905: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Prosecution of the Beef Trust Apr. 17, 1905: U.S. Supreme Court Strikes Down Maximum Hours Law Aug.-Dec., 1905: Armstrong Committee Examines the Insurance Industry Oct. 30, 1905: October Manifesto June 30, 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act Jan. 27, 1908: U.S. Supreme Court Ruling Allows Yellow-Dog Contracts Feb. 3, 1908: Danbury Hatters Decision Constrains Secondary Boycotts Feb. 24, 1908: Muller v. Oregon Mar. 4, 1909: U.S. Congress Updates Copyright Law Apr., 1909-Aug., 1911: Parliament Act Redefines British Democracy Aug. 5, 1909: Tariff Act of 1909 Limits Corporate Privacy May 31, 1910: Formation of the Union of South Africa May 15, 1911: U.S. Supreme Court Establishes the "Rule of Reason" May 29, 1911: U.S. Supreme Court Breaks Up the American Tobacco Company Feb. 23, 1912: International Opium Convention Is Signed June 4, 1912: Massachusetts Adopts the First Minimum Wage Law in the United States Feb. 25, 1913: U.S. Federal Income Tax Is Authorized Mar. 4, 1913: Migratory Bird Act May 20, 1913: Passage of the First Alien Land Law Dec. 19, 1913: U.S. Congress Approves a Dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley Dec. 23, 1913: Federal Reserve Act Sept. 15, 1914: Irish Home Rule Bill Oct. 15, 1914: Clayton Antitrust Act Oct. 15, 1914: Labor Unions Win Exemption from Antitrust Laws 1915-1919: National Birth Control League Forms Mar., 1915: Defense of India Act Impedes the Freedom Struggle Feb. 5, 1917: Immigration Act of 1917 Feb. 26, 1917: Mount McKinley National Park Is Created Mar. 2, 1917: Jones Act of 1917 June 15, 1917, and May 16, 1918: Espionage and Sedition Acts Oct. 3, 1917: U.S. Congress Imposes a Wartime Excess-Profits Tax July 3, 1918: Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1920-1921: Ireland Is Granted Home Rule and Northern Ireland Is Created 1920-1925: Great Britain Establishes Unemployment Benefits Jan. 16, 1920-Dec. 5, 1933: Prohibition Feb. 25, 1920: Mineral Act Regulates Public Lands Mar. 1, 1920: United States v. United States Steel Corporation Aug. 26, 1920: U.S. Women Gain the Right to Vote Dec. 13, 1920: Permanent Court of International Justice Is Established 1921: Sweden Abolishes Capital Punishment May 19, 1921: Emergency Quota Act Nov. 23, 1921-June 30, 1929: Sheppard-Towner Act Nov. 13, 1922: Ozawa v. United States Mar. 5, 1923: Nevada and Montana Introduce Old-Age Pensions Apr. 9, 1923: U.S. Supreme Court Rules Against Minimum Wage Laws 1924: U.S. Government Loses Its Suit Against Alcoa May 26, 1924: Immigration Act of 1924 June 2, 1924: Indian Citizenship Act June 7, 1924: Oil Pollution Act Sets Penalties for Polluters 1925-1935: Women's Rights in India Undergo a Decade of Change Feb. 2, 1925: U.S. Congress Authorizes Private Carriers for Airmail Feb. 28, 1925: Corrupt Practices Act Limits Political Contributions May 5, 1925: Japan Introduces Suffrage for Men July 10-21, 1925: Scopes Trial May 20, 1926: Railway Labor Act Provides for Mediation of Labor Disputes Feb. 21, 1927: Eastman Kodak Is Found to Be in Violation of the Sherman Act Feb. 25, 1927: McFadden Act Regulates Branch Banking July 2, 1928: Great Britain Lowers the Voting Age for Women June 15, 1929: Agricultural Marketing Act May 30, 1930: Canadian National Parks Act 1931: Ultramares Case Establishes Liability for Auditors Mar. 19, 1931: Nevada Legalizes Gambling Mar. 25, 1931-July, 1937: Scottsboro Trials Dec. 11, 1931: Formation of the British Commonwealth of Nations Mar. 23, 1932: Norris-La Guardia Act Strengthens Labor Organizations July 18, 1932: St. Lawrence Seaway Treaty Sept. 25, 1932: Poona Pact Grants Representation to India's Untouchables Nov., 1932: Antitrust Prosecution Forces RCA to Restructure Mar. 4, 1933-1945: Good Neighbor Policy Mar. 9-June 16, 1933: The Hundred Days Mar. 23, 1933: Enabling Act of 1933 June 16, 1933: Banking Act of 1933 Reorganizes the American Banking System June 16, 1933: Roosevelt Signs the National Industrial Recovery Act Mar. 16, 1934: Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act Mar. 24, 1934: Philippine Independence Act June 6, 1934: Securities and Exchange Commission Is Established June 10, 1934: Federal Communications Commission Is Established by Congress June 18, 1934: Indian Reorganization Act June 26, 1934: Federal Credit Union Act June 28, 1934: Taylor Grazing Act Apr. 8, 1935: Works Progress Administration Is Established Apr. 15, 1935: Arbitration Affirms National Responsibility for Pollution May 27, 1935: Black Monday July 5, 1935: Wagner Act Aug. 14, 1935: Roosevelt Signs the Social Security Act Aug. 23, 1935: Banking Act of 1935 Centralizes U.S. Monetary Control Aug. 31, 1935-Nov. 4, 1939: Neutrality Acts June 19, 1936: Robinson-Patman Act Restricts Price Discrimination Nov. 25, 1936: Germany and Japan Sign the Anti-Comintern Pact Feb. 5-July 22, 1937: Supreme Court-Packing Fight Apr. 1, 1937: Britain Separates Burma from India Aug. 17, 1937: Miller-Tydings Act Legalizes Retail Price Maintenance Sept. 2, 1937: Pittman-Robertson Act Provides State Wildlife Funding Mar. 21, 1938: Wheeler-Lea Act Broadens FTC Control over Advertising May 26, 1938: HUAC Is Established June 21, 1938: Natural Gas Act June 25, 1938: Fair Labor Standards Act June 25, 1938: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Literature Dec. 10, 1901: First Nobel Prizes Are Awarded 1902: Heart of Darkness Critiques Imperialism Nov., 1903: Henry James's The Ambassadors Is Published 1905: Baker Establishes the 47 Workshop at Harvard Fall, 1905: Stein Holds Her First Paris Salons Feb., 1906: Sinclair Publishes The Jungle Feb. 20, 1909: Marinetti Issues the Futurist Manifesto 1911-1923: Rilke's Duino Elegies Redefines Poetics 1912: Grey's Riders of the Purple Sage Launches the Western Genre Spring, 1912: Pound Announces the Birth of the Imagist Movement Oct., 1912: Harriet Monroe Founds Poetry Magazine 1913-1927: Proust Publishes Remembrance of Things Past 1915: The Metamorphosis Anticipates Modern Feelings of Alienation Dec. 8, 1915: Poppies Become a Symbol for Fallen Soldiers 1917: Yeats Publishes The Wild Swans at Coole 1917-1970: Pound's Cantos Is Published June, 1917: First Pulitzer Prizes Are Awarded 1918: Cather's My Ántonia Promotes Regional Literature 1920's: Harlem Renaissance 1920: The Mysterious Affair at Styles Introduces Hercule Poirot 1920-1924: Melville Is Rediscovered as a Major American Novelist 1921-1923: Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk Reflects Postwar Disillusionment 1922: Eliot Publishes The Waste Land Feb. 2, 1922: Joyce's Ulysses Redefines Modern Fiction 1924: Mann's The Magic Mountain Reflects European Crisis Oct., 1924: Surrealism Is Born 1925: Gide's The Counterfeiters Questions Moral Absolutes 1925: Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway Explores Women's Consciousness Feb. 21, 1925: Ross Founds The New Yorker Apr. 10, 1925: Fitzgerald Captures the Roaring Twenties in The Great Gatsby Oct. 22, 1926: Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises Speaks for the Lost Generation Dec. 10, 1928: Undset Accepts the Nobel Prize in Literature Jan., 1929: All Quiet on the Western Front Stresses the Futility of War Sept., 1929-Jan., 1930: The Maltese Falcon Introduces the Hard-Boiled Detective Novel Oct. 7, 1929: The Sound and the Fury Launches Faulkner's Career Feb., 1930: Crane Publishes The Bridge Sept., 1930: Auden's Poems Speak for a Generation 1932: Céline's Journey to the End of the Night Expresses Interwar Cynicism 1932-1940: Development of Negritude Apr. 23, 1932-Aug., 1934: Socialist Realism Is Mandated in Soviet Literature Winter, 1932: Huxley's Brave New World Forecasts Technological Totalitarianism Fall, 1933-Oct. 20, 1949: Lewis Convenes the Inklings Sept. 1, 1934: Miller's Tropic of Cancer Stirs Controversy 1935: Penguin Develops a Line of Paperback Books Sept., 1937: Tolkien Redefines Fantasy Literature Oct., 1937: The Diary of a Country Priest Inspires American Readers 1938-1950: Golden Age of American Science Fiction Dec. 10, 1938: Buck Receives the Nobel Prize in Literature Apr., 1939: The Grapes of Wrath Portrays Depression-Era America 1940: García Lorca's Poet in New York Is Published 1940: Wright's Native Son Depicts Racism in America Dec., 1940: Koestler Examines the Dark Side of Communism Manufacturing and industry Feb. 26, 1901: Morgan Assembles the World's Largest Corporation 1902: Cement Manufacturers Agree to Cooperate on Pricing Aug. 12, 1902: Founding of International Harvester Company Fall, 1903: Gillette Markets the First Razor with a Disposable Blade 1905: Singer Begins Manufacturing Sewing Machines in Russia 1906: Cottrell Invents the Electrostatic Precipitation Process Feb. 29, 1908: Cadillac Demonstrates Interchangeable Parts Oct., 1909: Completion of the AEG Turbine Factory 1911: Hashimoto Founds the Nissan Motor Company Mar. 25, 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Jan. 5, 1914: Ford Announces a Five-Dollar, Eight-Hour Workday Dec. 29, 1920: General Motors Institutes a Multidivisional Structure 1927: Number of U.S. Automakers Falls to Forty-Four 1929: Loewy Pioneers American Industrial Design Oct. 29, 1929-1939: Great Depression 1930's: Hollywood Enters Its Golden Age June 25, 1936: The DC-3 Opens a New Era of Air Travel May, 1940: Roosevelt Uses Business Leaders for World War II Planning Marketing and advertising 1903: Scott Publishes The Theory of Advertising 1913: Fuller Brush Company Is Incorporated Aug., 1913: Advertisers Adopt a Truth-in-Advertising Code Sept. 11, 1916: First Self-Service Grocery Store Opens July, 1920: Procter & Gamble Announces Plans to Sell Directly to Retailers 1923: A. C. Nielsen Company Pioneers in Marketing and Media Research 1926-1927: Mail-Order Clubs Revolutionize Book Sales 1930's: Invention of the Slug Rejector Spreads Use of Vending Machines 1934: Squier Founds Muzak Mar. 21, 1938: Wheeler-Lea Act Broadens FTC Control over Advertising Mathematics 1902: Levi Recognizes the Axiom of Choice in Set Theory June 16, 1902: Russell Discovers the "Great Paradox" 1904-1907: Brouwer Develops Intuitionist Foundations of Mathematics 1904-1908: Zermelo Undertakes Comprehensive Axiomatization of Set Theory 1906: Fréchet Introduces the Concept of Abstract Space 1906: Markov Discovers the Theory of Linked Probabilities 1909: Steinitz Inaugurates Modern Abstract Algebra 1910-1913: Principia Mathematica Defines the Logistic Movement 1916: Schwarzschild Solves the Equations of General Relativity 1918: Noether Shows the Equivalence of Symmetry and Conservation 1919: Mises Develops the Frequency Theory of Probability 1921: Noether Publishes the Theory of Ideals in Rings 1928: Bush Builds the First Differential Analyzer July, 1929-July, 1931: Gödel Proves Incompleteness-Inconsistency for Formal Systems 1935-1936: Turing Invents the Universal Turing Machine 1939: Bourbaki Group Publishes Éléments de mathématique Military history Sept. 7, 1904: Lhasa Convention Is Signed in Tibet June 28, 1914-Nov. 11, 1918: World War I Sept. 5-9, 1914: First Battle of the Marne Sept. 22, 1914: Germany Begins Extensive Submarine Warfare Nov. 5, 1914: British Mount a Second Front Against the Ottomans Jan. 19, 1915: Germany Launches the First Zeppelin Bombing Raids Feb. 19, 1915-Jan. 9, 1916: Gallipoli Campaign Falters Apr. 22-27, 1915: Germany Uses Poison Gas Against Allied Troops May, 1915: Fokker Aircraft Are Equipped with Machine Guns May 7, 1915: German Torpedoes Sink the Lusitania Feb. 21-Dec. 18, 1916: Battle of Verdun Mar. 15, 1916-Feb. 5, 1917: Pershing Expedition May 31-June 1, 1916: Battle of Jutland Sept. 26-Nov. 11, 1918: Meuse-Argonne Offensive Jan. 11, 1923-Aug. 16, 1924: France Occupies the Ruhr 1929-1940: Maginot Line Is Built 1934-1945: Radar Is Developed Oct. 16, 1934-Oct. 18, 1935: Mao's Long March Mar. 7, 1936: German Troops March into the Rhineland July 7, 1937: China Declares War on Japan Dec., 1937-Feb., 1938: Rape of Nanjing June 7, 1938: Chinese Forces Break Yellow River Levees Apr. 7, 1939: Italy Invades and Annexes Albania Aug. 23-24, 1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact May 26-June 4, 1940: Evacuation of Dunkirk June 14, 1940: United States Begins Building a Two-Ocean Navy July 10-Oct. 31, 1940: Battle of Britain Aug. 3, 1940-Mar., 1941: Italy Invades British Somaliland Monuments Jan., 1902: French Expedition at Susa Discovers Hammurabi's Code Nov. 11, 1921: Harding Eulogizes the Unknown Soldier Motion pictures Aug., 1902: A Trip to the Moon Introduces Special Effects Fall, 1903: The Great Train Robbery Introduces New Editing Techniques June, 1905: First Nickelodeon Film Theater Opens 1909-1929: Pickford Reigns as "America's Sweetheart" Aug., 1912: Sennett Defines Slapstick Comedy 1913: Edison Shows the First Talking Pictures Mar. 3, 1915: Griffith Releases The Birth of a Nation 1920: Premiere of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari 1921: Man Ray Creates the Rayograph 1923: The Ten Commandments Advances American Film Spectacle Dec. 4, 1924: Von Stroheim's Silent Masterpiece Greed Premieres 1925: Eisenstein's Potemkin Introduces New Film Editing Techniques 1925-1927: Gance's Napoléon Revolutionizes Filmmaking Techniques June 26, 1925: Chaplin Produces His Masterpiece The Gold Rush Aug., 1926-Sept., 1928: Warner Bros. Introduces Talking Motion Pictures Dec., 1926: Keaton's The General Is Released 1927: Kuleshov and Pudovkin Introduce Montage to Filmmaking 1927: Lang Expands the Limits of Filmmaking with Metropolis Oct. 6, 1927: The Jazz Singer Premieres as the First "Talkie" 1928: Buñuel and Dalí Champion Surrealism in An Andalusian Dog May 11, 1928: Sound Technology Revolutionizes the Motion-Picture Industry 1929: Hallelujah Is the First Important Black Musical Film May 16, 1929: First Academy Awards Honor Film Achievement 1930's: Hollywood Enters Its Golden Age 1930's-1940's: Studio System Dominates Hollywood Filmmaking 1930-1935: Von Sternberg Makes Dietrich a Superstar 1931: Karloff and Lugosi Become Kings of Horror 1931-1932: Gangster Films Become Popular 1933: Forty-Second Street Defines 1930's Film Musicals 1934: Lubitsch's The Merry Widow Opens New Vistas for Film Musicals 1934-1935: Hitchcock Becomes Synonymous with Suspense 1934-1938: Production Code Gives Birth to Screwball Comedy Feb. 27, 1935: Temple Receives a Special Academy Award Sept. 6, 1935: Top Hat Establishes the Astaire-Rogers Dance Team 1937-1939: Renoir's Films Explore Social and Political Themes Dec. 21, 1937: Disney Releases Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1939: Ford Defines the Western in Stagecoach Mar. 31, 1939: Sherlock Holmes Film Series Begins Aug. 17, 1939: The Wizard of Oz Premieres Dec. 15, 1939: Gone with the Wind Premieres Nov. 13, 1940: Disney's Fantasia Premieres Music Early 20th cent.: Mahler Directs the Vienna Court Opera Apr. 11, 1902: Caruso Records for the Gramophone and Typewriter Company 1903-1957: Vaughan Williams Composes His Nine Symphonies 1904-1905: Bartók and Kodály Collect Hungarian Folk Songs Nov. 7, 1904: Cohan's Little Johnny Jones Premieres Dec. 26, 1904: Duncan Interprets Chopin in Her Russian Debut Dec. 9, 1905: Strauss's Salome Shocks Audiences 1906: Publication of The English Hymnal 1907: Publication of Busoni's Sketch for a New Aesthetic of Music 1908-1909: Schoenberg Breaks with Tonality Dec. 3, 1908: Elgar's First Symphony Premieres to Acclaim May 19, 1909: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes Astounds Paris June 2, 1909: Fokine's Les Sylphides Introduces Abstract Ballet 1910's: Handy Ushers in the Commercial Blues Era June 25, 1910: The Firebird Premieres in Paris Mar. 15, 1911: Scriabin's Prometheus Premieres in Moscow Apr. 3, 1911: Sibelius Conducts the Premiere of His Fourth Symphony Nov. 20, 1911: Mahler's Masterpiece Das Lied von der Erde Premieres May 29, 1912: L'Après-midi d'un faune Scandalizes Parisian Audiences Mar. 31, 1913: Webern's Six Pieces for Large Orchestra Premieres May 29, 1913: The Rite of Spring Stuns Audiences 1916: Ives Completes His Fourth Symphony 1920's: Harlem Renaissance Jan. 16, 1920: Formation of Les Six 1921: Boulanger Takes Copland as a Student 1921-1923: Schoenberg Develops His Twelve-Tone System Feb. 15, 1923: Bessie Smith Records "Downhearted Blues" Oct. 18, 1923: Stravinsky Completes His Wind Octet Feb. 12, 1924: Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue Premieres in New York Nov., 1925: Armstrong Records with the Hot Five Nov. 28, 1925: WSM Launches The Grand Ole Opry Dec. 14, 1925: Berg's Wozzeck Premieres in Berlin July 17, 1927: Brecht and Weill Collaborate on the Mahagonny Songspiel Aug. 4, 1927: Rodgers Cuts His First Record for RCA Victor Dec. 4, 1927: Ellington Begins Performing at the Cotton Club Dec. 27, 1927: Show Boat Is the First American Musical to Emphasize Plot 1930's: Guthrie's Populist Songs Reflect the Depression-Era United States 1930's: Hindemith Advances Music as a Social Activity Apr. 23, 1932: Stalin Restricts Soviet Composers 1933: Billie Holiday Begins Her Recording Career 1934: Squier Founds Muzak Dec. 1, 1934: Goodman Begins His Let's Dance Broadcasts Oct. 10, 1935: Gershwin's Porgy and Bess Opens in New York Jan. 28, 1936: Soviets Condemn Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District June 2, 1937: Berg's Lulu Opens in Zurich 1939-1949: Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys Define Bluegrass Music Jan. 2, 1939: Marian Anderson Is Barred from Constitution Hall Natural resources Jan. 10, 1901: Discovery of Oil at Spindletop June 17, 1902: Reclamation Act Promotes Western Agriculture Jan. 3, 1905: Pinchot Becomes Head of the U.S. Forest Service Jan. 11, 1908: Roosevelt Withdraws the Grand Canyon from Mining Claims May 13-15, 1908: Conference on the Conservation of Natural Resources May 26, 1908: Oil Is Discovered in Persia July 1, 1910: U.S. Bureau of Mines Is Established Nov. 5, 1913: Completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct Dec. 19, 1913: U.S. Congress Approves a Dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley Aug. 25, 1916: National Park Service Is Created Feb. 25, 1920: Mineral Act Regulates Public Lands Jan., 1922: Izaak Walton League Is Formed Dec. 14, 1922: Oil Is Discovered in Venezuela 1923: Federal Power Commission Disallows Kings River Dams 1924: Soviets Establish a Society for the Protection of Nature June 3, 1924: Gila Wilderness Area Is Designated June 7, 1924: Oil Pollution Act Sets Penalties for Polluters May, 1927: Indiana Dunes Are Preserved as a State Park Sept. 17, 1928: Oil Companies Cooperate in a Cartel Covering the Middle East 1930: Dutch Elm Disease Arrives in the United States Apr. 5, 1933: U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps Is Established May 18, 1933: Tennessee Valley Authority Is Created Sept. 8, 1933: Work Begins on the Grand Coulee Dam June 28, 1934: Taylor Grazing Act Apr. 27, 1935: Soil Conservation Service Is Established Mar. 11, 1936: Boulder Dam Is Completed Jan., 1937-Feb., 1940: Adams Lobbies Congress to Preserve Kings Canyon Mar., 1937: Delaware River Project Begins Mar. 3, 1938: Rise of Commercial Oil Industry in Saudi Arabia June 21, 1938: Natural Gas Act Organizations and institutions Jan., 1901: American Bowling Club Hosts Its First Tournament Dec. 10, 1901: First Nobel Prizes Are Awarded Mar. 4, 1902: American Automobile Association Is Established Dec. 2-5, 1902: Founding of the International Sanitary Bureau Feb. 14, 1903: Creation of the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor Mar. 14, 1903: First U.S. National Wildlife Refuge Is Established Jan. 3, 1905: Pinchot Becomes Head of the U.S. Forest Service Jan. 5, 1905: National Audubon Society Is Established Feb. 23, 1905: First American Service Organization Is Founded June 27, 1905: Founding of Industrial Workers of the World July 11, 1905: Founding of the Niagara Movement Nov. 28, 1905: Sinn Féin Is Founded Jan. 11, 1906: Founding of the Monist League Leads to the Eugenics Movement Jan. 12, 1906: American College Football Allows the Forward Pass May 10-July 21, 1906: First Meeting of the Duma June 26-27, 1906: First Grand Prix Auto Race June 27-29, 1906: International Association for the Prevention of Smoke Is Founded Dec. 30, 1906: Muslim League Protests Government Abuses of Minority Rights in India Aug., 1907: Baden-Powell Establishes the Boy Scouts Oct. 22, 1907: Ringling Bros. Buys Barnum and Bailey Circus Apr. 8, 1908: Harvard University Founds a Business School July 26, 1908: Bureau of Investigation Begins Operation Dec. 21, 1908: Cairo University Is Inaugurated Feb. 12, 1909: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Is Founded Aug. 19, 1909: First Auto Race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway July 1, 1910: U.S. Bureau of Mines Is Established Nov. 25, 1910: Carnegie Establishes the Endowment for International Peace 1911: Hashimoto Founds the Nissan Motor Company Jan. 8, 1912: South African Native National Congress Meets Apr. 9, 1912: Children's Bureau Is Founded Aug. 14, 1912: U.S. Public Health Service Is Established 1913: Fuller Brush Company Is Incorporated May 14, 1913: Rockefeller Foundation Is Founded Sept., 1913: Anti-Defamation League Is Founded Feb. 13, 1914: ASCAP Forms to Protect Writers and Publishers of Music 1915: Merrill Lynch & Company Is Founded 1915-1919: National Birth Control League Forms Summer, 1915: Denishawn School of Dance Opens Sept. 11, 1915: Women's Institutes Are Founded in Great Britain June 5, 1916: Brandeis Becomes the First Jewish Supreme Court Justice Aug. 25, 1916: National Park Service Is Created Sept. 8, 1916: United States Establishes a Permanent Tariff Commission Sept. 19, 1916: American Institute of Accountants Is Founded 1917: National Woman's Party Is Founded Apr. 30, 1917: Formation of the American Friends Service Committee May, 1917: Universal Negro Improvement Association Establishes a U.S. Chapter 1919: Founding of the World Christian Fundamentals Association Mar. 2-6, 1919: Lenin Establishes the Comintern Mar. 15-May 9, 1919: Formation of the American Legion Apr. 28, 1919: League of Nations Is Established May 20, 1919: National Parks and Conservation Association Is Founded June 28, 1919: International Labor Organization Is Established Jan. 19, 1920: American Civil Liberties Union Is Founded Feb. 14, 1920: League of Women Voters Is Founded Aug. 20-Sept. 17, 1920: Formation of the American Professional Football Association Sept. 8, 1920: U.S. Post Office Begins Transcontinental Airmail Delivery Dec. 29, 1920: Rise of the French Communist Party 1921-1924: Ku Klux Klan Spreads Terror in the American South Jan., 1922: Izaak Walton League Is Formed Mar. 3, 1923: Luce Founds Time Magazine Mar. 14, 1923: American Management Association Is Established 1924: Soviets Establish a Society for the Protection of Nature Feb., 1924: IBM Changes Its Name and Product Line Dec. 10, 1924: Hoover Becomes the Director of the U.S. Bureau of Investigation 1925: Cranbrook Academy Promotes the Arts and Crafts Movement 1925: McKinsey Founds a Management Consulting Firm 1925: Sears, Roebuck Opens Its First Retail Outlet Jan. 1, 1925: Bell Labs Is Formed Aug. 7, 1925: West African Student Union Is Founded 1926-1927: Mail-Order Clubs Revolutionize Book Sales Sept. 9, 1926: National Broadcasting Company Is Founded 1927: Number of U.S. Automakers Falls to Forty-Four 1927: U.S. Food and Drug Administration Is Established Jan. 1, 1927: British Broadcasting Corporation Is Chartered Mar., 1928: Muslim Brotherhood Is Founded in Egypt 1929: Baylor Plan Introduces Prepaid Hospital Care Feb. 17, 1929: League of United Latin American Citizens Is Founded May 16, 1929: First Academy Awards Honor Film Achievement Nov. 8, 1929: New York's Museum of Modern Art Opens to the Public Feb., 1930: Luce Founds Fortune Magazine Summer, 1930: Nation of Islam Is Founded Aug. 29, 1930: Japanese American Citizens League Is Founded July 26, 1931: International Bible Students Association Becomes Jehovah's Witnesses Nov. 17, 1931: Whitney Museum of American Art Opens in New York Jan. 23, 1933: Italy Creates the Industrial Reconstruction Institute Feb. 24, 1933: Japan Withdraws from the League of Nations Apr. 5, 1933: U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps Is Established June 16, 1933: Roosevelt Signs the National Industrial Recovery Act Oct. 19, 1934: Marshall and Leopold Form the Wilderness Society Feb. 12, 1935: Exhibition of American Abstract Painting Opens in New York Apr. 8, 1935: Works Progress Administration Is Established Apr. 27, 1935: Soil Conservation Service Is Established June 10, 1935: Formation of Alcoholics Anonymous Nov. 10, 1935: Congress of Industrial Organizations Is Founded Jan.-Mar., 1936: Consumers Union of the United States Emerges Jan. 1, 1936: Ford Foundation Is Established Feb. 4, 1936: Darling Founds the National Wildlife Federation May 26, 1937: Egypt Joins the League of Nations Feb. 10, 1938: Fannie Mae Promotes Home Ownership June 12, 1939: Dedication of the Baseball Hall of Fame Summer, 1939: Stalin Suppresses the Russian Orthodox Church July 1, 1940: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Is Formed Philosophy 1902: James Proposes a Rational Basis for Religious Experience 1903: Shaw Articulates His Philosophy in Man and Superman Jan. 11, 1906: Founding of the Monist League Leads to the Eugenics Movement 1907: Bergson's Creative Evolution Inspires Artists and Thinkers 1907: Publication of James's Pragmatism 1913: Husserl Advances Phenomenology 1916: Dewey Applies Pragmatism to Education Summer, 1918: Rise of Cultural Relativism Revises Historiography 1921: Wittgenstein Emerges as an Important Philosopher 1922: First Meeting of the Vienna Circle 1923: Buber Breaks New Ground in Religious Philosophy Sept. 30, 1925: Chesterton Critiques Modernism and Defends Christianity May, 1926: Durant Publishes The Story of Philosophy 1927: Heidegger Publishes Being and Time 1932: Gilson's Spirit of Medieval Philosophy Reassesses Christian Thought Photography Feb. 17, 1902: Stieglitz Organizes the Photo-Secession 1907: Lumières Develop Color Photography 1921: Man Ray Creates the Rayograph Nov. 23, 1936: Luce Launches Life Magazine Jan., 1937-Feb., 1940: Adams Lobbies Congress to Preserve Kings Canyon Physics Early 20th cent.: Elster and Geitel Study Radioactivity Dec. 10, 1901: Röntgen Wins the Nobel Prize for the Discovery of X Rays Mar. and June, 1902: Kennelly and Heaviside Theorize Existence of the Ionosphere Dec. 10, 1903: Becquerel Wins the Nobel Prize for Discovering Natural Radioactivity 1904: First Practical Photoelectric Cell Is Developed 1905-1907: Boltwood Uses Radioactivity to Determine Ages of Rocks Mar., 1905: Einstein Describes the Photoelectric Effect Fall, 1905: Einstein States His Theory of Special Relativity 1906: Barkla Discovers the Characteristic X Rays of the Elements Dec. 10, 1906: Thomson Wins the Nobel Prize for Discovering the Electron Feb. 11, 1908: Geiger and Rutherford Develop a Radiation Counter Jan.-Aug., 1909: Millikan Conducts His Oil-Drop Experiment 1910: Thomson Confirms the Possibility of Isotopes 1912-1913: Bohr Uses Quantum Theory to Identify Atomic Structure 1912-1915: X-Ray Crystallography Is Developed by the Braggs Mar. 7, 1912: Rutherford Describes the Atomic Nucleus Aug. 7 and 12, 1912: Hess Discovers Cosmic Rays 1914: Rutherford Discovers the Proton Oct., 1915-Mar., 1917: Langevin Develops Active Sonar Nov. 25, 1915: Einstein Completes His Theory of General Relativity 1916: Schwarzschild Solves the Equations of General Relativity 1918: Noether Shows the Equivalence of Symmetry and Conservation 1919: Aston Builds the First Mass Spectrograph and Discovers Isotopes 1919: Principles of Shortwave Radio Communication Are Discovered Nov. 6, 1919: Einstein's Theory of Gravitation Is Confirmed over Newton's Theory 1920-1930: Millikan Investigates Cosmic Rays 1923: De Broglie Explains the Wave-Particle Duality of Light 1923: Discovery of the Compton Effect Spring, 1925: Pauli Formulates the Exclusion Principle Mar. 16, 1926: Launching of the First Liquid-Fueled Rocket 1927: Lemaître Proposes the Big Bang Theory Feb.-Mar., 1927: Heisenberg Articulates the Uncertainty Principle Summer, 1928: Gamow Explains Radioactive Alpha Decay with Quantum Tunneling 1930-1931: Pauling Develops His Theory of the Chemical Bond Jan. 2, 1931: Lawrence Develops the Cyclotron Apr., 1931: First Electron Microscope Is Constructed May 27, 1931: Piccard Travels to the Stratosphere by Balloon Feb., 1932: Chadwick Discovers the Neutron Apr., 1932: Cockcroft and Walton Split the Atom Sept., 1932: Anderson Discovers the Positron 1933-1934: First Artificial Radioactive Element Is Developed Nov.-Dec., 1933: Fermi Proposes the Neutrino Theory of Beta Decay 1934: Discovery of the Cherenkov Effect Nov., 1934: Yukawa Proposes the Existence of Mesons 1935: Chapman Determines the Lunar Atmospheric Tide at Moderate Latitudes 1936: Müller Invents the Field Emission Microscope Jan.-Sept., 1937: Segrè Identifies the First Artificial Element 1938: Callendar Connects Industry with Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Jan., 1938: Kapitsa Explains Superfluidity Dec., 1938: Hahn Splits the Uranium Atom Feb. 15, 1939: Oppenheimer Calculates the Nature of Black Holes Nov. 7, 1940: Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapses Prehistory and ancient cultures Jan., 1902: French Expedition at Susa Discovers Hammurabi's Code Dec., 1908: Boule Reconstructs the First Neanderthal Skeleton July 24, 1911: Bingham Discovers Machu Picchu Nov. 4, 1922: Carter Discovers the Tomb of Tutankhamen 1923: Andrews Expedition Discovers the First Fossilized Dinosaur Eggs Summer, 1923: Zdansky Discovers Peking Man Summer, 1924: Dart Discovers the First Australopithecine Fossil Fall, 1937-Winter, 1938: Weidenreich Reconstructs the Face of Peking Man Sept. 12, 1940: Lascaux Cave Paintings Are Discovered Psychology and psychiatry 1902: James Proposes a Rational Basis for Religious Experience 1904: Freud Advances the Psychoanalytic Method 1912: Jung Publishes The Psychology of the Unconscious Mar., 1914: Gilbreth Publishes The Psychology of Management 1930's: Jung Develops Analytical Psychology 1932-1940: Development of Negritude Nov.-Dec., 1935: Egas Moniz Develops the Prefrontal Lobotomy Apr., 1938: Cerletti and Bini Use Electroshock to Treat Schizophrenia Publishing and journalism 1902: Hobson Critiques Imperialism 1902: James Proposes a Rational Basis for Religious Experience 1903: Scott Publishes The Theory of Advertising June 6, 1903: Founding of the Weekly Indian Opinion 1904: Freud Advances the Psychoanalytic Method 1904-1905: Weber Posits the "Protestant Ethic" Apr. 18, 1904: L'Humanité Gives Voice to French Socialist Politics 1906: Publication of The English Hymnal Spring, 1906: Lee Establishes the Field of Public Relations 1907: Bergson's Creative Evolution Inspires Artists and Thinkers 1907: Meinecke Advances the Analytic Method in History 1907: Publication of Busoni's Sketch for a New Aesthetic of Music 1907: Publication of James's Pragmatism Mar. 19, 1907-Apr., 1914: Publication of The Catholic Encyclopedia Oct. 3, 1908: First Issue of Pravda Appears Nov. 28, 1908: Christian Science Monitor Is Founded 1910: Angell Advances Pacifism 1910: Euthenics Calls for Pollution Control 1910-1913: Principia Mathematica Defines the Logistic Movement 1911: Boas Publishes The Mind of Primitive Man 1912: Jung Publishes The Psychology of the Unconscious 1912: Kandinsky Publishes His Theory of Abstract Art Oct., 1912: Harriet Monroe Founds Poetry Magazine 1913: Apollinaire Defines Cubism 1913: Husserl Advances Phenomenology Nov. 7, 1914: Lippmann Helps to Establish The New Republic 1916: Dewey Applies Pragmatism to Education July, 1916: Fayol Publishes General and Industrial Management June, 1917: First Pulitzer Prizes Are Awarded Sept. 15, 1917: Forbes Magazine Is Founded Summer, 1918: Rise of Cultural Relativism Revises Historiography 1921: Wittgenstein Emerges as an Important Philosopher Feb., 1922: Reader's Digest Is Founded 1923: Buber Breaks New Ground in Religious Philosophy 1923-1939: Cambridge Ancient History Appears Mar. 3, 1923: Luce Founds Time Magazine 1925: The City Initiates the Study of Urban Ecology 1925: Hamilton Publishes Industrial Poisons in the United States Feb. 21, 1925: Ross Founds The New Yorker July 10-21, 1925: Scopes Trial July 18, 1925-Dec. 11, 1926: Mein Kampf Outlines Nazi Thought Sept. 30, 1925: Chesterton Critiques Modernism and Defends Christianity 1926: Vernadsky Publishes The Biosphere 1926-1927: Mail-Order Clubs Revolutionize Book Sales May, 1926: Durant Publishes The Story of Philosophy 1927: Heidegger Publishes Being and Time Aug., 1928: Mead Publishes Coming of Age in Samoa 1930's: Jung Develops Analytical Psychology Feb., 1930: Luce Founds Fortune Magazine 1932: Berle and Means Discuss Corporate Control 1932: Gilson's Spirit of Medieval Philosophy Reassesses Christian Thought 1933: Kallet and Schlink Publish 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs Sept., 1933: Marshall Writes The People's Forests 1934: Benedict Publishes Patterns of Culture 1934: Toynbee's Metahistorical Approach Sparks Debate 1935: Penguin Develops a Line of Paperback Books Feb. 4, 1936: Keynes Proposes Government Management of the Economy Nov., 1936: Carnegie Redefines Self-Help Literature Nov. 23, 1936: Luce Launches Life Magazine 1938: Barnard Publishes The Functions of the Executive Oct. 5, 1938: Death of Maria Faustina Kowalska Radio and television Dec. 12, 1901: First Transatlantic Telegraphic Radio Transmission Dec. 24, 1906: Fessenden Pioneers Radio Broadcasting Oct. 21, 1915: First Demonstration of Transatlantic Radiotelephony 1919: Principles of Shortwave Radio Communication Are Discovered 1920's: Radio Develops as a Mass Broadcast Medium Aug. 20-Nov. 2, 1920: Radio Broadcasting Begins Dec. 29, 1923: Zworykin Applies for Patent on an Early Type of Television Nov. 28, 1925: WSM Launches The Grand Ole Opry Sept. 9, 1926: National Broadcasting Company Is Founded Jan. 1, 1927: British Broadcasting Corporation Is Chartered Mar. 19, 1928: Amos 'n' Andy Radio Show Goes on the Air 1930's: Americans Embrace Radio Entertainment Nov., 1932: Antitrust Prosecution Forces RCA to Restructure June 10, 1934: Federal Communications Commission Is Established by Congress Dec. 1, 1934: Goodman Begins His Let's Dance Broadcasts Nov. 5, 1935: Armstrong Demonstrates FM Radio Broadcasting Nov. 2, 1936: BBC Airs the First High-Definition Television Program Oct. 30, 1938: Welles Broadcasts The War of the Worlds Apr. 30, 1939: American Television Debuts at the World's Fair Sept. 1, 1940: First Color Television Broadcast Religion, theology, and ethics 1902: James Proposes a Rational Basis for Religious Experience Aug. 9, 1903: Pius X Becomes Pope 1904-1905: Weber Posits the "Protestant Ethic" Oct. 31, 1904-1906: Welsh Revival Spreads Pentecostalism 1906: Publication of The English Hymnal Apr., 1906-1908: Azusa Street Revival Mar. 19, 1907-Apr., 1914: Publication of The Catholic Encyclopedia June 7, 1912: Pope Pius X Condemns Slavery 1917-1918: Bolsheviks Suppress the Russian Orthodox Church May 13-Oct. 17, 1917: Marian Apparitions in Fátima, Portugal 1919: Founding of the World Christian Fundamentals Association May 16, 1920: Canonization of Joan of Arc 1923: Buber Breaks New Ground in Religious Philosophy May 17, 1925: Thérèse of Lisieux Is Canonized Sept. 30, 1925: Chesterton Critiques Modernism and Defends Christianity Mar., 1928: Muslim Brotherhood Is Founded in Egypt Feb. 11, 1929: Lateran Treaty Aug. 23, 1929: Western Wall Riots 1930's: Jung Develops Analytical Psychology Summer, 1930: Nation of Islam Is Founded Aug., 1930: Lambeth Conference Allows Artificial Contraception July 26, 1931: International Bible Students Association Becomes Jehovah's Witnesses Dec. 8, 1933: Canonization of Bernadette Soubirous Dec. 17, 1933: End of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama's Rule Mar. 14, 1937: Pius XI Urges Resistance Against Nazism Oct. 5, 1938: Death of Maria Faustina Kowalska Mar. 2, 1939: Pius XII Becomes Pope Summer, 1939: Stalin Suppresses the Russian Orthodox Church Science and technology Early 20th cent.: Elster and Geitel Study Radioactivity 1901: Creation of the First Synthetic Vat Dye 1901: Hewitt Invents the Mercury-Vapor Lamp 1901: Hopkins Announces the Discovery of Tryptophan 1901: Ivanov Develops Artificial Insemination 1901-1904: Kipping Discovers Silicones 1901-1925: Teletype Is Developed Jan. 10, 1901: Discovery of Oil at Spindletop Aug. 30, 1901: Booth Receives Patent for the Vacuum Cleaner Dec. 10, 1901: First Nobel Prizes Are Awarded Dec. 10, 1901: Röntgen Wins the Nobel Prize for the Discovery of X Rays Dec. 12, 1901: First Transatlantic Telegraphic Radio Transmission 1902: Bateson Publishes Mendel's Principles of Heredity 1902: Johnson Duplicates Disc Recordings 1902: McClung Contributes to the Discovery of the Sex Chromosome 1902: Zsigmondy Invents the Ultramicroscope 1902-1903: Pavlov Develops the Concept of Reinforcement Mar. and June, 1902: Kennelly and Heaviside Theorize Existence of the Ionosphere Apr.-June, 1902: Bayliss and Starling Establish the Role of Hormones May 8, 1902: Mount Pelée Erupts Dec., 1902: Sutton Proposes That Chromosomes Carry Hereditary Traits 1903: Tsiolkovsky Proposes Using Liquid Oxygen for Space Travel 1903-1904: Hale Establishes Mount Wilson Observatory Nov. 18, 1903: U.S. Acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone Dec. 10, 1903: Becquerel Wins the Nobel Prize for Discovering Natural Radioactivity Dec. 17, 1903: Wright Brothers' First Flight 1904: Canadian Cultivation of Marquis Wheat 1904: First Practical Photoelectric Cell Is Developed 1904: Hartmann Discovers the First Evidence of Interstellar Matter 1904: Kapteyn Discovers Two Star Streams in the Galaxy 1904-1908: Haber Develops Process for Extracting Nitrogen from the Air 1904-1912: Brandenberger Invents Cellophane Apr.-May, 1904: Sherrington Clarifies the Role of the Nervous System Summer, 1904: Construction Begins on the Panama Canal Nov. 16, 1904: Fleming Patents the First Vacuum Tube 1905: Hertzsprung Notes Relationship Between Star Color and Luminosity 1905: Introduction of the First Injectable Anesthetic 1905: Punnett's Mendelism Includes Diagrams Showing Heredity 1905-1907: Baekeland Invents Bakelite 1905-1907: Boltwood Uses Radioactivity to Determine Ages of Rocks Mar., 1905: Einstein Describes the Photoelectric Effect Aug., 1905: Lowell Predicts the Existence of Pluto Fall, 1905: Einstein States His Theory of Special Relativity Dec., 1905: Crile Performs the First Direct Blood Transfusion 1906: Anschütz-Kaempfe Invents the First Practical Gyrocompass 1906: Barkla Discovers the Characteristic X Rays of the Elements 1906: Bateson and Punnett Observe Gene Linkage 1906: Cottrell Invents the Electrostatic Precipitation Process 1906: Hopkins Postulates the Presence of Vitamins 1906-1910: Oldham and Mohorovi{ccaron}i{cacute} Determine the Earth's Interior Structure 1906-1913: Willstätter Discovers the Composition of Chlorophyll Aug. 4, 1906: First German U-Boat Is Launched Oct. 6, 1906: Launching of the Dreadnought Dec. 10, 1906: Thomson Wins the Nobel Prize for Discovering the Electron Dec. 24, 1906: Fessenden Pioneers Radio Broadcasting 1907: Hertzsprung Describes Giant and Dwarf Stellar Divisions 1907: Lumières Develop Color Photography 1907: Plague Kills 1.2 Million in | ||||||||||||||||||||
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