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Great Events from History: The 19th Century Table of Contents 1799-1804: Expedition of Humboldt and Bonpland 1800's: Spread of the Waltz 1801-1805: Tripolitan War 1801-1900: Development of Working-Class Libraries c. 1801: Emergence of Les Primitifs 1801-1850: Cockney School 1801ff.: Arabic Literary Renaissance 1801ff.: Costumbrismo Movement 1801-1803: Flinders's Explorations Show That Australia Is a Single Landmass Jan. 1, 1801: Astronomers Make the First Discovery of an Asteroid, Ceres Jan. 17, 1801: Jefferson Is Elected President 1802-1835: Publication of the Political Register Mar. 16, 1802: U.S. Military Academy Is Established 1803-1804: Settlement of Tasmania 1803: Beethoven's Eroica Symphony Introduces Romantic Age 1803-1807: John Dalton Formulates the Atomic Theory of Matter 1803: F. A. Winsor Invents Gas Lighting Jan. 24, 1803: Marbury v. Madison Jan. 9, 1803: Louisiana Purchase 1804: British and Foreign Bible Society Is Founded in London 1804: Saussure Publishes Chemical Research in Vegetation Jan., 1804-Jan., 1807: First Black Codes Feb., 1804: First Successful Steam Locomotive Runs in Wales May, 1804-Sept., 1806: Lewis and Clark Expedition July, 1804-Sept., 1807: Burr's Conspiracy Sept. 25, 1804: Twelfth Amendment Dec. 2, 1804: Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor 1805-1830: Exploration of West Africa Oct. 21, 1805: British Crush French and Spanish Fleets at Trafalgar Dec. 2, 1805: Battle of Austerlitz July, 1806-July, 1807: Pike's Southwest Explorations 1807: Hegel Publishes Phenomenology of the Spirit 1807: Bowdler Publishes The Family Shakespeare 1807: Thomas More Publishes Irish Melodies Mar. 2, 1807: Congress Bans Importation of African Slaves Mar. 25, 1807: British Slave Trade Is Ended by Parliament Aug. 17, 1807: Voyage of the Clermont 1808-1839: Janissaries' Revolt Apr., 1808: Prophetstown Is Founded Jan. 6, 1808: American Fur Company Is Chartered May, 1808-Nov., 1813: Peninsular War Jan. 2, 1808: Dos de Mayo Insurrection in Spain 1809: Irving Publishes Rip van Winkle 1809: Davy Invents the Arc Lamp 1809: Lamarck Publishes Zoological Philosophy 1809-1817: David Ricardo Identifies Seven Key Economic Principles Mar. 16, 1810: Fletcher v. Peck Sept., 1810-May, 1812: Astorian Expeditions Sept. 16, 1810: El Grito de Dolores 1811-1861: Exploration of Southern Africa 1811: Krupp Works Open at Essen 1811-1818: Egyptian War with the Wahabis 1811: Massacre of Mameluk Leaders 1811: Luddites Destroy Industrial Machines Beginning 1811: Construction of the National Road Nov. 7, 1811: Battle of Tippecanoe 1812-1814: Brother Grimm Publish Fairy Tales 1812: Elgin Marbles Brought to England 1812: Burckhardt Discovers the Great Temple of Abu Simbel June 18, 1812-Dec. 24, 1814: War of 1812 June 23-Dec. 14, 1812: Napoleon's Invasion of Russia July 22, 1812: Battle of Salamanca Sept. 7, 1812: Battle of Borodino 1813: Founding of McGill University 1813-1824: Military Campaigns of Simon de Bolivar July 27, 1813-Aug. 9, 1814: Creek War Oct. 5, 1813: Battle of the Thames Oct. 16-18, 1813: Battle of the Nations 1814: Scott Publishes Waverley 1814: Fraunhofer Invents the Spectroscope 1814: Goya Paints 3 May 1808: Execution of the Citizens of Madrid Spring, 1814-1830: New Harmony and the Communitarian Movement Jan. 11, 1814-June, 1830: Restoration of the French Bourbon Kings Aug. 13, 1814: Britain Acquires the Cape Colony Nov. 2, 1814-June 11, 1815: Congress of Vienna Dec. 15, 1814-Jan. 5, 1815: Hartford Convention 1815: Sumbawa Volcano Erupts killing 50,000 1815-1835: Popularity of the Biedermeier Style of Furniture Beginning 1815: Westward Migration Jan. 8, 1815: Battle of New Orleans Jan. 17, 1815: Treaty of Ghent June, 1815-Aug., 1817: Red River Raids June 8, 1815: Organization of German Confederation June 18, 1815: Battle of Waterloo Nov., 1815: Second Peace of Paris 1816: American Bible Society Is Founded 1816: Rossini's Barber of Seville Produced in Rome 1816: René Laennec Invents the Stethoscope Apr., 1816: Second Bank of the United States Is Chartered Jan. 9, 1816: AME Church Is Founded 1817-1818: Third Maratha War 1817-1821: Military Campaigns of José de San Martín 1817-1828: Zulu Expansion Nov. 21, 1817-Mar. 27, 1858: Seminole Wars 1819: First Steamship to Cross the Atlantic Ocean 1818-1843: Triangulation Survey of India 1818-1854: Exploring the Northwest Passage 1819: Schopenhauer Publishes The World as Will and Idea 1819: Kidd Extracts Naphtha from Coal Tar 1819: Passage of the Six Acts 1819: Unitarian Church Is Founded 1819's to 1840's: Europeans Explore the Antarctic Jan. 22, 1819: Adams-Onís Treaty Mar. 6, 1819: McCulloch v. Maryland 1820: Cato Street Conspiracy 1820: Jesuits Expelled from Russia, Naples, and Spain 1820's-1850's: Social Reform Movement 1820's-1830's: Free Public School Movement 1820's: Ampère Reveals Magnetism's Relationship to Electricity Mar. 3, 1820: Missouri Compromise Jan. 24, 1820: Land Act of 1820 July, 1820-Mar., 1821: Neapolitan Revolution 1821ff.: Stele Artists in China Mar., 1821-Sept., 1829: Greeks Fight for Independence Aug. 24, 1821-Sept. 28, 1821: Mexican War of Independence Sept., 1821: Santa Fe Trail Opens Sept. 7, 1822: Brazil Becomes Independent Oct. 20-30, 1822: Great Britain Withdraws from the Concert of Europe 1823: Lancet Medical Journal Is Established 1823: Hartford Female Seminary Is Founded 1823-1831: Hokusai Produces Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji Sept., 1823-1831: Jedediah Smith Explores the Far West Dec. 2, 1823: Monroe Doctrine 1824: Ranke Develops Systematic History 1824: Beethoven's Ninth Symphony Is Performed 1824: Combination Laws Repealed 1824: Buckland Publishes First Description of a Dinosaur 1824: Aspdin Patents Portland Cement 1824: Paris Salon of 1824 Mar. 2, 1824: Gibbons v. Ogden Dec. 1, 1824-Jan. 9, 1825: U.S. Election of 1824 1825: Stockton-Darlington Railroad Company Is Established 1825-1830: Great Java War Oct. 26, 1825: Erie Canal Opens Dec. 26, 1825: Decembrist Revolt 1827: John Darby Founds the Plymouth Brethren 1827-1874: Exploration of North Africa 1828-1829: Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 1828: Thomas Arnold Reforms Rugby School 1828-1834: Miguelite Wars Jan. 21, 1828: Cherokee Phoenix Begins Publication Jan. 26, 1828-Jan. 13, 1829: Emancipation Acts of 1828 and 1829 Nov., 1828: Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language Dec. 3, 1828: Jackson Is Elected President 1829: Suttee Abolished in British India 1829-1836: Irish Immigration to Canada 1829: Braille Invents Printing for the Blind Sept. 24, 1829: Treaty of Adrianople 1830-00-00: Rioting Greets the First Production of Hugo's Hernani 1830: Delacroix Paints Liberty Guiding the People 1830-1865: Proslavery Argument 1830: France Conquers Algeria 1830-1870: Barbizon School of Landscape Painting 1830'sff.: Popularization of Ballet 1830's-1840's: Young Germany Movement 1830-1865: American Renaissance Jan. 7, 1830: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Begins Operation Jan. 19-27, 1830: Webster-Hayne Debate Jan. 6, 1830: Joseph Smith Founds the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Jan. 28, 1830: Indian Removal Act Jan. 28, 1830-1842: Trail of Tears July, 1830: Lyell Publishes Principles of Geology July 29, 1830: July Revolution Deposes Charles X Aug. 25, 1830-Jan. 21, 1833: Belgian Revolution Nov. 29, 1830: First Polish Rebellion 1831: Mazzini Founds Young Italy Jan. 1, 1831: Liberator Begins Publication Jan. 11, 1831-Jan. 20, 1832: Tocqueville Visits America Summer, 1831: McCormick Invents the Reaper Aug. 21, 1831: Nat Turner's Insurrection Oct. 17, 1831: Faraday Converts Magnetic Force into Electricity 1832: Britain Occupies Falkland Islands 1832-1841: Turko-Egyptian Wars Mar. 18, 1831/Mar. 3, 1832: Cherokee Cases June 4, 1832: Reform Act of 1832 July 10, 1832: Jackson vs. the Bank of the United States Nov. 24, 1832-Jan. 21, 1833: Nullification Controversy 1833: Factory Act 1833-1845: Oxford Movement Aug. 28, 1833: Slavery Is Abolished in the British Colonies Beginning Sept. 3, 1833: Rise of the Penny Press Dec., 1833: American Anti-Slavery Society Is Founded Dec. 3, 1833: Oberlin College Is Established 1834: Blair Patents a Corn Planter 1834: New Poor Law 1834: Hiroshige Completes Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido Jan. 1, 1834: German States Cooperate in Customs Union Jan. 14, 1834: Birth of the Whig Party 1835: Babbage Invents a Mechanical Calculator 1835: Andersen Publishes His First Fairy Tales 1835: Finney Delivers "Lectures on Revivals of Religion" 1835: Strauss Publishes The Life of Jesus 1835: Melbourne, Australia, Is Founded 1835-1850's: Expansion of Afrikaners into South Africa's Interior June 30, 1835-Oct. 22, 1836: Texas Revolution Sept. 9, 1835: Municipal Corporations Act 1836: Colt Patents the Revolver 1836: Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad Opens 1836: Rise of Transcendentalism 1837: Mazzini Arrives in London as an Exile 1837: Panic of 1837 June 26, 1837: Victoria's Coronation Inaugurates the Victorian Age Oct. 23-Dec. 16, 1837: Rebellions in Canada Nov. 8, 1837: Mt. Holyoke Seminary Is Founded 1838-1839: Aroostook War 1838-1839: Schleiden and Schwann's Cell Theory Became the Foundation of Modern Biology 1838-c. 1900: First Department Stores Revolutionize Retail Marketing Jan. 8, 1838-Jan. 10, 1848: Chartist Movement 1839-1842: First Opium War 1839-1842: First Afghan War 1839: Stephens Discovers Maya Antiquities 1839: Daguerre and Niepce Invent Daguerreotype Photography 1839-1847: Layard Excavates Nineveh 1839: Blanc Publishes "L'Organisation du Travail" July 1, 1839: Amistad Slave Revolt 1840-1852: Houses of Parliament Rebuilt in London 1840-1843: Spanish Civil War 1840: Penny Postage Is Established in Great Britain 1840's-1850's: "Old" Immigration 1840: Justus von Liebig Invents Artificial Fertilizers Dec. 2, 1840: U.S. Election of 1840 1841: Upper and Lower Canada Unite Sept. 4, 1841: Preemption Act 1842: Tennyson Publishes "Morte d'Arthur" 1842: Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842-1843: First Minstrel Shows May, 1842-1854: Frémont's Expeditions Jan. 18, 1842: Dorr Rebellion Aug. 9, 1842: Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1843: Carlyle Publishes Past and Present 1843: Production of Der fliegende Hollander (The Flying Dutchman) 1843: Wilson Founds The Economist 1844: Goodyear Patents Vulcanized Rubber Jan. 6-July 5, 1844: Anti-Irish Riots Jan. 24, 1844: First Telegraph Message 1845: Modern Rules of Baseball Are Adopted 1845: John Henry Newman Becomes a Catholic 1845-1857: Era of the Clipper Ships 1845-1854: Irish Famine and the Great Emigration 1846: Howe's Sewing Machine Jan. 4, 1846-Sept., 1848: Mormon Migration to Utah Jan. 8-9, 1846: Battle of Palo Alto Jan. 13, 1846-Mar. 10, 1848: Mexican War June 15, 1846: Repeal of the Corn Laws June 15, 1846: Oregon Settlement June 30, 1846-Jan. 13, 1847: Occupation of California and the Southwest Aug. 6, 1846: Independent Treasury Is Established Aug. 10, 1846: Smithsonian Institution Is Founded Oct. 16, 1846: Surgical Anesthesia Is Safely Demonstrated 1847: Liberia Proclaimed Independent Republic 1847: Boole Publishes Mathematical Analysis of Logic 1847: Founding of Hamburg-Amerika Line 1847: Semmelweis Develops Antiseptics Jan. 19, 1847: Taos Rebellion Sept. 13, 1847: Battle of Chapultepec Dec. 3, 1847: North Star Begins Publication 1848-1849: Second Sikh War 1848-1854: Introduction of Responsible Governments in Canada 1848: Rise of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Jan., 1848-July, 1849: Revolutions of 1848 in Italy Jan. 24, 1848-Sept. 4, 1849: California Gold Rush Jan. 2, 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Feb., 1848: Marx and Engels Publish the Communist Manifesto Jan. 24-Dec., 1848: Paris Revolution of 1848 Mar.-Nov., 1848: Prussian Revolution of 1848 July 19-20, 1848: Seneca Falls Convention Sept. 12, 1848: Swiss Confederation Is Formed 1849: Dostoevski Sent to Siberia 1849-1888: Exploration of East Africa 1849-1852: Chinese Immigration 1850: Tennyson Succeeds Wordsworth as England's Poet Laureate 1850: Clausius Formulates Second Law of Thermodynamics c. 1850: First Petroleum Refinery Is Established 1850-1853: Eighth Kaffir War 1850: Extinction of the Giant Moa 1850-1864: Taiping Rebellion Flourished 1850-1860: Underground Railroad Mid-19th century: Russian Realist Movement Mid-19th century: Professional Theaters Open in the United States 1850's: Rise of Burlesque and Vaudeville Jan. 29-Sept. 20, 1850: Compromise of 1850 Jan. 6, 1850: Bloody Island Massacre July 9, 1850: Construction of the Washington Monument Begins Sept. 18, 1850: Second Fugitive Slave Law 1851: Melville Publishes Moby Dick 1851: New York Times Is Established 1851: Great Exhibition 1851-1855: Discovery of Gold in New South Wales 1851-1854: Comte Advances Theory of Positivism Jan. 28-29, 1851: Akron Woman's Rights Convention Aug. 22, 1851: U.S. Yacht Beats an English Yacht in the First America's Cup Race Dec. 2, 1851: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte Becomes Emperor of France 1852: Grand Trunk Railway Chartered 1852-1853: Dickens Publishes Bleak House 1852: Publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin 1853-1868: Nien Rebellion 1853-1879: Exploration of Arabia Mar. 2, 1853-1857: Pacific Railroad Surveys July 6, 1853: National Council of Colored People Is Founded Sept., 1853: Richard Francis Burton Enters Mecca in Disguise Oct., 1853-Mar. 30, 1856: Crimean War Dec. 31, 1853: Gadsden Purchase 1854: Convention of Bloemfontein 1854: Pope Pius IX Declares the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception 1854-1862: Wallace's Scientific Expedition 1854-1869: Suez Canal Is Built Jan. 30, 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act July 6, 1854: Birth of the Republican Party Sept. 28, 1854 to Sept. 8, 1855: Battle of Sevastopol Oct. 25, 1854: Battle of Balaklava Mar. 31, 1854: Perry Opens Trade with Japan 1855-1859: Bessemer Develops New Methods for Processing Steel 1855: Livingstone Finds Victoria Falls 1855: Nightingale's Nursing Reforms in the Crimea 1855-1857: Walker's Invasion of Nicaragua 1855: Pavilion of Realism 1856-1860: Second Opium War 1856: Flaubert Publishes Madame Bovary 1856: Neanderthal Skull Found Near Düsseldorf 1856: Pasteur Develops Germ Theory and Microbiology Jan. 21, 1856-Aug. 2, 1858: Bleeding Kansas 1857: Sepoy Mutiny against British Rule 1857: Matrimonial Causes Act in Britain Jan. 1, 1857: First African American University Mar. 6, 1857: Dred Scott v. Sandford Mar. 23, 1857: Otis Installs First Elevator in a New York Department Store Jan. 12, 1857: New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children Opens Aug.-Dec., 1857: Cart War 1858: Lenoir Invents the Internal Combustion Engine 1858: Brunel Launches Great Eastern Steamship 1858: Virgin Mary Appears to Bernadette Soubirous 1858: Rothschild Becomes First Jewish Member of Parliament 1858-1863: French-Indochina War Spring, 1858: Fraser River Gold Rush June 16-Oct., 1858: Lincoln-Douglas Debates Aug. 4, 1858-July 27, 1866: First Transatlantic Cable 1859: Smiles Publishes Self-Help 1859: John Stuart Mill Publishes On Liberty 1859: Darwin Publishes On the Origin of Species June 24, 1859: Battle of Solferino July, 1859: Last Slave Ship Docks at Mobile July 11, 1859: Napoleon III and Emperor Francis Joseph Meet at Villafranca Aug. 27, 1859: First Commercial Oil Well Oct. 16-18, 1859: John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry 1860-1865: Apache and Navaho War 1860's: Easter Island Is Ravaged by European Slave Traders Jan. 3, 1860-Oct. 26, 1861: Pony Express Jan.-July, 1860: Garibaldi's Thousand "Redshirts" Land in Italy Nov. 6, 1860: Lincoln Is Elected President Dec. 20, 1860: Confederate States Secede from the Union 1861-1867: Mexican-French War 1861: Chinese Coup of 1861 1861-1872: Chinese Self-Strengthening Movement 1861: Archaeopteryx Discovered at Solnhofen 1861-1865: Stand Watie Fights for the South 1861: William Morris Founds Design Firm Jan. 6, 1861-Sept. 4, 1886: Apache Wars Mar. 3, 1861: Emancipation of the Serfs Mar. 4, 1861: Lincoln's Inauguration Mar. 17, 1861: Italy Is Proclaimed a Kingdom July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run Oct. 24, 1861: Transcontinental Telegraph Is Completed 1862: Spencer Publishes First Principles 1862: Founding of the International Red Cross Mar. 9, 1862: Monitor vs. Virginia Jan. 20, 1862: Homestead Act July 2, 1862: Morrill Land Grant Act Beginning Aug. 17, 1862: Great Sioux War Sept. 24, 1862: Bismarck Becomes Minister-President of Prussia 1863-1877: Muslim Rebellion in China 1863-1864: Polish Rebellion 1863-1913: Greece Is Unified Under the Glucksburg Dynasty 1863: Salon des Refusés 1863: Baha'i Religion Is Founded Jan. 1, 1863: Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 10, 1863: First Underground Railway Opens in London Jan. 25, 1863-June 3, 1864: National Bank Acts Mar. 3, 1863: First National Draft Law July 1, 1863-Nov. 25, 1863: Battles of Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga Aug., 1863-Sept., 1866: Long Walk of the Navajos Dec. 8, 1863-Jan. 24, 1877: Reconstruction 1864: Danish-Prussian War 1864: Pope Pius IX Issues Syllabus of Errors 1864: Octavia Hill begins London Housing Reform Movement 1864: "In God We Trust" First Appears on U.S. Coins 1864-1870: Paraguayan War 1864-1867: Lister Promotes Antiseptic Surgery Sept. 28, 1864: First International Is Founded Nov. 15, 1864-Jan. 18, 1865: Sherman's March to the Sea Nov. 29, 1864: Sand Creek Massacre 1865-1868: Basuto War 1865: Mendel Proposes Laws of Heredity 1865: Salvation Army Is Established 1865: Morant Bay Rebellion Mar. 3, 1865: Freedmen's Bureau Is Established Jan. 9 and 14, 1865: Surrender at Appomattox and Assassination of Lincoln Sept. 26, 1865: Vassar College Is Founded Beginning Nov. 24, 1865: New Black Codes Dec. 18, 1865: Thirteenth Amendment 1866: Seven Weeks' War 1866-1870: Fenian Risings in Ireland and Canada 1866: Nobel Invents Dynamite 1866-1867: North German Confederation Is Formed Beginning 1866: Rise of the Ku Klux Klan 1866: Chisholm Trail Opens Jan. 9, 1866: Civil Rights Act of 1866 Jan. and July, 1866: Race Riots in the South Jan. 10, 1866: Suffragists Protest the Fourteenth Amendment June 13, 1866-Nov. 6, 1868: Bozeman Trail War July 3, 1866: Battle of Koniggratz Dec. 21, 1866: Fetterman Massacre 1867: Marx Publishes First Volume of Das Kapital 1867-1885: Przhevalsky Explores Central Asia 1867: Paris World's Fair Introduces Japanese Art to the West Jan.-Aug., 1867: Reform Act of 1867 Mar. 2, 1867: Office of Education Is Created Mar. 30, 1867: Purchase of Alaska Jan. 29, 1867: Austrian Ausgleich July 1, 1867: British North America Act Oct. 21, 1867: Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty Dec. 4, 1867: National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Forms 1868-1878: Ten Year's War 1868: Sholes Patents a Practical Typewriter 1868: Meiji Dynasty Restored 1868: Gladstone Becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain 1868: Bakunin Founds the Social Democratic Alliance 1868: Last Convicts Landed in Western Australia 1868: Cro-Magnon Skeleton Found in France 1868: First Trades Union Congress 1868-1869: British Expedition to Ethiopia 1868-1879: Schliemann Excavates in Turkey 1868: Signing of Japan's Charter Oath Jan. 24-Jan. 26, 1868: Impeachment of Andrew Johnson July 28, 1868: Burlingame Treaty Sept. 30, 1868: Spanish Revolution of 1868 Nov. 27, 1868: Washita River Massacre July 28, 1868: Fourteenth Amendment 1869: Westinghouse Patents Air Brakes 1869: Founding of First Professional Baseball Club 1869: Mendeleyev Develops the Periodic Table of Elements Beginning May, 1869: Rise of Woman Suffrage Associations Jan. 10, 1869: Transcontinental Railroad Is Completed Sept. 24, 1869-1877: Scandals of the Grant Administration Oct. 11, 1869-July 15, 1870: First Riel Rebellion Beginning Dec., 1869: Western States Grant Woman Suffrage 1870: First Vatican Council Promulgates the Dogma of Papal Infallibility 1870: John D. Rockefeller Founds Standard Oil Company 1870: Metropolitan Museum of Art Opens 1870's: Golden Age of Flamenco July 19, 1870-Mar., 1871: Franco-Prussian War Sept. 1, 1870: Battle of Sedan 1871-1877: Kulturkampf against Catholic Church in Germany 1871: Darwin Publishes The Descent of Man 1871: Jehovah's Witnesses Are Founded 1871-1875: Third French Republic Is Established 1871-1890's: Naturalist Movement Jan. 18, 1871: German States Are Unified into German Empire Jan. 28, 1871: Yellowstone Becomes the First U.S. National Park Mar. 3, 1871: Indian Appropriation Act Mar. 18-Jan. 28, 1871: Paris Commune Jan. 10, 1871: Barnum's Circus Forms Jan. 8, 1871: Treaty of Washington Sept. 20, 1870 to Jan. 28, 1871: Siege of Paris Oct. 10, 1871: Chicago Fire Kills 300 People and Leaves 100,000 Homeless 1872: Ward Establishes Mail-Order Business 1872: Dominion Lands Act Peaked 1872-1874: Great American Bison Slaughter Nov. 5, 1872: Susan B. Anthony Is Arrested 1873: Formation of the Northwest Mounted Police 1873: Comstock Law 1873: Charcot Publishes Leçons sur les maladies du systeme nerveux 1873-1880: Exploration of the Congo Basin 1873-1874: Second Ashanti War c. 1873: Glidden Invents Barbed Wire Jan. 12, 1873: "Crime of 1873" Jan. 6, June 6, and Oct. 22, 1873: Three Emperors' League Nov. 5, 1873-Oct. 9, 1878: Mackenzie Era in Canada 1874: First Impressionist Exhibition, Paris 1874: Mennonites Settle in Canada June, 1874-June, 1875: Red River War Oct., 1874: Minor v. Happersett 1875: Theosophical Society Is Founded 1875: Eddy Establishes the Christian Science Movement 1875: Bizet's Carmen Performed in Paris 1875: Supreme Court of Canada Is Established Jan. 10, 1875: Page Law 1876-1877: Sioux War 1876: Otto Invents Practical Internal Combustion Engine 1876: Japan Opens Korea 1876: First Performance of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen 1876: Canada's Indian Act 1876: Spanish Constitution of 1876 1876: Centennial Exposition 1876: American Library Association Is Founded Mar. 10, 1876: Bell Demonstrates the Telephone Jan. 2, 1876: Bulgarian Massacres June 25, 1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn July 4, 1876: Declaration of the Rights of Women 1877-1878: Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 1877: Satsuma Revolt 1877: Edison Patents the Cylinder Phonograph Late 1870's: Post-Impressionist Movement Mar. 2, 1877: Hayes Is Elected President June 15-Oct. 5, 1877: Nez Perce Exile Sept. 10-Dec. 17, 1877: Salt Wars 1878: Anti-Socialist Law in Germany 1878: Macdonald Returns as Canada's Prime Minister 1878: Henry Irving Manages London's Lyceum Theatre 1878: Muybridge Uses Photography to Study Animal Movement June 13-July 13, 1878: Congress of Berlin 1879-1884: War of the Pacific 1879: Zulu War 1879: Ibsen's A Doll's House Introduces Psychological Realism to Drama 1879: Powell's Report on the Lands of the Arid Region Jan. 22-23, 1879: Battles of Isandhlwana and Rorke's Drift Oct. 21, 1879: Edison Demonstrates the Incandescent Lamp 1880-1881: First Boer War 1880: Rodin Sculps The Thinker 1880: The First "Boycott" 1880's: Aesthetic Movement c. 1880-1910: Decadent Movement Late 19th century: Symbolist Movement in Literature and the Arts 1880's-1890's: Rise of Yellow Journalism Late 19th century: Brahmin School of American Literature 1880's: Roux Develops the Theory of Mitosis 1881: Richard D'Oyly Carte Builds London's Savoy Theatre 1882: Kilmainham Agreement 1882-1885: French Indochina Wars 1882-1884: Korean Insurrections Against Japan 1882-1884: Koch Isolates Microorganisms That Cause Tuberculosis and Cholera 1882: First Birth Control Clinic Is Established in Amsterdam 1882ff.: Gaudí Begins Building Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia Jan. 2, 1882: Standard Oil Trust Is Organized Jan. 9, 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act Jan. 20, 1882: Triple Alliance Sept. 13, 1882: Battle of Tel-el-Kebir Nov. 12, 1882: Rise of the Chinese Six Companies 1883: Stevenson Publishes Treasure Island 1883: Ilbert Bill 1883: Metropolitan Opera House Opened in New York 1883: Bismarck Introduces Social Security in Germany 1883: Building of the First Skyscraper 1883: Galton Founds the Field of Eugenics Jan. 16, 1883: Pendleton Act Jan. 24, 1883: Brooklyn Bridge Opens Aug. 27, 1883: Krakatoa Volcano Erupts Oct. 15, 1883: Civil Rights Cases 1884: International Time Zones Are Established 1884: Gold Is Discovered in the Transvaal 1897: First Hydroelectric Power Plant Built at Niagara Falls 1884: Maxim Improves the Machine Gun 1884ff.: Arts and Crafts Movement 1884: Mark Twain Publishes Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Jan., 1884: Fabian Society Is Founded Nov. 4, 1884: U.S. Election of 1884 Nov. 15, 1884ff.: Berlin Conference Partitions Africa Among Colonial Powers Dec. 6, 1884: Franchise Act of 1884 1885: Canadian Pacific Railway Completed 1885: Benz Develops the First Practical Automobile 1885: Siege of Khartoum 1885: Indian National Congress Is Founded 1885: Pemberton Invents Coca Cola Mar. 19, 1885: Second Riel Rebellion 1886-1893: Irish Home Rule Debate 1886: Statue of Liberty Is Dedicated 1886-1889: Boulanger Crisis Dec. 8, 1886: American Federation of Labor Is Founded 1887: Goodwin Develops Celluloid Film 1887-1896: Italo-Ethiopian Wars 1887: Foundation of the American Protective Association 1887: Conan Doyle Publishes His First Sherlock Holmes Story Jan. 4, 1887: Interstate Commerce Act Jan. 8, 1887: General Allotment Act 1888: Rhodes Amalgamates Kimberley Diamond Companies 1888: Dunlop Patents Pneumatic Tire 1888-1906: Ramón v Cajal Establishes the Neuron as the Functional Unit of the Nervous System 1888: First Polytonal Piece of Music 1889: Eiffel Tower Built 1889-1892: Dahomey-French War 1889: Great Britain Strengthens the Royal Navy 1889: Japanese Empire Adapts a New Constitution Jan. 31, 1889: Johnstown Flood Kills More than 2,200 People in Pennsylvania Sept. 18, 1889: Hull House Opens Oct., 1889-Apr., 1890: First Pan-American Congress 1890: Closing of the Frontier 1890-1901: Behring Discovers the Diphtheria Antitoxin 1890's: Rise of Tin Pan Alley Jan. 17-18, 1890: Women's Rights Associations Unite July 20, 1890: Sherman Antitrust Act Aug., 1890: Mississippi Disfranchisement Laws Dec. 29, 1890: Battle of Wounded Knee 1891: Papal Encyclical on Labor 1891-1905: Strowger Invents the Automatic Dial Telephone Jan. 20, 1892: First Basketball Game Is Played 1892: Keir Hardie Becomes First Labour Member of Parliament 1892: Toulouse-Lautrec Produces "At the Moulin Rouge" 1892: Metchnikoff Develops the Cellular Theory of Immunity Jan. 1, 1892: Opening of Ellis Island Immigration Depot Jan. 1, 1892-1943: "New" Immigration Jan. 4, 1892ff.: Yellow Peril Campaign July 4-5, 1892: Birth of the People's Party 1893-1896: Nansen's Attempt at the North Pole 1893 & 1896-1897: Matabele War and Ndebele and Shona Revolts 1893: New Zealand Grants Women's Suffrage 1893: Munch Paints The Scream 1893: Diesel Patents the Diesel Engine 1893: National Council of Women of Canada Is Founded Jan. 17, 1893: Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's Last Monarch, Is Deposed Jan. 1-Oct. 30, 1893: World's Columbian Exposition Jan. 22, 1893: Montreal Wins Hockey's First Stanley Cup Dec. 27, 1893-Jan. 4, 1894: Franco-Russian Alliance 1894-1895: Sino-Japanese War 1894-1897: Armenian Massacres 1894-1906: Dreyfus Affair 1894: Debussy Composes Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun 1894-1896: Kabo Reforms 1894: Kellogg's Corn Flakes Launch the Dry Cereal Industry June 26-July 11, 1894: Pullman Strike 1895-1898: Cuban War of Independence 1895: Opening of the Kiel Canal 1895: Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake Performed in St. Petersburg 1895-1898: Hearst-Pulitzer Circulation War 1895: Röntgen Discovers X-rays 1895ff.: Lumière Brothers and Edison Develop Motion Pictures Jan. 21, 1895: Chinese American Citizens Alliance Is Founded Sept. 18, 1895: Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Exposition Address Dec. 29, 1895-Jan., 1896: Jameson Raid 1896-1899: Sudanese War 1896: Nobel Prizes Are Established 1896: Herzl Founds the Zionist Movement 1896: Sifton's Campaign to Attract Immigrant Farmers 1896: Sultan of Zanzibar Abolishes Slavery 1896: Laurier Elected as First French Canadian Prime Minister 1896: Marconi Patents the Telegraph 1899ff.: Joplin Popularizes the Ragtime Style Apr., 1896: Olympic Games Are Revived in Athens, Greece Jan. 18, 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson Aug. 17, 1896: Klondike Gold Rush Nov. 3, 1896: McKinley Is Elected President 1897: Greco-Turkish War 1897: Ellis Publishes Studies in the Psychology of Sex 1897: Ross Discovers Malaria Bacillus 1897-1898: Scramble for Chinese Concessions 1897-Sept. 21, 1911: Laurier Era in Canada 1897-1901: Abel and Takamine Independently Isolate Adrenaline 1897: Moscow Arts Theatre Is Founded 1897: Hoffman Invents Aspirin July, 1897-July, 1904: Bjerknes Publishes First Weather Forecast Using Computational Hydrodynamics July 24, 1897: Dingley Tariff Nov. 1, 1897: Library of Congress Building Opens 1898-1902: Teisserenc de Bort Discovers Stratosphere and Troposphere 1898: Beijerinck Discovers Viruses Mar., 1898: Social-Democratic Workers' Party Is Formed Mar. 28, 1898: United States v. Wong Kim Ark Jan. 24-Dec. 10, 1898: Spanish-American War July, 1898-Mar., 1899: Fashoda Incident Sept., 1898-July, 1900: Hilbert Develops Model for Euclidean Geometry 1899: Lebesgue Develops New Integration Theory Jan. 4, 1899-July 4, 1902: Philippine Insurrection Jan.-July, 1899: First Hague Peace Conference Sept. 6, 1899-Jan. 13, 1905: Hay's "Open Door Notes" Oct. 11, 1899-Jan. 31, 1902: Boer War Oct. 13, 1899 to Jan. 17, 1900: Siege of Mafeking 1900: Boxer Rebellion Fails to Remove Foreign Control in China 1900: Freud Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams 1900: Wiechert Invents the Inverted Seismograph Pendulum 1900: Rediscovery of Mendel's Hereditary Theory 1900: Articulation of Quantum Theory Jan. 14, 1900: Puccini's Tosca Premieres in Rome Feb., 1900: British Labour Party Is Formed 1900: Brooks Brothers Introduces Button-Down Shirts Feb., 1900: Kodak Introduces the Brownie Camera Mar. 23, 1900: Evans Discovers the Minoan Civilization of Crete June, 1900-1904: Suppression of Yellow Fever July 2, 1900: Zeppelin Constructs the First Dirigible That Flies Sept. 8, 1900: Galveston Hurricane Nov. 8, 1900: Dreiser's Sister Carrie Shatters Literary Taboos Dec. 14, 1900: Planck Announces His Quantum Theory Dec. 15, 1900: General Electric Opens an Industrial Research Laboratory |
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