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Great Events from History: The 19th Century Contents by Category Architecture (9) 1840-1852 Houses of Parliament Rebuilt in London 1850 Construction of the Washington Monument Begins 1857 Otis Installs First Elevator in a New York Department Store 1882ff. Gaudí Begins Building Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia 1883 Building of the First Skyscraper 1883 Brooklyn Bridge Opens 1886 Statue of Liberty Is Dedicated 1889 Eiffel Tower Built 1895 Opening of the Kiel Canal The Arts (22) Late 1870's Post-Impressionist Movement 1801 (c.) Emergence of Les Primitifs 1814 Goya Paints 3 May 1808: Execution of the Citizens of Madrid 1815-1835 Popularity of the Biedermeier Style of Furniture 1821ff. Stele Artists in China 1823-1831 Hokusai Produces Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji 1824 Paris Salon of 1824 1830 Delacroix Paints Liberty Guiding the People 1830-1870 Barbizon School of Landscape Painting 1834 Hiroshige Completes Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido 1855 Pavilion of Realism 1861 William Morris Founds Design Firm 1863 Salon des Refusés 1867 Paris World's Fair Introduces Japanese Art to the West 1870 Metropolitan Museum of Art Opens 1874 First Impressionist Exhibition, Paris 1880 Rodin Sculps The Thinker 1884ff. Arts and Crafts Movement 1892 Toulouse-Lautrec Produces "At the Moulin Rouge" 1893 Munch Paints The Scream 1900 Brooks Brothers Introduces Button-Down Shirts 1900 Dreiser's Sister Carrie Shatters Literary Taboos Business and Commerce (26) 1808 American Fur Company Is Chartered 1811 Krupp Works Open at Essen 1816 Second Bank of the United States Is Chartered 1824 Gibbons v. Ogden 1832 Jackson vs. the Bank of the United States 1837 Panic of 1837 1838-1900 First Department Stores Revolutionize Retail Marketing 1842 Commonwealth v. Hunt 1850 (c.) First Petroleum Refinery Is Established 1851 Great Exhibition 1859 First Commercial Oil Well 1859 Smiles Publishes Self-Help 1864 "In God We Trust" First Appears on U.S. Coins 1868 First Trades Union Congress 1870 John D. Rockefeller Founds Standard Oil Company 1872 Ward Establishes Mail-Order Business 1873 "Crime of 1873" 1880 The First "Boycott" 1882 Standard Oil Trust Is Organized 1886 American Federation of Labor Is Founded 1888 Rhodes Amalgamates Kimberley Diamond Companies 1893 World's Columbian Exposition 1894 Pullman Strike 1897 Dingley Tariff 1900 Kodak Introduces the Brownie Camera 1900 General Electric Opens an Industrial Research Laboratory Civil Rights and Liberties (26) 1807 British Slave Trade Is Ended by Parliament 1807 Congress Bans Importation of African Slaves 1830-1865 Proslavery Argument 1831-1832 Cherokee Cases 1833 Slavery Is Abolished in the British Colonies 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society Is Founded 1839 Amistad Slave Revolt 1844 Anti-Irish Riots 1850 Compromise of 1850 1850 Second Fugitive Slave Law 1850-1860 Underground Railroad 1853 National Council of Colored People Is Founded 1856-1858 Bleeding Kansas 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford 1859 Last Slave Ship Docks at Mobile 1861 Emancipation of the Serfs 1861-1872 Chinese Self-Strengthening Movement 1863 Emancipation Proclamation 1865 Freedmen's Bureau Is Established 1866 Race Riots in the South 1882 Rise of the Chinese Six Companies 1887 Foundation of the American Protective Association 1895 Chinese American Citizens Alliance Is Founded 1896 Sultan of Zanzibar Abolishes Slavery 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson 1898 United States v. Wong Kim Ark Crimes and Scandals (3) 1869-1877 Scandals of the Grant Administration 1894-1897 Armenian Massacres 1894-1906 Dreyfus Affair Culture and Institutions (9) 1871 Yellowstone Becomes the First U.S. National Park 1812 Burckhardt Discovers the Great Temple of Abu Simbel 1812 Elgin Marbles Brought to England 1839 Stephens Discovers Maya Antiquities 1839-1847 Layard Excavates Nineveh 1843 Carlyle Publishes Past and Present 1846 Smithsonian Institution Is Founded 1896 Nobel Prizes Are Established 1900 Evans Discovers the Minoan Civilization of Crete Diplomacy and International Relations (27) 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna 1815 Treaty of Ghent 1815 Second Peace of Paris 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty 1822 Great Britain Withdraws from the Concert of Europe 1823 Monroe Doctrine 1829 Treaty of Adrianople 1834 German States Cooperate in Customs Union 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1853 Gadsden Purchase 1854 Convention of Bloemfontein 1854 Perry Opens Trade with Japan 1859 Napoleon III and Emperor Francis Joseph Meet at Villafranca 1867 Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty 1867 Purchase of Alaska 1868 Burlingame Treaty 1871 Treaty of Washington 1873 Three Emperors' League 1878 Congress of Berlin 1882 Triple Alliance 1882 Kilmainham Agreement 1884 International Time Zones Are Established 1889-1890 First Pan-American Congress 1893-1894 Franco-Russian Alliance 1899 First Hague Peace Conference 1899-1905 Hay's "Open Door Notes" Disasters (6) 1815 Sumbawa Volcano Erupts killing 50,000 1871 Chicago Fire Kills 300 People and Leaves 100,000 Homeless 1872-1874 Great American Bison Slaughter 1883 Krakatoa Volcano Erupts 1889 Johnstown Flood Kills More than 2,200 People in Pennsylvania 1900 Galveston Hurricane Education (14) 1801-1900 Development of Working-Class Libraries 1802 U.S. Military Academy Is Established 1813 Founding of McGill University 1820's-1830's Free Public School Movement 1823 Hartford Female Seminary Is Founded 1828 Thomas Arnold Reforms Rugby School 1833 Oberlin College Is Established 1837 Mt. Holyoke Seminary Is Founded 1857 First African American University 1865 Vassar College Is Founded 1867 Office of Education Is Created 1876 American Library Association Is Founded 1895 Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Exposition Address 1897 Library of Congress Building Opens Expeditions and Exploration (27) 1799-1804 Expedition of Humboldt and Bonpland 1801-1803 Flinders's Explorations Show That Australia Is a Single Land Mass 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition 1805-1830 Exploration of West Africa 1806-1807 Pike's Southwest Explorations 1810-1812 Astorian Expeditions 1811-1861 Exploration of Southern Africa 1818-1854 Exploring the Northwest Passage 1819's-1840's Europeans Explore the Antarctic 1823-1831 Jedediah Smith Explores the Far West 1827-1874 Exploration of North Africa 1831-1832 Tocqueville Visits America 1842-1854 Frémont's Expeditions 1848-1849 California Gold Rush 1849-1888 Exploration of East Africa 1851-1855 Discovery of Gold in New South Wales 1853-1879 Exploration of Arabia 1854-1862 Wallace's Scientific Expedition 1855 Livingstone Finds Victoria Falls 1858 Fraser River Gold Rush 1867-1885 Przhevalsky Explores Central Asia 1868-1879 Schliemann Excavates in Turkey 1873-1880 Exploration of the Congo Basin 1879 Powell's Report on the Lands of the Arid Region 1884 Gold Is Discovered in the Transvaal 1893-1896 Nansen's Attempt at the North Pole 1896 Klondike Gold Rush Government and Politics (58) Jan., 1884 Fabian Society Is Founded 1801 Jefferson Is Elected President 1804 Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor 1804 Twelfth Amendment 1814-1815 Hartford Convention 1814-1830 Restoration of the French Bourbon Kings 1815 Organization of German Confederation 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland 1820 Missouri Compromise 1822 Brazil Becomes Independent 1824-1825 U.S. Election of 1824 1828 Jackson Is Elected President 1830 Webster-Hayne Debate 1834 Birth of the Whig Party 1837 Victoria's Coronation Inaugurates the Victorian Age 1838-1848 Chartist Movement 1840 U.S. Election of 1840 1841 Upper and Lower Canada Unite 1846 Independent Treasury Is Established 1847 Liberia Proclaimed Independent Republic 1848 Swiss Confederation Is Formed 1848-1854 Introduction of Responsible Governments in Canada 1851 Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte Becomes Emperor of France 1854 Birth of the Republican Party 1858 Rothschild Becomes First Jewish Member of Parliament 1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1860 Lincoln Is Elected President 1861 Lincoln's Inauguration 1861 Italy Is Proclaimed a Kingdom 1862 Bismarck Becomes Minister-President of Prussia 1863-1913 Greece Is Unified Under the Glucksburg Dynasty 1866-1867 North German Confederation Is Formed 1867 British North America Act 1867 Austrian Ausgleich 1868 Signing of Japan's Charter Oath 1868 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 1868 Gladstone Becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain 1868 Meiji Dynasty Restored 1871 German States Are Unified into German Empire 1871-1875 Third French Republic Is Established 1873-1878 Mackenzie Era in Canada 1876 Spanish Constitution of 1876 1877 Hayes Is Elected President 1878 Macdonald Returns as Canada's Prime Minister 1884 U.S. Election of 1884 1885 Indian National Congress Is Founded 1886-1889 Boulanger Crisis 1886-1893 Irish Home Rule Debate 1889 Japanese Empire Adapts a New Constitution 1890 Mississippi Disfranchisement Laws 1892 Keir Hardie Becomes First Labour Member of Parliament 1892 Birth of the People's Party 1894-1896 Kabo Reforms 1896 McKinley Is Elected President 1896 Laurier Elected as First French Canadian Prime Minister 1897-1911 Laurier Era in Canada 1898 Social-Democratic Workers' Party Is Formed 1900 British Labour Party Is Formed Inventions and Technology (36) 1804 First Successful Steam Locomotive Runs in Wales 1809 Davy Invents the Arc Lamp 1814 Fraunhofer Invents the Spectroscope 1816 René Laennec Invents the Stethoscope 1819 Kidd Extracts Naphtha from Coal Tar 1824 Aspdin Patents Portland Cement 1829 Braille Invents Printing for the Blind 1831 McCormick Invents the Reaper 1834 Blair Patents a Corn Planter 1835 Babbage Invents a Mechanical Calculator 1836 Colt Patents the Revolver 1839 Daguerre and Niepce Invent Daguerreotype Photography 1840 Justus von Liebig Invents Artificial Fertilizers 1844 Goodyear Patents Vulcanized Rubber 1846 Howe's Sewing Machine 1855-1859 Bessemer Develops New Methods for Processing Steel 1858 Lenoir Invents the Internal Combustion Engine 1866 Nobel Invents Dynamite 1868 Sholes Patents a Practical Typewriter 1869 Westinghouse Patents Air Brakes 1873 (c.) Glidden Invents Barbed Wire 1876 Bell Demonstrates the Telephone 1876 Otto Invents Practical Internal Combustion Engine 1877 Edison Patents the Cylinder Phonograph 1878 Muybridge Uses Photography to Study Animal Movement 1879 Edison Demonstrates the Incandescent Lamp 1884 Maxim Improves the Machine Gun 1885 Benz Develops the First Practical Automobile 1885 Pemberton Invents Coca Cola 1887 Goodwin Develops Celluloid Film 1888 Dunlop Patents Pneumatic Tire 1891-1905 Strowger Invents the Automatic Dial Telephone 1893 Diesel Patents the Diesel Engine 1894 Kellogg's Corn Flakes Launch the Dry Cereal Industry 1896 Marconi Patents the Telegraph 1900 Zeppelin Constructs the First Dirigible That Flies Journalism and Publishing (9) 1802-1835 Publication of the Political Register 1823 Lancet Medical Journal Is Established 1828 Cherokee Phoenix Begins Publication 1831 Liberator Begins Publication 1833 Rise of the Penny Press 1843 Wilson Founds The Economist 1847 North Star Begins Publication 1851 New York Times Is Established 1880's-1890's Rise of Yellow Journalism Laws and Acts (40) 1803 Marbury v. Madison 1804-1807 First Black Codes 1810 Fletcher v. Peck 1819 Passage of the Six Acts 1820 Land Act of 1820 1824 Combination Laws Repealed 1828-1829 Emancipation Acts of 1828 and 1829 1830 Indian Removal Act 1832 Reform Act of 1832 1833 Factory Act 1834 New Poor Law 1835 Municipal Corporations Act 1841 Preemption Act 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act in Britain 1862 Homestead Act 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act 1863 First National Draft Law 1863-1864 National Bank Acts 1865 Thirteenth Amendment 1865 New Black Codes 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 1867 Reform Act of 1867 1868 Fourteenth Amendment 1871 Indian Appropriation Act 1872 Dominion Lands Act 1873 Formation of the Northwest Mounted Police 1873 Comstock Law 1875 Supreme Court of Canada Is Established 1875 Page Law 1876 Canada's Indian Act 1878 Anti-Socialist Law in Germany 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act 1883 Pendleton Act 1883 Civil Rights Cases 1883 Ilbert Bill 1884 Franchise Act of 1884 1887 Interstate Commerce Act 1887 General Allotment Act 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act Literature (29) Late 19th century Brahmin School of American Literature Late 19th century Symbolist Movement in Literature and the Arts Mid-19th century Russian Realist Movement 1801ff. Arabic Literary Renaissance 1801ff. Costumbrismo Movement 1801-1850 Cockney School 1807 Bowdler Publishes The Family Shakespeare 1807 Thomas More Publishes Irish Melodies 1809 Irving Publishes Rip van Winkle 1812-1814 Brother Grimm Publish Fairy Tales 1814 Scott Publishes Waverley 1828 Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language 1830's-1840's Young Germany Movement 1830-1865 American Renaissance 1833-1845 Oxford Movement 1835 Andersen Publishes His First Fairy Tales 1842 Tennyson Publishes "Morte d'Arthur" 1848 Rise of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 1850 Tennyson Succeeds Wordsworth as England's Poet Laureate 1851 Melville Publishes Moby Dick 1852 Publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin 1852-1853 Dickens Publishes Bleak House 1856 Flaubert Publishes Madame Bovary 1871-1890's Naturalist Movement 1880's Aesthetic Movement 1880-1910 (c.) Decadent Movement 1883 Stevenson Publishes Treasure Island 1884 Mark Twain Publishes Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1887 Conan Doyle Publishes His First Sherlock Holmes Story Mathematics (3) 1847 Boole Publishes Mathematical Analysis of Logic 1898-1900 Hilbert Develops Model for Euclidean Geometry 1899 Lebesgue Develops New Integration Theory Medicine (20) 1838-1839 Schleiden and Schwann's Cell Theory Became the Foundation of Modern Biology 1846 Surgical Anesthesia Is Safely Demonstrated 1847 Semmelweis Develops Antiseptics 1855 Nightingale's Nursing Reforms in the Crimea 1856 Pasteur Develops Germ Theory and Microbiology 1862 Founding of the International Red Cross 1864-1867 Lister Promotes Antiseptic Surgery 1873 Charcot Publishes Leçons sur les maladies du systeme nerveux 1880's Roux Develops the Theory of Mitosis 1882 First Birth Control Clinic Is Established in Amsterdam 1882-1884 Koch Isolates Microorganisms That Cause Tuberculosis and Cholera 1883 Galton Founds the Field of Eugenics 1888-1906 Ramón v Cajal Establishes the Neuron as the Functional Unit of the Nervous System 1890-1901 Behring Discovers the Diphtheria Antitoxin 1892 Metchnikoff Develops the Cellular Theory of Immunity 1897 Ross Discovers Malaria Bacillus 1897 Hoffman Invents Aspirin 1897-1901 Abel and Takamine Independently Isolate Adrenaline 1900 Rediscovery of Mendel's Hereditary Theory 1900-1904 Suppression of Yellow Fever Military Actions (94) 1801-1805 Tripolitan War 1805 Battle of Austerlitz 1805 British Crush French and Spanish Fleets at Trafalgar 1808-1813 Peninsular War 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 Massacre of Mameluk Leaders 1811-1818 Egyptian War with the Wahabis 1812 Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 1812 Battle of Borodino 1812 Battle of Salamanca 1812-1814 War of 1812 1813 Battle of the Thames 1813 Battle of the Nations 1813-1814 Creek War 1815 Battle of Waterloo 1815 Battle of New Orleans 1815-1817 Red River Raids 1817-1818 Third Maratha War 1817-1821 Military Campaigns of José de San Martín 1817-1828 Zulu Expansion 1817-1858 Seminole Wars 1825-1830 Great Java War 1828-1829 Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 1828-1834 Miguelite Wars 1832-1841 Turko-Egyptian Wars 1838-1839 Aroostook War 1839-1842 First Opium War 1839-1842 First Afghan War 1840-1843 Spanish Civil War 1846 Battle of Palo Alto 1846-1847 Occupation of California and the Southwest 1846-1848 Mexican War 1847 Battle of Chapultepec 1848-1849 Second Sikh War 1850 Bloody Island Massacre 1850-1853 Eighth Kaffir War 1853-1856 Crimean War 1854 Battle of Balaklava 1854-1855 Battle of Sevastopol 1856-1860 Second Opium War 1857 Cart War 1858-1863 French-Indochina War 1859 Battle of Solferino 1860 Confederate States Secede from the Union 1860-1865 Apache and Navaho War 1861 First Battle of Bull Run 1861-1865 Stand Watie Fights for the South 1861-1867 Mexican-French War 1861-1886 Apache Wars 1862 Great Sioux War 1862 Monitor vs. Virginia 1863-1863 Battles of Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga 1864 Danish-Prussian War 1864 Sand Creek Massacre 1864-1865 Sherman's March to the Sea 1864-1870 Paraguayan War 1865 Surrender at Appomattox and Assassination of Lincoln 1865-1868 Basuto War 1866 Fetterman Massacre 1866 Battle of Koniggratz 1866 Seven Weeks' War 1866-1868 Bozeman Trail War 1868 Washita River Massacre 1868-1878 Ten Year's War 1870 Battle of Sedan 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 Siege of Paris 1873-1874 Second Ashanti War 1874-1875 Red River War 1876 Bulgarian Massacres 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn 1876-1877 Sioux War 1877 Salt Wars 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 1879 Zulu War 1879 Battles of Isandhlwana and Rorke's Drift 1879-1884 War of the Pacific 1880-1881 First Boer War 1882 Battle of Tel-el-Kebir 1882-1885 French Indochina Wars 1885 Siege of Khartoum 1887-1896 Italo-Ethiopian Wars 1889 Great Britain Strengthens the Royal Navy 1889-1892 Dahomey-French War 1890 Battle of Wounded Knee 1893-1897 Matabele War and Ndebele and Shona Revolts 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War 1895-1898 Hearst-Pulitzer Circulation War 1896-1899 Sudanese War 1897 Greco-Turkish War 1898 Spanish-American War 1898-1899 Fashoda Incident 1899-1900 Siege of Mafeking 1899-1902 Boer War Music (16) 1800's Spread of the Waltz 1803 Beethoven's Eroica Symphony Introduces Romantic Age 1816 Rossini's Barber of Seville Produced in Rome 1824 Beethoven's Ninth Symphony Is Performed 1830'sff. Popularization of Ballet 1843 Production of Der fliegende Hollander (The Flying Dutchman) 1870's Golden Age of Flamenco 1875 Bizet's Carmen Performed in Paris 1876 First Performance of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen 1883 Metropolitan Opera House Opened in New York 1888 First Polytonal Piece of Music 1890's Rise of Tin Pan Alley 1894 Debussy Composes Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun 1895 Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake Performed in St. Petersburg 1899ff. Joplin Popularizes the Ragtime Style 1900 Puccini's Tosca Premieres in Rome National Expansion and Imperialism (13) 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1803-1804 Settlement of Tasmania 1814 Britain Acquires the Cape Colony 1830 France Conquers Algeria 1832 Britain Occupies Falkland Islands 1835 Melbourne, Australia, Is Founded 1860's Easter Island Is Ravaged by European Slave Traders 1868-1869 British Expedition to Ethiopia 1876 Japan Opens Korea 1884ff. Berlin Conference Partitions Africa Among Colonial Powers 1893 Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's Last Monarch, Is Deposed 1895-1896 Jameson Raid 1897-1898 Scramble for Chinese Concessions Philosophy (13) 1807 Hegel Publishes Phenomenology of the Spirit 1809-1817 David Ricardo Identifies Seven Key Economic Principles 1819 Schopenhauer Publishes The World as Will and Idea 1824 Ranke Develops Systematic History 1836 Rise of Transcendentalism 1839 Blanc Publishes "L'Organisation du Travail" 1848 Marx and Engels Publish the Communist Manifesto 1851-1854 Comte Advances Theory of Positivism 1859 John Stuart Mill Publishes On Liberty 1862 Spencer Publishes First Principles 1867 Marx Publishes First Volume of Das Kapital 1897 Ellis Publishes Studies in the Psychology of Sex 1900 Freud Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams Religion and Theology (24) 1804 British and Foreign Bible Society Is Founded in London 1808 Prophetstown Is Founded 1816 AME Church Is Founded 1816 American Bible Society Is Founded 1819 Unitarian Church Is Founded 1820 Jesuits Expelled from Russia, Naples, and Spain 1827 John Darby Founds the Plymouth Brethren 1830 Joseph Smith Founds the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1835 Strauss Publishes The Life of Jesus 1835 Finney Delivers "Lectures on Revivals of Religion" 1845 John Henry Newman Becomes a Catholic 1853 Richard Francis Burton Enters Mecca in Disguise 1854 Pope Pius IX Declares the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception 1858 Virgin Mary Appears to Bernadette Soubirous 1863 Baha'i Religion Is Founded 1864 Pope Pius IX Issues Syllabus of Errors 1870 First Vatican Council Promulgates the Dogma of Papal Infallibility 1871 Jehovah's Witnesses Are Founded 1871-1877 Kulturkampf against Catholic Church in Germany 1874 Mennonites Settle in Canada 1875 Theosophical Society Is Founded 1875 Eddy Establishes the Christian Science Movement 1891 Papal Encyclical on Labor 1896 Herzl Founds the Zionist Movement Revolts and Revolutions (45) 1804-1807 Burr's Conspiracy 1808 Dos de Mayo Insurrection in Spain 1808-1839 Janissaries' Revolt 1810 El Grito de Dolores 1811 Luddites Destroy Industrial Machines 1813-1824 Military Campaigns of Simon de Bolivar 1820 Cato Street Conspiracy 1820-1821 Neapolitan Revolution 1821-1821 Mexican War of Independence 1821-1829 Greeks Fight for Independence 1825 Decembrist Revolt 1830 July Revolution Deposes Charles X 1830 First Polish Rebellion 1830-1833 Belgian Revolution 1831 Mazzini Founds Young Italy 1831 Nat Turner's Insurrection 1835-1836 Texas Revolution 1837 Rebellions in Canada 1837 Mazzini Arrives in London as an Exile 1842 Dorr Rebellion 1847 Taos Rebellion 1848 Prussian Revolution of 1848 1848 Paris Revolution of 1848 1848-1849 Revolutions of 1848 in Italy 1849 Dostoevski Sent to Siberia 1850-1864 Taiping Rebellion 1853-1868 Nien Rebellion 1855-1857 Walker's Invasion of Nicaragua 1857 Sepoy Mutiny against British Rule 1859 John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 Garibaldi's Thousand "Redshirts" Land in Italy 1861 Chinese Coup of 1861 1863-1864 Polish Rebellion 1863-1877 Muslim Rebellion in China 1865 Morant Bay Rebellion 1866-1870 Fenian Risings in Ireland and Canada 1868 Spanish Revolution of 1868 1869-1870 First Riel Rebellion 1871 Paris Commune 1877 Satsuma Revolt 1882-1884 Korean Insurrections Against Japan 1885 Second Riel Rebellion 1895-1898 Cuban War of Independence 1899-1902 Philippine Insurrection 1900 Boxer Rebellion Fails to Remove Foreign Control in China The Sciences (27) 1801 Astronomers Make the First Discovery of an Asteroid, Ceres. 1803-1807 John Dalton Formulates the Atomic Theory of Matter 1804 Saussure Publishes Chemical Research in Vegetation 1809 Lamarck Publishes Zoological Philosophy 1818-1843 Triangulation Survey of India 1820's Ampère Reveals Magnetism's Relationship to Electricity 1824 Buckland Publishes First Description of a Dinosaur 1830 Lyell Publishes Principles of Geology 1831 Faraday Converts Magnetic Force into Electricity 1850 Clausius Formulates Second Law of Thermodynamics 1850 Extinction of the Giant Moa 1856 Neanderthal Skull Found Near Düsseldorf 1859 Darwin Publishes On the Origin of Species 1861 Archaeopteryx Discovered at Solnhofen 1865 Mendel Proposes Laws of Heredity 1868 Cro-Magnon Skeleton Found in France 1869 Mendeleyev Develops the Periodic Table of Elements 1871 Darwin Publishes The Descent of Man 1876 Centennial Exposition 1895 Röntgen Discovers X-rays 1897 First Hydroelectric Power Plant Built at Niagara Falls 1897-1904 Bjerknes Publishes First Weather Forecast Using Computational Hydrodynamics 1898 Beijerinck Discovers Viruses 1898-1902 Teisserenc de Bort Discovers Stratosphere and Troposphere 1900 Wiechert Invents the Inverted Seismograph Pendulum 1900 Articulation of Quantum Theory 1900 Planck Announces His Quantum Theory Social Movements and Issues (32) 1814-1830 New Harmony and the Communitarian Movement 1815 Westward Migration 1820's-1850's Social Reform Movement 1829 Suttee Abolished in British India 1829-1836 Irish Immigration to Canada 1830-1842 Trail of Tears 1832-1833 Nullification Controversy 1835-1850's Expansion of Afrikaners into South Africa's Interior 1840's-1850's "Old" Immigration 1845-1854 Irish Famine and the Great Emigration 1846 Oregon Settlement 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws 1846-1848 Mormon Migration to Utah 1849-1852 Chinese Immigration 1863-1866 Long Walk of the Navajos 1863-1877 Reconstruction 1864 Octavia Hill begins London Housing Reform Movement 1864 First International Is Founded 1865 Salvation Army Is Established 1866 Chisholm Trail Opens 1866 Rise of the Ku Klux Klan 1867 National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Forms 1868 Last Convicts Landed in Western Australia 1868 Bakunin Founds the Social Democratic Alliance 1877 Nez Perce Exile 1883 Bismarck Introduces Social Security in Germany 1889 Hull House Opens 1890 Closing of the Frontier 1892ff. Yellow Peril Campaign 1892 Opening of Ellis Island Immigration Depot 1892-1943 "New" Immigration 1896 Sifton's Campaign to Attract Immigrant Farmers Sports (7) 1845 Modern Rules of Baseball Are Adopted 1851 U.S. Yacht Beats an English Yacht in the First America's Cup Race 1869 Founding of First Professional Baseball Club 1871 Barnum's Circus Forms 1892 First Basketball Game Is Played 1893 Montreal Wins Hockey's First Stanley Cup 1896 Olympic Games Are Revived in Athens, Greece Theater (10) Mid-19th century Professional Theaters Open in the United States 1803 F. A. Winsor Invents Gas Lighting 1830 Rioting Greets the First Production of Hugo's Hernani 1842-1843 First Minstrel Shows 1850's Rise of Burlesque and Vaudeville 1878 Henry Irving Manages London's Lyceum Theatre 1879 Ibsen's A Doll's House Introduces Psychological Realism to Drama 1881 Richard D'Oyly Carte Builds London's Savoy Theatre 1895ff. Lumière Brothers and Edison Develop Motion Pictures 1897 Moscow Arts Theatre Is Founded Transportation (22) 1807 Voyage of the Clermont 1811 Construction of the National Road 1819 First Steamship to Cross the Atlantic Ocean 1821 Santa Fe Trail Opens 1825 Erie Canal Opens 1825 Stockton-Darlington Railroad Company Is Established 1830 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Begins Operation 1836 Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad Opens 1840 Penny Postage Is Established in Great Britain 1844 First Telegraph Message 1845-1857 Era of the Clipper Ships 1847 Founding of Hamburg-Amerika Line 1852 Grand Trunk Railway Chartered 1853-1857 Pacific Railroad Surveys 1854-1869 Suez Canal Is Built 1858 Brunel Launches Great Eastern Steamship 1858-1866 First Transatlantic Cable 1860-1861 Pony Express 1861 Transcontinental Telegraph Is Completed 1863 First Underground Railway Opens in London 1869 Transcontinental Railroad Is Completed 1885 Canadian Pacific Railway Completed Women's Rights (12) 1848 Seneca Falls Convention 1851 Akron Woman's Rights Convention 1857 New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children Opens 1866 Suffragists Protest the Fourteenth Amendment 1869 Rise of Woman Suffrage Associations 1869 Western States Grant Woman Suffrage 1872 Susan B. Anthony Is Arrested 1874 Minor v. Happersett 1876 Declaration of the Rights of Women 1890 Women's Rights Associations Unite 1893 National Council of Women of Canada Is Founded 1893 New Zealand Grants Women's Suffrage |
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