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Editor: Robert F. Gorman, Texas State ISBN: 978-1-58765-338-4 List Price: $495 April 2008 · 6 volumes · 3,900 pages · 8"x10" Includes Free Online Access Through 12/31/2011 Great Events from History: The 20th Century Contents by Category Agriculture 1970's: Growth of Organic Farming Dec. 27, 1971: Fungicide-Tainted Grain Poisons Thousands of Iraqis 1972-1973: Worldwide Droughts Bring Famine Oct. 21, 1972: U.S. Congress Expands Pesticide Regulations Nov. 16, 1974: U.N. Declaration on Hunger and Malnutrition Sept., 1976: Land Institute Is Founded to Develop Alternative Grains 1977: Berry Publishes The Unsettling of America June 2, 1979: Sagebrush Rebellion Begins June, 1980: Radar Reveals Canals at Mayan Agricultural Centers June 16, 1980: U.S. Supreme Court Rules on Water Rights July 10, 1981: Brown Orders Medfly Spraying in California Jan. 11, 1983: Payment-in-Kind Program Compensates U.S. Farmers to Abstain from Planting 1985-1987: Rainforest Action Network Boycotts Burger King Dec. 23, 1985: U.S. Congress Revamps Farm Policy Feb. 4, 1989: Soviet Farmers Gain Control of Land and Crop Selection Mar. 13-Apr. 15, 1989: United States Bans Chilean Fruit After Cyanide Scare Oct., 1990: "Killer Bees" Invade the United States May, 1994: Genetically Engineered Food Reaches Supermarkets 1995-1998: Famine Strikes North Korea Feb., 2000: Land Reform Sparks Controversy in Zimbabwe Animals and endangered species Jan.-Mar., 1971: Animal Welfare Institute Launches the "Save the Whales" Campaign Sept. 1, 1972-June 2, 1976: Cod Wars Mar. 3, 1973: International Convention Protects Endangered Species June 9, 1973: Secretariat Wins the Triple Crown Dec. 28, 1973: U.S. Congress Protects Endangered Species 1975: Atlantic Salmon Return to the Connecticut River Aug., 1977: Watson Founds the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society June 15, 1978: U.S. Supreme Court Protects the Snail Darter 1980: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Is Founded June 24, 1980: Soviet Union Passes Environmental Legislation Mar. 15, 1985: Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge Is Closed Dec. 27, 1985: Fossey Is Murdered over Efforts to Protect Mountain Gorillas Jan. 1, 1986: International Whaling Ban Goes into Effect Nov. 1, 1986: Swiss Warehouse Fire Causes Toxic Spill into the Rhine Sept., 1987: Miller Discovers a Dinosaur Egg Containing the Oldest Known Embryo July 18, 1989: Kenyan President Burns a Fortune in Ivory July 23, 1990: Spotted Owl Prompts Old-Growth Timber Controversy Oct., 1990: "Killer Bees" Invade the United States 1991-1992: Captive-Bred Condors and Ferrets Are Reintroduced into the Wild July 14, 1991: Pesticides Are Released into the Sacramento River Dec. 31, 1992: United Nations Bans the Use of Drift Nets 1993: Norway Resumes Whaling in Defiance of International Ban June, 1994: Bald Eagle Is No Longer an Endangered Species Anthropology Mar., 1974: Clay Soldiers Are Discovered in China Nov., 1974: Anthropologists Discover the Early Hominid "Lucy" Aug., 1979: Ancient Sanctuary Is Discovered in El Juyo Cave 1984: Sibley and Ahlquist Discover Human-Chimpanzee Genetic Relationship Apr. 6-Sept. 9, 1984: Project Displays Hominid Heritage 1987-1988: Scientists Date a Homo sapiens Fossil at Ninety-Two Thousand Years Jan. 1, 1987: Cann Postulates the African Eve July 28, 1996: Kennewick Man Is Discovered Archaeology Mar., 1974: Clay Soldiers Are Discovered in China Aug., 1979: Ancient Sanctuary Is Discovered in El Juyo Cave June, 1980: Radar Reveals Canals at Mayan Agricultural Centers Sept. 1, 1985: Ballard Discovers the Lost Ship Titanic 1987-1988: Scientists Date a Homo sapiens Fossil at Ninety-Two Thousand Years July 28, 1996: Kennewick Man Is Discovered Jan., 1997: Archaeologists Announce the Discovery of Aristotle's Lyceum Architecture Apr. 4, 1973: Opening of the World Trade Center July 1, 1976: Smithsonian Opens the National Air and Space Museum Jan. 31, 1977: Pompidou Center Opens in Paris 1978: AT&T Building Exemplifies Postmodernism 1980's: CAD/CAM Revolutionizes Engineering and Manufacturing Dec. 9, 1986: Opening of the Musée d'Orsay Mar. 4, 1988: Pei Creates a New Entrance to the Louvre June 23-Aug. 30, 1988: Deconstructivists Exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art 1990's: Disney Emerges as an Architectural Patron 1992: Audubon Society Opens Environmentally Responsible Headquarters May 15, 1994: Andy Warhol Museum Opens May 22-June 12, 1997: Globe Theatre Opens in London Aug. 28, 1999: Petronas Twin Towers Open Arts 1970's: Spanish Art Thrives After Years of Suppression Mar., 1974: Clay Soldiers Are Discovered in China Sept. 28, 1974: Dalí Museum Opens in Spain Jan. 31, 1977: Pompidou Center Opens in Paris 1980's: Schnabel Emerges as a Celebrity Artist 1980: Four Modern Masters Affirm Germany's Place in the Art World Sept. 22-Oct. 7, 1985: Christo Wraps the Pont Neuf Dec. 9, 1986: Opening of the Musée d'Orsay May, 1987: National Museum of Women in the Arts Opens Amid Controversy Nov. 11, 1987: Van Gogh's Irises Sells for $53.9 Million June 14, 1989: Mapplethorpe's Photographs Provoke Controversy Oct. 12, 1992: Columbus Day Debates Reflect Cultural Diversity May 27, 1993: Bomb Damages the Uffizi Gallery Apr. 14-16, 1994: Alexander Fights to Save the National Endowment for the Arts May 15, 1994: Andy Warhol Museum Opens June 25, 1998: U.S. Supreme Court Rules That "Decency" Can Be Required for Federal Arts Grants May 28, 1999: Restored Last Supper Goes on Display Astronomy Mar. 2, 1972-Jan. 22, 2003: Pioneer 10 Explores Jupiter and the Outer Planets Feb., 1973-Mar., 1974: Organic Molecules Are Discovered in Comet Kohoutek Oct. 22, 1975: Soviet Venera Spacecraft Transmit the First Pictures from the Surface of Venus 1976: Kibble Proposes the Theory of Cosmic Strings July 20-Sept. 3, 1976: Viking Spacecraft Send Photographs to Earth from Mars Mar. 10-11, 1977: Astronomers Discover the Rings of Uranus Aug. 20, 1977-Oct. 2, 1989: Voyagers 1 and 2 Explore the Outer Planets Jan. 26, 1978: International Ultraviolet Explorer Is Launched Mar. 4-7, 1979: First Ring Around Jupiter Is Discovered 1980: Inflationary Theory Explains the Early Universe May, 1980: Pluto's Atmosphere Is Discovered June, 1981: Cassinelli and Associates Discover the Most Massive Star Known 1982-1989: Astronomers Discover an Unusual Ring System of Planet Neptune 1985: Construction of the Keck Telescope Begins in Hawaii 1986: Kamiokande Neutrino Telescope Begins Operation 1986-1987: Tully Discovers the Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex Mar. 8, 1986: Space Probes Begin Examination of Comet Halley Feb. 23, 1987: Supernova 1987A Corroborates Theories of Star Formation Mar., 1988: Oldest Known Galaxy Is Discovered May 4, 1989-Oct. 12, 1994: Magellan Probe Maps Venus Apr. 24, 1990: NASA Launches the Hubble Space Telescope Dec. 2-13, 1993: Astronauts Repair the Hubble Space Telescope July 16-22, 1994: Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collides with Jupiter Dec. 2, 1995: NASA Launches the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Dec. 7, 1995: Galileo Achieves Orbit Around Jupiter Jan. 30, 1996: Comet Hyakutake Is Discovered Nov. 29, 1996: Asteroid Toutatis Passes Near Earth July 4, 1997: Pathfinder Lands on Mars Oct. 15, 1997: Cassini-Huygens Probe Is Launched Jan. 6, 1998-July 31, 1999: Lunar Prospector Mission Oct. 24, 1998: Deep Space 1 Is Launched July 23, 1999: NASA Launches the Chandra X-Ray Observatory Feb. 11-22, 2000: Endeavour Maps Earth from Space June 20, 2000: Scientists Release Evidence of Water on Mars Banking and finance Aug. 15, 1971: Devaluation of the Dollar Oct. 23, 1974: U.S. Congress Creates the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Oct. 28, 1975: U.S. Congress Prohibits Discrimination in the Granting of Credit 1976-2000: Mutual Funds Spark Growth of Individual Investments 1977: Kohlberg Kravis Roberts Pioneers the Leveraged Buyout 1980's: U.S. Regional Branch Banking Is Approved Jan. 7, 1980: U.S. Government Bails Out Chrysler Corporation Mar. 31, 1980, and Oct. 15, 1982: U.S. Congress Deregulates Banks and Savings and Loans Mar., 1981: Federal Regulators Authorize Adjustable-Rate Mortgages July 26, 1984: U.S. Government Bails Out Continental Illinois Bank May 12, 1986: Insider Trading Scandals Mar the Emerging Junk Bond Market Dec. 3, 1986: Boston Celtics Sell Shares in the Team Oct. 19, 1987: U.S. Stock Market Crashes on "Black Monday" Nov. 11, 1987: Van Gogh's Irises Sells for $53.9 Million Oct., 1988: Recruit Scandal Surfaces in Japan Dec., 1988: Drexel and Michael Milken Are Charged with Insider Trading Apr. 13, 1989: Lincoln Savings and Loan Declares Bankruptcy July 23, 1989: Mexico Renegotiates Debt to U.S. Banks May 5, 1991: Swiss Banks End Secret Accounts Jan. 31, 1995: United States Bails Out Mexico Jan. 1, 1999: Eleven European Nations Adopt the Euro Biology 1973: Cohen and Boyer Develop Recombinant DNA Technology Sept. 8, 1976: Ebola Epidemic Kills First of Many in Africa 1977: Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents and New Life-Forms Are Discovered 1980: Berg, Gilbert, and Sanger Develop Techniques for Genetic Engineering June 16, 1980: U.S. Supreme Court Grants a Patent for a Living Organism 1982: Cech Demonstrates That RNA Can Act as an Enzyme Spring, 1983-Sept., 1986: Mullis Develops the Polymerase Chain Reaction Sept., 1983: Murray and Szostak Create the First Artificial Chromosome Mar. 10, 1984: Willadsen Clones the First Farm Animal by Nuclear Transfer 1987-1990: Search for the Gene That Begins Male Development Sept., 1987: Miller Discovers a Dinosaur Egg Containing the Oldest Known Embryo 1988: Erlich Develops DNA Fingerprinting from a Single Hair 1990-1994: Discovery of Breast Cancer Genes Mar. 20, 1996: Britain Announces Human Cases of Mad Cow Disease July 5, 1996: Wilmut Clones the First Large Mammal from an Adult Cell Nov. 6, 1998: First Embryonic Stem Cell Line Is Derived Dec. 10, 1998: First Genetic Map of an Animal Reported Apr. 5, 1999: Scientists Announce Discovery of Enzyme Linked to Alzheimer's Disease Business and labor 1970's: Retailers Control Inventory Shrinkage with Computer Technology Feb. 4, 1971: Rolls-Royce Declares Bankruptcy Mar. 8, 1971: U.S. Supreme Court Bans Discrimination in Hiring May 18, 1971: U.S. Advertising Industry Organizes Self-Regulation Aug. 15, 1971: Devaluation of the Dollar 1972: AFL-CIO Recognizes the United Farm Workers Mar. 24, 1972: U.S. Congress Mandates Equal Employment Opportunity Apr. 1-13, 1972: Professional Baseball Players Go on Strike Nov. 23, 1973: West Germany Bans Immigration of Workers from Outside the EEC Sept. 2, 1974: U.S. Congress Protects Employee Benefits 1975-1976: Players Challenge Baseball's Reserve Clause Apr. 1, 1976: Jobs and Wozniak Found Apple Computer 1977: Kohlberg Kravis Roberts Pioneers the Leveraged Buyout Oct. 31, 1978: U.S. Congress Protects Pregnant Employees June 27, 1979: U.S. Supreme Court Rules on Affirmative Action Programs Oct., 1979: VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software Is Marketed 1980's: American Firms Adopt Japanese Manufacturing Strategies 1980's: Electronic Technology Creates the Possibility of Telecommuting Aug., 1980: Solidarity Leads Striking Polish Workers Aug. 3, 1981: Air Traffic Controllers Declare a Strike Aug. 12, 1981: IBM Introduces Its Personal Computer Dec. 13, 1981: Poland Imposes Martial Law and Bans Solidarity 1982: Peters Gains Prominence as a Writer on Management Jan. 8, 1982: AT&T Undergoes Divestiture May 12, 1982: Braniff International Suspends Flight Operations July 19, 1982: Great Britain Announces Plans to Privatize British Telecom Jan., 1983: Nigeria Expels West African Migrant Workers Mar. 16, 1983: Workers Buy Weirton Steel Sept. 24, 1983: Continental Airlines Declares Bankruptcy Feb. 8, 1984: Pennzoil Sues Texaco for Interfering in Getty Oil Deal June 12, 1984: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Seniority Systems Nov. 20, 1985: Microsoft Releases the Windows Operating System 1986: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Goals, Not Quotas, to Remedy Discrimination Nov. 6, 1986: U.S. Congress Enacts Major Immigration Reform Dec. 3, 1986: Boston Celtics Sell Shares in the Team 1987: South African Black Workers Strike June, 1987: Ontario's Pay Equity Act Aug. 20, 1987: U.S. Government Introduces the Baldrige Award May, 1988: Patent Is Granted for Genetically Engineered Mice Oct., 1988: Recruit Scandal Surfaces in Japan Dec., 1988: Drexel and Michael Milken Are Charged with Insider Trading Sept., 1989: Sony Purchases Columbia Pictures Oct. 24, 1989: Bakker Is Sentenced for Fraud and Conspiracy Nov., 1989: Ford Buys Jaguar Jan., 1990: Poland Begins Switching to a Market Economy Feb. 16, 1990: Cisco Systems Goes Public Mar. 6, 1990: Soviet Parliament Allows Private Ownership July 3, 1991: IBM and Apple Agree to Make Compatible Computers Sept. 3, 1991: North Carolina Fire Points to Workplace Hazards May 1, 1992: Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance Is Established Feb. 5, 1993: U.S. Congress Guarantees Job Security During Family Emergencies Aug. 19, 1993: Mattel and Fisher-Price Form the World's Biggest Toy Company Oct. 13, 1993: Bell Atlantic and TCI Announce Merger Plans Aug. 12, 1994-Apr. 2, 1995: Baseball Strike Forces Cancellation of the World Series Dec. 1, 1994: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Mid-1990's: Cable Television Challenges Network Television Dec. 31, 1997: Microsoft Acquires Hotmail May 6, 1998: Daimler-Benz Buys Chrysler May 18, 1998: United States Sues Microsoft Sept. 7, 1998: Google Is Founded Oct. 6, 1999: NFL Franchise Goes to Houston Nov. 30, 1999: Exxon-Mobil Merger Creates the World's Second-Largest Company Nov. 30, 1999: Rioters Disrupt World Trade Organization Meetings Jan. 1, 2000: Y2K "Crisis" Aug. 9, 2000: Bridgestone/Firestone Announces Massive Recall Chemistry 1973: Cohen and Boyer Develop Recombinant DNA Technology 1973: Invention of the Plastic Soda Bottle 1977: Heeger and MacDiarmid Discover Conducting Polymers 1980: Berg, Gilbert, and Sanger Develop Techniques for Genetic Engineering May, 1981-June, 1981: Bell Labs Improves Solar Cells 1982: Cech Demonstrates That RNA Can Act as an Enzyme Nov., 1983: Aspartame Is Approved for Use in Carbonated Beverages Oct., 1991: Iijima Reports the Production of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Civil rights and liberties 1971-1974: Civil Rights Groups Investigate the FBI and CIA Jan., 1971-Apr., 1979: Amin Regime Terrorizes Uganda Feb. 7, 1971: Swiss Women Gain the Right to Vote Mar. 8, 1971: U.S. Supreme Court Bans Discrimination in Hiring Mar. 12, 1971: Incarcerated Mental Patients Gain Right to Treatment Apr. 20, 1971: U.S. Supreme Court Endorses Busing to End School Segregation June 30, 1971: U.S. Voting Age Is Lowered to Eighteen Aug. 18, 1971: Bánzer Seizes Power in Bolivian Coup Sept. 9-13, 1971: Prisoners Riot Against Conditions in Attica Mar. 22, 1972-June 30, 1982: ERA Passes Congress but Falls Short of Ratification Mar. 24, 1972: U.S. Congress Mandates Equal Employment Opportunity May 15, 1972: U.S. Supreme Court Protects Home Schooling June 29, 1972: U.S. Supreme Court Abolishes the Death Penalty July, 1973: Northern Ireland Witnesses Passage of the Emergency Provisions Act Nov. 30, 1973: United Nations Sanctions South Africa for Apartheid Jan. 21, 1974: U.S. Supreme Court Mandates Bilingual Education Feb. 13, 1974: Soviet Union Expels Solzhenitsyn Aug. 19, 1974: United States Grants Amnesty to Vietnam War Draft Evaders Mar. 11, 1975: Southern Schools Are Found to Be the Least Racially Segregated July 3, 1975: Civil Service Decides That Gays Are Fit for Public Service Aug. 1, 1975: Helsinki Accords Offer Terms for International Cooperation Aug. 6, 1975: U.S. Congress Bans Literacy Tests for Voting Nov. 29, 1975: U.S. Law Provides for Public Education of Disabled Children Dec. 9, 1975: United Nations Adopts a Declaration on Disabled Persons' Rights July 2, 1976: U.S. Supreme Court Reinstates the Death Penalty 1977-1981: Soviet Citizen Group Investigates Political Abuses of Psychiatry Feb.-Mar., 1977: Soviets Crack Down on Moscow's Helsinki Watch Group June 15, 1977: Spain Holds Its First Free Elections Since the Civil War July 5, 1977: Zia Establishes Martial Law in Pakistan Aug. 10, 1977: Canada's Human Rights Act Aug. 31, 1977: Declaration of Hawaii Addresses the Misuse of Psychiatry 1978-1980: Syrian Bar Association Demands Political Reform in Syria Spring, 1978: China Promises to Correct Human Rights Abuses May 22, 1978: Italy Legalizes Abortion June 28, 1978: U.S. Supreme Court Bans Racial Quotas in College Admissions Oct. 14, 1979: Gay Rights March in Washington May 17-19, 1980: Rioters Protest Miami Police Brutality June 30, 1980: Paraguayan Torturer Is Convicted of Violating the Law of Nations June, 1981: Organization of African Unity Adopts the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights Dec. 13, 1981: Poland Imposes Martial Law and Bans Solidarity Apr. 17, 1982: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Is Enacted June 15, 1982: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Right of Noncitizens to Social Services Nov. 3, 1983: Jackson Becomes the First Major Black Candidate for U.S. President Aug. 17, 1984: U.S. Court of Appeals Upholds the Navy's Ban on Homosexuality Late 1984: Hong Kong's Citizens Prepare for Chinese Takeover Oct., 1984: American Psychiatric Association Addresses the Homeless Mentally Ill Mar. 11, 1985: Gorbachev Initiates a Policy of Glasnost 1986: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Goals, Not Quotas, to Remedy Discrimination May 4, 1987: U.S. Supreme Court Rules That Laws Can Force Groups to Admit Women Mar. 22, 1988: U.S. Congress Mandates Nondiscriminatory Practices by Recipients of Public Funds Aug. 10, 1988: U.S. Congress Formally Apologizes to Japanese Internees Feb. 14, 1989: Iran Issues a Fatwa Against Salman Rushdie June 21, 1989: U.S. Supreme Court Strikes Down Flag Desecration Law Apr. 23, 1990: U.S. Government Authorizes Collection of Data on Crime Against Gays June 12, 1990: Algeria Holds Its First Free Multiparty Elections July 26, 1990: U.S. Congress Enacts Disability Rights Feb. 1, 1991: De Klerk Promises to Topple Apartheid Legislation Nov. 7, 1991: U.S. Congress Strengthens Equal Opportunity Laws May 9, 1993: Paraguay Embraces Democracy July 23-24 and Aug. 29-30, 1993: Brazilian Police Massacre Slum Dwellers June 26, 1995: U.S. Supreme Court Rules on Random Drug Testing in Schools May 20, 1996: U.S. Supreme Court Strikes Down Colorado Antigay Law Sept. 27, 1996: Taliban Begins Suppression of Human Rights in Afghanistan June 21, 1998: Druids Celebrate the Summer Solstice Mar. 12, 2000: FMLN Wins Legislative Elections in El Salvador June 28, 2000: U.S. Supreme Court Protects Restrictions on Membership in Private Groups July 1, 2000: Vermont's Civil Union Law Takes Effect Cold War May 26, 1972: SALT I Is Signed Sept. 10, 1972: U.S. Loss to the Soviet Union Sparks Basketball Controversy May 26, 1973-Dec. 26, 1991: Détente with the Soviet Union Oct. 6-26, 1973: Yom Kippur War Mar. 21, 1980, and May 8, 1984: Olympic Boycotts Mar. 23, 1983: Reagan Proposes the Strategic Defense Initiative Sept. 1, 1983: Soviet Jets Shoot Down Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Oct. 25-Nov. 2, 1983: United States Invades Grenada Dec. 28, 1983: United States Announces Its Withdrawal from UNESCO Nov. 6, 1986: Chissano Succeeds Machel in Mozambique July, 1995: Venona Cables Are Declassified Colonialism and occupation 1974: Portugal Grants Independence to Its African Colonies Nov. 6-13, 1975: Dispute over the Western Sahara Erupts in the Green March Dec., 1987: Palestinian Intifada Begins Dec. 22, 1988: Namibia Is Liberated from South African Control 1989: Soviet Troops Leave Afghanistan Sept., 1989: Vietnamese Troops Withdraw from Cambodia Dec. 10, 1989: Tibet's Dalai Lama Receives the Nobel Peace Prize Aug. 2, 1990: Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait Jan. 13, 1992: Japan Admits to Sex Slavery During World War II Communications and media 1971: Direct Transoceanic Dialing Begins July 1, 1971: Independent Agency Takes Over U.S. Postal Service Nov.-Dec., 1971: Tomlinson Sends the First E-Mail Apr. 3, 1973: First Cellular Phone Call 1976: Speech Recognition Machines Master One Thousand Words 1977-2000: Fiber-Optics Revolution May 11, 1977: First Commercial Test of Fiber-Optic Telecommunications July 1, 1979: Sony Introduces the Walkman 1980's: Decline of the Big Three Networks 1980's: Electronic Technology Creates the Possibility of Telecommuting Aug. 12, 1981: IBM Introduces Its Personal Computer Jan. 8, 1982: AT&T Undergoes Divestiture 1990's: Libraries Transform into Information Technology Centers Feb. 16, 1990: Cisco Systems Goes Public Oct. 13, 1993: Bell Atlantic and TCI Announce Merger Plans Dec. 15, 1994: Release of Netscape Navigator 1.0 Mid-1990's: Rise of the Internet and the World Wide Web May 23, 1995: Sun Microsystems Introduces Java Sept. 15, 1995: DVD Technology Is Announced Jan. 3, 1996: U.S. Congress Reforms Law Regulating Telecommunications Sept. 7, 1998: Google Is Founded Oct. 27, 1998: Reform of the Copyright Act 1999: Rise of the Blogosphere June 1, 1999: Napster Is Released Sept. 7, 1999: Viacom Announces Plans to Buy CBS Jan. 1, 2000: Y2K "Crisis" Mar. 14, 2000: King Releases the First E-Novel Computers and computer science 1970's: Retailers Control Inventory Shrinkage with Computer Technology Nov.-Dec., 1971: Tomlinson Sends the First E-Mail Nov. 15, 1971: Intel Introduces the First "Computer on a Chip" 1972: Club of Rome Issues The Limits to Growth Sept. 21, 1972: Texas Instruments Introduces the Pocket Calculator 1976: Speech Recognition Machines Master One Thousand Words Mar. 4, 1976: First Cray-1 Supercomputer Is Shipped to the Los Alamos National Laboratory Apr. 1, 1976: Jobs and Wozniak Found Apple Computer Apr., 1977: Apple II Becomes the First Successful Preassembled Personal Computer Oct., 1979: VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software Is Marketed 1980's: CAD/CAM Revolutionizes Engineering and Manufacturing 1980's: Electronic Technology Creates the Possibility of Telecommuting 1980's-1990's: Rise of Video and Computer Games Aug. 12, 1981: IBM Introduces Its Personal Computer 1984: Introduction of Optical Discs for Data Storage Jan. 24, 1984: Introduction of the Apple Macintosh Nov. 20, 1985: Microsoft Releases the Windows Operating System Aug. 17, 1986: Pixar Studios Creates Its First Virtual Studio Film Sept., 1988: Prodigy Introduces Dial-Up Service 1990's: Libraries Transform into Information Technology Centers Feb. 16, 1990: Cisco Systems Goes Public 1991-1993: Development of HTML July 3, 1991: IBM and Apple Agree to Make Compatible Computers Mar. 22, 1993: Intel Introduces the Pentium Processor Sept. 24, 1993: Myst Energizes the Computer Game Market Dec. 15, 1994: Release of Netscape Navigator 1.0 Mid-1990's: Rise of the Internet and the World Wide Web Feb. 15, 1995: Arrest of Hacker Kevin Mitnick May 23, 1995: Sun Microsystems Introduces Java Sept. 15, 1995: DVD Technology Is Announced Feb. 10, 1996: Deep Blue Beats Kasparov in Chess Dec. 31, 1997: Microsoft Acquires Hotmail Sept. 7, 1998: Google Is Founded May 4, 2000: ILOVEYOU Virus Attacks Computers Crime and scandal June 17, 1972-Aug. 9, 1974: Watergate Affair Aug. 9, 1974: Nixon Resigns from the U.S. Presidency Nov. 13, 1974: Silkwood Becomes a Symbol for the Antinuclear Movement Mar. 25, 1976: Assassination of King Faisal Oct. 26, 1979: South Korean President Is Assassinated Feb., 1980-Mar. 11, 1982: Abscam Affair Mar. 24, 1980: Archbishop Romero Is Assassinated Dec. 8, 1980: Assassination of John Lennon Mar. 30, 1981: Hinckley Attempts to Assassinate President Reagan Sept., 1982: Seven People Die After Taking Cyanide-Laced Tylenol Aug. 21, 1983: Assassination of Philippine Opposition Leader Benigno Aquino Oct. 31, 1984: Indira Gandhi Is Assassinated Dec. 27, 1985: Fossey Is Murdered over Efforts to Protect Mountain Gorillas Feb. 28, 1986: Palme Is Assassinated May 12, 1986: Insider Trading Scandals Mar the Emerging Junk Bond Market Nov. 13, 1986-May 4, 1989: Iran-Contra Scandal Oct., 1988: Recruit Scandal Surfaces in Japan Dec., 1988: Drexel and Michael Milken Are Charged with Insider Trading 1989-1990: Colombian Presidential Candidates Are Killed Apr. 13, 1989: Lincoln Savings and Loan Declares Bankruptcy July 2, 1989: Papandreou Leaves Office in Disgrace Oct. 24, 1989: Bakker Is Sentenced for Fraud and Conspiracy June 24, 1992: Tailhook Scandal May 27, 1993: Bomb Damages the Uffizi Gallery Oct. 21, 1993: Burundian President Is Assassinated Mar., 1994: Italy's Voters Move Right Jan. 24-Oct. 3, 1995: O. J. Simpson Trial Feb. 15, 1995: Arrest of Hacker Kevin Mitnick Nov. 4, 1995: Rabin Is Assassinated July 27, 1996: Centennial Olympic Park Bombing July 15, 1997: Murder of Gianni Versace Aug. 31, 1997: Princess Diana Dies in a Car Crash 1998: Sexual Molestation Scandal Rocks the Catholic Church Oct. 19, 1998: Earth Liberation Front Resorts to Arson Dec. 19, 1998: Clinton Is Impeached Apr. 20, 1999: Columbine High School Massacre May 4, 2000: ILOVEYOU Virus Attacks Computers Dance Mar. 1, 1973: Tharp Stages Deuce Coupe for the Joffrey Ballet 1980's-early 1990's: Multiculturalism Dominates the Dance World Fall, 1980: Baryshnikov Becomes Artistic Director of American Ballet Theatre Oct. 4-10, 1981: New Dance U.S.A. Festival 1983-1984: Festivals Mark a Peak in the Dance Created by Black Artists Oct. 24, 1990: Debut of Baryshnikov's White Oak Dance Project Diplomacy and international relations Aug. 15 and Sept. 3, 1971: Bahrain and Qatar Achieve Independence Oct. 25, 1971: People's Republic of China Is Seated at the United Nations Feb. 21, 1972: Nixon Opens Trade with China Apr. 10, 1972: Nations Agree to Rules on Biological Weapons Apr. 15, 1972: Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Is Signed May 15, 1972: United States Hands Okinawa to Japan May 26, 1972: SALT I Is Signed June 5-16, 1972: United Nations Holds an Environmental Conference in Stockholm Sept. 1, 1972-June 2, 1976: Cod Wars Mar., 1973: U.S. Troops Leave Vietnam Mar. 3, 1973: International Convention Protects Endangered Species May 26, 1973-Dec. 26, 1991: Détente with the Soviet Union June 21, 1973: East and West Germany Establish Diplomatic Relations July 31, 1973: European Space Agency Is Formed Oct. 6-26, 1973: Yom Kippur War Oct. 17, 1973-Mar. 18, 1974: Arab Oil Producers Curtail Oil Shipments to Industrial States Nov. 30, 1973: United Nations Sanctions South Africa for Apartheid 1974: Portugal Grants Independence to Its African Colonies May 18, 1974: India Joins the Nuclear Club July 15, 1974: Cyprus Crisis Erupts Nov. 16, 1974: U.N. Declaration on Hunger and Malnutrition 1975: U.N. Global Environment Monitoring System Is Inaugurated May, 1975: Indo-Chinese Boat People Begin Fleeing Vietnam June 19-July 2, 1975: World Conference on Women Sets an International Agenda Aug. 1, 1975: Helsinki Accords Offer Terms for International Cooperation Nov. 6-13, 1975: Dispute over the Western Sahara Erupts in the Green March Nov. 10, 1975: U.N. Resolution Denounces Zionism Dec. 9, 1975: United Nations Adopts a Declaration on Disabled Persons' Rights Dec. 9, 1975: United Nations Issues a Declaration Against Torture June 27-28, 1976: Canada Joins the G7 Sept. 9, 1976: Death of Mao Zedong Leads to Reforms in China 1977-1981: Carter Makes Human Rights a Central Theme of Foreign Policy Nov. 4, 1977: United Nations Imposes an Arms Embargo on South Africa Nov. 19-21, 1977: Sadat Becomes the First Arab Leader to Visit Israel Mar. 14, 1978: Israel Invades Southern Lebanon Mar. 16 and Apr. 18, 1978: Panama Canal Treaties Aug.-Dec., 1978: World Conference Condemns Racial Discrimination Sept. 5-17, 1978: Camp David Accords Dec. 10, 1978: Sadat and Begin Receive the Nobel Peace Prize Jan. 1, 1979: United States and China Establish Full Diplomatic Relations May, 1979: U.N. Declaration Condemns Apartheid June 18, 1979: SALT II Is Signed Sept. 12, 1979: United Nations Issues a Conduct Code for Law-Enforcement Officials Nov. 4, 1979-Jan. 20, 1981: Iranian Revolutionaries Hold Americans Hostage Dec. 18, 1979: U.N. Convention Condemns Discrimination Against Women 1980: Mediterranean Nations Sign Antipollution Pact Mar. 21, 1980, and May 8, 1984: Olympic Boycotts Apr. 1-Sept. 25, 1980: Mariel Boatlift May 25, 1981: Saudi Arabia Establishes Gulf Cooperation Council Nov. 10, 1981: "Yellow Rain" Hearing Nov. 25, 1981: United Nations Votes to Protect Freedom of Religion and Belief Dec. 18, 1982: United Nations Issues Principles of Medical Ethics Dec. 20, 1982: United Nations Responds to the Homeless Crisis Sept. 1, 1983: Soviet Jets Shoot Down Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Oct. 25-Nov. 2, 1983: United States Invades Grenada Dec. 28, 1983: United States Announces Its Withdrawal from UNESCO Mar. 16, 1984: South Africa and Mozambique Sign Nkomati Accord Aug. 6-14, 1984: United Nations Holds a Population Conference Sept. 26, 1984: Britain Signs Agreement to Leave Hong Kong in 1997 Nov. 21, 1984-Jan. 5, 1985: Evacuation of Ethiopian Jews to Israel Feb. 4, 1985: New Zealand Closes Ports to U.S. Nuclear Warships Nov. 15, 1985: Anglo-Irish Agreement Is Signed Nov. 19-21, 1985: U.S.-Soviet Summit Jan., 1986: United States and Canada Issue a Joint Report on Acid Rain June 8, 1986: Election of Waldheim as President of Austria Stirs Controversy Nov. 13, 1986-May 4, 1989: Iran-Contra Scandal Jan. 20, 1987: Waite Is Kidnapped in Lebanon Apr. 27, 1987: Our Common Future Is Published Dec. 8, 1987: Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty Dec. 10, 1987: Arias Sánchez Receives the Nobel Peace Prize July 3, 1988: USS Vincennes Shoots Down Iranian Civilian Plane July 23, 1989: Mexico Renegotiates Debt to U.S. Banks Nov. 9, 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall Nov. 17-Dec. 29, 1989: Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia Nov. 20, 1989: United Nations Adopts the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1990-1994: United Nations Admits Many New Members June 29, 1990: U.N. Agreement Protects Ozone Layer July 16, 1990: Gorbachev Agrees to Membership of a United Germany in NATO Dec. 16, 1990: Aristide Wins First Democratic Election in Haiti Mar. 26, 1991: Birth of the Southern Common Market July 1, 1991: Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact July 1, 1991: Sweden Applies for Membership in the European Community Sept. 27, 1991: Bush Announces Nuclear Arms Reductions Dec., 1991: Dissolution of the Soviet Union Feb. 21, 1992: United Nations Authorizes Troop Deployment to the Balkans June 3-14, 1992: Earth Summit Convenes in Rio de Janeiro Dec. 9, 1992: U.S. Marines Enter Somalia Dec. 16, 1992: U.N. Security Council Brokers Peace in Mozambique Dec. 31, 1992: United Nations Bans the Use of Drift Nets 1993: Norway Resumes Whaling in Defiance of International Ban Jan. 1, 1993: Czechoslovakia Splits into Two Republics Jan. 3, 1993: United States and Russia Reach Nuclear Arms Reduction Agreement Nov. 20, 1993: North American Free Trade Agreement Dec. 15, 1993: Ulster Peace Accord July 31, 1994: United Nations Authorizes the Use of Force in Haiti Oct. 21, 1994: U.S.-North Korea Pact Dec. 1, 1994: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Jan. 31, 1995: United States Bails Out Mexico July, 1995: Venona Cables Are Declassified July 11, 1995: United States Recognizes Vietnam July 21, 1995-Mar. 23, 1996: Third Taiwan Strait Crisis Sept. 5, 1995-Jan. 27, 1996: France Resumes Nuclear Testing Nov. 21, 1995: Dayton Negotiations Produce Bosnian Peace Accord May, 1996: Sudan Expels Osama Bin Laden Dec. 29, 1996: Guatemalan Peace Accords End Civil War May 27, 1997: NATO and Russia Sign Cooperation Pact July 1, 1997: Hong Kong Becomes Part of the People's Republic of China Dec. 1-11, 1997: Kyoto Conference on Greenhouse Gases 1998: AIDS Devastates Africa Jan. 14, 1998: Protocol on Antarctic Environmental Protection Enters into Force Feb. 28, 1998-June 9, 1999: Kosovo Conflict Escalates Apr. 10, 1998: Good Friday Agreement May 11 and 13, 1998: India Conducts Nuclear Tests May 22-Sept. 30, 1998: World's Exposition 1998 July 17, 1998: Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Is Adopted Oct. 15-23, 1998: Wye River Accords Dec. 16-19, 1998: Iraq Disarmament Crisis Climaxes in Air Strikes May 17, 1999: Barak Takes Charge in Israel July 10, 1999: Six African Nations Sign the Lusaka Peace Accord Nov. 15, 1999: United States and China Sign Trade Deal July 11, 2000: Organization of African Unity Moves to Establish the African Union Sept. 6-8, 2000: United Nations Holds the Millennium Summit Nov. 2, 2000: International Space Station Is Manned Disasters Aug. 20-21, 1971: Heavy Rains Flood the Red River Delta 1972-1973: Worldwide Droughts Bring Famine Nov. 10, 1975: Sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald June 5, 1976: Teton Dam Collapses July 10, 1976: Italian Factory Explosion Releases Dioxin July 28, 1976: Deadly Earthquake Strikes China Dec. 15, 1976: The Argo Merchant Spills Oil off the New England Coast Jan. 24, 1978: Radioactive Satellite Fragments Land in Canada Mar. 16, 1978: The Amoco Cadiz Runs Aground Mar. 28, 1979: Three Mile Island Accident July 19, 1979: Oil Tankers Collide near Tobago Mar. 22, 1980: Mexico Controls Huge Leak in Offshore Oil Well May 18, 1980: Mount St. Helens Erupts Dec. 23, 1982: Dioxin Contamination Forces Evacuation of Times Beach May 17, 1983: Government Reveals Oak Ridge Mercury Releases Aug. 25, 1984: Radioactive Cargo Sinks in the North Sea Oct., 1984: Ethiopia Resettles Famine Victims from the North to Southern Ethiopia Dec. 3, 1984: Toxic Gas Leaks from a Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal, India Mar. 15, 1985: Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge Is Closed Sept. 19, 1985: Earthquake Devastates Mexico City Jan. 28, 1986: Challenger Accident Apr. 26, 1986: Soviet Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Undergoes Meltdown Aug. 21, 1986: African Lake Emits Toxic Gas Oct. 6, 1986: Soviet Nuclear Submarine Sinks in the Atlantic Nov. 1, 1986: Swiss Warehouse Fire Causes Toxic Spill into the Rhine Sept. 21-Oct. 1, 1987: Radioactive Powder Injures Hundreds of Brazilians Jan. 2, 1988: Tank Collapse Releases Fuel into the Monongahela River Summer, 1988: Fires Burn Much of Yellowstone National Park Dec. 7, 1988: Armenian Earthquake Leads to Calls for Building Reform Mar. 24, 1989: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill June 21, 1990: Massive Quake Rocks Iran Jan. 27-Nov. 7, 1991: Iraq Burns Kuwaiti Oil Wells Mar., 1991: Supreme Soviet Declares the Aral Sea a Disaster Area June 12-15, 1991: Eruption of Mount Pinatubo July 14, 1991: Pesticides Are Released into the Sacramento River Sept. 3, 1991: North Carolina Fire Points to Workplace Hazards Aug. 24, 1992: Hurricane Andrew Devastates Southern Florida Jan. 5, 1993: Braer Runs Aground Apr.-Oct., 1993: Mississippi and Missouri Flooding Brings Misery to Middle America Oct. 26-Nov. 3, 1993: Fires Devastate Southern California Jan. 17, 1994: Northridge Quake Rocks Los Angeles Sept. 28, 1994: Ferry Sinks in the Baltic 1995-1998: Famine Strikes North Korea Jan. 17, 1995: Kobe Earthquake Kills Thousands Aug. 29, 1996: Dam Burst Contaminates the Pilcomayo River June-Oct., 1997: Indonesian Forest Fires Devastate Southeast Asia Apr. 25, 1998: Los Frailes Tailings Pond Dam Ruptures in Spain Aug. 7, 1998: Chang River Breaks Through Its Main Bank Oct. 29-Nov. 3, 1998: Hurricane Mitch Floods Central America Mar. 24-26, 1999: Fire Disaster Closes Mont Blanc Tunnel Aug. 12, 2000: Russian Submarine Sinks Earth science July 28, 1976: Deadly Earthquake Strikes China 1977: Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents and New Life-Forms Are Discovered June 6, 1980: Scientists Find Evidence of an Asteroid Impact at the End of the Cretaceous Period May 16, 1985: Researchers Discover a Hole in the Ozone Layer Jan. 17, 1994: Northridge Quake Rocks Los Angeles Jan. 17, 1995: Kobe Earthquake Kills Thousands Jan. 6, 1998-July 31, 1999: Lunar Prospector Mission Economics 1971: United States Suffers Its First Trade Deficit Since 1888 Aug. 15, 1971: Devaluation of the Dollar Oct., 1971: Commoner Publishes The Closing Circle 1973: Schumacher Publishes Small Is Beautiful Mar. 20, 1973: Iran Announces Nationalization of Foreign Oil Interests 1974: Heilbroner Predicts Growth Limits 1976-2000: Mutual Funds Spark Growth of Individual Investments June 27-28, 1976: Canada Joins the G7 1981: The Ultimate Resource Argues in Favor of Population Growth Aug. 13, 1981: Reagan Promotes Supply-Side Economics 1984: Lovejoy Proposes the Debt-for-Nature Swap Sept. 26, 1984: Britain Signs Agreement to Leave Hong Kong in 1997 Feb. 28, 1986: European Economic Community Adopts the Single European Act Oct. 19, 1987: U.S. Stock Market Crashes on "Black Monday" Feb. 4, 1989: Soviet Farmers Gain Control of Land and Crop Selection Apr. 13, 1989: Lincoln Savings and Loan Declares Bankruptcy Jan., 1990: Poland Begins Switching to a Market Economy Mar. 6, 1990: Soviet Parliament Allows Private Ownership July 1, 1991: Sweden Applies for Membership in the European Community Nov. 1, 1993: Unification of the European Market Nov. 20, 1993: North American Free Trade Agreement May 6, 1994: Opening of the Channel Tunnel Dec. 1, 1994: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Jan. 1, 1995-Jan. 1, 2003: Cardoso Brings Prestige to Brazilian Presidency Jan. 31, 1995: United States Bails Out Mexico Jan. 1, 1999: Eleven European Nations Adopt the Euro Oct. 12, 1999: World's Six Billionth Person Is Born Apr. 9-14, 2000: NASDAQ Dive Prompts Dot-Com Crash Education Apr. 20, 1971: U.S. Supreme Court Endorses Busing to End School Segregation May 15, 1972: U.S. Supreme Court Protects Home Schooling Jan. 21, 1974: U.S. Supreme Court Mandates Bilingual Education Mar. 11, 1975: Southern Schools Are Found to Be the Least Racially Segregated Oct. 8, 1975: U.S. Congress Admits Women to Armed Services Academies Nov. 29, 1975: U.S. Law Provides for Public Education of Disabled Children June 28, 1978: U.S. Supreme Court Bans Racial Quotas in College Admissions 1981: Missouri Program Promotes Parental Involvement in Education 1985-1991: Minnesota Gives Parents Broader Choices in Public Education Oct. 2, 1989: Texas's Method of Funding Schools Is Ruled Unconstitutional June 26, 1995: U.S. Supreme Court Rules on Random Drug Testing in Schools Energy Jan. 15, 1971: Dedication of Egypt's Aswaamacr}n High Dam Oct. 17, 1973-Mar. 18, 1974: Arab Oil Producers Curtail Oil Shipments to Industrial States 1974: United States Plans to Cut Dependence on Foreign Oil Nov. 13, 1974: Silkwood Becomes a Symbol for the Antinuclear Movement 1977: Researchers Develop an Integrated Solar Energy System July 28, 1977: Alaskan Oil Pipeline Opens Aug. 4, 1977: U.S. Congress Creates the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission May 3, 1978: Sun Day Celebration Promotes Solar Energy Nov. 9, 1978: U.S. Congress Lifts Regulations from Public Utilities Mar. 28, 1979: Three Mile Island Accident Apr. 5, 1979: Carter Orders Deregulation of Oil Prices Feb., 1981: Watt Announces Expansion of Energy Leasing on the Outer Continental Shelf Nov. 20, 1981: Soviets Begin Construction of Siberian Gas Pipeline Apr. 12, 1982: Solar One Begins Operation in the Mojave Desert Dec. 21, 1982: U.S. Congress Addresses "High-Level" Nuclear Waste Dec., 1985: European Nations Open Superphénix Apr. 26, 1986: Soviet Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Undergoes Meltdown July 9-19, 1990: General Motors Sponsors a Solar-Powered Car Race Jan. 27-Nov. 7, 1991: Iraq Burns Kuwaiti Oil Wells Feb., 1992: Yankee Rowe Nuclear Plant Is Shut Down Jan. 4, 1993: Trojan Nuclear Plant Is Retired Dec., 1999: First Hybrid Car Appears on the U.S. Market Engineering Jan. 15, 1971: Dedication of Egypt's Aswan High Dam Apr. 4, 1973: Opening of the World Trade Center June 5, 1976: Teton Dam Collapses 1980's: CAD/CAM Revolutionizes Engineering and Manufacturing Dec. 7, 1988: Armenian Earthquake Leads to Calls for Building Reform July 9-19, 1990: General Motors Sponsors a Solar-Powered Car Race May 6, 1994: Opening of the Channel Tunnel June 12, 1994: Boeing's 777 Takes to the Skies Dec. 14, 1994: Premier Li Peng Announces the Three Gorges Dam Project Dec. 24, 1997: Japanese Magnetic Train Reaches Record Speed Apr. 5, 1998: Opening of the World's Largest Suspension Bridge Aug. 28, 1999: Petronas Twin Towers Open Dec., 1999: First Hybrid Car Appears on the U.S. Market Environmental issues 1970's: Growth of Organic Farming 1971: Canadian Activists Found Greenpeace 1971: Earthwatch Is Founded 1971: Paclitaxel Is Extracted from Pacific Yew Trees Jan.-Mar., 1971: Animal Welfare Institute Launches the "Save the Whales" Campaign Jan. 15, 1971: Dedication of Egypt's Aswan High Dam Aug. 20-21, 1971: Heavy Rains Flood the Red River Delta Oct., 1971: Commoner Publishes The Closing Circle 1972: Club of Rome Issues The Limits to Growth Jan. 1, 1972-June 30, 1984: World Fertility Survey Is Conducted Mar. 1, 1972: U.S. Congress Updates Water Pollution Law Apr., 1972: Ward and Dubos Publish Only One Earth Apr. 15, 1972: Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Is Signed Apr. 19, 1972: Environmentalists Are Defeated in Sierra Club v. Morton June 5-16, 1972: United Nations Holds an Environmental Conference in Stockholm July 23, 1972: Launch of the First Earth Resources Technology Satellite Sept. 1, 1972-June 2, 1976: Cod Wars Oct. 1, 1972: Oregon Bans Nonrefillable Bottles Oct. 21, 1972: U.S. Congress Expands Pesticide Regulations Oct. 27, 1972: U.S. Congress Protects Coasts and Marine Sanctuaries Oct. 27, 1972: U.S. Government Regulates Noise Pollution Dec. 31, 1972: U.S. Government Bans DDT 1973: Invention of the Plastic Soda Bottle 1973: Schumacher Publishes Small Is Beautiful Jan., 1973: Cousteau Society Is Founded Feb., 1973: Ecology Party Is Founded in Great Britain Mar. 27, 1973: Chipko Movement Protects India's Forests Dec., 1973-June, 1974: Rowland and Molina Theorize That Freon Causes Ozone Depletion Dec. 28, 1973: U.S. Congress Protects Endangered Species 1974: Automakers Introduce the Catalytic Converter 1974: D'Eaubonne Coins the Term "Ecofeminism" 1974: Heilbroner Predicts Growth Limits 1974: Worldwatch Institute Is Founded 1974-1980: Sick Building Syndrome Is Recognized Aug. 17, 1974: U.S. Congress Revises Resource Management Nov. 13, 1974: Silkwood Becomes a Symbol for the Antinuclear Movement Dec. 16, 1974: U.S. Congress Requires Safe Drinking Water 1975: Atlantic Salmon Return to the Connecticut River 1975: The Monkey Wrench Gang Advocates "Ecotage" 1975: U.N. Global Environment Monitoring System Is Inaugurated Jan. 3, 1975: U.S. Congress Expands Eastern Wilderness Jan. 3, 1975: U.S. Congress Protects Public Against Hazardous Waste in Transit Dec. 31, 1975: Hells Canyon Is Preserved as a National Recreation Area June 5, 1976: Teton Dam Collapses July 10, 1976: Italian Factory Explosion Releases Dioxin Oct. 11, 1976: EPA Is Charged with Regulating Toxic Chemicals Oct. 12, 1976: United States Bans PCBs Oct. 21, 1976: "Cradle-to-Grave" Legislation Covers Hazardous Wastes Oct. 22, 1976: U.S. Congress Limits Forest Clear-Cutting Dec. 15, 1976: The Argo Merchant Spills Oil off the New England Coast Aug., 1977: Watson Founds the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Aug. 3, 1977: U.S. Government Regulates Strip Mining Aug. 7, 1977: Clean Air Act Is Revised Mar. 16, 1978: The Amoco Cadiz Runs Aground Mar. 17, 1978: Chlorofluorocarbons Are Banned in the United States May 3, 1978: Sun Day Celebration Promotes Solar Energy Aug. 7, 1978: Toxic Waste Is Discovered at Love Canal Oct. 17, 1978: U.S. Congress Requires Ships to Safeguard Marine Environment 1979: Lovelock Publishes Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth Mar., 1979: Scientists Correlate Lead Exposure with Intelligence June 2, 1979: Sagebrush Rebellion Begins July 19, 1979: Oil Tankers Collide near Tobago Aug. 11, 1979: China Announces Birthrate Reduction Plans 1980's: Radon Is Recognized as an Indoor Air Hazard 1980: Mediterranean Nations Sign Antipollution Pact Mar. 22, 1980: Mexico Controls Huge Leak in Offshore Oil Well Apr., 1980: Foreman Founds Earth First! May 18, 1980: Mount St. Helens Erupts June 24, 1980: Soviet Union Passes Environmental Legislation July 24, 1980: The Global 2000 Report Is Issued Oct. 16, 1980: China Conducts Atmospheric Nuclear Test Dec. 2, 1980: U.S. Congress Protects Alaskan Lands and Wildlife Dec. 11, 1980: Superfund Is Established to Pay for Hazardous-Waste Cleanup Dec. 22, 1980: U.S. Congress Addresses "Low-Level" Nuclear Waste 1981: Activists Oppose Deployment of the MX Missile 1981: Citizens' Clearinghouse for Hazardous Waste Is Founded 1981: The Ultimate Resource Argues in Favor of Population Growth Jan. 21, 1981: The Group of Ten Meets for the First Time Feb., 1981: Watt Announces Expansion of Energy Leasing on the Outer Continental Shelf July 10, 1981: Brown Orders Medfly Spraying in California Apr. 12, 1982: Solar One Begins Operation in the Mojave Desert Dec. 21, 1982: U.S. Congress Addresses "High-Level" Nuclear Waste Dec. 23, 1982: Dioxin Contamination Forces Evacuation of Times Beach Mar., 1983: West German Green Party Gains Seats in Parliament May 17, 1983: Government Reveals Oak Ridge Mercury Releases Oct., 1983: Europeans Demonstrate Against Nuclear Weapons 1984: "Deep Ecology" Platform Is Drafted 1984: Lovejoy Proposes the Debt-for-Nature Swap Aug. 6-14, 1984: United Nations Holds a Population Conference Aug. 25, 1984: Radioactive Cargo Sinks in the North Sea 1985: Ecodefense Advocates "Monkeywrenching" 1985-1987: Rainforest Action Network Boycotts Burger King Feb. 4, 1985: New Zealand Closes Ports to U.S. Nuclear Warships Mar. 15, 1985: Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge Is Closed May 16, 1985: Researchers Discover a Hole in the Ozone Layer July 10, 1985: French Agents Sink the Rainbow Warrior Winter, 1985: Manville Offers $2.5 Billion to Victims of Asbestos Dust Dec. 23, 1985: U.S. Congress Revamps Farm Policy Jan., 1986: United States and Canada Issue a Joint Report on Acid Rain Jan. 1, 1986: U.S. Government Tightens Restrictions on Lead Apr. 26, 1986: Soviet Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Undergoes Meltdown Oct. 17, 1986: U.S. Congress Requires Governments to Inform the Public About Toxic Pollutants Nov. 1, 1986: Swiss Warehouse Fire Causes Toxic Spill into the Rhine 1987: McToxics Campaign Begins Mar.-May, 1987: Garbage Barge Mobro Cruises U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts Apr. 24, 1987: Genetically Altered Bacteria Are Released into the Environment Apr. 27, 1987: Our Common Future Is Published June 29, 1987: Florida Passes the Surface Water Improvement and Management Act Sept. 21-Oct. 1, 1987: Radioactive Powder Injures Hundreds of Brazilians Dec. 22, 1987: Yucca Mountain Is Designated a Radioactive Waste Repository Dec. 29, 1987: U.S. Congress Prohibits Marine Plastics Dumping Jan. 2, 1988: Tank Collapse Releases Fuel into the Monongahela River Summer, 1988: Fires Burn Much of Yellowstone National Park July, 1988: Medical Waste Washes onto U.S. Atlantic Beaches Oct. 12, 1988: Brazilian President Announces Plans to Protect Rain Forests Oct. 12, 1988: Global ReLeaf Program Is Initiated Oct. 14, 1988: U.S. Law Mandates Use of Alternative Fuels Nov., 1988: United Nations Creates a Panel to Study Climate Change 1989: Arnold and Gottlieb Publish The Wise Use Agenda Mar. 24, 1989: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Dec. 8, 1989: Pope John Paul II Issues an Environmental Message 1990: "An Anti-Environmentalist Manifesto" Signals a Backlash June 12, 1990: Lawsuits Against Mobil Draw Attention to "Green" Marketing June 29, 1990: U.N. Agreement Protects Ozone Layer Aug. 18, 1990: U.S. Congress Passes Oil Spill Legislation Nov. 5, 1990: United States Makes Pollution Prevention a National Goal Nov. 15, 1990: U.S. Congress Approves More Clean Air Act Amendments Nov. 28, 1990: Environmentalists Defeat the Cross-Florida Barge Canal Jan. 27-Nov. 7, 1991: Iraq Burns Kuwaiti Oil Wells Mar., 1991: Supreme Soviet Declares the Aral Sea a Disaster Area June, 1991: CDC Publicizes the Dangers of Secondhand Smoke June 12-15, 1991: Eruption of Mount Pinatubo July 14, 1991: Pesticides Are Released into the Sacramento River 1992: Audubon Society Opens Environmentally Responsible Headquarters Feb., 1992: Yankee Rowe Nuclear Plant Is Shut Down June 3-14, 1992: Earth Summit Convenes in Rio de Janeiro Oct. 6, 1992: U.S. Government Facilities Must Comply with Environmental Standards Jan. 4, 1993: Trojan Nuclear Plant Is Retired Jan. 5, 1993: Braer Runs Aground Apr.-Oct., 1993: Mississippi and Missouri Flooding Brings Misery to Middle America Apr. 3, 1993: Clinton Convenes the Forest Summit Sept. 26, 1993: Crew of Biosphere 2 Exits After Two Years Dec. 14, 1994: Premier Li Peng Announces the Three Gorges Dam Project 1995-1998: Famine Strikes North Korea Aug. 29, 1996: Dam Burst Contaminates the Pilcomayo River Sept. 18, 1996: Grand Staircase-Escalante Is Declared a National Monument Oct. 12, 1996: Clinton Signs Legislation to Help Restore the Everglades June-Oct., 1997: Indonesian Forest Fires Devastate Southeast Asia Dec. 1-11, 1997: Kyoto Conference on Greenhouse Gases Jan. 14, 1998: Protocol on Antarctic Environmental Protection Enters into Force Apr. 25, 1998: Los Frailes Tailings Pond Dam Ruptures in Spain May 22-Sept. 30, 1998: World's Exposition 1998 Oct. 19, 1998: Earth Liberation Front Resorts to Arson Oct. 12, 1999: World's Six Billionth Person Is Born Dec. 11, 2000: U.S. Government Funds Everglades Restoration Expansion and land acquisition Nov. 6-13, 1975: Dispute over the Western Sahara Erupts in the Green March Dec. 8, 1975: East Timor Declares Independence but Is Annexed by Indonesia Feb. 27, 1976: Inuit File Claim to a Section of Canadian Territory Sept. 26, 1984: Britain Signs Agreement to Leave Hong Kong in 1997 July 1, 1997: Hong Kong Becomes Part of the People's Republic of China Fashion and design 1974-1976: Punk's Antifashion Style First Appears Mid-1970's: Denim Jeans Become Accepted as Fashion 1980's: Madonna Revolutionizes Popular Fashion Genetics Apr. 7, 1976: Genentech Is Founded 1980: Berg, Gilbert, and Sanger Develop Techniques for Genetic Engineering 1981-1982: Geneticists Create Giant Mice May 14, 1982: Eli Lilly Releases the First Commercial Genetically Engineered Medication Spring, 1983-Sept., 1986: Mullis Develops the Polymerase Chain Reaction Sept., 1983: Murray and Szostak Create the First Artificial Chromosome 1984: Sibley and Ahlquist Discover Human-Chimpanzee Genetic Relationship Mar. 6, 1985: Jeffreys Discovers the Technique of Genetic Fingerprinting July, 1986: FDA Approves a Genetically Engineered Vaccine for Hepatitis B Oct., 1986: Discovery of a Gene That Suppresses Retinoblastoma 1987-1990: Search for the Gene That Begins Male Development Jan. 1, 1987: Cann Postulates the African Eve Apr. 24, 1987: Genetically Altered Bacteria Are Released into the Environment 1988: Erlich Develops DNA Fingerprinting from a Single Hair 1990-1994: Discovery of Breast Cancer Genes Aug., 1990: Genetically Engineered Rabies Vaccine Is Released May, 1994: Genetically Engineered Food Reaches Supermarkets Dec. 10, 1998: First Genetic Map of an Animal Reported June 26, 2000: Completion of the Sequencing of the Human Genome Is Announced Government and politics Jan., 1971-Apr., 1979: Amin Regime Terrorizes Uganda Apr. 21, 1971: Baby Doc Succeeds Papa Doc in Haiti Aug. 18, 1971: Bánzer Seizes Power in Bolivian Coup Jan. 30, 1972: "Bloody Sunday" in Northern Ireland Mar. 2, 1972: Manley Becomes Prime Minister of Jamaica June 17, 1972-Aug. 9, 1974: Watergate Affair Sept. 21, 1972: Marcos Declares Martial Law in the Philippines Feb., 1973: Ecology Party Is Founded in Great Britain Mar. 20, 1973: Iran Announces Nationalization of Foreign Oil Interests June 27, 1973: Military Rule Comes to Democratic Uruguay July 5, 1973: Habyarimana Overthrows President Kayibanda Aug. 1, 1973: Caribbean Community and Common Market Is Established Nov. 7, 1973: U.S. Congress Overrides Presidential Veto to Pass the War Powers Act Dec. 29, 1973: Nixon Signs HMOs into Law Feb. 13, 1974: Soviet Union Expels Solzhenitsyn May 18, 1974: India Joins the Nuclear Club June 17, 1974: IRA Terrorists Bomb British Parliament Aug. 9, 1974: Nixon Resigns from the U.S. Presidency Apr. 17, 1975: Khmer Rouge Comes to Power in Cambodia Nov. 11, 1975: Australian Constitutional Crisis Nov. 20, 1975: Death of Franco 1976: Colombian Guerrilla War Begins Mar. 25, 1976: Assassination of King Faisal July 28, 1976: Deadly Earthquake Strikes China Sept. 9, 1976: Death of Mao Zedong Leads to Reforms in China Nov. 2, 1976: Atlantic City Legalizes Casino Gambling Nov. 2, 1976: Carter Is Elected President Mar. 24, 1977: Desai Unseats Gandhi as Prime Minister of India June 15, 1977: Spain Holds Its First Free Elections Since the Civil War 1978-1980: Syrian Bar Association Demands Political Reform in Syria Jan., 1978-1980: Iranian Revolution Mar. 16-May 9, 1978: Terrorists Kidnap and Murder Former Italian Prime Minister Spring, 1978: China Promises to Correct Human Rights Abuses Apr. 4, 1979: Pakistan Hangs Former Prime Minister Bhutto Apr. 5, 1979: Carter Orders Deregulation of Oil Prices Apr. 11, 1979: Idi Amin Flees Uganda May 4, 1979: Thatcher Becomes First Woman to Serve as British Prime Minister May 23, 1979: Clark Is Elected Canada's Prime Minister July 16, 1979: Saddam Hussein Takes Power in Iraq Oct. 26, 1979: South Korean President Is Assassinated Feb., 1980-Mar. 11, 1982: Abscam Affair Mar. 4, 1980: Zimbabwe Gains Independence May 4, 1980: Death of Tito Nov. 4, 1980: Reagan Is Elected President Feb., 1981: Watt Announces Expansion of Energy Leasing on the Outer Continental Shelf Apr. 13, 1981: Mahathir Begins Rule in Malaysia May 10, 1981: Mitterrand Is Elected to the French Presidency Aug. 13, 1981: Reagan Promotes Supply-Side Economics Oct. 18, 1981: Greek Socialists Win Parliamentary Majority Apr. 2-June 14, 1982: Falkland Islands War Apr. 17, 1982: Canada's Constitution Act July 19, 1982: Great Britain Announces Plans to Privatize British Telecom Fall, 1982: Pro-Iran Radicals Form Hezbollah Oct. 1, 1982: Kohl Becomes Chancellor of West Germany 1983: Sudanese Civil War Resumes Mar., 1983: West German Green Party Gains Seats in Parliament Mar. 23, 1983: Reagan Proposes the Strategic Defense Initiative July 21, 1983: Martial Law Ends in Poland Aug. 21, 1983: Assassination of Philippine Opposition Leader Benigno Aquino Nov. 3, 1983: Jackson Becomes the First Major Black Candidate for U.S. President Dec. 31, 1983: Nigerian Military Topples President Shagari Mar. 16, 1984: South Africa and Mozambique Sign Nkomati Accord Sept. 14, 1984: Mulroney Era Begins in Canada Late 1984: Hong Kong's Citizens Prepare for Chinese Takeover Oct. 31, 1984: Indira Gandhi Is Assassinated Nov. 21, 1984-Jan. 5, 1985: Evacuation of Ethiopian Jews to Israel Mar. 11, 1985: Gorbachev Initiates a Policy of Glasnost Mar. 15, 1985: Democracy Returns to Brazil Nov. 15, 1985: Anglo-Irish Agreement Is Signed Jan. 1, 1986: Portugal and Spain Enter the European Community Jan. 25, 1986: Museveni Captures Kampala Feb. 28, 1986: Palme Is Assassinated June 8, 1986: Election of Waldheim as President of Austria Stirs Controversy Nov. 13, 1986-May 4, 1989: Iran-Contra Scandal Apr., 1987-Sept., 1988: Iraq Uses Poison Gas Against Kurds May 14, 1987: Fiji's Elected Government Is Ousted by the Military Dec. 22, 1987: Yucca Mountain Is Designated a Radioactive Waste Repository Oct. 12, 1988: Brazilian President Announces Plans to Protect Rain Forests Oct. 24, 1988: BRAC Commission Is Established to Close U.S. Military Bases Nov., 1988: Bhutto Becomes the First Woman Elected to Lead a Muslim Country Nov. 8, 1988: Bush Is Elected President 1989: Hungary Adopts a Multiparty System 1989: Kenyan Government Cracks Down on Dissent 1989: Oregon Guarantees Basic Health Care for the Uninsured 1989: Robertson Founds the Christian Coalition 1989-1990: Colombian Presidential Candidates Are Killed Feb. 4, 1989: Soviet Farmers Gain Control of Land and Crop Selection June-Sept., 1989: Poland Forms a Non-Communist Government June 14, 1989: Mapplethorpe's Photographs Provoke Controversy July 2, 1989: Papandreou Leaves Office in Disgrace July 28, 1989: Chinese Top Leadership Changes as Jiang Zemin Takes the Party Chair Nov. 7, 1989: Wilder Becomes the First Elected Black Governor Nov. 9, 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall Nov. 17-Dec. 29, 1989: Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia Dec. 14, 1989: Chilean Voters End Pinochet's Military Rule Dec. 20, 1989: United States Intervenes in Panama Dec. 25, 1989: Ceausscedil}escu Is Overthrown in Romania 1990's: Algeria and Egypt Crack Down on Islamic Militants 1990: Albania Opens Its Borders to Foreign Nationals Jan., 1990: Poland Begins Switching to a Market Economy Feb. 11, 1990: Mandela Is Freed Feb. 25, 1990: Sandinistas Are Defeated in Nicaraguan Elections Mar. 6, 1990: Soviet Parliament Allows Private Ownership Mar. 31, 1990: British Riot Over the Poll Tax May 22, 1990: Merging of the Two Yemens June 12, 1990: Algeria Holds Its First Free Multiparty Elections June 22, 1990: Meech Lake Accord Dies July 16, 1990: Gorbachev Agrees to Membership of a United Germany in NATO July 25, 1990: Bloc Québécois Forms Nov. 28, 1990: Major Succeeds Thatcher as British Prime Minister Dec. 16, 1990: Aristide Wins First Democratic Election in Haiti Feb. 1, 1991: De Klerk Promises to Topple Apartheid Legislation Feb. 12, 1991: Mongolia Sheds Communism June 25, 1991: Civil War Begins in Yugoslavia July 1, 1991: Bush Nominates Second African American to the Supreme Court July 1, 1991: Sweden Applies for Membership in the European Community Aug., 1991: African Countries Begin to Revive Democratization Sept., 1991-Nov., 1992: Immigrants in Germany Become Targets of Violence Dec., 1991: Dissolution of the Soviet Union Feb. 20, 1992: Perot Mounts a Third-Party Bid for the U.S. Presidency May, 1992: Hariri Begins Reconstruction of Lebanon Oct. 26, 1992: Defeat of the Charlottetown Accord Nov. 3, 1992: Clinton Wins the U.S. Presidency Dec. 16, 1992: U.N. Security Council Brokers Peace in Mozambique Jan. 1, 1993: Czechoslovakia Splits into Two Republics Apr. 3, 1993: Clinton Convenes the Forest Summit May 9, 1993: Paraguay Embraces Democracy May 24, 1993: Eritrea Secedes from Ethiopia June 25, 1993: Campbell Becomes Canada's First Woman Prime Minister Oct. 21, 1993: Burundian President Is Assassinated Nov. 4, 1993: Chrétien Takes Charge in Canada Jan. 2, 1994-Jan. 1, 2002: Giuliani Administration Transforms New York City Mar., 1994: Italy's Voters Move Right Apr. 14-16, 1994: Alexander Fights to Save the National Endowment for the Arts July 8, 1994: Kim Jong-il Succeeds His Father in North Korea July 31, 1994: United Nations Authorizes the Use of Force in Haiti Nov. 8, 1994: Republicans Regain Control of Congress 1995: South Africa Establishes a Truth and Reconciliation Commission Jan. 1, 1995-Jan. 1, 2003: Cardoso Brings Prestige to Brazilian Presidency May 14-Dec. 8, 1995: New Panchen Lama Is Named May 17, 1995: Chirac Takes Office as President of France July 21, 1995-Mar. 23, 1996: Third Taiwan Strait Crisis Sept. 5, 1995-Jan. 27, 1996: France Resumes Nuclear Testing Nov. 4, 1995: Rabin Is Assassinated 1996: Hopes for Democracy in Bangladesh Rise June 10, 1996: Center-Right Government Takes Over in Spain Aug. 19, 1996: Green Party Nominates Nader for President Sept. 18, 1996: Grand Staircase-Escalante Is Declared a National Monument Dec. 8, 1996: Rawlings Wins Reelection to Ghana's Presidency Mar. 4, 1997: Clinton Rejects Federal Support for Human Cloning May 1, 1997: Labor Party Wins Majority in British National Elections July 1, 1997: Hong Kong Becomes Part of the People's Republic of China July 3, 1997: Mississippi Settles Lawsuit with Cigarette Makers Dec. 16, 1997: Mandela Makes Way for Mbeki May 11 and 13, 1998: India Conducts Nuclear Tests May 21, 1998: Suharto Resigns, Making Way for Habibie June 21, 1998: Druids Celebrate the Summer Solstice June 25, 1998: U.S. Supreme Court Strikes Down the Line-Item Veto July 26, 1998: Hun Sen Wins Cambodian Elections Oct. 27, 1998: Schröder Replaces Kohl as German Chancellor Dec. 6, 1998: Bongo Wins Fair Elections in Gabon Dec. 19, 1998: Clinton Is Impeached May 17, 1999: Barak Takes Charge in Israel May 29, 1999: Democracy Returns to Nigeria Aug. 7, 1999: Second Chechen War Erupts Aug. 16, 1999: Putin Becomes Russian Prime Minister Aug. 30, 1999: Voters in East Timor Vote for Independence Oct. 12, 1999: Musharraf Seizes Power in Pakistan Coup Dec. 24, 1999: Guéï Coup in Ivory Coast Jan. 1, 2000: Y2K "Crisis" Mar. 12, 2000: FMLN Wins Legislative Elections in El Salvador Mar. 19, 2000: Wade Ends Socialist Dominance in Senegal June 29, 2000: Canadian Parliament Passes the Clarity Act July 1, 2000: Vermont's Civil Union Law Takes Effect July 2, 2000: PRI Rule Ends in Mexico Nov. 7, 2000: Bush Election Stirs Political and Legal Controversy Dec. 11, 2000: U.S. Government Funds Everglades Restoration Health and medicine 1971: Paclitaxel Is Extracted from Pacific Yew Trees Mar. 12, 1971: Incarcerated Mental Patients Gain Right to Treatment Dec. 20, 1971: United Nations Declares Rights for the Mentally Retarded Dec. 27, 1971: Fungicide-Tainted Grain Poisons Thousands of Iraqis Jan. 1, 1972-June 30, 1984: World Fertility Survey Is Conducted Apr. 19, 1972: Hounsfield Introduces the CAT Scan Sept. 23, 1972: Janowsky Publishes His Theory of Manic Depression Oct. 28, 1972: Nixon Signs Law to Protect Consumer Safety Dec. 31, 1972: U.S. Government Bans DDT Jan. 22, 1973: U.S. Supreme Court Expands Women's Reproductive Rights Dec. 15, 1973: American Psychiatric Association Delists Homosexuality as a Psychiatric Disorder Dec. 29, 1973: Nixon Signs HMOs into Law 1974-1980: Sick Building Syndrome Is Recognized Oct. 10, 1975: Tokyo Declaration Forbids Medical Abuses and Torture July 27, 1976: Mysterious Legionnaires' Disease Strikes Sept. 8, 1976: Ebola Epidemic Kills First of Many in Africa 1977-2000: Fiber-Optics Revolution May, 1977: World Health Organization Sets a Goal of Health for All Sept. 16, 1977: Gruentzig Uses Angioplasty to Unclog Diseased Arteries Oct., 1977: Last Natural Case of Smallpox Occurs Jan. 1, 1978: Consumer Product Safety Commission Bans Lead Paints July 25, 1978: Brown Gives Birth to the First "Test-Tube Baby" Aug. 7, 1978: Toxic Waste Is Discovered at Love Canal Sept. 6-12, 1978: International Health Conference Adopts the Declaration of Alma-Ata Mar., 1979: Scientists Correlate Lead Exposure with Intelligence 1980's: Radon Is Recognized as an Indoor Air Hazard Jan., 1980-Mar., 1983: Presidential Advisory Commission Studies Medical and Research Ethics May 21, 1981: World Health Organization Adopts a Code on Breast-Milk Substitutes June 5, 1981: U.S. Centers for Disease Control Recognizes AIDS Sept., 1981: Clewell Performs Surgery on a Fetus to Correct Hydrocephalus 1982: Baulieu Develops a Pill That Induces Abortion 1982-1983: Daffos Uses Umbilical Cord Puncture to Diagnose Fetal Disease May 14, 1982: Eli Lilly Releases the First Commercial Genetically Engineered Medication Sept., 1982: Seven People Die After Taking Cyanide-Laced Tylenol Dec. 2, 1982: DeVries Implants the First Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart Dec. 18, 1982: United Nations Issues Principles of Medical Ethics Jan.-Oct., 1983: First Successful Human Embryo Transfer July 12, 1984: New York State Imposes the First Mandatory Seat-Belt Law Winter, 1985: Manville Offers $2.5 Billion to Victims of Asbestos Dust July, 1986: FDA Approves a Genetically Engineered Vaccine for Hepatitis B Oct., 1986: Discovery of a Gene That Suppresses Retinoblastoma Aug. 31, 1987: FDA Approves the First Cholesterol-Lowering Drug Dec. 11, 1987: A. H. Robins Must Compensate Women Injured by the Dalkon Shield Dec. 29, 1987: FDA Approves Prozac as an Antidepressant May, 1988: Patent Is Granted for Genetically Engineered Mice June, 1988: Canada Passes the Tobacco Products Control Act 1989: Oregon Guarantees Basic Health Care for the Uninsured 1989: U.S. Surgeon General Reports on Tobacco and Health 1990-1994: Discovery of Breast Cancer Genes June 25, 1990: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds the Right to Refuse Medical Treatment Aug., 1990: Genetically Engineered Rabies Vaccine Is Released Oct., 1990: "Killer Bees" Invade the United States Mar., 1991: Medical Researchers Test Promising Drugs for the Treatment of AIDS June, 1991: CDC Publicizes the Dangers of Secondhand Smoke Sept. 26, 1993: Crew of Biosphere 2 Exits After Two Years Nov. 8, 1994: Oregon Voters Legalize Physician-Assisted Suicide Jan.-May, 1996: Meningitis Outbreak Proves Deadly in West Africa Mar. 20, 1996: Britain Announces Human Cases of Mad Cow Disease July 3, 1997: Mississippi Settles Lawsuit with Cigarette Makers Dec. 16, 1997: First Cases of Avian Flu Are Reported 1998: AIDS Devastates Africa Nov. 6, 1998: First Embryonic Stem Cell Line Is Derived Apr. 5, 1999: Scientists Announce Discovery of Enzyme Linked to Alzheimer's Disease Human rights Dec. 20, 1971: United Nations Declares Rights for the Mentally Retarded Apr. 10, 1972: Nations Agree to Rules on Biological Weapons May-Aug., 1972: Burundi Commits Genocide of Hutu Majority June 29, 1972: U.S. Supreme Court Abolishes the Death Penalty June 27, 1973: Military Rule Comes to Democratic Uruguay Sept. 26, 1973: U.S. Congress Responds to Demands of Persons with Disabilities Nov. 30, 1973: United Nations Sanctions South Africa for Apartheid Jan. 31, 1974: U.S. Congress Protects Children Against Abuse Nov. 16, 1974: U.N. Declaration on Hunger and Malnutrition Aug. 1, 1975: Helsinki Accords Offer Terms for International Cooperation Oct. 10, 1975: Tokyo Declaration Forbids Medical Abuses and Torture Dec. 9, 1975: United Nations Issues a Declaration Against Torture Dec. 10, 1975: Sakharov Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1976: Colombian Guerrilla War Begins 1976: India Adopts Compulsory Birth Control Feb. 12, 1976: IRA Prisoner Dies After Hunger Strike June 16, 1976: South African Government Suppresses Soweto Student Rebellion 1977-1981: Carter Makes Human Rights a Central Theme of Foreign Policy Feb.-Mar., 1977: Soviets Crack Down on Moscow's Helsinki Watch Group July 5, 1977: Zia Establishes Martial Law in Pakistan Sept., 1977: South African Government Kills Biko Nov. 4, 1977: United Nations Imposes an Arms Embargo on South Africa Nov. 24, 1977: Dissident Writer Mihajlov Is Released from Yugoslavian Prison Dec. 10, 1977: Amnesty International Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 10, 1977: Two Founders of Peace People Receive the Nobel Peace Prize Jan. 18, 1978: European Court of Human Rights Rules on Mistreatment of Prisoners Spring, 1978: China Promises to Correct Human Rights Abuses Aug.-Dec., 1978: World Conference Condemns Racial Discrimination Sept. 6-12, 1978: International Health Conference Adopts the Declaration of Alma-Ata Dec. 10, 1978: Sadat and Begin Receive the Nobel Peace Prize 1979-1985: Iran Uses Executions to Establish New Order May, 1979: U.N. Declaration Condemns Apartheid Aug. 11, 1979: China Announces Birthrate Reduction Plans Sept. 12, 1979: United Nations Issues a Conduct Code for Law-Enforcement Officials Jan. 9, 1980: Saudi Arabia Beheads Sixty-Three Persons for Attack on Mecca June 30, 1980: Paraguayan Torturer Is Convicted of Violating the Law of Nations Mar. 1, 1981: Sands Begins Hunger Strike June, 1981: Organization of African Unity Adopts the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights Dec. 20, 1982: United Nations Responds to the Homeless Crisis Jan., 1983: National Commission Against Torture Studies Human Rights Abuses Oct., 1983: Amnesty International Works to Prevent Torture Oct., 1984: Ethiopia Resettles Famine Victims from the North to Southern Ethiopia Nov. 21, 1984-Jan. 5, 1985: Evacuation of Ethiopian Jews to Israel Dec. 10, 1984: Tutu Receives the Nobel Peace Prize Mar. 11, 1985: Gorbachev Initiates a Policy of Glasnost Dec. 9, 1985: Argentine Leaders Are Convicted of Human Rights Violations Dec. 10, 1986: Wiesel Receives the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 17-19, 1986: Kazakhstan Muslims Riot Against Russians Apr. 22, 1987: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds the Constitutionality of Capital Punishment Dec. 10, 1987: Arias Sánchez Receives the Nobel Peace Prize 1989: Amnesty International Exposes the Cruelty of the Death Penalty 1989: Kenyan Government Cracks Down on Dissent June, 1989: Helsinki Watch Proposes Reform of Refugee Laws June 26, 1989: U.S. Supreme Court Rules on Execution of the Mentally Retarded and the Young Nov. 9, 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall Nov. 20, 1989: United Nations Adopts the Convention on the Rights of the Child Dec. 10, 1989: Tibet's Dalai Lama Receives the Nobel Peace Prize 1990's: Algeria and Egypt Crack Down on Islamic Militants Feb. 11, 1990: Mandela Is Freed Dec., 1991-1992: Muslim Refugees Flee Persecution in Myanmar June 14-25, 1993: World Conference on Human Rights 1995: South Africa Establishes a Truth and Reconciliation Commission Nov. 10, 1995: Nigeria Hangs Saro-Wiwa and Other Rights Advocates Sept. 27, 1996: Taliban Begins Suppression of Human Rights in Afghanistan Dec. 10, 1997: Land Mine Activist Receives Nobel Peace Prize Nov. 1, 1998: Europe Celebrates the Restructuring of the European Court of Human Rights May 29, 1999: Democracy Returns to Nigeria July 20, 1999: China Suppresses Falun Gong Religious Group July 17-19, 2000: "Blood Diamonds" Attract World Scrutiny Humanitarianism and philanthropy Dec. 10, 1979: Mother Teresa Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize July 13, 1985: Live Aid Generates Millions for Famine Relief 1998: Reparations Funds for Holocaust Victims Are Established Immigration, emigration, and relocation Nov. 23, 1973: West Germany Bans Immigration of Workers from Outside the EEC May, 1975: Indo-Chinese Boat People Begin Fleeing Vietnam Apr. 10, 1978: Canada's Immigration Act of 1976 Apr. 1-Sept. 25, 1980: Mariel Boatlift June 15, 1982: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Right of Noncitizens to Social Services Jan., 1983: Nigeria Expels West African Migrant Workers Oct., 1984: Ethiopia Resettles Famine Victims from the North to Southern Ethiopia Nov. 6, 1986: U.S. Congress Enacts Major Immigration Reform June, 1989: Helsinki Watch Proposes Reform of Refugee Laws Sept., 1991-Nov., 1992: Immigrants in Germany Become Targets of Violence Dec., 1991-1992: Muslim Refugees Flee Persecution in Myanmar May 10, 1996: Vietnamese Refugees Riot in Hong Kong Jan.-Mar., 1997: Karen Refugee Crisis Independence movements Apr., 1971: Sri Lankans Agitate for Political Reform Aug. 15 and Sept. 3, 1971: Bahrain and Qatar Achieve Independence 1980: Basques Are Granted Home Rule but Continue to Fight for Independence July 23, 1983: Tamil Separatist Violence Erupts in Sri Lanka Nov. 6, 1986: Chissano Succeeds Machel in Mozambique May 14, 1987: Fiji's Elected Government Is Ousted by the Military Dec. 22, 1988: Namibia Is Liberated from South African Control 1989: Kashmir Separatists Demand an End to Indian Rule Feb. 26, 1990: Soviet Troops Withdraw from Czechoslovakia Mar. 11, 1990: Lithuania Declares Independence from the Soviet Union May 24, 1993: Eritrea Secedes from Ethiopia May 29, 1999: Democracy Returns to Nigeria Aug. 30, 1999: Voters in East Timor Vote for Independence Indigenous peoples' rights Mar. 26-Dec. 16, 1971: Bangladesh Secedes from Pakistan Apr., 1971: Sri Lankans Agitate for Political Reform Dec. 18, 1971: Native Alaskans Are Compensated for Their Land Oct. 6-Nov. 8, 1972: Trail of Broken Treaties Feb. 27-May 8, 1973: Native Americans Occupy Wounded Knee Feb. 27, 1976: Inuit File Claim to a Section of Canadian Territory 1978-1985: Guatemalan Death Squads Target Indigenous Indians Aug. 11, 1978: U.S. Congress Protects Native American Religious Practices Dec. 24-27, 1979: Soviet Union Invades Afghanistan 1980: Basques Are Granted Home Rule but Continue to Fight for Independence July 19-Sept. 12, 1981: South African Rugby Team Tour Provokes Protests June 3-6, 1984: Sikhs and Indian Government Clash at the Golden Temple Oct. 31, 1984: Indira Gandhi Is Assassinated Feb. 25, 1986: Marcos Flees the Philippines Dec. 17-19, 1986: Kazakhstan Muslims Riot Against Russians Apr., 1987-Sept., 1988: Iraq Uses Poison Gas Against Kurds May 14, 1987: Fiji's Elected Government Is Ousted by the Military Dec., 1987: Palestinian Intifada Begins July-Nov., 1988: Ethnic Violence Erupts in Yugoslavian Provinces Oct. 17, 1988: U.S. Law Supports Indian Gaming Dec. 22, 1988: Namibia Is Liberated from South African Control 1989: Kashmir Separatists Demand an End to Indian Rule Dec. 10, 1989: Tibet's Dalai Lama Receives the Nobel Peace Prize Feb. 11, 1990: Mandela Is Freed Mar. 11, 1990: Lithuania Declares Independence from the Soviet Union Feb., 1992: Pequots Open Gaming Facility June 14-25, 1993: World Conference on Human Rights Nov. 10, 1995: Nigeria Hangs Saro-Wiwa and Other Rights Advocates July 28, 1996: Kennewick Man Is Discovered Jan.-Mar., 1997: Karen Refugee Crisis July 1, 1997: Japan Enacts a Law to Protect the Ainu People Feb., 2000: Land Reform Sparks Controversy in Zimbabwe Inventions 1971: Direct Transoceanic Dialing Begins Nov.-Dec., 1971: Tomlinson Sends the First E-Mail Nov. 15, 1971: Intel Introduces the First "Computer on a Chip" Apr. 19, 1972: Hounsfield Introduces the CAT Scan 1973: Invention of the Plastic Soda Bottle Apr. 3, 1973: First Cellular Phone Call 1974: Automakers Introduce the Catalytic Converter June, 1974: Tunable, Continuous-Wave Visible Lasers Are Developed June 26, 1974-2000: Use of Bar Codes Proliferates May, 1975: Sony Introduces the Betamax 1976: Speech Recognition Machines Master One Thousand Words Mar. 4, 1976: First Cray-1 Supercomputer Is Shipped to the Los Alamos National Laboratory 1977-2000: Fiber-Optics Revolution May 11, 1977: First Commercial Test of Fiber-Optic Telecommunications 1978-1981: Rohrer and Binnig Invent the Scanning Tunneling Microscope July 1, 1979: Sony Introduces the Walkman 1982-1983: Compact Disc Players Are Introduced Dec. 2, 1982: DeVries Implants the First Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart Nov., 1983: Aspartame Is Approved for Use in Carbonated Beverages 1984: Introduction of Optical Discs for Data Storage Nov. 20, 1985: Microsoft Releases the Windows Operating System 1988: Doppler Radar Revolutionizes Weather Forecasting 1991-1993: Development of HTML Mar. 22, 1993: Intel Introduces the Pentium Processor Sept. 15, 1995: DVD Technology Is Announced Laws, acts, and legal history Mar. 8, 1971: U.S. Supreme Court Bans Discrimination in Hiring Mar. 12, 1971: Incarcerated Mental Patients Gain Right to Treatment Apr. 20, 1971: U.S. Supreme Court Endorses Busing to End School Segregation June 26-30, 1971: Pentagon Papers Case June 28, 1971: U.S. Supreme Court Establishes the Lemon Test June 30, 1971: U.S. Voting Age Is Lowered to Eighteen July 1, 1971: Independent Agency Takes Over U.S. Postal Service Dec. 18, 1971: Native Alaskans Are Compensated for Their Land Mar. 1, 1972: U.S. Congress Updates Water Pollution Law Mar. 24, 1972: U.S. Congress Mandates Equal Employment Opportunity Apr. 19, 1972: Environmentalists Are Defeated in Sierra Club v. Morton May 15, 1972: U.S. Supreme Court Protects Home Schooling June 29, 1972: U.S. Supreme Court Abolishes the Death Penalty Oct. 1, 1972: Oregon Bans Nonrefillable Bottles Oct. 21, 1972: U.S. Congress Expands Pesticide Regulations Oct. 27, 1972: U.S. Congress Protects Coasts and Marine Sanctuaries Oct. 27, 1972: U.S. Government Regulates Noise Pollution Oct. 28, 1972: Nixon Signs Law to Protect Consumer Safety Dec. 31, 1972: U.S. Government Bans DDT Jan. 22, 1973: U.S. Supreme Court Expands Women's Reproductive Rights July, 1973: Northern Ireland Witnesses Passage of the Emergency Provisions Act Sept. 26, 1973: U.S. Congress Responds to Demands of Persons with Disabilities Nov. 7, 1973: U.S. Congress Overrides Presidential Veto to Pass the War Powers Act Dec. 28, 1973: U.S. Congress Protects Endangered Species 1974: United States Plans to Cut Dependence on Foreign Oil Jan. 21, 1974: U.S. Supreme Court Mandates Bilingual Education Jan. 31, 1974: U.S. Congress Protects Children Against Abuse Aug. 17, 1974: U.S. Congress Revises Resource Management Sept. 2, 1974: U.S. Congress Protects Employee Benefits Dec. 16, 1974: U.S. Congress Requires Safe Drinking Water Jan. 3, 1975: U.S. Congress Expands Eastern Wilderness Jan. 3, 1975: U.S. Congress Protects Public Against Hazardous Waste in Transit Jan. 4, 1975: U.S. Congress Requires Product Warranties Aug. 6, 1975: U.S. Congress Bans Literacy Tests for Voting Oct. 28, 1975: U.S. Congress Prohibits Discrimination in the Granting of Credit Nov. 29, 1975: U.S. Law Provides for Public Education of Disabled Children July 2, 1976: U.S. Supreme Court Reinstates the Death Penalty Oct. 11, 1976: EPA Is Charged with Regulating Toxic Chemicals Oct. 12, 1976: United States Bans PCBs Oct. 19, 1976: Expanded Copyright Law Reflects New Technology Oct. 21, 1976: "Cradle-to-Grave" Legislation Covers Hazardous Wastes Oct. 21, 1976: U.S. Congress Secures Lands in the Public Domain Oct. 22, 1976: U.S. Congress Limits Forest Clear-Cutting Aug. 3, 1977: U.S. Government Regulates Strip Mining Aug. 4, 1977: U.S. Congress Creates the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Aug. 7, 1977: Clean Air Act Is Revised Aug. 10, 1977: Canada's Human Rights Act Jan. 18, 1978: European Court of Human Rights Rules on Mistreatment of Prisoners Apr. 10, 1978: Canada's Immigration Act of 1976 June 15, 1978: U.S. Supreme Court Protects the Snail Darter June 28, 1978: U.S. Supreme Court Bans Racial Quotas in College Admissions Aug. 11, 1978: U.S. Congress Protects Native American Religious Practices Oct. 17, 1978: U.S. Congress Requires Ships to Safeguard Marine Environment Oct. 31, 1978: U.S. Congress Protects Pregnant Employees Nov. 9, 1978: U.S. Congress Lifts Regulations from Public Utilities June 27, 1979: U.S. Supreme Court Rules on Affirmative Action Programs Jan. 7, 1980: U.S. Government Bails Out Chrysler Corporation June 16, 1980: U.S. Supreme Court Grants a Patent for a Living Organism June 16, 1980: U.S. Supreme Court Rules on Water Rights June 24, 1980: Soviet Union Passes Environmental Legislation Dec. 2, 1980: U.S. Congress Protects Alaskan Lands and Wildlife Dec. 11, 1980: Superfund Is Established to Pay for Hazardous-Waste Cleanup Dec. 22, 1980: U.S. Congress Addresses "Low-Level" Nuclear Waste Aug. 13, 1981: Reagan Promotes Supply-Side Economics Apr. 17, 1982: Canada's Constitution Act Apr. 17, 1982: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Is Enacted June 15, 1982: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Right of Noncitizens to Social Services Dec. 21, 1982: U.S. Congress Addresses "High-Level" Nuclear Waste Feb. 8, 1984: Pennzoil Sues Texaco for Interfering in Getty Oil Deal June 12, 1984: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Seniority Systems July 12, 1984: New York State Imposes the First Mandatory Seat-Belt Law Aug. 17, 1984: U.S. Court of Appeals Upholds the Navy's Ban on Homosexuality Dec. 23, 1985: U.S. Congress Revamps Farm Policy 1986: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Goals, Not Quotas, to Remedy Discrimination Jan. 1, 1986: Portugal and Spain Enter the European Community Jan. 1, 1986: U.S. Government Tightens Restrictions on Lead Oct. 17, 1986: U.S. Congress Requires Governments to Inform the Public About Toxic Pollutants Nov. 6, 1986: U.S. Congress Enacts Major Immigration Reform Apr. 22, 1987: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds the Constitutionality of Capital Punishment May 4, 1987: U.S. Supreme Court Rules That Laws Can Force Groups to Admit Women May 11, 1987: Barbie Is Tried for Nazi War Crimes June, 1987: Ontario's Pay Equity Act June 29, 1987: Florida Passes the Surface Water Improvement and Management Act July 22, 1987: U.S. Congress Appropriates Funds for the Homeless Dec. 11, 1987: A. H. Robins Must Compensate Women Injured by the Dalkon Shield Dec. 29, 1987: U.S. Congress Prohibits Marine Plastics Dumping Mar. 22, 1988: U.S. Congress Mandates Nondiscriminatory Practices by Recipients of Public Funds Apr. 18, 1988: Israel Convicts Demjanjuk of Nazi War Crimes June, 1988: Canada Passes the Tobacco Products Control Act June 13, 1988: First Monetary Damages Are Awarded to the Estate of a Cigarette Smoker Oct. 13, 1988: U.S. Welfare Reform Links Assistance to Work Oct. 14, 1988: U.S. Law Mandates Use of Alternative Fuels Oct. 17, 1988: U.S. Law Supports Indian Gaming June 21, 1989: U.S. Supreme Court Strikes Down Flag Desecration Law June 26, 1989: U.S. Supreme Court Rules on Execution of the Mentally Retarded and the Young July 3, 1989: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds State Restrictions on Abortion Oct. 2, 1989: Texas's Method of Funding Schools Is Ruled Unconstitutional Apr. 23, 1990: U.S. Government Authorizes Collection of Data on Crime Against Gays June 12, 1990: Lawsuits Against Mobil Draw Attention to "Green" Marketing June 25, 1990: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds the Right to Refuse Medical Treatment July 26, 1990: U.S. Congress Enacts Disability Rights Aug. 18, 1990: U.S. Congress Passes Oil Spill Legislation Nov. 5, 1990: United States Makes Pollution Prevention a National Goal Nov. 15, 1990: U.S. Congress Approves More Clean Air Act Amendments Nov. 28, 1990: Environmentalists Defeat the Cross-Florida Barge Canal Mar. 28, 1991: U.S. Courts Restrict Rights to Photocopy Anthologies Nov. 7, 1991: U.S. Congress Strengthens Equal Opportunity Laws June 29, 1992: U.S. Supreme Court Restricts Abortion Rights Oct. 6, 1992: U.S. Government Facilities Must Comply with Environmental Standards Feb. 5, 1993: U.S. Congress Guarantees Job Security During Family Emergencies Mar. 1, 1994: U.S. Gun Control Legislation Takes Effect Nov. 8, 1994: Oregon Voters Legalize Physician-Assisted Suicide Feb. 13, 1995: Serbs Face Charges at the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia June 12, 1995: U.S. Supreme Court Limits Racial Preferences in Awarding Government Contracts June 26, 1995: U.S. Supreme Court Rules on Random Drug Testing in Schools Jan. 3, 1996: U.S. Congress Reforms Law Regulating Telecommunications May 20, 1996: U.S. Supreme Court Strikes Down Colorado Antigay Law Oct. 12, 1996: Clinton Signs Legislation to Help Restore the Everglades July 1, 1997: Japan Enacts a Law to Protect the Ainu People May 18, 1998: United States Sues Microsoft June 25, 1998: U.S. Supreme Court Rules That "Decency" Can Be Required for Federal Arts Grants June 25, 1998: U.S. Supreme Court Strikes Down the Line-Item Veto July 17, 1998: Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Is Adopted Oct. 27, 1998: Reform of the Copyright Act Nov. 1, 1998: Europe Celebrates the Restructuring of the European Court of Human Rights Jan. 14, 2000: Hague Court Convicts Bosnian Croats of 1993 Massacre June 28, 2000: U.S. Supreme Court Protects Restrictions on Membership in Private Groups June 29, 2000: Canadian Parliament Passes the Clarity Act July 1, 2000: Vermont's Civil Union Law Takes Effect Nov. 7, 2000: Bush Election Stirs Political and Legal Controversy Dec. 11, 2000: U.S. Government Funds Everglades Restoration Literature 1973-1975: The Gulag Archipelago Exposes Soviet Atrocities Mar., 1973: Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow Is Published Nov., 1974: Dog Soldiers Portrays Vietnam in Fiction 1975: The Monkey Wrench Gang Advocates "Ecotage" Oct., 1978: Eisner's A Contract with God Is the First Graphic Novel Dec. 10, 1978: Singer Is Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature Feb. 26, 1986: Warren Is Named First Poet Laureate of the United States Dec. 10, 1986: Soyinka Receives the Nobel Prize in Literature Dec. 10, 1988: Mahfouz Receives the Nobel Prize in Literature Feb. 14, 1989: Iran Issues a Fatwa Against Salman Rushdie Dec. 10, 1991: Gordimer Receives the Nobel Prize in Literature Oct. 12, 1992: Columbus Day Debates Reflect Cultural Diversity Dec. 10, 1994: Oe Receives the Nobel Prize in Literature May 30, 1995: Popular Fiction Addresses the End Times Dec. 10, 1995: Heaney Receives the Nobel Prize in Literature Dec. 10, 1996: Szymborska Receives the Nobel Prize in Literature June 30, 1997: Harry Potter Resuscitates Reading Manufacturing and industry Feb. 4, 1971: Rolls-Royce Declares Bankruptcy Spring, 1972: Nike Produces Its First Running Shoe Oct. 28, 1972: Nixon Signs Law to Protect Consumer Safety 1978: Volkswagen Opens the First Foreign-Owned U.S. Auto Plant Feb., 1978: Trigger Prices Protect the U.S. Steel Industry 1980's: American Firms Adopt Japanese Manufacturing Strategies 1980's: CAD/CAM Revolutionizes Engineering and Manufacturing 1980: Japan Becomes the World's Largest Automobile Producer Jan. 7, 1980: U.S. Government Bails Out Chrysler Corporation Mar. 16, 1983: Workers Buy Weirton Steel Dec. 3, 1984: Toxic Gas Leaks from a Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal, India 1985: Yugo Begins Selling Cars in the United States Winter, 1985: Manville Offers $2.5 Billion to Victims of Asbestos Dust Aug. 20, 1987: U.S. Government Introduces the Baldrige Award Oct. 14, 1988: U.S. Law Mandates Use of Alternative Fuels Nov., 1989: Ford Buys Jaguar Aug. 29, 1996: Dam Burst Contaminates the Pilcomayo River May 6, 1998: Daimler-Benz Buys Chrysler Aug. 9, 2000: Bridgestone/Firestone Announces Massive Recall Marketing and advertising 1970's: Drive-Through Services Proliferate 1971: Federal Trade Commission Begins to Endorse Comparative Advertising May 18, 1971: U.S. Advertising Industry Organizes Self-Regulation Mid-1970's: Denim Jeans Become Accepted as Fashion 1975-1978: Silverman Rescues ABC Television's Ratings July 12, 1976: Price Club Introduces the Warehouse Club Concept Oct. 21, 1976: Sears Agrees to an FTC Order Banning Bait-and-Switch Tactics Nov., 1978: FTC Conducts Hearings on Ads Aimed at Children 1980's: Video Rental Outlets Gain Popularity Apr. 23, 1985: Coca-Cola Introduces a New Formula July 1, 1985: Home Shopping Service Is Offered on Cable Television Jan. 15, 1987: Vons Opens Its First Tianguis Marketplace June 13, 1988: First Monetary Damages Are Awarded to the Estate of a Cigarette Smoker Sept., 1988: Prodigy Introduces Dial-Up Service 1990: Avon Begins Operations in China June 12, 1990: Lawsuits Against Mobil Draw Attention to "Green" Marketing July, 1995: Amazon.com Sells Its First Book Online Mathematics Sept. 21, 1972: Texas Instruments Introduces the Pocket Calculator Jan. 14, 1980: Griess Constructs "the Monster," the Last Sporadic Group Military history 1970's: Women's Military Roles Expand Oct. 8, 1975: U.S. Congress Admits Women to Armed Services Academies July 4, 1976: Israeli Raid on Entebbe Aug. 10, 1981: The United States Announces Production of Neutron Bombs 1983: Sudanese Civil War Resumes Oct. 6, 1986: Soviet Nuclear Submarine Sinks in the Atlantic July 3, 1988: USS Vincennes Shoots Down Iranian Civilian Plane Oct. 24, 1988: BRAC Commission Is Established to Close U.S. Military Bases Jan. 13, 1992: Japan Admits to Sex Slavery During World War II June 24, 1992: Tailhook Scandal Dec. 11, 1994: Russian Troops Invade Chechnya Aug. 12, 2000: Russian Submarine Sinks Monuments Sept. 18, 1996: Grand Staircase-Escalante Is Declared a National Monument Motion pictures and video Mar. 15, 1972-Dec. 20, 1990: Coppola's Godfather Trilogy Explores Organized Crime Dec. 26, 1973: The Exorcist Epitomizes 1970's Horror Films May, 1975: Sony Introduces the Betamax June 20, 1975: Jaws Prompts a Wave of Special-Effects Films Nov. 19, 1975: Forman Adapts One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest for Film Apr. 20, 1977: Allen's Annie Hall Captures Complexities of 1970's Life May 25, 1977-May 25, 1983: Star Wars Trilogy Redefines Special Effects Dec. 16, 1977: Saturday Night Fever Depicts the Disco Craze Aug. 15, 1979: Apocalypse Now Expresses Antiwar Cynicism 1980's: Female Directors Attain Prominence 1980's: Video Rental Outlets Gain Popularity 1980's-1990's: Innovative Black Filmmakers Achieve Success June, 1982: Release of Blade Runner Heralds a Science-Fiction Classic June 11, 1982: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Opens to Great Success May 4, 1984: Sixteen Candles Starts a Wave of Teen Films Aug. 17, 1986: Pixar Studios Creates Its First Virtual Studio Film Dec. 24, 1986: Platoon Explores the Vietnam Experience June 21, 1988: Who Framed Roger Rabbit Merges Animation with Live Action June 30, 1989: Do the Right Thing Establishes Lee as a World-Class Director Sept., 1989: Sony Purchases Columbia Pictures Jan. 22, 1994: Schindler's List Begins Reaping Accolades May 23, 1994: Postmodernist Film Pulp Fiction Wins at Cannes Mar. 23, 1998: Titanic Ties an Oscar Record Music Aug. 1, 1971-Aug. 29, 1977: The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour Brings Glitz to Television Oct. 12, 1971: Jesus Christ Superstar Establishes the Rock Opera Nov. 8, 1971: Led Zeppelin Merges Hard Rock and Folk Music Aug., 1973: Wonder Releases Innervisions 1974-1976: Punk's Antifashion Style First Appears Jan. 5, 1975: The Wiz Brings African American Talent to Broadway Feb., 1975: Marley's Natty Dread Establishes Reggae's Popularity May 23, 1975: Joplin's Treemonisha Is Staged by the Houston Opera Aug. 25, 1975: Springsteen's Born to Run Revives Mainstream Rock Nov., 1975-Jan., 1978: Sex Pistols Spark Punk Rock's Musical Insurrection Jan. 12, 1976: Wanted! The Outlaws Revitalizes Country Music July 25, 1976: Einstein on the Beach Introduces Minimalist Music to Mainstream Audiences Dec. 16, 1977: Saturday Night Fever Depicts the Disco Craze Mar. 1, 1979: Sondheim Uses Operatic Techniques in Sweeney Todd 1980's: Marsalis Revives Acoustic Jazz Aug. 1, 1981: MTV Revolutionizes American Popular Culture 1982-1983: Compact Disc Players Are Introduced Dec., 1982: Thriller Marks Jackson's Musical Coming-of-Age Feb. 3, 1983: Anderson's United States Popularizes Performance Art July 13, 1985: Live Aid Generates Millions for Famine Relief July, 1986: Rap Goes Platinum with Run-D.M.C.'s Raising Hell Oct. 22, 1987: Adams's Nixon in China Premieres June 1, 1999: Napster Is Released July 23-25, 1999: Woodstock 1999 Ends in Violence Natural resources June 5-16, 1972: United Nations Holds an Environmental Conference in Stockholm July 23, 1972: Launch of the First Earth Resources Technology Satellite May 28, 1975: Formation of the Economic Community of West African States Oct. 22, 1976: U.S. Congress Limits Forest Clear-Cutting July 28, 1977: Alaskan Oil Pipeline Opens Aug. 3, 1977: U.S. Government Regulates Strip Mining June 2, 1979: Sagebrush Rebellion Begins July 24, 1980: The Global 2000 Report Is Issued July 23, 1990: Spotted Owl Prompts Old-Growth Timber Controversy Apr. 3, 1993: Clinton Convenes the Forest Summit Nov. 16, 1994: Law of the Sea Treaty Enters into Force Organizations and institutions 1971: Canadian Activists Found Greenpeace 1971: Earthwatch Is Founded 1971-1974: Civil Rights Groups Investigate the FBI and CIA Feb. 4, 1971: Rolls-Royce Declares Bankruptcy May 18, 1971: U.S. Advertising Industry Organizes Self-Regulation 1972: AFL-CIO Recognizes the United Farm Workers Jan., 1973: Cousteau Society Is Founded Feb., 1973: Ecology Party Is Founded in Great Britain Mar. 27, 1973: Chipko Movement Protects India's Forests Apr. 17, 1973: Federal Express Begins Operations Aug. 1, 1973: Caribbean Community and Common Market Is Established 1974: Worldwatch Institute Is Founded Sept. 28, 1974: Dalí Museum Opens in Spain 1975: U.N. Global Environment Monitoring System Is Inaugurated May 28, 1975: Formation of the Economic Community of West African States Apr. 1, 1976: Jobs and Wozniak Found Apple Computer Apr. 7, 1976: Genentech Is Founded July 1, 1976: Smithsonian Opens the National Air and Space Museum July 12, 1976: Price Club Introduces the Warehouse Club Concept Sept., 1976: Land Institute Is Founded to Develop Alternative Grains Oct. 21, 1976: U.S. Congress Secures Lands in the Public Domain Dec., 1976: Murdoch Extends His Media Empire to the United States Jan. 31, 1977: Pompidou Center Opens in Paris Aug., 1977: Watson Founds the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Dec. 10, 1977: Amnesty International Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 10, 1977: Two Founders of Peace People Receive the Nobel Peace Prize 1980's: Decline of the Big Three Networks 1980: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Is Founded Apr., 1980: Foreman Founds Earth First! 1981: Citizens' Clearinghouse for Hazardous Waste Is Founded Jan. 21, 1981: The Group of Ten Meets for the First Time May 25, 1981: Saudi Arabia Establishes Gulf Cooperation Council June 5, 1981: U.S. Centers for Disease Control Recognizes AIDS Sept. 25, 1981: O'Connor Is the First Woman to Serve as Supreme Court Justice May 12, 1982: Braniff International Suspends Flight Operations Oct. 9, 1986: Fox Television Network Goes on the Air Dec. 9, 1986: Opening of the Musée d'Orsay May, 1987: National Museum of Women in the Arts Opens Amid Controversy Oct. 12, 1988: Global ReLeaf Program Is Initiated Nov., 1988: United Nations Creates a Panel to Study Climate Change 1990-1994: United Nations Admits Many New Members Mar. 20, 1990: McCartney Conceives Promise Keepers July 25, 1990: Bloc Québécois Forms Mar. 26, 1991: Birth of the Southern Common Market July 1, 1991: Bush Nominates Second African American to the Supreme Court 1992: Audubon Society Opens Environmentally Responsible Headquarters May 1, 1992: Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance Is Established Apr. 22, 1993: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Opens Apr. 14-16, 1994: Alexander Fights to Save the National Endowment for the Arts May 15, 1994: Andy Warhol Museum Opens Mar. 30, 1995: National Library of France Opens May 27, 1997: NATO and Russia Sign Cooperation Pact July 11, 2000: Organization of African Unity Moves to Establish the African Union Philosophy 1974: D'Eaubonne Coins the Term "Ecofeminism" Apr., 1974: Pirsig Publishes Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance 1984: "Deep Ecology" Platform Is Drafted Photography June 14, 1989: Mapplethorpe's Photographs Provoke Controversy June 25, 1998: U.S. Supreme Court Rules That "Decency" Can Be Required for Federal Arts Grants Physics Sept., 1972: Gell-Mann Formulates the Theory of Quantum Chromodynamics Apr., 1974: Optical Pulses Shorter than One Trillionth of a Second Are Produced June, 1974: Tunable, Continuous-Wave Visible Lasers Are Developed Nov., 1974: Discovery of the J/psi Subatomic Particle 1976: Kibble Proposes the Theory of Cosmic Strings 1977: Heeger and MacDiarmid Discover Conducting Polymers 1978-1981: Rohrer and Binnig Invent the Scanning Tunneling Microscope 1980: Inflationary Theory Explains the Early Universe Feb. 5, 1980: Von Klitzing Discovers the Quantized Hall Effect Aug. 10, 1981: The United States Announces Production of Neutron Bombs 1983: Rubbia and van der Meer Isolate the Intermediate Vector Bosons Oct., 1985: Tevatron Particle Accelerator Begins Operation at Fermilab 1986: Kamiokande Neutrino Telescope Begins Operation Jan., 1986: Bednorz and Müller Discover a High-Temperature Superconductor Feb. 23, 1987: Supernova 1987A Corroborates Theories of Star Formation Nov., 1988: Construction Begins on the Superconducting Super Collider Oct., 1991: Iijima Reports the Production of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Prehistory and early cultures and civilizations Aug., 1979: Ancient Sanctuary Is Discovered in El Juyo Cave June, 1980: Radar Reveals Canals at Mayan Agricultural Centers July 28, 1996: Kennewick Man Is Discovered Psychology and psychiatry Sept. 23, 1972: Janowsky Publishes His Theory of Manic Depression Dec. 15, 1973: American Psychiatric Association Delists Homosexuality as a Psychiatric Disorder 1977-1981: Soviet Citizen Group Investigates Political Abuses of Psychiatry Aug. 31, 1977: Declaration of Hawaii Addresses the Misuse of Psychiatry Nov. 18, 1978: People's Temple Members Commit Mass Suicide Oct., 1984: American Psychiatric Association Addresses the Homeless Mentally Ill Dec. 29, 1987: FDA Approves Prozac as an Antidepressant Publishing and journalism June 26-30, 1971: Pentagon Papers Case Oct., 1971: Commoner Publishes The Closing Circle 1972: Club of Rome Issues The Limits to Growth Apr., 1972: Ward and Dubos Publish Only One Earth May, 1972: Trudeau's Doonesbury Offers Political Commentary 1973: Schumacher Publishes Small Is Beautiful 1973-1975: The Gulag Archipelago Exposes Soviet Atrocities Mar., 1973: Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow Is Published 1974: Heilbroner Predicts Growth Limits Apr., 1974: Pirsig Publishes Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance Dec., 1976: Murdoch Extends His Media Empire to the United States 1977: Berry Publishes The Unsettling of America Oct., 1978: Eisner's A Contract with God Is the First Graphic Novel 1979: Lovelock Publishes Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth Jan. 1, 1980-Jan. 1, 1995: Larson's The Far Side Comic Strip Is Published July 24, 1980: The Global 2000 Report Is Issued 1981: The Ultimate Resource Argues in Favor of Population Growth 1982: Peters Gains Prominence as a Writer on Management Sept. 15, 1982: USA Today Is the First National Newspaper 1985: Ecodefense Advocates "Monkeywrenching" Apr. 27, 1987: Our Common Future Is Published 1989: Amnesty International Exposes the Cruelty of the Death Penalty 1989: Arnold and Gottlieb Publish The Wise Use Agenda 1990: "An Anti-Environmentalist Manifesto" Signals a Backlash Mar. 28, 1991: U.S. Courts Restrict Rights to Photocopy Anthologies Oct. 12, 1992: Columbus Day Debates Reflect Cultural Diversity May 30, 1995: Popular Fiction Addresses the End Times July, 1995: Amazon.com Sells Its First Book Online June 30, 1997: Harry Potter Resuscitates Reading 1998: Brokaw Honors the Greatest Generation Oct. 27, 1998: Reform of the Copyright Act 1999: Rise of the Blogosphere Jan. 3, 2000: Peanuts Comic Strip Retires Mar. 14, 2000: King Releases the First E-Novel Radio and television Jan. 12, 1971: Relevance Programs Change Entertainment Standards Jan. 12, 1971-Sept. 16, 1976: All in the Family Confronts Controversial Issues Aug. 1, 1971-Aug. 29, 1977: The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour Brings Glitz to Television 1972: Star Trek Becomes a Cult Classic Sept. 17, 1972-Feb. 28, 1983: M*A*S*H Reflects Antiwar Sentiments Jan. 15, 1974-July 12, 1984: Happy Days Exemplifies Escapist Television 1975-1978: Silverman Rescues ABC Television's Ratings 1975-1979: Violent Action-Adventure Television Series Flourish Jan. 18, 1975-July 23, 1985: The Jeffersons Signals Success of Black Situation Comedies Oct. 11, 1975: Saturday Night Live Is First Broadcast Jan. 23-30, 1977: Roots Dramatizes the African American Experience Apr. 2, 1978-May 3, 1991: Dallas Popularizes the Prime-Time Soap Opera 1980's: Decline of the Big Three Networks June 1, 1980: Cable News Network Debuts Jan. 15, 1981-May 19, 1987: Hill Street Blues Defines Hard-Reality Television Aug. 1, 1981: MTV Revolutionizes American Popular Culture Aug. 15, 1981: EWTN Begins Religious Broadcasting Dec., 1982: Thriller Marks Jackson's Musical Coming-of-Age 1984: Limbaugh Begins Talk Radio in Sacramento Sept. 20, 1984-Apr. 30, 1992: The Cosby Show Makes Television History July 1, 1985: Home Shopping Service Is Offered on Cable Television Oct. 9, 1986: Fox Television Network Goes on the Air Oct. 24, 1989: Bakker Is Sentenced for Fraud and Conspiracy Jan. 14, 1990: The Simpsons Debuts, Anchoring the Fledgling Fox Network Sept. 23-27, 1990: The Civil War Rivets the Attention of the United States Jan. 23, 1991: Seinfeld Takes a Regular Slot on NBC Sept. 16, 1993-May 13, 2004: Frasier Dominates Television Comedy Mid-1990's: Cable Television Challenges Network Television Jan. 3, 1996: U.S. Congress Reforms Law Regulating Telecommunications Sept. 7, 1999: Viacom Announces Plans to Buy CBS Mar. 31, 2000: Survivor Introduces Audiences to "Reality TV" Religion, theology, and ethics Jan. 1, 1977: Means Is Ordained by the American Episcopal Church Jan., 1978-1980: Iranian Revolution June 8, 1978: Mormons Approve Ordination of Black Men of African Descent Aug. 11, 1978: U.S. Congress Protects Native American Religious Practices Oct. 16, 1978: John Paul II Becomes Pope Nov. 18, 1978: People's Temple Members Commit Mass Suicide Jan., 1980-Mar., 1983: Presidential Advisory Commission Studies Medical and Research Ethics Mar. 24, 1980: Archbishop Romero Is Assassinated Aug. 15, 1981: EWTN Begins Religious Broadcasting Nov. 25, 1981: United Nations Votes to Protect Freedom of Religion and Belief May 12, 1985: First Woman Conservative Rabbi Is Ordained June 30, 1988: Excommunication of Archbishop Lefebvre 1989: Robertson Founds the Christian Coalition Feb. 14, 1989: Iran Issues a Fatwa Against Salman Rushdie Dec. 8, 1989: Pope John Paul II Issues an Environmental Message Dec. 10, 1989: Tibet's Dalai Lama Receives the Nobel Peace Prize Mar. 20, 1990: McCartney Conceives Promise Keepers June 25, 1990: U.S. Supreme Court Upholds the Right to Refuse Medical Treatment Apr. 19, 1993: Branch Davidians' Compound Burns May 14-Dec. 8, 1995: New Panchen Lama Is Named May 30, 1995: Popular Fiction Addresses the End Times Oct. 16, 1995: Farrakhan Leads the Million Man March Mar. 4, 1997: Clinton Rejects Federal Support for Human Cloning Mar. 23-25, 1997: Heaven's Gate Cult Members Commit Mass Suicide 1998: Sexual Molestation Scandal Rocks the Catholic Church June 21, 1998: Druids Celebrate the Summer Solstice July 20, 1999: China Suppresses Falun Gong Religious Group Science and technology 1970's: Retailers Control Inventory Shrinkage with Computer Technology 1971: Direct Transoceanic Dialing Begins Apr. 19, 1971: Russians Launch the Salyut Space Station May 19, 1971-Mar., 1972: Mars 2 Is the First Spacecraft to Impact Mars May 30, 1971-Oct. 27, 1972: Mariner 9 Is the First Spacecraft to Orbit Another Planet Nov.-Dec., 1971: Tomlinson Sends the First E-Mail Nov. 15, 1971: Intel Introduces the First "Computer on a Chip" Mar. 2, 1972-Jan. 22, 2003: Pioneer 10 Explores Jupiter and the Outer Planets Apr. 19, 1972: Hounsfield Introduces the CAT Scan July 23, 1972: Launch of the First Earth Resources Technology Satellite Sept., 1972: Gell-Mann Formulates the Theory of Quantum Chromodynamics Sept. 21, 1972: Texas Instruments Introduces the Pocket Calculator 1973: Cohen and Boyer Develop Recombinant DNA Technology 1973: Invention of the Plastic Soda Bottle Feb., 1973-Mar., 1974: Organic Molecules Are Discovered in Comet Kohoutek Apr. 3, 1973: First Cellular Phone Call May 14, 1973-Feb. 8, 1974: Skylab Inaugurates a New Era of Space Research July 31, 1973: European Space Agency Is Formed Nov. 3, 1973-Mar. 24, 1975: Mariner 10 Uses the Gravitational Pull of One Planet to Reach Another Dec., 1973-June, 1974: Rowland and Molina Theorize That Freon Causes Ozone Depletion 1974: Automakers Introduce the Catalytic Converter Apr., 1974: Optical Pulses Shorter than One Trillionth of a Second Are Produced May 18, 1974: India Joins the Nuclear Club June, 1974: Tunable, Continuous-Wave Visible Lasers Are Developed June 26, 1974-2000: Use of Bar Codes Proliferates Nov., 1974: Anthropologists Discover the Early Hominid "Lucy" Nov., 1974: Discovery of the J/psi Subatomic Particle May, 1975: Sony Introduces the Betamax July 15-24, 1975: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Oct. 22, 1975: Soviet Venera Spacecraft Transmit the First Pictures from the Surface of Venus 1976: Kibble Proposes the Theory of Cosmic Strings 1976: Speech Recognition Machines Master One Thousand Words Jan. 21, 1976: Concorde Flies Passengers at Supersonic Speeds Mar. 4, 1976: First Cray-1 Supercomputer Is Shipped to the Los Alamos National Laboratory Apr. 7, 1976: Genentech Is Founded July 20-Sept. 3, 1976: Viking Spacecraft Send Photographs to Earth from Mars Sept. 8, 1976: Ebola Epidemic Kills First of Many in Africa 1977: Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents and New Life-Forms Are Discovered 1977: Heeger and MacDiarmid Discover Conducting Polymers 1977: Researchers Develop an Integrated Solar Energy System 1977-2000: Fiber-Optics Revolution Mar. 10-11, 1977: Astronomers Discover the Rings of Uranus Apr., 1977: Apple II Becomes the First Successful Preassembled Personal Computer May 11, 1977: First Commercial Test of Fiber-Optic Telecommunications Aug. 20, 1977-Oct. 2, 1989: Voyagers 1 and 2 Explore the Outer Planets 1978-1981: Rohrer and Binnig Invent the Scanning Tunneling Microscope Jan. 24, 1978: Radioactive Satellite Fragments Land in Canada Jan. 26, 1978: International Ultraviolet Explorer Is Launched Feb., 1978: Global Positioning System Becomes Operational July 25, 1978: Brown Gives Birth to the First "Test-Tube Baby" Mar. 4-7, 1979: First Ring Around Jupiter Is Discovered July 1, 1979: Sony Introduces the Walkman 1980: Berg, Gilbert, and Sanger Develop Techniques for Genetic Engineering 1980: Inflationary Theory Explains the Early Universe Feb. 5, 1980: Von Klitzing Discovers the Quantized Hall Effect May, 1980: Pluto's Atmosphere Is Discovered June 6, 1980: Scientists Find Evidence of an Asteroid Impact at the End of the Cretaceous Period June 16, 1980: U.S. Supreme Court Grants a Patent for a Living Organism Oct. 16, 1980: China Conducts Atmospheric Nuclear Test 1981-1982: Geneticists Create Giant Mice May, 1981-June, 1981: Bell Labs Improves Solar Cells June, 1981: Cassinelli and Associates Discover the Most Massive Star Known Aug. 10, 1981: The United States Announces Production of Neutron Bombs Nov. 12-14, 1981: Columbia's Second Flight Proves the Practicality of the Space Shuttle 1982: Cech Demonstrates That RNA Can Act as an Enzyme 1982-1983: Compact Disc Players Are Introduced 1982-1989: Astronomers Discover an Unusual Ring System of Planet Neptune Apr. 12, 1982: Solar One Begins Operation in the Mojave Desert May 14, 1982: Eli Lilly Releases the First Commercial Genetically Engineered Medication Dec. 2, 1982: DeVries Implants the First Jarvik-7 Artificial Heart 1983: Rubbia and van der Meer Isolate the Intermediate Vector Bosons Spring, 1983-Sept., 1986: Mullis Develops the Polymerase Chain Reaction Apr. 4, 1983: Tracking and Data-Relay Satellite System Revolutionizes Space Communications Sept., 1983: Murray and Szostak Create the First Artificial Chromosome Nov., 1983: Aspartame Is Approved for Use in Carbonated Beverages Nov. 28, 1983: Spacelab 1 Is Launched Aboard the Space Shuttle 1984: Introduction of Optical Discs for Data Storage 1984: Sibley and Ahlquist Discover Human-Chimpanzee Genetic Relationship Jan. 24, 1984: Introduction of the Apple Macintosh Mar. 10, 1984: Willadsen Clones the First Farm Animal by Nuclear Transfer Apr. 6-Sept. 9, 1984: Project Displays Hominid Heritage July 25 and Oct. 11, 1984: Two Women Walk in Space 1985: Construction of the Keck Telescope Begins in Hawaii Mar. 6, 1985: Jeffreys Discovers the Technique of Genetic Fingerprinting May 16, 1985: Researchers Discover a Hole in the Ozone Layer Sept. 1, 1985: Ballard Discovers the Lost Ship Titanic Oct., 1985: Tevatron Particle Accelerator Begins Operation at Fermilab Nov. 20, 1985: Microsoft Releases the Windows Operating System Dec., 1985: European Nations Open Superphénix 1986: Kamiokande Neutrino Telescope Begins Operation 1986-1987: Tully Discovers the Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex Jan., 1986: Bednorz and Müller Discover a High-Temperature Superconductor Jan. 28, 1986: Challenger Accident Feb. 20, 1986: First Permanently Manned Space Station Is Launched Mar. 8, 1986: Space Probes Begin Examination of Comet Halley July, 1986: FDA Approves a Genetically Engineered Vaccine for Hepatitis B Oct., 1986: Discovery of a Gene That Suppresses Retinoblastoma Dec. 14-23, 1986: Voyager Circumnavigates the Globe Without Refueling 1987-1990: Search for the Gene That Begins Male Development Jan. 1, 1987: Cann Postulates the African Eve Feb. 23, 1987: Supernova 1987A Corroborates Theories of Star Formation Apr. 24, 1987: Genetically Altered Bacteria Are Released into the Environment Aug. 31, 1987: FDA Approves the First Cholesterol-Lowering Drug Sept., 1987: Miller Discovers a Dinosaur Egg Containing the Oldest Known Embryo 1988: Doppler Radar Revolutionizes Weather Forecasting 1988: Erlich Develops DNA Fingerprinting from a Single Hair Mar., 1988: Oldest Known Galaxy Is Discovered Sept., 1988: Prodigy Introduces Dial-Up Service Nov., 1988: Construction Begins on the Superconducting Super Collider May 4, 1989-Oct. 12, 1994: Magellan Probe Maps Venus 1990-1994: Discov