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Great Events from History: The 20th Century Table of Contents by Geographic Region Afghanistan Nov. 9-Dec. 15, 1946: United Nations Admits Its First New Member States Africa Sept. 3, 1939-May 7, 1945: World War II: European Theater Aug. 27, 1942: Legal Slavery Ends in Ethiopia Oct. 23-Nov. 3, 1942: Second Battle of El Alamein Nov. 8, 1942: Invasion of North Africa Jan. 14-24, 1943: Casablanca Conference Nov. 23-30, 1943: Cairo Conference and Declaration Addresses War in the Pacific 1945: Africans Return Home After World War II May 8, 1945: Algerian Nationalists Riot at Sétif Feb., 1948: Paton Explores South Africa's Racial Divide in Cry, the Beloved Country June 21, 1951: South Africa Begins Separate Development System July 23, 1952: King Farouk of Egypt Is Overthrown Oct. 20, 1952-1957: Mau Mau Uprising Creates Havoc in Kenya Aug. 1, 1953-Dec. 31, 1963: Formation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland July 7, 1954: Julius Nyerere Emerges as Leader in Tanganyika Aug. 18-Sept. 6, 1955: First Sudanese Civil War Erupts June 5, 1956: Oil Is Discovered in Nigeria July 19-20, 1956: Foreign Aid Is Withdrawn from Egypt's Aswan High Dam Project July 26, 1956: Egypt Attempts to Nationalize the Suez Canal Mar. 6, 1957: Ghana Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Oct. 2, 1958: Guinea Gains Independence from France Mar. 3, 1959: Nyasaland Independence Leader Banda Is Arrested by British Colonials July 17, 1959: Leakeys Find a 1.75-Million-Year-Old Fossil Hominid Nov., 1959: Rwandan Hutus Overthrow Tutsi Monarchy 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Mar. 21, 1960: Sharpeville Massacre Focuses Global Awareness on Apartheid July, 1960: Katanga Province Secedes from Congo and Riots Ensue July, 1960: United Nations Intervenes in the Congolese Civil War 1961-1962: Al-Hakim Introduces Absurdism to the Arab Stage Sept. 1, 1961: Eritrea Begins Its War for Independence Sept. 18, 1961: United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld Dies in a Plane Crash Dec. 10, 1961: Lutuli Wins the Nobel Peace Prize July 5, 1962: Algeria Gains Independence from France Oct. 9, 1962: Uganda Gains Independence May 25, 1963: Organization of African Unity Is Founded Apr. 26, 1964: Zanzibar and Tanganyika Unite to Form Tanzania Aug. 18, 1964: South Africa Is Banned from the Olympic Games Oct. 24, 1964: Kaunda Becomes Zambia's First President June 19, 1965: Boumédienne Seizes Power from Dictator in Algeria Nov., 1965: Civil War Begins in Chad Nov. 25, 1965: Military Coup Places Mobutu in Control of Congo Jan., 1966: Simons Identifies a 30-Million-Year-Old Primate Skull Jan. 1, 1966: Military Coup Brings Dictatorship to Central African Republic Jan. 3, 1966: Upper Volta Coup Leads to Military Government Feb. 24, 1966: Overthrow of Nkrumah in Ghana Apr. 28, 1966: Southern Rhodesian Freedom Fighters Begin Toppling White Supremacist Government Sept. 30, 1966: Khama Leads a Stable Botswana Oct. 27, 1966: United Nations Revokes South African Mandate over South-West Africa Feb. 5, 1967: Nyerere Outlines Socialist Policy in the Arusha Declaration May 30, 1967-Jan. 15, 1970: Biafra's Secession Triggers Nigerian Civil War Dec. 2, 1967: Barnard Performs the First Human Heart Transplant 1968-1973: Drought Extends the Reach of the Sahara Desert May 25, 1969: Nimeiri Takes Charge in Khartoum Sept. 1, 1969: Military Takes Charge in Libya Sept. 10, 1969: African Convention Expands the Definition of Refugees Sept. 25, 1969: Organization of the Islamic Conference Is Established Oct. 21, 1969: Somali Democracy Ends in a Military Coup Sept. 28, 1970: Sadat Becomes President of Egypt Albania May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Algeria Nov. 8, 1942: Invasion of North Africa May 8, 1945: Algerian Nationalists Riot at Sétif July 5, 1962: Algeria Gains Independence from France June 19, 1965: Boumédienne Seizes Power from Dictator in Algeria Antarctica June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Argentina 1944: Borges's Ficciones Transcends Traditional Realism Feb. 24, 1946: Perón Creates a Populist Political Alliance in Argentina 1956: Wiesel's Night Recalls the Holocaust Apr. 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force May, 1967: García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude Is Published Asia July, 1937-Sept. 2, 1945: World War II: Pacific Theater Jan., 1941: Nationalist Chinese Forces Battle Communists as Japan Advances Apr. 18, 1942: Doolittle Mission Bombs Tokyo June 15, 1944: Superfortress Bombing of Japan Oct. 20, 1944: Japan Orders Kamikaze Attacks Feb. 23, 1945: American Flag Is Raised at Iwo Jima Apr. 1-July 2, 1945: Okinawa Campaign Meets Stiff Japanese Resistance Apr. 18, 1945: War Correspondent Pyle Dies in Combat Aug. 6 and 9, 1945: Atomic Bombs Destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1946: British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes May 3, 1947: Japan Becomes a Constitutional Democracy May 3, 1947: Japanese Constitution Grants New Rights to Women July 20, 1948: Rhee Is Elected President of South Korea Oct. 6, 1948: Earthquake Devastates Ashgabat and Kills Up to 100,000 People Oct. 1, 1949: Mao Zedong Proclaims a Communist People's Republic in China Feb. 14, 1950: Stalin and Mao Pen a Defense Pact June 25, 1950-July 27, 1953: Korean War Oct. 7, 1950: China Invades and Begins Rule of Tibet Dec. 1, 1950: United Nations Korean Relief Agency Is Formed Mar. 24-Apr. 11, 1951: Truman-MacArthur Confrontation Sept. 8, 1951: Treaty of Peace with Japan Is Signed in San Francisco Sept. 10, 1951: Kurosawa's Rashomon Wins the Grand Prize at Venice 1953: Morita Licenses Transistor Technology Jan., 1953: China Begins Its First Five-Year Plan May 29, 1953: Hillary and Tenzing Reach the Top of Mount Everest May 1, 1954: Moon Founds the Unification Church Apr., 1956: Minamata Bay Mercury Poisoning Begins to Claim Victims 1957: Sony Develops the Pocket-Sized Transistor Radio Feb., 1957: Asian Flu Pandemic Kills Millions Worldwide Spring, 1957: Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign Begins Beginning 1958: Mao's Great Leap Forward Brings Chaos to China Jan. 15, 1958: Esaki Demonstrates Electron Tunneling in Semiconductors 1959-1961: Famine Decimates China Oct. 16, 1964: China Explodes Its First Nuclear Bomb Dec. 4, 1965: Asian Development Bank Is Chartered May, 1966: Cultural Revolution Begins in China Jan. 23, 1968: North Korea Seizes the USS Pueblo Dec. 12, 1968: Kawabata Wins the Nobel Prize in Literature Mar. 2-Oct. 20, 1969: Sino-Soviet Tensions Mount Along the Ussuri River Border Atlantic Mar. 1, 1941: United States Enters the Battle of the Atlantic May 26-27, 1941: Sinking of the German Battleship Bismarck 1956: Heezen and Ewing Discover the Midoceanic Ridge Sept. 25, 1956: First Transatlantic Telephone Cable Begins Operation Australia July, 1937-Sept. 2, 1945: World War II: Pacific Theater May 7-8, 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea Early 1950's: De Vaucouleurs Identifies the Local Supercluster of Galaxies Sept. 1, 1951: Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment Nov. 22-Dec. 8, 1956: Cold War Politics Mar the Melbourne Summer Olympics Apr. 1, 1960: Consumers International Is Founded June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Sept., 1943: Australians Elect First Women to Parliament Austria Mar. 1, 1941: Bulgaria Joins the Tripartite Pact Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Early 1952: Voest Develops the Basic Oxygen Process for Steelmaking May 15, 1955: Austria Regains Its Independence Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members July 29, 1957: International Atomic Energy Agency Begins Operations June 24, 1964: Cunningham Stages His First Dance "Event" Feb. 10-Apr. 16, 1970: Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs Bangladesh Beginning 1962: Kahn Blends Architecture and Urban Planning in Dacca Nov. 12, 1970: Bhola Cyclone Devastates East Pakistan Belgium Sept. 12, 1944: Allied Forces Begin the Battle for Germany Dec. 16, 1944-Jan., 1945: Battle of the Bulge Jan. 1, 1948: Benelux Customs Union Enters into Force Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Dec. 10, 1958: Pire Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Apr. 1, 1960: Consumers International Is Founded June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Dec., 1969: Birth of the European Monetary Union Project Benin 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Bolivia Apr., 1952: Revolution Grips Bolivia Apr. 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America Nov. 3, 1964: Reformist Bolivian President Paz Estenssoro Is Toppled Oct. 9, 1967: Execution of Che Guevara Botswana Sept. 30, 1966: Khama Leads a Stable Botswana Brazil Apr. 18, 1956-Apr. 21, 1960: Brazil Builds a New Capital City Nov. 17, 1959: Death of Villa-Lobos Apr., 1962: Brazil Nationalizes U.S. Businesses Dec. 13, 1968: Brazil Begins Era of Intense Repression June 16, 1970: Trans-Amazon Highway Is Announced Bulgaria Mar. 1, 1941: Bulgaria Joins the Tripartite Pact 1943-1948: Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe Jan. 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Burkina Faso 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Jan. 3, 1966: Upper Volta Coup Leads to Military Government Burma Dec. 7, 1941: Japan Begins Attacks on Southeast Asia Oct. 25, 1943: Thai-Burma Railway Is Completed with Forced Labor 1946: British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes Cambodia Nov. 9, 1953: Cambodia Gains Independence from France Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Apr. 29, 1970: United States Invades Cambodia Cameroon 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Canada Aug. 14, 1941: Atlantic Charter Declares a Postwar Right of Self-Determination Dec. 7, 1941: Canada Declares War on Japan Dec. 29-31, 1941: Churchill Visits Canada as World War II Ally Oct., 1943: Alaska Highway Is Completed Nov. 22, 1944: Canada Implements Conscription After Months of Crisis July 1, 1946: Canada's Citizenship Act Is Passed Spring, 1947: Dior's "New Look" Sweeps Europe and America Nov. 15, 1948: St. Laurent Becomes Canadian Prime Minister Mar. 31, 1949: Newfoundland Becomes Canada's Tenth Province Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed Feb. 28, 1952: Massey Becomes Canada's First Native-Born Governor-General Dec. 12, 1952: Chalk River Nuclear Reactor Explosion and Meltdown Feb. 15, 1954: Canada and the United States Establish the DEW Line Late 1950's: Firms Begin Replacing Skilled Laborers with Automated Tools June 10, 1957-Feb. 5, 1963: Diefenbaker Serves as Canadian Prime Minister May 12, 1958: Canada and the United States Create NORAD June 26, 1959: St. Lawrence Seaway Opens 1960: Quebec Sovereignist Movement Begins Aug. 4, 1960: Canadian Bill of Rights Prohibits Sex Discrimination Sept. 28, 1962: Canada Becomes the Third Nation to Orbit a Satellite Apr. 22, 1963: Pearson Becomes Canada's Prime Minister 1964: McLuhan Probes the Impact of Mass Media on Society Nov. 9-10, 1965: Power Failure Blacks Out New York City and the Northeast Dec. 19, 1966: Canada Implements Its National Health Plan Apr. 28-Oct. 27, 1967: Expo 67 Features Innovative Architecture 1968: Canada Establishes the Experimental Lakes Area June 25, 1968-June 30, 1984: Trudeau Serves as Canadian Prime Minister July 9, 1969: Canada's Official Languages Act Oct. 15, 1969: Canada Announces Ban on Hunting Baby Seals Mar. 31, 1970: Canada Bans Commercial Fishing in Lakes St. Clair and Erie Oct. 16, 1970-Apr. 30, 1971: Canada Invokes War Measures Act Against Quebec Separatists Caribbean Aug. 6, 1949: Spanish Becomes the Language of Instruction in Puerto Rico July 25, 1952: Puerto Rico Becomes a Commonwealth Apr., 1956-1957: Birth Control Pills Are Tested in Puerto Rico July 26, 1956-Jan. 8, 1959: Cuban Revolution Oct. 22, 1957: Duvalier Takes Power in Haiti Mar. 4, 1959: Cuba Begins Expropriating Foreign Property 1960's: Cubans Flee to Florida and Receive Assistance Apr. 17-19, 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion May 30, 1961: Dominican Dictator Rafael Trujillo Is Assassinated Oct. 22-28, 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis Oct. 4-8, 1963: Hurricane Flora Devastates Haiti and Cuba Apr. 28, 1965: U.S. Troops Occupy the Dominican Republic Feb. 11, 1966: Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union Central African Republic 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Jan. 1, 1966: Military Coup Brings Dictatorship to Central African Republic Ceylon Feb. 4, 1948: Ceylon Becomes an Independent Dominion Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Feb., 1961: Tamils Protest Discrimination in Ceylon Chad 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Nov., 1965: Civil War Begins in Chad Chile Aug. 12-18, 1959: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Is Created June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force 1964-1970: Frei "Chileanizes" Chile's Copper Industry Sept. 4, 1970: Allende Wins a Close Election in Chile China July, 1937-Sept. 2, 1945: World War II: Pacific Theater Jan., 1941: Nationalist Chinese Forces Battle Communists as Japan Advances 1946: British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes Oct. 1, 1949: Mao Zedong Proclaims a Communist People's Republic in China Feb. 14, 1950: Stalin and Mao Pen a Defense Pact Oct. 7, 1950: China Invades and Begins Rule of Tibet Jan., 1953: China Begins Its First Five-Year Plan Feb., 1957: Asian Flu Pandemic Kills Millions Worldwide Spring, 1957: Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign Begins Beginning 1958: Mao's Great Leap Forward Brings Chaos to China 1959-1961: Famine Decimates China Oct. 16, 1964: China Explodes Its First Nuclear Bomb May, 1966: Cultural Revolution Begins in China Mar. 2-Oct. 20, 1969: Sino-Soviet Tensions Mount Along the Ussuri River Border Colombia Apr. 9, 1948: La Violencia Begins in Colombia Apr. 30, 1948: Organization of American States Is Founded May 2, 1948: American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man Is Adopted Apr. 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1960: Africa's Year of Independence July, 1960: Katanga Province Secedes from Congo and Riots Ensue July, 1960: United Nations Intervenes in the Congolese Civil War Nov. 25, 1965: Military Coup Places Mobutu in Control of Congo Congo, Republic of the 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Costa Rica Mar. 12-Apr. 19, 1948: Costa Rica Endures Its Bloodiest Civil War Nov. 22, 1969: Inter-American Court of Human Rights Is Established Cuba July 26, 1956-Jan. 8, 1959: Cuban Revolution Mar. 4, 1959: Cuba Begins Expropriating Foreign Property 1960's: Cubans Flee to Florida and Receive Assistance Apr. 17-19, 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion Oct. 22-28, 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis Oct. 4-8, 1963: Hurricane Flora Devastates Haiti and Cuba Feb. 11, 1966: Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union Cyprus Aug. 16, 1960: Cyprus Gains Independence Dec. 22, 1963: Greek and Turkish Cypriots Clash over Political Rights Mar. 27, 1964: United Nations Peace Force Is Deployed in Cyprus Czechoslovakia 1943-1948: Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe Feb. 25, 1948: Communists Seize Power in Czechoslovakia Jan. 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed Dec. 3, 1963: Havel's The Garden Party Satirizes Life Under Communism Aug. 20-21, 1968: Soviet Union Invades Czechoslovakia Denmark Sept. 30-Oct. 1, 1943: Citizens Rescue Danish Jews from Germans 1948: Aversion Drug Found for the Treatment of Alcoholism Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Dominican Republic May 30, 1961: Dominican Dictator Rafael Trujillo Is Assassinated Apr. 28, 1965: U.S. Troops Occupy the Dominican Republic East Germany 1949-1961: East Germans Flee to West to Escape Communist Regime Jan., 1949: Brecht Founds the Berliner Ensemble Sept. 21-Oct. 7, 1949: Germany Splits Into Two Republics Aug. 13, 1961: Communists Raise the Berlin Wall Mar. 19, 1970: Brandt Meets Stoph Ecuador Apr. 28-Aug. 7, 1947: Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Expedition Apr. 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America 1965: Anthropologists Claim That Ecuadorian Pottery Shows Transpacific Contact in 3000 b.c.e. Egypt Oct. 23-Nov. 3, 1942: Second Battle of El Alamein Nov. 23-30, 1943: Cairo Conference and Declaration Addresses War in the Pacific July 23, 1952: King Farouk of Egypt Is Overthrown July 19-20, 1956: Foreign Aid Is Withdrawn from Egypt's Aswan High Dam Project July 26, 1956: Egypt Attempts to Nationalize the Suez Canal Feb. 1, 1958: Syria and Egypt Form the United Arab Republic 1961-1962: Al-Hakim Introduces Absurdism to the Arab Stage Jan., 1966: Simons Identifies a 30-Million-Year-Old Primate Skull June 5-10, 1967: Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War Sept. 28, 1970: Sadat Becomes President of Egypt El Salvador July 14-20, 1969: Soccer War Eritrea Sept. 1, 1961: Eritrea Begins Its War for Independence Ethiopia Aug. 27, 1942: Legal Slavery Ends in Ethiopia May 25, 1963: Organization of African Unity Is Founded Sept. 10, 1969: African Convention Expands the Definition of Refugees Europe Sept. 3, 1939-May 7, 1945: World War II: European Theater 1941: Bultmann Offers a Controversial Interpretation of the Christian Scriptures 1941-Aug. 25, 1944: French Resistance Jan. 15, 1941: Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time Is Performed Mar. 1, 1941: Bulgaria Joins the Tripartite Pact Mar. 1, 1941: United States Enters the Battle of the Atlantic Apr. 6-30, 1941: Germany Mounts the Balkan Offensive May 15, 1941: Turbojet Engine Is Used in the First Jet Plane May 20-June 1, 1941: Germany Invades Crete May 26-27, 1941: Sinking of the German Battleship Bismarck June 22, 1941-Jan. 8, 1942: Germany Invades Russia Aug. 23, 1941: Nazis Ban Nolde's Paintings Dec. 11, 1941: Germany and Italy Declare War on the United States 1942-1961: Italian New Wave Gains Worldwide Acclaim Jan. 20, 1942: Wannsee Conference and the "Final Solution" Feb., 1942: Lewis Explores the Mind of Evil in The Screwtape Letters Aug. 9, 1942: Stein Is Killed by the Nazis Aug. 19, 1942-Feb. 2, 1943: Battle of Stalingrad Oct. 5, 1942: Oxford Committee for Famine Relief Is Founded 1943: Von Weizsäcker Forms His Quantitative Theory of Planetary Formation 1943-1948: Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe Spring, 1943: Cousteau and Gagnan Develop the Aqualung Apr. 19-May 16, 1943: Warsaw Ghetto Armed Uprising Against Nazis June 25, 1943: Sartre's Being and Nothingness Expresses Existential Philosophy July 4-12, 1943: Tank Battle at Kursk Devastates German Forces July 9-Aug. 17, 1943: Allied Forces Invade Sicily Sept. 3-18, 1943: Western Allies Invade Italy Sept. 30-Oct. 1, 1943: Citizens Rescue Danish Jews from Germans Dec., 1943: Secret English Team Develops Colossus 1944-1949: Hodgkin Solves the Structure of Penicillin 1944-1953: Sanger Determines the Structure of Insulin 1944-1960: Sartre and Camus Give Dramatic Voice to Existential Philosophy Mar., 1944: Hayek Opposes Centralized Economic Planning Mar. 15, 1944: France Grants Suffrage to Women June 6, 1944: Invasion of Normandy Begins the Liberation of Europe June 13 and Sept. 8, 1944: German V-1 and V-2 Weapons Are Deployed July 25, 1944: Allied Forces Break German Front in France Aug. 15, 1944: Operation Dragoon Sept. 12, 1944: Allied Forces Begin the Battle for Germany Dec. 16, 1944-Jan., 1945: Battle of the Bulge Feb. 4-11, 1945: Yalta Conference Feb. 11, 1945: Soviet Exiles and Prisoners of War are Forced into Repatriation Apr. 9, 1945: Bonhoeffer Is Executed by the Nazis May 8, 1945: V-E Day Marks the End of World War II in Europe May 28, 1945: Evelyn Waugh Captures Prewar English Life in Brideshead Revisited June 7, 1945: Britten Completes Peter Grimes July 17-Aug. 2, 1945: Potsdam Conference July 26, 1945: Labour Party Forms Britain's Majority Government Oct. 24, 1945: Norwegians Execute Nazi Collaborator Quisling Nov. 20, 1945-Oct. 1, 1946: Nazi War Criminals Are Tried at Nuremberg 1946: Jaspers Examines Germany's Collective Responsibility for War Crimes Feb. 5, 1946: Establishment of the International Court of Justice Mar. 17, 1946: France Launches the Monnet Plan July 5, 1946: Bikini Swimsuit Is Introduced July 7, 1946: Mother Cabrini Becomes the First U.S. Citizen Canonized as a Saint Nov. 6, 1946: United Kingdom Passes the National Health Service Act Dec. 12, 1946: Spain Is Denied Entrance into the United Nations 1947: Gabor Develops the Concept of Holography Spring, 1947: Dior's "New Look" Sweeps Europe and America Sept., 1947: German Writers Form Group 47 Oct. 30, 1947: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Is Signed 1948: Aversion Drug Found for the Treatment of Alcoholism 1948: Greene's The Heart of the Matter Is Published 1948: Soviets Escalate Persecution of Jews 1948: Steady-State Theory of the Universe Is Advanced by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle 1948-1951: Ryle's Radio Telescope Locates the First Known Radio Galaxy 1948-1953: Soviets Adopt Stalin's Plan for the Transformation of Nature Jan. 1, 1948: Benelux Customs Union Enters into Force Feb. 10, 1948: Zhdanov Denounces "Formalism" in Music Feb. 25, 1948: Communists Seize Power in Czechoslovakia Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe May 4, 1948: Olivier's Hamlet Is Released to Acclaim and Controversy June 24, 1948-May 11, 1949: Berlin Blockade Aug. 6, 1948: Mathias Is Dubbed the "World's Greatest Athlete" Aug. 22, 1948: World Council of Churches Is Formed Oct. 5, 1948: World Conservation Union Is Founded Dec. 26, 1948: Hungary's Communist Government Arrests Cardinal Mindszenty 1949: Beauvoir's The Second Sex Anticipates the Women's Movement 1949: Soviet Union Adopts Measures to Reduce Air Pollution 1949: X Rays from a Synchrotron Are First Used in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 1949-1951: Ealing Comedies Mark a High Point in British Film 1949-1961: East Germans Flee to West to Escape Communist Regime Jan., 1949: Brecht Founds the Berliner Ensemble Jan. 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed Apr. 17, 1949: Brothers at Taizé Take Permanent Vows June, 1949: Nineteen Eighty-Four Portrays Totalitarianism and Mind Control Aug. 12, 1949: Geneva Conventions Establish Norms of Conduct in War Sept. 3, 1949: The Third Man Premiers Sept. 21-Oct. 7, 1949: Germany Splits Into Two Republics 1950's: "Angry Young Men" Express Working-Class Views 1950's--mid-1960's: Acid Rain Changes Lake and Riverine Ecology 1950: Oort Offers a Theory of Comets 1950-1956: Children Delight in The Chronicles of Narnia Feb. 14, 1950: Stalin and Mao Pen a Defense Pact July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Nov. 1, 1950: Pius XII Proclaims the Doctrine of the Assumption Nov. 4, 1950: European Convention on Human Rights Is Signed 1951: Rise of the New Novel 1951-1953: Beckett's Trilogy Expands the Frontiers of Fiction 1951-1975: Powell Publishes the Epic A Dance to the Music of Time Apr. 10, 1951: Bundestag Passes Legislation on Codetermination Apr. 18, 1951: European Coal and Steel Community Is Established July 28, 1951: Adoption of the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Sept. 10, 1951: Kurosawa's Rashomon Wins the Grand Prize at Venice Sept. 11, 1951: Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress Premieres in Venice Dec. 10, 1951: Jouhaux Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Early 1952: Voest Develops the Basic Oxygen Process for Steelmaking Feb. 23, 1952: Bevis Describes Amniocentesis as a Method to Check Fetal Genetic Traits Aug., 1952: Baade Corrects an Error in the Cepheid Luminosity Scale Sept. 10, 1952: Germany Agrees to Pay Reparations to Israel Nov. 25, 1952: The Mousetrap Begins a Record-Breaking Run Dec. 4-8, 1952: Smog Kills Thousands of Londoners Dec. 10, 1952: Mauriac Accepts the Nobel Prize in Literature Jan. 5, 1953: Waiting for Godot Expresses the Existential Theme of Absurdity Jan. 31-Feb. 1, 1953: North Sea Flood Kills Nearly Two Thousand People in Holland Mar. 5, 1953: Death of Stalin Apr. 2, 1953: Watson and Crick Announce the Double-Helix Model for DNA Sept. 25, 1953-Oct. 26, 1956: Polish Communist Government Arrests the Primate of Poland Oct. 23, 1953-Sept. 4, 1956: United Nations Amends Its International Slavery Treaty Dec. 10, 1953: Schweitzer Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1954: Golding's Lord of the Flies Spurs Examination of Human Nature Mar. 19, 1954: Laura Ashley Fashion Company Is Founded Apr. 10, 1954: Value-Added Taxes Begin in Europe May 6, 1954: Bannister Beats the Four-Minute Mile June, 1954-Oct., 1955: Tolkien Publishes The Lord of the Rings June 27, 1954: Soviet Union Completes Its First Nuclear Power Plant Sept. 6, 1954: La Strada Solidifies Fellini's Renown as a Brilliant Director Oct. 23, 1954: Western European Union Is Established Dec. 2, 1954: Varèse Premieres Déserts 1955: Diquat Herbicide Is Developed for Weed Control 1955: Ryle Constructs the First Radio Interferometer 1955: Teilhard de Chardin Attempts to Reconcile Religion and Evolution 1955-1964: Brezhnev Rises in Communist Ranks May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed May 15, 1955: Austria Regains Its Independence June 11, 1955: Le Mans Auto-Racing Accident Kills More than Eighty June 18, 1955: Boulez's Le Marteau sans maître Premiers Aug. 22-Sept. 3, 1955: United Nations Sets Rules for Treatment of Prisoners 1956-1960: French New Wave Ushers in a New Era of Cinema Feb. 25, 1956: Khrushchev Denounces Stalinist Regime May 8, 1956: Osborne's Look Back in Anger Opens in London Sept. 25, 1956: First Transatlantic Telephone Cable Begins Operation Oct. 17, 1956: First Commercial Nuclear Power Plant Opens Oct. 23-Nov. 10, 1956: Soviets Crush Hungarian Uprising Late 1950's: Firms Begin Replacing Skilled Laborers with Automated Tools 1957: Dioxin Causes Chloracne in West German Chemical Workers 1957: Isaacs and Lindenmann Discover Interferons Mar. 25, 1957: European Common Market Is Established May 17, 1957: Bergman Wins International Fame with The Seventh Seal June 25, 1957: United Nations Adopts the Abolition of Forced Labor Convention July 29, 1957: International Atomic Energy Agency Begins Operations Aug. 2, 1957: Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope Is Completed Late 1957: Nuclear Waste Explodes in the Ural Mountains Sept. 4, 1957: Wolfenden Report Recommends Decriminalizing Consensual Sex Oct., 1957: Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago Is Published Oct. 4, 1957: Soviet Union Launches the First Artificial Satellite Oct. 10, 1957: England's Windscale Reactor Releases Radiation 1958: Donald Uses Ultrasound to Examine Human Fetuses 1958: Theatre Workshop Presents Behan's The Hostage 1958: Things Fall Apart Depicts the Destruction of Ibo Culture July-Sept., 1958: Race Riots Erupt in London July 4, 1958: Karol Wojty{lstrok}a Is Named Poland's Youngest Bishop Dec. 10, 1958: Pire Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1959: Grass Publishes The Tin Drum June, 1959: Price Identifies an Ancient Astronomical Computer July 31, 1959: Basque Separatist Organization Is Formed Sept. 14, 1959: Luna 2 Becomes the First Human-Made Object to Impact on the Moon Oct. 7, 1959: Luna 3 Provides the First Views of the Far Side of the Moon Oct. 31, 1959: Ionesco's Rhinoceros Receives a Resounding Worldwide Reception Early 1960's: Quant Introduces the Miniskirt 1960's: Soviet Jews Demand Cultural and Religious Rights Jan. 4, 1960: European Free Trade Association Is Established Mar. 16, 1960: Godard's Breathless Revolutionizes Film Apr. 1, 1960: Consumers International Is Founded Apr. 27, 1960: Pinter's The Caretaker Opens in London May 1, 1960: U-2 Incident July 1, 1960: A Man for All Seasons Premiers Aug. 16, 1960: Cyprus Gains Independence Sept. 7, 1960: Rudolph Becomes the Fastest Woman in the World Fall, 1960: Plath's The Colossus Voices Women's Experience 1961: Foucault's Madness and Civilization Is Published 1961: Royal Shakespeare Company Adopts a New Name and Focus Apr. 12, 1961: First Human Orbits the Earth May 15, 1961, and Apr. 11, 1963: Pope John XXIII Issues Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris May 28, 1961: Amnesty International Is Founded Aug. 13, 1961: Communists Raise the Berlin Wall Sept. 1-5, 1961: Nonaligned Movement Meets Sept. 11, 1961: World Wildlife Fund Is Established Sept. 30, 1961: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Forms Oct. 18, 1961: European Social Charter Is Signed Feb., 1962: United Nations World Food Programme Is Established Aug. 9, 1962: Britain Establishes the Royal National Theatre Oct. 5, 1962: Dr. No Launches the Hugely Popular James Bond Series Oct. 11, 1962-Dec. 8, 1965: Second Vatican Council Meets Nov., 1962: Solzhenitsyn Depicts Life in a Soviet Labor Camp in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1963: Audiocassette Is Introduced 1963: Le Carré Rejects the Fantasy World of Secret Agents Jan., 1963-1965: Beatles Revolutionize Popular Music Feb. 20, 1963: Hochhuth Stages a Critique of Pope Pius XII's Silence During the Holocaust Mar. 11-20, 1963: Nam June Paik Exhibits Video and Television as Art Mar. 12, 1963: Nureyev and Fonteyn Debut Ashton's Marguerite and Armand June 20, 1963: Hotline Is Adopted Between the United States and the Soviet Union Aug. 5, 1963: Nuclear Powers Sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty Dec. 3, 1963: Havel's The Garden Party Satirizes Life Under Communism Dec. 22, 1963: Greek and Turkish Cypriots Clash over Political Rights 1964: Renfrew, Dixon, and Cann Reconstruct Ancient Near Eastern Trade Routes 1964-1969: Leone Renovates the Western Film Genre 1964-1971: Lévi-Strauss Identifies Common Structures in World Myths Mar. 27, 1964: United Nations Peace Force Is Deployed in Cyprus Apr. 6, 1964: Confirmation of Asbestos Hazards Sparks Widespread Litigation Apr. 29, 1964: Weiss's Absurdist Drama Marat/Sade Is Produced June 24, 1964: Cunningham Stages His First Dance "Event" Aug. 18, 1964: South Africa Is Banned from the Olympic Games Oct. 13-14, 1964: Khrushchev Falls from Power Mar. 18, 1965: Soviet Cosmonaut Conducts First Space Walk July 16, 1965: Mont Blanc Tunnel Between France and Italy Opens July 26 and Sept. 24, 1965: Rolling Stones Release Out of Our Heads Oct. 28, 1965: Paul VI Renounces the "Collective Guilt" of Jews in Christ's Death Nov. 8, 1965: British Parliament Abolishes the Death Penalty Nov. 16, 1965-Mar. 1, 1966: Venera 3 Is the First Spacecraft to Impact Another Planet Jan. 31-Feb. 6, 1966: Luna 9 Makes the First Successful Lunar Soft Landing Feb. 11, 1966: Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union Mar. 7, 1966: France Withdraws from NATO's Military Structure May 4, 1966: Fiat Builds a Factory in the Soviet Union Oct. 21, 1966: Mining Debris Buries Welsh Village Nov. 26, 1966: First Tidal Power Station Begins Operation Dec., 1966: Jensen Finds PCBs in Animal Tissues 1967: Celan Introduces the Concept of Poetic "Breath-Measure" 1967: Derrida Enunciates the Principles of Deconstruction 1967: Soviet Intellectuals Begin to Rebel Against Party Policy Mar. 18, 1967: Oil Tanker Torrey Canyon Runs Aground Apr. 21, 1967: Greek Coup Leads to Military Dictatorship May 12, 1967: Hendrix Releases Acid Rock Album Are You Experienced? June, 1967: Beatles Release Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band July 1, 1967: European Economic Community Adopts the Common Agricultural Policy Dec. 9, 1967: Ceau{scedil}escu Is Elected President of Romania Jan. 15, 1968: British Leyland Motor Corporation Is Formed Feb. 24, 1968: Bell Discovers Pulsars May-June, 1968: French Students and Workers Rebel Against the Political Order May 11, 1968: Handke's Kaspar Dramatizes Language Theory July 25, 1968: Roman Catholic Church Reaffirms Its Position Against Birth Control July 26, 1968: Theatres Act Ends Censorship of British Drama Aug. 20-21, 1968: Soviet Union Invades Czechoslovakia Sept. 27, 1968: Caetano Becomes Prime Minister of Portugal Nov. 12, 1968-Dec., 1989: Brezhnev Doctrine Mandates Soviet Control of Satellite Nations Dec., 1968: Soviet Union Opens a Tidal Power Station Dec. 10, 1968: Cassin Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Jan., 1969: Soviet Union Declares Lake Baikal a Protected Zone Jan. 16, 1969: Soyuz 4 and 5 Spacecraft Dock in Orbit Apr. 28, 1969: De Gaulle Steps Down June 18-26, 1969: Pesticide Poisons the Rhine River Aug., 1969: British Troops Restore Order in Northern Ireland Oct. 5, 1969: Monty Python's Flying Circus Prompts a Cult Following Dec., 1969: Birth of the European Monetary Union Project Dec. 10, 1969: Barton and Hassel Share the Nobel Prize for Determining the Three-Dimensional Shapes of Organic Compounds Dec. 10, 1969: International Labor Organization Wins the Nobel Peace Prize 1970: Design for the Real World Calls for Industrial Design Reform Feb. 10-Apr. 16, 1970: Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs Mar. 19, 1970: Brandt Meets Stoph May 29, 1970: British Parliament Passes the Equal Pay Act of 1970 Sept., 1970: Cousteau Announces Large Decline in Ocean Life Nov. 10, 1970-Oct. 1, 1971: Soviet Rover Lunokhod 1 Lands on the Moon Nov. 11, 1970: Moscow Human Rights Committee Is Founded Dec. 18, 1970: European Consortium Creates Airbus Industrie Finland Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members France 1941-Aug. 25, 1944: French Resistance May 26-27, 1941: Sinking of the German Battleship Bismarck Spring, 1943: Cousteau and Gagnan Develop the Aqualung June 25, 1943: Sartre's Being and Nothingness Expresses Existential Philosophy 1944-1960: Sartre and Camus Give Dramatic Voice to Existential Philosophy Mar. 15, 1944: France Grants Suffrage to Women June 6, 1944: Invasion of Normandy Begins the Liberation of Europe July 25, 1944: Allied Forces Break German Front in France Aug. 15, 1944: Operation Dragoon Dec. 16, 1944-Jan., 1945: Battle of the Bulge May 8, 1945: V-E Day Marks the End of World War II in Europe Mar. 17, 1946: France Launches the Monnet Plan July 5, 1946: Bikini Swimsuit Is Introduced Spring, 1947: Dior's "New Look" Sweeps Europe and America Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe Oct. 5, 1948: World Conservation Union Is Founded 1949: Beauvoir's The Second Sex Anticipates the Women's Movement Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed Apr. 17, 1949: Brothers at Taizé Take Permanent Vows July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed 1951: Rise of the New Novel 1951-1953: Beckett's Trilogy Expands the Frontiers of Fiction Apr. 18, 1951: European Coal and Steel Community Is Established Jan. 5, 1953: Waiting for Godot Expresses the Existential Theme of Absurdity Apr. 10, 1954: Value-Added Taxes Begin in Europe Dec. 2, 1954: Varèse Premieres Déserts 1955: Teilhard de Chardin Attempts to Reconcile Religion and Evolution June 11, 1955: Le Mans Auto-Racing Accident Kills More than Eighty 1956-1960: French New Wave Ushers in a New Era of Cinema May 17, 1957: Bergman Wins International Fame with The Seventh Seal July 31, 1959: Basque Separatist Organization Is Formed Mar. 16, 1960: Godard's Breathless Revolutionizes Film 1961: Foucault's Madness and Civilization Is Published June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Sept. 30, 1961: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Forms 1964-1971: Lévi-Strauss Identifies Common Structures in World Myths July 16, 1965: Mont Blanc Tunnel Between France and Italy Opens Mar. 7, 1966: France Withdraws from NATO's Military Structure Nov. 26, 1966: First Tidal Power Station Begins Operation 1967: Celan Introduces the Concept of Poetic "Breath-Measure" 1967: Derrida Enunciates the Principles of Deconstruction May-June, 1968: French Students and Workers Rebel Against the Political Order Dec. 10, 1968: Cassin Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Apr. 28, 1969: De Gaulle Steps Down Dec., 1969: Birth of the European Monetary Union Project Feb. 10-Apr. 16, 1970: Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs Sept., 1970: Cousteau Announces Large Decline in Ocean Life Dec. 18, 1970: European Consortium Creates Airbus Industrie Gabon 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Germany 1941: Bultmann Offers a Controversial Interpretation of the Christian Scriptures Jan. 15, 1941: Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time Is Performed Aug. 23, 1941: Nazis Ban Nolde's Paintings Dec. 11, 1941: Germany and Italy Declare War on the United States Jan. 20, 1942: Wannsee Conference and the "Final Solution" 1943: Von Weizsäcker Forms His Quantitative Theory of Planetary Formation June 13 and Sept. 8, 1944: German V-1 and V-2 Weapons Are Deployed Sept. 12, 1944: Allied Forces Begin the Battle for Germany Apr. 9, 1945: Bonhoeffer Is Executed by the Nazis July 17-Aug. 2, 1945: Potsdam Conference Nov. 20, 1945-Oct. 1, 1946: Nazi War Criminals Are Tried at Nuremberg 1946: Jaspers Examines Germany's Collective Responsibility for War Crimes Sept., 1947: German Writers Form Group 47 Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe June 24, 1948-May 11, 1949: Berlin Blockade 1949-1961: East Germans Flee to West to Escape Communist Regime Jan., 1949: Brecht Founds the Berliner Ensemble Sept. 21-Oct. 7, 1949: Germany Splits Into Two Republics July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Apr. 10, 1951: Bundestag Passes Legislation on Codetermination Sept. 10, 1952: Germany Agrees to Pay Reparations to Israel May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed June 18, 1955: Boulez's Le Marteau sans maître Premiers 1957: Dioxin Causes Chloracne in West German Chemical Workers 1959: Grass Publishes The Tin Drum Oct. 31, 1959: Ionesco's Rhinoceros Receives a Resounding Worldwide Reception Aug. 13, 1961: Communists Raise the Berlin Wall Feb. 20, 1963: Hochhuth Stages a Critique of Pope Pius XII's Silence During the Holocaust Mar. 11-20, 1963: Nam June Paik Exhibits Video and Television as Art Apr. 29, 1964: Weiss's Absurdist Drama Marat/Sade Is Produced May 11, 1968: Handke's Kaspar Dramatizes Language Theory June 18-26, 1969: Pesticide Poisons the Rhine River Dec., 1969: Birth of the European Monetary Union Project Feb. 10-Apr. 16, 1970: Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs Mar. 19, 1970: Brandt Meets Stoph Dec. 18, 1970: European Consortium Creates Airbus Industrie Ghana Mar. 6, 1957: Ghana Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Feb. 24, 1966: Overthrow of Nkrumah in Ghana Greece Apr. 6-30, 1941: Germany Mounts the Balkan Offensive May 20-June 1, 1941: Germany Invades Crete Oct. 5, 1942: Oxford Committee for Famine Relief Is Founded July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed June, 1959: Price Identifies an Ancient Astronomical Computer Apr. 21, 1967: Greek Coup Leads to Military Dictatorship Guatemala June 18-27, 1954: United Fruit Company Instigates a Coup in Guatemala Guinea Oct. 2, 1958: Guinea Gains Independence from France Haiti Oct. 22, 1957: Duvalier Takes Power in Haiti Oct. 4-8, 1963: Hurricane Flora Devastates Haiti and Cuba Honduras July 14-20, 1969: Soccer War Hungary 1943-1948: Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe Dec. 26, 1948: Hungary's Communist Government Arrests Cardinal Mindszenty Jan. 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Oct. 23-Nov. 10, 1956: Soviets Crush Hungarian Uprising Iceland Nov. 9-Dec. 15, 1946: United Nations Admits Its First New Member States Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed India 1943-1944: Famine Decimates Bengal Aug. 15, 1947: India Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Oct. 27, 1947-Dec. 31, 1948: India and Pakistan Clash over Kashmir Jan. 30, 1948: Gandhi Is Assassinated Sept. 12, 1948: India Invades Hyderabad State Nov. 26, 1949: Indian Government Bans Discrimination Against Untouchables Oct. 7, 1950: Mother Teresa Founds the Missionaries of Charity 1951-1963: Le Corbusier Designs and Builds Chandigarh 1955-1956: Indian Parliament Approves Women's Rights Legislation Sept. 20, 1965-Mar. 22, 1966: India-Pakistan Conflict Prompts U.N. Peacekeeping Response Jan. 24, 1966: Gandhi Serves as India's First Female Prime Minister Indochina Jan., 1941: Thai Forces Attack French Troops Near Battambang Indonesia Dec. 7, 1941: Japan Begins Attacks on Southeast Asia Feb. 27-Mar. 1, 1942: Battle of the Java Sea Aug. 17, 1950: Indonesia Regains Its Independence Apr. 18-24, 1955: Afro-Asian Conference Considers Nonalignment Aug. 8, 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed Sept. 30, 1965: Indonesia's Government Retaliates Against a Failed Communist Coup Iran Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943: Tehran Conference Promotes Allied Cooperation in Iran Mar., 1951-Aug., 1953: Iran Nationalizes Its Oil Industry May 13, 1968: Proclamation of Tehran Sets Human Rights Goals Iraq May 2-June 13, 1941: Anglo-Iraqi War July 14, 1958: Iraq's Monarchy Is Toppled 1960's: Kurds Suffer Genocide in Iraq Sept. 14, 1960: First OPEC Meeting Ireland Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Israel Nov. 29, 1947-July, 1949: Arab-Israeli War Creates Refugee Crisis Apr. 26, 1948: Dead Sea Scrolls Are Unearthed May 14, 1948: Israel Is Created as a Homeland for Jews Apr. 24, 1950: Jordan Annexes the West Bank July 5, 1950: Israel Enacts the Law of Return Sept. 10, 1952: Germany Agrees to Pay Reparations to Israel Apr. 11-Aug. 14, 1961: Eichmann Is Tried for War Crimes 1964: Israel Brings Water to the Negev Jan. 4-6, 1964: Paul VI Visits the Holy Land Dec. 31, 1964-Jan. 7, 1965: Fatah Launches Its First Terrorist Strike on Israel June 5-10, 1967: Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War June 8, 1967: Israel Attacks the USS Liberty Nov. 22, 1967: United Nations Security Council Adopts Resolution 242 Mar. 17, 1969: Meir Becomes Prime Minister of Israel Italy Dec. 11, 1941: Germany and Italy Declare War on the United States 1942-1961: Italian New Wave Gains Worldwide Acclaim July 9-Aug. 17, 1943: Allied Forces Invade Sicily Sept. 3-18, 1943: Western Allies Invade Italy July 7, 1946: Mother Cabrini Becomes the First U.S. Citizen Canonized as a Saint Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Nov. 1, 1950: Pius XII Proclaims the Doctrine of the Assumption Nov. 4, 1950: European Convention on Human Rights Is Signed Sept. 10, 1951: Kurosawa's Rashomon Wins the Grand Prize at Venice Sept. 11, 1951: Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress Premieres in Venice Aug., 1952: Baade Corrects an Error in the Cepheid Luminosity Scale Sept. 6, 1954: La Strada Solidifies Fellini's Renown as a Brilliant Director Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Mar. 25, 1957: European Common Market Is Established Oct., 1957: Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago Is Published Sept. 7, 1960: Rudolph Becomes the Fastest Woman in the World May 15, 1961, and Apr. 11, 1963: Pope John XXIII Issues Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris Oct. 18, 1961: European Social Charter Is Signed Feb., 1962: United Nations World Food Programme Is Established Oct. 11, 1962-Dec. 8, 1965: Second Vatican Council Meets 1964-1969: Leone Renovates the Western Film Genre July 16, 1965: Mont Blanc Tunnel Between France and Italy Opens Oct. 28, 1965: Paul VI Renounces the "Collective Guilt" of Jews in Christ's Death July 25, 1968: Roman Catholic Church Reaffirms Its Position Against Birth Control Dec., 1969: Birth of the European Monetary Union Project Feb. 10-Apr. 16, 1970: Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs Ivory Coast 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Japan July, 1937-Sept. 2, 1945: World War II: Pacific Theater Apr. 18, 1942: Doolittle Mission Bombs Tokyo June 15, 1944: Superfortress Bombing of Japan Oct. 20, 1944: Japan Orders Kamikaze Attacks Feb. 23, 1945: American Flag Is Raised at Iwo Jima Apr. 1-July 2, 1945: Okinawa Campaign Meets Stiff Japanese Resistance Apr. 18, 1945: War Correspondent Pyle Dies in Combat Aug. 6 and 9, 1945: Atomic Bombs Destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1946: British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes May 3, 1947: Japan Becomes a Constitutional Democracy May 3, 1947: Japanese Constitution Grants New Rights to Women Mar. 24-Apr. 11, 1951: Truman-MacArthur Confrontation Sept. 8, 1951: Treaty of Peace with Japan Is Signed in San Francisco Sept. 10, 1951: Kurosawa's Rashomon Wins the Grand Prize at Venice 1953: Morita Licenses Transistor Technology Apr., 1956: Minamata Bay Mercury Poisoning Begins to Claim Victims 1957: Sony Develops the Pocket-Sized Transistor Radio Jan. 15, 1958: Esaki Demonstrates Electron Tunneling in Semiconductors June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Dec. 12, 1968: Kawabata Wins the Nobel Prize in Literature Jordan Apr. 24, 1950: Jordan Annexes the West Bank Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members June 5-10, 1967: Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War Kenya Oct. 20, 1952-1957: Mau Mau Uprising Creates Havoc in Kenya Laos Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Dec. 9, 1960: Collapse of the Laotian Government Leads to Civil War Latin America 1944: Borges's Ficciones Transcends Traditional Realism Feb. 24, 1946: Perón Creates a Populist Political Alliance in Argentina Apr. 28-Aug. 7, 1947: Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Expedition Mar. 12-Apr. 19, 1948: Costa Rica Endures Its Bloodiest Civil War Apr. 9, 1948: La Violencia Begins in Colombia Apr. 30, 1948: Organization of American States Is Founded May 2, 1948: American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man Is Adopted Apr., 1952: Revolution Grips Bolivia May, 1954: Military Coup Begins Thirty-Five Years of Dictatorship in Paraguay June 18-27, 1954: United Fruit Company Instigates a Coup in Guatemala 1955-1970: Latin American Fiction "Boom" 1956: Wiesel's Night Recalls the Holocaust Apr. 18, 1956-Apr. 21, 1960: Brazil Builds a New Capital City Apr. 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America Aug. 12-18, 1959: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Is Created Nov. 17, 1959: Death of Villa-Lobos Apr., 1962: Brazil Nationalizes U.S. Businesses 1964-1970: Frei "Chileanizes" Chile's Copper Industry Nov. 3, 1964: Reformist Bolivian President Paz Estenssoro Is Toppled 1965: Anthropologists Claim That Ecuadorian Pottery Shows Transpacific Contact in 3000 b.c.e. May, 1967: García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude Is Published Oct. 9, 1967: Execution of Che Guevara Oct. 11, 1968: Omar Torrijos Ousts Arias in Panama Dec. 13, 1968: Brazil Begins Era of Intense Repression July 14-20, 1969: Soccer War Nov. 22, 1969: Inter-American Court of Human Rights Is Established May 31, 1970: Earthquake and Avalanche in Peru Kill More than Sixty Thousand People June 16, 1970: Trans-Amazon Highway Is Announced Sept. 4, 1970: Allende Wins a Close Election in Chile Lebanon June 11-Dec., 1958: Middle East Turmoil Leads to U.N. Action in Lebanon Libya Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Sept. 1, 1969: Military Takes Charge in Libya Luxembourg Dec. 16, 1944-Jan., 1945: Battle of the Bulge Jan. 1, 1948: Benelux Customs Union Enters into Force Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Sept. 10, 1952: Germany Agrees to Pay Reparations to Israel Dec., 1969: Birth of the European Monetary Union Project Madagascar 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Malawi Aug. 1, 1953-Dec. 31, 1963: Formation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Mar. 3, 1959: Nyasaland Independence Leader Banda Is Arrested by British Colonials Malaysia Aug. 8, 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed Mali 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Mauretania 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Mediterranean May 20-June 1, 1941: Germany Invades Crete Melanesia Aug. 7, 1942-Feb. 9, 1943: Battle of Guadalcanal July 6, 1943: Battle of Kula Gulf 1946: British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes Mexico Sept., 1944: Borlaug Begins Work on High-Yield Wheat 1965: U.S. and Mexican Companies Form Maquiladoras Oct. 2, 1968: Tlatelolco Massacre Stuns Mexico Micronesia July, 1937-Sept. 2, 1945: World War II: Pacific Theater Nov. 20, 1943-Nov. 27, 1944: Central Pacific Offensive June 12-20, 1944: Battle of the Philippine Sea 1951-1952: Teller and Ulam Develop the First Hydrogen Bomb Mar. 1, 1954: Nuclear Bombing of Bikini Atoll July 25, 1969: Nixon Doctrine Is Unveiled Middle East May 2-June 13, 1941: Anglo-Iraqi War Oct. 23-Nov. 3, 1942: Second Battle of El Alamein Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943: Tehran Conference Promotes Allied Cooperation in Iran Nov. 29, 1947-July, 1949: Arab-Israeli War Creates Refugee Crisis Apr. 26, 1948: Dead Sea Scrolls Are Unearthed May 14, 1948: Israel Is Created as a Homeland for Jews Apr. 24, 1950: Jordan Annexes the West Bank July 5, 1950: Israel Enacts the Law of Return Mar., 1951-Aug., 1953: Iran Nationalizes Its Oil Industry July 23, 1952: King Farouk of Egypt Is Overthrown Sept. 10, 1952: Germany Agrees to Pay Reparations to Israel July 19-20, 1956: Foreign Aid Is Withdrawn from Egypt's Aswan High Dam Project July 26, 1956: Egypt Attempts to Nationalize the Suez Canal Feb. 1, 1958: Syria and Egypt Form the United Arab Republic June 11-Dec., 1958: Middle East Turmoil Leads to U.N. Action in Lebanon July 14, 1958: Iraq's Monarchy Is Toppled 1960's: Kurds Suffer Genocide in Iraq Sept. 14, 1960: First OPEC Meeting 1961-1962: Al-Hakim Introduces Absurdism to the Arab Stage Apr. 11-Aug. 14, 1961: Eichmann Is Tried for War Crimes 1964: Israel Brings Water to the Negev Jan. 4-6, 1964: Paul VI Visits the Holy Land May 28, 1964: Palestinian Refugees Form the Palestine Liberation Organization Dec. 31, 1964-Jan. 7, 1965: Fatah Launches Its First Terrorist Strike on Israel Jan., 1966: Simons Identifies a 30-Million-Year-Old Primate Skull June 5-10, 1967: Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War June 8, 1967: Israel Attacks the USS Liberty Nov. 22, 1967: United Nations Security Council Adopts Resolution 242 Dec. 11, 1967: Habash founds the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine May 13, 1968: Proclamation of Tehran Sets Human Rights Goals Feb. 27, 1969: Hafez al-Assad Takes Control of Syria Mar. 17, 1969: Meir Becomes Prime Minister of Israel Sept. 25, 1969: Organization of the Islamic Conference Is Established Dec. 11, 1969: Arafat Becomes Chair of the Palestine Liberation Organization Sept. 28, 1970: Sadat Becomes President of Egypt Morocco Nov. 8, 1942: Invasion of North Africa Jan. 14-24, 1943: Casablanca Conference Sept. 25, 1969: Organization of the Islamic Conference Is Established Myanmar Oct. 25, 1943: Thai-Burma Railway Is Completed with Forced Labor Namibia Oct. 27, 1966: United Nations Revokes South African Mandate over South-West Africa Nepal May 29, 1953: Hillary and Tenzing Reach the Top of Mount Everest Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Netherlands Sept. 12, 1944: Allied Forces Begin the Battle for Germany Jan. 1, 1948: Benelux Customs Union Enters into Force Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe Aug. 22, 1948: World Council of Churches Is Formed Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed 1950: Oort Offers a Theory of Comets July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Jan. 31-Feb. 1, 1953: North Sea Flood Kills Nearly Two Thousand People in Holland Apr. 1, 1960: Consumers International Is Founded 1963: Audiocassette Is Introduced June 18-26, 1969: Pesticide Poisons the Rhine River Dec., 1969: Birth of the European Monetary Union Project New Zealand Sept. 1, 1951: Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Jan. 1, 1962: Western Samoa Gains Independence from New Zealand Niger 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Nigeria June 5, 1956: Oil Is Discovered in Nigeria 1960: Africa's Year of Independence May 30, 1967-Jan. 15, 1970: Biafra's Secession Triggers Nigerian Civil War North Africa Sept. 3, 1939-May 7, 1945: World War II: European Theater 1968-1973: Drought Extends the Reach of the Sahara Desert North America 1941: New Criticism Arises in American Universities 1941: Portable Aerosol Containers Are Introduced 1941: Shirer Examines the Rise of Nazi Ideology in Berlin Diary 1941-1945: 6.6 Million Women Enter the U.S. Labor Force 1941-1945: U.S. Censorship and War Propaganda During World War II Feb. 23, 1941: Seaborg and McMillan Make Plutonium Mar., 1941-Jan., 1943: Niebuhr Extols a Theory of Christian Realism Mar. 11, 1941: Roosevelt Signs the Lend-Lease Act May 1, 1941: Welles's Citizen Kane Breaks with Traditional Filmmaking May 2, 1941: FCC Licenses Commercial Television May 2, 1941: NBC Is Ordered to Divest Itself of a Radio Network June 2, 1941: Yankee Baseball Great Lou Gehrig Dies June 25, 1941: Roosevelt Bans Discrimination in Defense-Industry Employment Aug. 14, 1941: Atlantic Charter Declares a Postwar Right of Self-Determination Oct., 1941: Davies Reflects on His Post to Moscow in Mission to Moscow Oct. 3, 1941: The Maltese Falcon Establishes a New Style for Crime Films Oct. 31, 1941: Mount Rushmore National Memorial Is Completed Dec. 7, 1941: Canada Declares War on Japan Dec. 29-31, 1941: Churchill Visits Canada as World War II Ally 1942: International League for the Rights of Man is Founded Jan. 30, 1942: Roosevelt Signs the Emergency Price Control Act Feb. 19, 1942-1945: United States Interns Japanese Americans Feb. 24, 1942: Voice of America Begins Broadcasting Spring, 1942: Congress of Racial Equality Forms May 11, 1942: Faulkner Publishes Go Down, Moses June 17, 1942-July 16, 1945: United States Develops the First Nuclear Weapon Aug. 4, 1942: United States Begins the Bracero Program Oct., 1942: Lindeman's "The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology" Is Published Oct. 15, 1942-1961: Kazan Brings Naturalism to the Stage and Screen Oct. 16, 1942: Agnes de Mille Choreographs Rodeo Oct. 20, 1942: Peggy Guggenheim's Gallery Promotes New American Art Nov. 26, 1942: Casablanca Marks the Artistic Apex of 1940's War-Themed Films Nov. 28, 1942: Fire in Boston's Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Proves Deadly Dec. 2, 1942: Fermi Creates the First Controlled Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction 1943: Saroyan Offers a Compelling Story of Hope in The Human Comedy Mar. 15, 1943: Roosevelt Creates Jackson Hole National Monument Mar. 31, 1943: Oklahoma! Opens on Broadway Apr., 1943-1946: Eckert and Mauchly Develop the ENIAC Apr. 8, 1943-June 23, 1947: Inflation and Labor Unrest May 18-June 3, 1943: United Nations Holds Its First Conference on Food and Agriculture June 3-9, 1943: Zoot-Suit Riots Exemplify Ethnic Tensions in Los Angeles June 14, 1943: Supreme Court Rules That States Cannot Compel Flag Salutes June 20-21, 1943, and Aug. 1, 1943: Race Riots Erupt in Detroit and Harlem July 21, 1943: Stormy Weather Offers New Film Roles to African Americans Sept., 1943: Sinatra Establishes Himself as a Solo Performer Sept., 1943-Mar., 1944: Waksman Discovers the Antibiotic Streptomycin Sept. 8, 1943: Black Wednesday Demonstrates Dangers of Smog Oct., 1943: Alaska Highway Is Completed Nov. 4, 1943: World's First Nuclear Reactor Is Activated Dec. 17, 1943: Magnuson Act Repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act 1944: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Determine That DNA Carries Hereditary Information 1944-1957: Kelly Forges New Directions in Cinematic Dance 1944-1960: Sartre and Camus Give Dramatic Voice to Existential Philosophy Jan. 29, 1944: Kuiper Discovers That Titan Has an Atmosphere Apr. 3, 1944: Supreme Court Rules African American Disenfranchisement Unconstitutional Apr. 18, 1944: Robbins's Fancy Free Premieres Apr. 22, 1944: U.S. Highball Premieres in New York June 22, 1944: Roosevelt Signs the G.I. Bill July 1-22, 1944: Bretton Woods Agreement Encourages Free Trade Sept., 1944: Borlaug Begins Work on High-Yield Wheat Oct. 30, 1944: Graham Debuts Appalachian Spring with Copland Score Nov., 1944-Oct., 1948: Reber Publishes the First Radio Maps of the Galaxy Nov. 7, 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt Wins a Fourth Presidential Term Nov. 22, 1944: Canada Implements Conscription After Months of Crisis Nov. 29, 1944: Blalock and Taussig Perform the First "Blue Baby" Surgery Mid-1940's: First Modern Herbicide Is Introduced 1945: Billy Graham Becomes a Traveling Evangelist Jan., 1945: Arts and Architecture Magazine Initiates the Case Study Program Jan. 25, 1945: Fluoride Is Introduced into the U.S. Water Supply Mar. 12, 1945: Alcoa Is Convicted of Violating the Sherman Antitrust Act Mar. 15, 1945: Going My Way Wins Best Picture Apr. 25-June 26, 1945: United Nations Charter Convention Summer, 1945: Duggar Develops the First Tetracycline Antibiotic July 16, 1945: First Nuclear Bomb Is Detonated Sept. 28, 1945: Truman Proclamation on the Continental Shelf Dec. 28, 1945: War Brides Act 1946-1960: Hollywood Studio System Is Transformed 1946-1962: Westerns Dominate Postwar American Film Feb. 1, 1946: First U.N. Secretary-General Is Selected Feb. 20, 1946: Employment Act Mar. 5, 1946: Churchill Delivers His Iron Curtain Speech Mar. 28, 1946: Parker's Playing Epitomizes Bebop May 17-25, 1946: Truman Orders Seizure of the Railroads July 1, 1946: Canada's Citizenship Act Is Passed July 7, 1946: Mother Cabrini Becomes the First U.S. Citizen Canonized as a Saint July 16, 1946: Truman Creates the Bureau of Land Management July 22, 1946: World Health Organization Proclaims Health a Basic Human Right Aug., 1946: Hiroshima Recounts the Story of Surviving a Nuclear Explosion Aug. 1, 1946: Atomic Energy Commission Is Established Aug. 1, 1946: Congress Creates the Fulbright Program Oct. 3, 1946: Mahalia Jackson Begins Her Recording Career Nov., 1946: Physicists Develop the First Synchrocyclotron Nov. 9-Dec. 15, 1946: United Nations Admits Its First New Member States Nov. 13, 1946: First Cloud Seeding Heralds Weather Modification Nov. 20, 1946: First Performance by Balanchine and Kirstein's Ballet Society Dec. 2, 1946: International Whaling Commission Is Formed Dec. 11, 1946: UNICEF Is Established Dec. 12, 1946: Spain Is Denied Entrance into the United Nations Dec. 20, 1946: Capra Releases It's a Wonderful Life 1947: Construction Starts on Brookhaven Nuclear Reactor 1947: Lamb and Retherford Discover the Lamb Shift 1947: Simon Publishes Administrative Behavior 1947-1951: Blacklisting Depletes Hollywood's Talent Pool Feb. 21, 1947: Land Demonstrates the Polaroid Camera Mar. 12, 1947: Truman Doctrine Apr. 9-23, 1947: Congress of Racial Equality Holds Its Journey of Reconciliation Apr. 15, 1947: Robinson Breaks the Color Line in Major-League Baseball May 7, 1947: Construction of Levittown Is Announced June 23, 1947: Taft-Hartley Act Passes over Truman's Veto July, 1947: Great Books Foundation Is Established July 26, 1947: National Security Act Sept. 30-Oct. 6, 1947: NBC Broadcasts the Baseball World Series Oct. 14, 1947: Yeager Breaks the Sound Barrier Oct. 20, 1947: HUAC Investigates Hollywood Nov., 1947: First Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Is Discovered Dec. 23, 1947: Invention of the Transistor 1948: Fender Introduces the Broadcaster Guitar 1948: Mailer Publishes The Naked and the Dead 1948: Merton Publishes His Spiritual Autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain 1948: Morgenthau Advances Realist School of Power Politics 1948: Osborn Publishes Our Plundered Planet 1948: Roberts Starts the Healing Waters Ministry 1948: Simons Articulates the Chicago School of Public Policy 1948: Vogt's Road to Survival Warns of Overpopulation Feb., 1948: Paton Explores South Africa's Racial Divide in Cry, the Beloved Country Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe Apr. 19, 1948: ABC Begins Its Own Network Television Service May 3, 1948: Antitrust Rulings Force Film Studios to Divest Theaters May 25, 1948: General Motors and the UAW Introduce the COLA Clause June, 1948-1964: Variety Shows Dominate Television Programming June 3, 1948: Hale Constructs the 200-Inch Telescope June 8, 1948-Spring, 1953: "Mr. Television" Hosts the Texaco Star Theater June 30, 1948: First Water Pollution Control Act Is Passed July 8, 1948: Textron Initiates the Trend Toward Conglomeration July 26, 1948: Truman Orders Desegregation of U.S. Armed Forces Oct. 26-31, 1948: Pennsylvania Town Suffers Deadly Temperature Inversion Oct. 30, 1948: Gamow Develops the Big Bang Theory Nov. 2, 1948: Truman Is Elected President Nov. 15, 1948: St. Laurent Becomes Canadian Prime Minister Nov. 29, 1948-Aug. 31, 1957: Kukla, Fran, and Ollie Pioneers Children's Television Programming Dec. 9, 1948: United Nations Adopts Convention on Genocide Dec. 10, 1948: United Nations Adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Dec. 30, 1948: Porter Creates an Integrated Score for Kiss Me, Kate 1949: Community Antenna Television Is Introduced 1949: Diners Club Begins a New Industry Beginning 1949: Hanford Nuclear Reservation Becomes a Health Concern 1949: Leopold Publishes A Sand County Almanac 1949: X Rays from a Synchrotron Are First Used in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Jan. 21, 1949-Mar. 9, 1950: Davis Develops 1950's Cool Jazz Feb. 20, 1949: Pound Wins the Bollingen Prize Feb. 24, 1949: HERMES Builds the First Multistage Rocket Mar. 4, 1949: Libby Introduces the Carbon-14 Method of Dating Ancient Objects Mar. 31, 1949: Newfoundland Becomes Canada's Tenth Province June 11, 1949: Hank Williams Performs on The Grand Ole Opry Aug., 1949: First Electronic Stored-Program Computer Is Completed Aug. 3, 1949: National Basketball Association Is Formed Dec. 2, 1949: United Nations Convention Suppressing Human Trafficking Is Adopted Dec. 9, 1949: United Nations Creates an Agency to Aid Palestinian Refugees 1950's: Beat Generation Rejects Mainstream Values 1950's: Family Comedies on Television Rise in Popularity 1950's: Golden Age of Television 1950: Boyd Defines Human "Races" by Blood Groups 1950: Robinson's The Cardinal Tops Best-Seller List 1950: U.S. Government Encourages American Indians to Settle in Cities Feb. 16, 1950: AP Names Didrikson Woman Athlete of the Half Century Apr., 1950: Meteorologists Make the First Computerized Weather Prediction June, 1950: Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Introduced Aug. 10, 1950: Sunset Boulevard Premiers Sept., 1950: First Homeowner's Insurance Policies Are Offered Nov. 1, 1950: President Truman Escapes Assassination Attempt Nov. 3, 1950: United Nations General Assembly Passes the Uniting for Peace Resolution Nov. 29, 1950: National Council of Churches Is Formed Dec. 14, 1950: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statute Is Approved Dec. 29, 1950: Celler-Kefauver Act Amends Antitrust Legislation 1951: Hofstadter Discovers That Protons and Neutrons Have Structure 1951: Lipmann Discovers Coenzyme A 1951-1952: Teller and Ulam Develop the First Hydrogen Bomb Feb. 26, 1951: From Here to Eternity Wins Wide Readership Mar. 1, 1951: U.S. Presidents Are Limited to Two Terms Mar. 24-Apr. 11, 1951: Truman-MacArthur Confrontation Mar. 31, 1951: UNIVAC I Becomes the First Commercial Electronic Computer Apr., 1951: Tupper Adopts Home-Sales Strategy for Tupperware July 16, 1951: Young Readers Embrace The Catcher in the Rye Sept. 1, 1951: Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment Sept. 8, 1951: Treaty of Peace with Japan Is Signed in San Francisco Sept. 20, 1951: A Streetcar Named Desire Brings Method Acting to the Screen Sept. 30, 1951-Aug. 29, 1971: The Red Skelton Show Becomes a Landmark on Network Television Oct. 15, 1951-Sept. 24, 1961: I Love Lucy Dominates Television Comedy Oct. 22, 1951: Nature Conservancy Is Founded Oct. 22, 1951: United States Inaugurates Mutual Security Program Dec. 16, 1951: Dragnet Airs as the First Widely Popular Police Show Dec. 20, 1951: World's First Breeder Reactor Produces Electricity Dec. 24, 1951: Amahl and the Night Visitors Premieres on American Television 1952: Ellison's Invisible Man Is Published 1952: Peale Promotes the Power of Positive Thinking 1952: Tillich Examines Modern Anxiety in The Courage to Be 1952: Wilkins Introduces Reserpine for the Treatment of High Blood Pressure 1952-1956: Müller Develops the Field Ion Microscope Jan. 19, 1952: Day Publishes Her Autobiography, The Long Loneliness Feb. 12, 1952-1957, and 1961-1968: Sheen Entertains and Instructs on American Television Feb. 28, 1952: Massey Becomes Canada's First Native-Born Governor-General Apr. 8, 1952: Truman Orders Seizure of Steel Plants June 27, 1952: McCarran-Walter Act July 2, 1952: Salk Develops a Polio Vaccine July 24, 1952: Premier of High Noon Aug. 29, 1952: Cage's 4{sprime} 33{dprime} Premieres Fall, 1952: Hasbro Advertises Toys on Television Sept. 23, 1952: Marciano Wins His First Heavyweight Boxing Championship Nov., 1952: Brower Becomes Executive Director of the Sierra Club Nov. 4, 1952: Eisenhower Is Elected President Nov. 7, 1952: Rockefeller Founds the Population Council Dec., 1952: Rosenberg Defines "Action Painting" Dec. 12, 1952: Chalk River Nuclear Reactor Explosion and Meltdown Dec. 20, 1952: United Nations Convention on the Political Rights of Women Is Approved 1953: Keep America Beautiful Is Founded 1953: Morita Licenses Transistor Technology 1953: Skinner Develops the Behaviorist School of Psychology 1953-1955: Marilyn Monroe Climbs to Stardom 1953-1959: Liquid Bubble Chamber Is Developed Jan. 15, 1953-Dec. 2, 1954: McCarthy Hearings Jan. 22, 1953: The Crucible Allegorizes the Red Scare Era Apr., 1953: Fuller Builds First Industrial Geodesic Dome Apr. 10, 1953: Hammarskjöld Is Elected U.N. Secretary-General Apr. 23, 1953: Shane Premiers May 15, 1953: Miller Reports the Synthesis of Amino Acids June 19, 1953: Rosenbergs are Executed for Peacetime Espionage July 30, 1953: Congress Creates the Small Business Administration Aug. 1, 1953: Native Americans Lose Government Special Status Aug. 7, 1953: Refugee Relief Act Sept. 4, 1953: Aserinsky Discovers REM Sleep Sept. 16, 1953: Premiere of the First CinemaScope Film Oct. 5, 1953: Du Vigneaud Synthesizes the First Peptide Hormone Oct. 23, 1953-Sept. 4, 1956: United Nations Amends Its International Slavery Treaty Nov. 20, 1953: Test Aircraft Exceeds Twice the Speed of Sound 1954: Drucker Examines Managerial Roles 1954-1955: Jasper Johns Paints the American Flag Jan. 21, 1954: First Nuclear-Powered U.S. Submarine Is Launched Feb. 15, 1954: Canada and the United States Establish the DEW Line Feb. 18, 1954: Hubbard Founds the Church of Scientology Spring, 1954: Catton Wins a Pulitzer Prize for A Stillness at Appomattox Apr., 1954: ABC Makes a Landmark Deal with Disney Apr. 30, 1954: Barghoorn and Tyler Discover 2-Billion-Year-Old Microfossils Apr. 30, 1954: Wilkins and Kline Discover the First Tranquilizer for Psychosis May, 1954: Bell Scientists Develop the Photovoltaic Cell May 17, 1954: Supreme Court Ends Public School Segregation May 30, 1954: Taylor Establishes His Own Dance Company June 10, 1954: U.S. Government Program Begins Deporting Mexican Workers June 24, 1954: The Caine Mutiny Premiers July 10, 1954: Eisenhower Begins the Food for Peace Program July 17-18, 1954: First Newport Jazz Festival Is Held Aug. 16, 1954: U.S. Tax Laws Allow Accelerated Depreciation Aug. 30, 1954: Atomic Energy Act Sept. 27, 1954: The Tonight Show Becomes an American Institution Sept. 28, 1954: United Nations Drafts a Convention on Stateless Persons Nov. 22, 1954: Humane Society of the United States Is Established Mid-1950's: Li Isolates Human Growth Hormone Early 1955: Franklin and Burke Discover Radio Emissions from Jupiter 1955: Ochoa Creates Synthetic RNA 1955: O'Connor Publishes A Good Man Is Hard to Find Jan. 29, 1955: Formosa Resolution Is Signed into Law Mar. 2, 1955: McDonald's Fast Food Is Incorporated and Franchised Mar. 19, 1955: Poitier Emerges as a Film Star in The Blackboard Jungle Spring, 1955: Berry's "Maybellene" Popularizes Rock and Roll Mar. 30, 1955: On the Waterfront Wins Best Picture May, 1955-May, 1956: Presbyterian and Methodist Churches Approve Ordination of Women July 9, 1955-early 1960's: Scientists Campaign Against Nuclear Testing July 11, 1955: Air Force Academy Is Dedicated July 14, 1955: Congress Passes the Air Pollution Control Act July 17, 1955: Disneyland Amusement Park Opens Sept., 1955: First Full Edition of Dickinson's Poems Sept. 9, 1955-Sept. 18, 1959: United States Launches Vanguard Satellite Program Sept. 10, 1955: Debut of Gunsmoke Launches the Adult Western Drama Oct. 1, 1955-Sept., 1956: The Honeymooners Defines Situation Comedy Oct. 3, 1955: Captain Kangaroo Expands Children's Television Oct. 29, 1955: Dean Becomes a Legend in Rebel Without a Cause Nov., 1955: Buckley Founds National Review Magazine Nov. 29, 1955: Meltdown Occurs in the First Breeder Reactor Dec. 5, 1955: AFL and CIO Merge Dec. 5, 1955-Dec. 21, 1956: Montgomery Bus Boycott Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members 1956: Fromm Publishes The Art of Loving 1956: Mills Analyzes Political Power in the United States 1956-1957: Presley Becomes a Rock-and-Roll Sensation 1956-1962: Saarinen Designs Kennedy Airport's TWA Terminal Jan. 27, 1956-1966: Mission 66 Plan Is Implemented Mar. 13, 1956: Premier of The Searchers Apr. 11, 1956: Echo Park Dam Proposal Is Defeated June 27, 1956: Congress Amends the Water Pollution Control Act Oct., 1956: Joffrey Founds His Ballet Company Oct. 8, 1956: First Two-Story, Fully Enclosed Shopping Mall Opens Oct. 8, 1956: Larsen Pitches a Perfect Game in Baseball's World Series Nov. 7, 1956: Long Day's Journey into Night Revives O'Neill's Reputation Late 1950's: Firms Begin Replacing Skilled Laborers with Automated Tools 1957: Sabin Develops the Oral Polio Vaccine Jan. 5, 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine Jan. 10, 1957: SCLC Forms to Link Civil Rights Groups Feb.-Aug., 1957: Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer Explain Superconductivity Apr., 1957: IBM Develops the FORTRAN Computer Language June 10, 1957-Feb. 5, 1963: Diefenbaker Serves as Canadian Prime Minister Aug., 1957: Price-Anderson Act Limits Nuclear Liability Sept. 4, 1957: Ford Introduces the Edsel Sept. 9, 1957: Congress Creates the Commission on Civil Rights Fall, 1957: Brooklyn Dodgers Move to Los Angeles Fall, 1957: Ford Foundation Begins to Fund Nonprofit Theaters Sept. 25, 1957: Eisenhower Sends Troops to Little Rock, Arkansas Sept. 26, 1957: Bernstein Joins Symphonic and Jazz Elements in West Side Story Oct. 14, 1957-Dec. 10, 1963: Dyna-Soar Space Plane Is Developed Nov. 15, 1957: Cousins Founds SANE Dec. 2, 1957: First U.S. Commercial Nuclear Plant Opens Dec. 5, 1957: AFL-CIO Expels the Teamsters Union Dec. 19, 1957: Willson's The Music Man Presents Musical Americana 1958: Burdick and Lederer Explore the Image of the "Ugly American" 1958: Congress Sets Standards for Chemical Additives in Food 1958: Galbraith Critiques the Creation of a Society of Mass Consumption 1958-1959: Seven of the Top Ten Television Series Are Westerns Jan. 31, 1958: United States Launches Its First Orbiting Satellite Mar. 30, 1958: Ailey Founds His Dance Company May 12, 1958: Canada and the United States Create NORAD Summer, 1958: Hula Hoop Is Marketed July 26, 1958: Van Allen Discovers the Earth's Radiation Belts July 29, 1958: Congress Creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Aug. 21, 1958: Congress Gives Tax Breaks to Financiers of Small Businesses Oct. 11, 1958: Pioneer Space Program Is Launched Oct. 26, 1958: Boeing 707 Begins Commercial Service Nov., 1958: Parker Predicts the Existence of the Solar Wind Dec. 3, 1958: Deep Space Network Begins Early 1959: Radio Astronomers Transmit Radar Signals to and from the Sun 1959: Drury Sets a Novel of Political Intrigue in Washington, D.C. 1959: Mattingly Documents the Spanish Armada Jan., 1959: First Successful Synthesizer Is Completed Jan., 1959: Gordy Founds Motown Records Jan. 3 and Aug. 21, 1959: Alaska and Hawaii Gain Statehood Mar. 11, 1959: Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun Debuts on Broadway Mar. 28, 1959: Some Like It Hot Premieres Apr., 1959-Nov. 15, 1966: NASA Launches Project Gemini June 8, 1959-Dec. 31, 1968: X-15 Rocket Aircraft Program June 26, 1959: St. Lawrence Seaway Opens Sept. 12, 1959-Jan. 16, 1973: Bonanza Becomes an American Television Classic Sept. 14, 1959: Landrum-Griffin Act Targets Union Corruption Oct. 21, 1959: Wright-Designed Guggenheim Museum Opens Nov. 20, 1959: United Nations Adopts the Declaration of the Rights of the Child Dec. 17, 1959: Hopper Invents the Computer Language COBOL Early 1960's: Sperry Discovers That Sides of the Human Brain Can Function Independently 1960's: Cubans Flee to Florida and Receive Assistance 1960's: Mumford Warns of the Dangers of Growing Cities 1960's: Service Economy Emerges in the United States 1960's: Situation Comedies Dominate Television Programming 1960's: Sixties Culture in the United States Rediscovers the Works of Hesse 1960's: SoHo Emerges as a Center for Contemporary Art 1960: Hess Identifies the Cause of Continental Drift 1960: Mössbauer Effect Is Used to Detect Gravitational Redshifting 1960: Quebec Sovereignist Movement Begins Feb. 1-July 25, 1960: Greensboro Sit-Ins Spring, 1960: Scientists Develop a Technique to Date Ancient Obsidian Apr. 1-June 14, 1960: TIROS 1 Becomes the First Experimental Weather Reconnaissance Satellite Apr. 4, 1960: Ben-Hur Wins Best Picture May 6, 1960: Civil Rights Act of 1960 June, 1960: Oró Detects the Formation of Adenine from Cyanide Solution June 12, 1960: Congress Passes the Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act June 16, 1960: Psycho Becomes Hitchcock's Most Famous Film June 23, 1960: FDA Approves the Birth Control Pill July, 1960: Invention of the Laser July 11, 1960: Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird Calls for Social Justice July 12, 1960: Hazardous Substances Labeling Act Is Signed Aug. 4, 1960: Canadian Bill of Rights Prohibits Sex Discrimination Aug. 12, 1960: First Passive Communications Satellite Is Launched Sept. 13, 1960: Radio's Payola Scandal Sept. 30, 1960: The Flintstones Popularizes Prime-Time Cartoons Nov. 8, 1960: Kennedy Is Elected President Early 1961: Disposable Diapers Are Introduced to U.S. Market 1961: Catch-22 Illustrates Antiwar Sentiment 1961: Esslin Publishes The Theatre of the Absurd 1961: Horsfall Detects the Link Between Cancer and Altered DNA 1961: Percy Begins His Literary Career with The Moviegoer 1961: Stone Documents the Life of Michelangelo Jan. 17, 1961: Eisenhower Warns of the Military-Industrial Complex Jan. 24, 1961: The American Dream Establishes Albee as the Voice of Pessimism Feb. 20, 1961: Negotiable Certificate of Deposit Is Introduced Feb. 23, 1961-Mar. 24, 1965: Ranger Program Feb. 24, 1961: National Council of Churches Supports Birth Control Mar. 1, 1961: Peace Corps Is Founded Mar. 29, 1961: District of Columbia Receives Representation in Presidential Elections May 5, 1961: United States Places Its First Astronaut in Space May 22, 1961: U.S. Supreme Court Orders Du Pont to Disburse GM Holdings June 1, 1961: Heinlein Publishes Stranger in a Strange Land Summer, 1961: Nirenberg Cracks the Genetic Code Oct., 1961: Webster's Third New International Dictionary Oct. 3, 1961-June 1, 1966: The Dick Van Dyke Show Popularizes Situation Comedy Nov. 3, 1961: Agency for International Development Is Established Nov. 14, 1961: Kennedy Expands U.S. Involvement in Vietnam Dec. 10, 1961: Calvin Wins the Nobel Prize for His Work on Photosynthesis 1962: Bookchin Warns of Health Hazards of Artificial Environments 1962: Gibbons Publishes Stalking the Wild Asparagus 1962: Kuhn Explores Paradigm Shifts in Scientific Thought 1962-1965: Council of Federated Organizations Registers African American to Vote Feb. 4, 1962: St. Jude Children's Hospital Opens Feb. 14 and 18, 1962: Jacqueline Kennedy Leads a Televised Tour of the White House Feb. 20, 1962: Glenn Becomes the First American to Orbit Earth Mar. 2, 1962: Chamberlain Scores 100 Points In a Professional Basketball Game Mar. 26, 1962-Feb. 17, 1964: Supreme Court Requires Population to Determine Voting Districts June 18-19, 1962: Discovery of the First X-Ray Source Outside the Solar System July 10, 1962: First Commercial Communications Satellite Is Launched Aug. 27, 1962-Jan. 2, 1963: Mariner 2 Becomes the First Spacecraft to Study Venus Sept. 27, 1962: Carson Publishes Silent Spring Sept. 28, 1962: Canada Becomes the Third Nation to Orbit a Satellite Sept. 30, 1962, and Sept. 16, 1965: Chávez and Huerta Form Farm Workers' Union and Lead Grape Pickers' Strike Oct. 1, 1962: Meredith Registers at the University of Mississippi Oct. 10, 1962: Thalidomide Tragedy Prompts Passage of the Kefauver-Harris Amendment 1963: Arendt Speculates on the Banality of Evil 1963: Baldwin Voices Black Rage in The Fire Next Time 1963: Schmidt Identifies Quasars 1963: Udall Publishes The Quiet Crisis 1963: Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle Expresses 1960's Alienation 1963-1965: Crisis in U.N. Financing Emerges Over Peacekeeping Expenses 1963-1965: Penzias and Wilson Discover Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Jan., 1963-1965: Beatles Revolutionize Popular Music Jan. 29, 1963: Professional Football Names First Inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame Feb., 1963-1968: Minimalism Emphasizes Objects as Art Mar. 18, 1963: Supreme Court Establishes Defendants' Right to an Attorney Apr. 3-May 8, 1963: Civil Rights Protesters Attract International Attention Apr. 8, 1963: Lawrence of Arabia Wins Best Picture Apr. 22, 1963: Pearson Becomes Canada's Prime Minister June 10, 1963: Congress Passes the Equal Pay Act June 17, 1963: Supreme Court Limits Bible Reading in Public Schools June 20, 1963: Hotline Is Adopted Between the United States and the Soviet Union Aug., 1963: Lasers Are First Used in Eye Surgery Aug. 28, 1963: King Delivers His "I Have a Dream" Speech Sept. 13, 1963: Controversial Glen Canyon Dam Is Completed Oct. 31, 1963: People with Mental Disabilities and Illnesses Assisted by Federal Act Nov. 20, 1963: United Nations Condemns Racial Discrimination Nov. 22, 1963: President Kennedy Is Assassinated Dec. 9, 1963: Studebaker Announces Plans to Abandon U.S. Auto Production Dec. 12, 1963: General Public Utilities Announces Plans for a Commercial Nuclear Reactor Dec. 17, 1963: Clean Air Act Grants Federal Authority to Regulate Air Pollution 1964: Gell-Mann and Zweig Advance Quark Theory 1964: McLuhan Probes the Impact of Mass Media on Society 1964: Plastic IUD Developed for Birth Control 1964: Riley Completes In C 1964-1969: Lady Bird Johnson Begins the America Beautiful Program 1964-1972: Marcuse Publishes Foundational New Left Works Jan. 8, 1964: Johnson Announces War on Poverty Jan. 16, 1964: Hoffa Negotiates a National Trucking Agreement Jan. 23, 1964: Poll Taxes Are Outlawed Jan. 30, 1964-1971: Kubrick Becomes a Film-Industry Leader Feb. 25, 1964: Clay Defeats Liston to Gain World Heavyweight Boxing Title Feb. 26, 1964: Kennedy-Johnson Tax Cuts Stimulate the U.S. Economy Spring, 1964: Sara Lee Opens an Automated Factory Mar. 24, 1964: Dutchman Dramatizes Racial Hatred Apr. 6, 1964: Confirmation of Asbestos Hazards Sparks Widespread Litigation Apr. 17, 1964: Ford Introduces the Mustang May 1, 1964: Kemeny and Kurtz Develop the BASIC Computer Language May 29, 1964: Great Swamp Wildlife Refuge Is Dedicated Summer, 1964: Reston, Virginia, Exemplifies the Planned Community June 21-22, 1964: Three Civil Rights Workers Are Murdered July 2, 1964: Congress Passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964 July 17, 1964: Congress Passes the Water Resources Research Act July 20, 1964-Oct., 1965: Navy Conducts Sealab Expeditions Sept., 1964: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Is Published Sept. 2, 1964: Johnson Signs the Interest Equalization Tax Act Sept. 3, 1964: Wilderness Act Is Passed Sept. 14, 1964: Berkeley Free Speech Movement Begins Sept. 15, 1964-June 2, 1969: Peyton Place Brings Serial Drama to Nighttime Television Sept. 19, 1964-Dec. 31, 1970: Congress Establishes the Public Land Law Review Commission Nov. 3, 1964: Johnson Is Elected President Nov. 21, 1964: Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Opens Dec. 10, 1964: King Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 14, 1964: Supreme Court Prohibits Racial Discrimination in Public Accommodations 1965: Bookchin Publishes Crisis in Our Cities 1965: U.S. and Mexican Companies Form Maquiladoras Feb. 21, 1965: Assassination of Malcolm X Mar. 2, 1965: The Sound of Music Captivates Audiences Mar. 21-25, 1965: Selma-Montgomery March May 18, 1965: Head Start Is Established to Aid Poor Children June, 1965: Michener's Best Seller The Source Explores Jewish History June 7, 1965: Supreme Court Rules that States Cannot Ban Contraceptives in Griswold v. Connecticut July 14, 1965-Aug. 5, 1969: Mariner Missions Conduct Mars Flybys July 25, 1965: Dylan Performs with Electric Instruments July 26 and Sept. 24, 1965: Rolling Stones Release Out of Our Heads July 30, 1965: Johnson Signs the Medicare and Medicaid Amendments Aug., 1965: Congress Limits the Use of Highway Billboards Aug. 6, 1965: Congress Passes the Voting Rights Act Aug. 11-17, 1965: Watts Riot Aug. 12, 1965: Five States Take Steps to Halt Lake Erie Pollution Sept. 8, 1965-July 29, 1970: Delano Grape Strike Sept. 15, 1965: I Spy Debuts to Controversy Sept. 24, 1965: Affirmative Action Is Expanded Sept. 29, 1965: National Endowment for the Arts Is Established Oct. 2, 1965: Congress Strengthens Water Laws Oct. 3, 1965: Hart-Celler Act Reforms U.S. Immigration Law Oct. 20, 1965: Congress Passes the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act Oct. 20, 1965: Solid Waste Disposal Act Is Passed Nov., 1965: The Autobiography of Malcolm X Is Published Nov. 4, 1965: Doell and Dalrymple Discover the Magnetic Reversals of Earth's Poles Nov. 9-10, 1965: Power Failure Blacks Out New York City and the Northeast Nov. 29, 1965: Nader Launches the Consumer Rights Movement Dec. 15, 1965: Gemini VI and VII Complete an Orbital Rendezvous Dec. 29, 1965: Scenic Hudson Case Stops Storm King Power Plant 1966: Ardrey Argues That Humans Are Naturally Territorial 1966-1975: Mandelbrot Develops Non-Euclidean Fractal Measures Jan. 1, 1966: Federal Law Requires Cigarette Warning Labels Mar. 2, 1966: Goldman's The Lion in Winter Premieres Mar. 15, 1966: Brown Introduces Funk Music May 30, 1966-Feb. 21, 1968: Surveyor Program Prepares NASA for Piloted Moon Landings June 8, 1966: NFL-AFL Merger Creates a Sports-Industry Giant June 13, 1966: Police Required to Inform Arrested Persons of Their Rights Aug. 10, 1966: Lunar Orbiter 1 Sends Photographs of the Moon's Surface Aug. 24, 1966: Animal Welfare Act Regulates Research Using Animals Sept. 15, 1966: Warhol's Underground Film The Chelsea Girls Finds Mainstream Audience Sept. 28, 1966: Breuer Designs a Building for the Whitney Museum Oct. 15, 1966: Black Panther Party Is Organized Oct. 15, 1966: Congress Passes the Endangered Species Preservation Act Oct. 29-30, 1966: National Organization for Women Forms to Protect Women's Rights Dec. 16, 1966: United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Is Adopted Dec. 19, 1966: Canada Implements Its National Health Plan Early 1967: Davis Constructs a Solar Neutrino Detector 1967: Favaloro Develops the Artery Bypass Surgery 1967-1970: Floppy Disks Are Developed for Computer Data Storage 1967-1973: Development of Very Long Baseline Interferometry Jan. 10, 1967: Brooke Becomes the First African American U.S. Senator Since Reconstruction Jan. 15, 1967: National Football League Holds Its First Super Bowl Feb. 23, 1967: Constitution Provides for the Incapacity of the President Mar. 10, 1967: White Explores the Judeo-Christian Roots of Environmental Problems Apr. 11, 1967: Supreme Court Rules Against a Procter & Gamble Merger Apr. 28, 1967: McDonnell and Douglas Aircraft Companies Merge Apr. 28-Oct. 27, 1967: Expo 67 Features Innovative Architecture May, 1967: Greenhouse Effect Is First Predicted June, 1967: Beatles Release Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band June, 1967: Scientists Debate the Addition of Antibiotics to Animal Feed June 16-18, 1967: Monterey Pop Festival Inaugurates the "Summer of Love" July 1, 1967: United States Joins the International Biological Program July 4, 1967: Freedom of Information Act Goes Into Effect July 5, 1967: AT&T Is Ordered to Reduce Charges July 23-July 30, 1967: Race Rioting Erupts in Detroit Aug.-Sept., 1967: Kornberg and Colleagues Synthesize Biologically Active DNA Sept., 1967: Environmental Defense Fund Is Founded Sept. 9, 1967-May 14, 1973: Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In Satirizes Social Upheaval Oct. 2, 1967: Marshall Becomes the First African American Supreme Court Justice Nov., 1967: Zero Population Growth Movement Begins Nov. 7, 1967: United Nations Issues a Declaration on Equality for Women Nov. 16, 1967: Barghoorn and Colleagues Find Amino Acids in 3-Billion-Year-Old Rocks Dec. 15, 1967: Congress Enacts the Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1968: Canada Establishes the Experimental Lakes Area 1968: Friedman, Kendell, and Taylor Discover Quarks 1968: Glaser Proposes an Orbiting Solar Power Station 1968: Huntington Examines Processes of Change in Developing Countries 1968: Mitchell and Shook Found the Dance Theatre of Harlem 1968: The Population Bomb Is Published Jan. 1, 1968: Johnson Restricts Direct Foreign Investment Jan. 2, 1968: Congress Enacts the Bilingual Education Act Feb., 1968: Kerner Commission Explores the Causes of Civil Disorders Feb. 16, 1968: First 911 Call in the United States Is Made Mar., 1968: Alaskan Oil Discovery Sparks Controversy Spring, 1968: Wheeler Refers to Collapsed Stars as "Black Holes" Apr. 4, 1968: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Apr. 11, 1968: Fair Housing Act Outlaws Discrimination in Housing Apr. 11, 1968: Indian Civil Rights Act Is Passed Apr. 23, 1968: United Methodist Church Is Formed Apr. 29, 1968: Radical Musical Hair Opens on Broadway May 29, 1968: Congress Passes the Consumer Credit Protection Act June 5, 1968: Robert F. Kennedy Is Assassinated June 17, 1968: Supreme Court Upholds Ban on Housing Discrimination June 25, 1968-June 30, 1984: Trudeau Serves as Canadian Prime Minister July 21, 1968: Congress Acts to Control Noise Pollution Aug. 12, 1968: Congress Passes the Architectural Barriers Act Aug. 18, 1968: Wholesome Poultry Products Act Is Passed Aug. 24-30, 1968: Chicago Riots Mar the Democratic National Convention Sept. 17, 1968: Carroll Becomes the First African American Woman to Star as a Non-domestic on Television Sept. 24, 1968: 60 Minutes Becomes the First Televised Newsmagazine Oct. 2, 1968: Johnson Establishes North Cascades National Park Oct. 2, 1968: Tlatelolco Massacre Stuns Mexico Oct. 2, 1968: Wild and Scenic Rivers and Trails System Acts Are Passed Oct. 18, 1968: Lauren Creates the Polo Clothing Line Nov., 1968, and Jan., 1970: The Whole Earth Catalog and Mother Earth News Appear Nov. 5, 1968: Chisholm Becomes the First African American Woman Elected to Congress Nov. 5, 1968: Nixon Is Elected President Nov. 26, 1968: Statutes of Limitations Are Rendered Inapplicable to War Crimes Dec. 13, 1968: Hardin Argues for Population Control 1969: German Measles Vaccine Is Developed 1969: Halberstam Reflects on American Involvement in Vietnam in The Best and the Brightest 1969: Parents Anonymous Is Established to Treat Abusive Parents 1969: Puzo Chronicles Organized Crime in The Godfather 1969: Roth Publishes Portnoy's Complaint Jan. 20, 1969: Sierra Club Helps Block Dams on the Colorado River Jan. 28, 1969: Offshore Oil Well Spill Blankets Santa Barbara Coastline Feb. 8, 1969: The Saturday Evening Post Publishes Its Final Issue Mar. 4, 1969: Union of Concerned Scientists Is Founded May, 1969: Brower Forms Friends of the Earth May 5, 1969: Russell Retires as the Celtics Take An Eleventh NBA Title June 22, 1969: Polluted Cuyahoga River Bursts into Flames June 23, 1969: Supreme Court Extends Protection Against Double Jeopardy June 27-July 2, 1969: Stonewall Rebellion Ignites Modern Lesbian and Gay Rights Movement July 9, 1969: Canada's Official Languages Act July 14, 1969: Easy Rider Captures the Spirit of 1960's Youth July 20, 1969: First Humans Land on the Moon Aug., 1969: Davis Introduces Jazz-Rock Fusion Aug. 8, 1969: First Use of Bubble Memory in Computers Aug. 15-18, 1969: Woodstock Music Festival Marks the Climax of 1960's Youth Culture Aug. 17-18, 1969: Hurricane Camille Devastates the U.S. Gulf Coast Sept. 3, 1969: Congress Begins Hearings on Overspending for the C-5A Galaxy Oct. 5, 1969-Mar. 29, 1970: The Forsyte Saga Anticipates the Television Miniseries Oct. 10, 1969: National Institute of Mental Health Report "Normalizes" Homosexuality Oct. 15, 1969: Canada Announces Ban on Hunting Baby Seals Oct. 20, 1969: Pittsburgh Residents Form the Group Against Smog and Pollution Oct. 21, 1969: Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Banned from U.S. Consumer Markets Nov. 10, 1969: Sesame Street Revolutionizes Children's Programming Nov. 19-20, 1969: Apollo 12 Mission Marks Second Moon Landing Nov. 20, 1969-June 11, 1971: American Indians Occupy Alcatraz Island Nov. 20, 1969-Dec. 31, 1972: DDT Ban Signals New Environmental Awareness Nov. 22, 1969: Inter-American Court of Human Rights Is Established Dec. 13, 1969: First Jumbo Jet Is Delivered to Airlines Dec. 30, 1969: Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act Is Approved 1970: Reich Publishes The Greening of America 1970-1971: U.S. Voting Age Is Lowered to Eighteen Jan. 1, 1970: National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Is Signed Jan. 16, 1970: Flood Tests Baseball's Reserve Clause Jan. 25, 1970: M*A*S*H Satirizes Warfare Feb., 1970: Natural Resources Defense Council Is Founded Feb. 4, 1970: Patton's Historical Realism Leads to Best Picture and Actor Awards Mar. 31, 1970: Canada Bans Commercial Fishing in Lakes St. Clair and Erie Apr. 1, 1970: Cigarette Ads Are Banned From Broadcast Media Apr. 3, 1970: Congress Mandates Oil-Spill Liabilities and Penalties Apr. 11-17, 1970: Apollo 13 Crew Survives On-Board Explosion Apr. 22, 1970: First Earth Day Is Celebrated Apr. 26, 1970: Broadway's First "Concept" Musical Premiers May 4, 1970: Kent State Massacre July, 1970: Future Shock Explores the Impact of Change Aug., 1970: Congress Ratifies the National Council on Indian Opportunity Sept. 19, 1970-Sept. 3, 1977: The Mary Tyler Moore Show Examines Women's Roles Oct., 1970: Pollution Fears Prompt Invention of Phosphate-Free Detergent Oct. 5, 1970: Public Broadcasting Service Airs Its First Program Oct. 15, 1970: Congress Passes the RICO Act Oct. 16, 1970-Apr. 30, 1971: Canada Invokes War Measures Act Against Quebec Separatists Oct. 26, 1970: Congress Passes the Fair Credit Reporting Act Oct. 26, 1970: Resource Recovery Act Is Passed Oct. 30, 1970: Congress Creates Amtrak to Save Passenger Rail Service Nov. 17, 1970-Mar. 29, 1971: Calley Is Court-Martialed for My Lai Massacre Dec. 2, 1970: Environmental Protection Agency Is Created Dec. 4, 1970: Chávez Is Jailed for Organizing a National Lettuce Boycott Dec. 7, 1970: United Nations Volunteers Program Is Established Dec. 10, 1970: Borlaug Receives the Nobel Prize for His Work on World Hunger Dec. 15, 1970: New Mexico's Blue Lake Region Is Returned to the Taos Pueblo Dec. 28, 1970: Family Planning Services and Population Research Act Extends Reproductive Rights Dec. 29, 1970: Nixon Signs the Occupational Safety and Health Act Dec. 31, 1970: Congress Amends the Clean Air Act Dec. 31, 1970: Congress Approves the Mining and Minerals Act North Atlantic Mar. 1, 1941: United States Enters the Battle of the Atlantic May 26-27, 1941: Sinking of the German Battleship Bismarck North Korea June 25, 1950-July 27, 1953: Korean War Dec. 1, 1950: United Nations Korean Relief Agency Is Formed Jan. 23, 1968: North Korea Seizes the USS Pueblo Norway Oct. 24, 1945: Norwegians Execute Nazi Collaborator Quisling Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed 1950's--mid-1960's: Acid Rain Changes Lake and Riverine Ecology July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Dec. 10, 1951: Jouhaux Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 10, 1953: Schweitzer Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 10, 1958: Pire Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Dec. 10, 1961: Lutuli Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 10, 1964: King Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 10, 1968: Cassin Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 10, 1969: International Labor Organization Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 10, 1970: Borlaug Receives the Nobel Prize for His Work on World Hunger Nyasaland Aug. 1, 1953-Dec. 31, 1963: Formation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Mar. 3, 1959: Nyasaland Independence Leader Banda Is Arrested by British Colonials Sept. 18, 1961: United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld Dies in a Plane Crash Pacific July, 1937-Sept. 2, 1945: World War II: Pacific Theater Dec. 7, 1941: Bombing of Pearl Harbor May 7-8, 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea June 3-5, 1942: Battle of Midway Aug. 7, 1942-Feb. 9, 1943: Battle of Guadalcanal July 6, 1943: Battle of Kula Gulf Nov. 20, 1943-Nov. 27, 1944: Central Pacific Offensive June 12-20, 1944: Battle of the Philippine Sea 1946: British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes Apr. 28-Aug. 7, 1947: Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Expedition 1951-1952: Teller and Ulam Develop the First Hydrogen Bomb Sept. 1, 1951: Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment Mar. 1, 1954: Nuclear Bombing of Bikini Atoll Jan. 1, 1962: Western Samoa Gains Independence from New Zealand July 25, 1969: Nixon Doctrine Is Unveiled Pakistan Aug. 15, 1947: India Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Oct. 27, 1947-Dec. 31, 1948: India and Pakistan Clash over Kashmir Beginning 1962: Kahn Blends Architecture and Urban Planning in Dacca Sept. 20, 1965-Mar. 22, 1966: India-Pakistan Conflict Prompts U.N. Peacekeeping Response Nov. 12, 1970: Bhola Cyclone Devastates East Pakistan Palestine Nov. 29, 1947-July, 1949: Arab-Israeli War Creates Refugee Crisis Apr. 26, 1948: Dead Sea Scrolls Are Unearthed May 14, 1948: Israel Is Created as a Homeland for Jews Apr. 24, 1950: Jordan Annexes the West Bank July 5, 1950: Israel Enacts the Law of Return 1964: Israel Brings Water to the Negev Jan. 4-6, 1964: Paul VI Visits the Holy Land May 28, 1964: Palestinian Refugees Form the Palestine Liberation Organization Dec. 31, 1964-Jan. 7, 1965: Fatah Launches Its First Terrorist Strike on Israel June 5-10, 1967: Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War Nov. 22, 1967: United Nations Security Council Adopts Resolution 242 Dec. 11, 1967: Habash founds the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Sept. 25, 1969: Organization of the Islamic Conference Is Established Dec. 11, 1969: Arafat Becomes Chair of the Palestine Liberation Organization Panama Oct. 11, 1968: Omar Torrijos Ousts Arias in Panama Paraguay May, 1954: Military Coup Begins Thirty-Five Years of Dictatorship in Paraguay Apr. 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America Peru Apr. 28-Aug. 7, 1947: Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Expedition Apr. 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America May 31, 1970: Earthquake and Avalanche in Peru Kill More than Sixty Thousand People Philippines Dec. 7, 1941: Japan Begins Attacks on Southeast Asia Dec. 10, 1941-May, 1942: Japan Invades the Philippines Oct. 20, 1944: Japan Orders Kamikaze Attacks Oct. 23-26, 1944: Battle for Leyte Gulf Oct. 29, 1945-Feb. 23, 1946: Japanese General Yamashita Is Convicted of War Crimes July 4, 1946: Philippines Regains Its Independence Sept. 8, 1954: SEATO Is Founded 1964: Green Revolution Dec. 4, 1965: Asian Development Bank Is Chartered Aug. 8, 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed Poland Aug. 9, 1942: Stein Is Killed by the Nazis 1943-1948: Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe Apr. 19-May 16, 1943: Warsaw Ghetto Armed Uprising Against Nazis Jan. 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Sept. 25, 1953-Oct. 26, 1956: Polish Communist Government Arrests the Primate of Poland May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed July 4, 1958: Karol Wojty{lstrok}a Is Named Poland's Youngest Bishop Polynesia July, 1937-Sept. 2, 1945: World War II: Pacific Theater Dec. 7, 1941: Bombing of Pearl Harbor June 3-5, 1942: Battle of Midway Apr. 28-Aug. 7, 1947: Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Expedition Sept. 1, 1951: Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment Jan. 1, 1962: Western Samoa Gains Independence from New Zealand Portugal Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Sept. 27, 1968: Caetano Becomes Prime Minister of Portugal Rhodesia Aug. 1, 1953-Dec. 31, 1963: Formation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Mar. 3, 1959: Nyasaland Independence Leader Banda Is Arrested by British Colonials Sept. 18, 1961: United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld Dies in a Plane Crash Apr. 28, 1966: Southern Rhodesian Freedom Fighters Begin Toppling White Supremacist Government Romania 1943-1948: Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe Jan. 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Dec. 9, 1967: Ceau{scedil}escu Is Elected President of Romania Rwanda Nov., 1959: Rwandan Hutus Overthrow Tutsi Monarchy Senegal 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Singapore Aug. 8, 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed Somalia 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Oct. 21, 1969: Somali Democracy Ends in a Military Coup South Africa Feb., 1948: Paton Explores South Africa's Racial Divide in Cry, the Beloved Country June 21, 1951: South Africa Begins Separate Development System June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Dec. 10, 1961: Lutuli Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Aug. 18, 1964: South Africa Is Banned from the Olympic Games Dec. 2, 1967: Barnard Performs the First Human Heart Transplant Mar. 21, 1960: Sharpeville Massacre Focuses Global Awareness on Apartheid South Asia 1943-1944: Famine Decimates Bengal Aug. 15, 1947: India Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Oct. 27, 1947-Dec. 31, 1948: India and Pakistan Clash over Kashmir Jan. 30, 1948: Gandhi Is Assassinated Feb. 4, 1948: Ceylon Becomes an Independent Dominion Sept. 12, 1948: India Invades Hyderabad State Nov. 26, 1949: Indian Government Bans Discrimination Against Untouchables Oct. 7, 1950: Mother Teresa Founds the Missionaries of Charity 1951-1963: Le Corbusier Designs and Builds Chandigarh 1955-1956: Indian Parliament Approves Women's Rights Legislation Feb., 1961: Tamils Protest Discrimination in Ceylon Beginning 1962: Kahn Blends Architecture and Urban Planning in Dacca Sept. 20, 1965-Mar. 22, 1966: India-Pakistan Conflict Prompts U.N. Peacekeeping Response Jan. 24, 1966: Gandhi Serves as India's First Female Prime Minister Nov. 12, 1970: Bhola Cyclone Devastates East Pakistan South Korea July 20, 1948: Rhee Is Elected President of South Korea June 25, 1950-July 27, 1953: Korean War Dec. 1, 1950: United Nations Korean Relief Agency Is Formed Mar. 24-Apr. 11, 1951: Truman-MacArthur Confrontation May 1, 1954: Moon Founds the Unification Church South Pacific July, 1937-Sept. 2, 1945: World War II: Pacific Theater May 7-8, 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea Aug. 7, 1942-Feb. 9, 1943: Battle of Guadalcanal July 6, 1943: Battle of Kula Gulf 1946: British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes South-West Africa Oct. 27, 1966: United Nations Revokes South African Mandate over South-West Africa Southeast Asia July, 1937-Sept. 2, 1945: World War II: Pacific Theater Jan., 1941: Thai Forces Attack French Troops Near Battambang May, 1941: Ho Chi Minh Organizes the Viet Minh Dec. 7, 1941: Japan Begins Attacks on Southeast Asia Dec. 10, 1941-May, 1942: Japan Invades the Philippines Feb. 27-Mar. 1, 1942: Battle of the Java Sea Oct. 25, 1943: Thai-Burma Railway Is Completed with Forced Labor Oct. 20, 1944: Japan Orders Kamikaze Attacks Oct. 23-26, 1944: Battle for Leyte Gulf Oct. 29, 1945-Feb. 23, 1946: Japanese General Yamashita Is Convicted of War Crimes 1946: British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes July 4, 1946: Philippines Regains Its Independence Nov., 1946-July, 1954: Nationalist Vietnamese Fight French Control of Indochina Mar. 8, 1949: Vietnam Is Named a State Aug. 17, 1950: Indonesia Regains Its Independence Nov. 9, 1953: Cambodia Gains Independence from France Aug., 1954-May, 1955: Operation Passage to Freedom Evacuates Refugees from North Vietnam Sept. 8, 1954: SEATO Is Founded Apr. 18-24, 1955: Afro-Asian Conference Considers Nonalignment Sept. 17, 1957: Thai Military Coup Dec. 9, 1960: Collapse of the Laotian Government Leads to Civil War Nov. 14, 1961: Kennedy Expands U.S. Involvement in Vietnam Jan. 12, 1962-1971: United States Sprays Agent Orange in Vietnam Nov. 1-2, 1963: Vietnamese Generals Overthrow Diem Regime 1964: Green Revolution Aug. 7, 1964-Jan. 27, 1973: United States Enters the Vietnam War Sept. 30, 1965: Indonesia's Government Retaliates Against a Failed Communist Coup Dec. 4, 1965: Asian Development Bank Is Chartered Aug. 8, 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed Sept. 3, 1967: Thieu Is Elected President of South Vietnam Jan. 30, 1968: Tet Offensive Begins Apr. 29, 1970: United States Invades Cambodia Soviet Union June 22, 1941-Jan. 8, 1942: Germany Invades Russia Aug. 19, 1942-Feb. 2, 1943: Battle of Stalingrad 1943-1948: Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe July 4-12, 1943: Tank Battle at Kursk Devastates German Forces Feb. 4-11, 1945: Yalta Conference Feb. 11, 1945: Soviet Exiles and Prisoners of War are Forced into Repatriation 1948: Soviets Escalate Persecution of Jews 1948-1953: Soviets Adopt Stalin's Plan for the Transformation of Nature Feb. 10, 1948: Zhdanov Denounces "Formalism" in Music Oct. 6, 1948: Earthquake Devastates Ashgabat and Kills Up to 100,000 People 1949: Soviet Union Adopts Measures to Reduce Air Pollution Jan. 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Feb. 14, 1950: Stalin and Mao Pen a Defense Pact Mar. 5, 1953: Death of Stalin June 27, 1954: Soviet Union Completes Its First Nuclear Power Plant 1955-1964: Brezhnev Rises in Communist Ranks May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed Feb. 25, 1956: Khrushchev Denounces Stalinist Regime Late 1957: Nuclear Waste Explodes in the Ural Mountains Oct., 1957: Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago Is Published Oct. 4, 1957: Soviet Union Launches the First Artificial Satellite Sept. 14, 1959: Luna 2 Becomes the First Human-Made Object to Impact on the Moon Oct. 7, 1959: Luna 3 Provides the First Views of the Far Side of the Moon 1960's: Soviet Jews Demand Cultural and Religious Rights May 1, 1960: U-2 Incident Apr. 12, 1961: First Human Orbits the Earth June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Nov., 1962: Solzhenitsyn Depicts Life in a Soviet Labor Camp in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich June 20, 1963: Hotline Is Adopted Between the United States and the Soviet Union Aug. 5, 1963: Nuclear Powers Sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty Oct. 13-14, 1964: Khrushchev Falls from Power Mar. 18, 1965: Soviet Cosmonaut Conducts First Space Walk Nov. 16, 1965-Mar. 1, 1966: Venera 3 Is the First Spacecraft to Impact Another Planet Jan. 31-Feb. 6, 1966: Luna 9 Makes the First Successful Lunar Soft Landing Feb. 11, 1966: Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union May 4, 1966: Fiat Builds a Factory in the Soviet Union 1967: Soviet Intellectuals Begin to Rebel Against Party Policy Nov. 12, 1968-Dec., 1989: Brezhnev Doctrine Mandates Soviet Control of Satellite Nations Dec., 1968: Soviet Union Opens a Tidal Power Station Jan., 1969: Soviet Union Declares Lake Baikal a Protected Zone Jan. 16, 1969: Soyuz 4 and 5 Spacecraft Dock in Orbit Mar. 2-Oct. 20, 1969: Sino-Soviet Tensions Mount Along the Ussuri River Border Nov. 10, 1970-Oct. 1, 1971: Soviet Rover Lunokhod 1 Lands on the Moon Nov. 11, 1970: Moscow Human Rights Committee Is Founded Spain Dec. 12, 1946: Spain Is Denied Entrance into the United Nations Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members July 31, 1959: Basque Separatist Organization Is Formed Sri Lanka Feb. 4, 1948: Ceylon Becomes an Independent Dominion Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members Feb., 1961: Tamils Protest Discrimination in Ceylon Sudan Aug. 18-Sept. 6, 1955: First Sudanese Civil War Erupts May 25, 1969: Nimeiri Takes Charge in Khartoum Sweden Nov. 9-Dec. 15, 1946: United Nations Admits Its First New Member States 1949: X Rays from a Synchrotron Are First Used in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed 1950's--mid-1960's: Acid Rain Changes Lake and Riverine Ecology July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Dec. 10, 1952: Mauriac Accepts the Nobel Prize in Literature May 17, 1957: Bergman Wins International Fame with The Seventh Seal Jan. 4, 1960: European Free Trade Association Is Established Dec., 1966: Jensen Finds PCBs in Animal Tissues Dec. 12, 1968: Kawabata Wins the Nobel Prize in Literature Dec. 10, 1969: Barton and Hassel Share the Nobel Prize for Determining the Three-Dimensional Shapes of Organic Compounds 1970: Design for the Real World Calls for Industrial Design Reform Switzerland Oct. 30, 1947: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Is Signed Aug. 12, 1949: Geneva Conventions Establish Norms of Conduct in War July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed July 28, 1951: Adoption of the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Oct. 23, 1953-Sept. 4, 1956: United Nations Amends Its International Slavery Treaty Aug. 22-Sept. 3, 1955: United Nations Sets Rules for Treatment of Prisoners June 25, 1957: United Nations Adopts the Abolition of Forced Labor Convention Sept. 11, 1961: World Wildlife Fund Is Established Aug. 18, 1964: South Africa Is Banned from the Olympic Games July 16, 1965: Mont Blanc Tunnel Between France and Italy Opens 1967: World Health Organization Intensifies Its Campaign to Eradicate Smallpox Feb. 10-Apr. 16, 1970: Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs Syria Feb. 1, 1958: Syria and Egypt Form the United Arab Republic June 5-10, 1967: Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War Feb. 27, 1969: Hafez al-Assad Takes Control of Syria Tanganyika July 7, 1954: Julius Nyerere Emerges as Leader in Tanganyika July 17, 1959: Leakeys Find a 1.75-Million-Year-Old Fossil Hominid Apr. 26, 1964: Zanzibar and Tanganyika Unite to Form Tanzania Tanzania July 7, 1954: Julius Nyerere Emerges as Leader in Tanganyika July 17, 1959: Leakeys Find a 1.75-Million-Year-Old Fossil Hominid Apr. 26, 1964: Zanzibar and Tanganyika Unite to Form Tanzania Feb. 5, 1967: Nyerere Outlines Socialist Policy in the Arusha Declaration Thailand Jan., 1941: Thai Forces Attack French Troops Near Battambang Oct. 25, 1943: Thai-Burma Railway Is Completed with Forced Labor Nov. 9-Dec. 15, 1946: United Nations Admits Its First New Member States Sept. 17, 1957: Thai Military Coup Aug. 8, 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed Tibet Oct. 7, 1950: China Invades and Begins Rule of Tibet May 29, 1953: Hillary and Tenzing Reach the Top of Mount Everest Togo 1960: Africa's Year of Independence Trinidad and Tobago Oct. 4-8, 1963: Hurricane Flora Devastates Haiti and Cuba Tunisia Nov. 8, 1942: Invasion of North Africa Turkey July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Turkmenistan Oct. 6, 1948: Earthquake Devastates Ashgabat and Kills Up to 100,000 People Uganda Oct. 9, 1962: Uganda Gains Independence United Arab Republic Feb. 1, 1958: Syria and Egypt Form the United Arab Repu |
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