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Great Events from History: The 20th Century Table of Contents by Category Agriculture Aug. 4, 1942: United States Begins the Bracero Program 1943-1944: Famine Decimates Bengal May 18-June 3, 1943: United Nations Holds Its First Conference on Food and Agriculture Sept., 1944: Borlaug Begins Work on High-Yield Wheat Mid-1940's: First Modern Herbicide Is Introduced 1948-1953: Soviets Adopt Stalin's Plan for the Transformation of Nature July 10, 1954: Eisenhower Begins the Food for Peace Program 1955: Diquat Herbicide Is Developed for Weed Control Beginning 1958: Mao's Great Leap Forward Brings Chaos to China 1959-1961: Famine Decimates China Sept. 30, 1962, and Sept. 16, 1965: Chávez and Huerta Form Farm Workers' Union and Lead Grape Pickers' Strike 1964: Green Revolution 1964: Israel Brings Water to the Negev Sept. 8, 1965-July 29, 1970: Delano Grape Strike Feb. 5, 1967: Nyerere Outlines Socialist Policy in the Arusha Declaration June, 1967: Scientists Debate the Addition of Antibiotics to Animal Feed July 1, 1967: European Economic Community Adopts the Common Agricultural Policy Aug. 18, 1968: Wholesome Poultry Products Act Is Passed Dec. 13, 1968: Hardin Argues for Population Control June 18-26, 1969: Pesticide Poisons the Rhine River Nov. 20, 1969-Dec. 31, 1972: DDT Ban Signals New Environmental Awareness Dec. 10, 1970: Borlaug Receives the Nobel Prize for His Work on World Hunger American Civil War Spring, 1954: Catton Wins a Pulitzer Prize for A Stillness at Appomattox Animals and endangered species Aug. 24, 1966: Animal Welfare Act Regulates Research Using Animals Oct. 15, 1966: Congress Passes the Endangered Species Preservation Act Anthropology Apr. 28-Aug. 7, 1947: Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Expedition 1950: Boyd Defines Human "Races" by Blood Groups 1955: Teilhard de Chardin Attempts to Reconcile Religion and Evolution July 17, 1959: Leakeys Find a 1.75-Million-Year-Old Fossil Hominid 1964-1971: Lévi-Strauss Identifies Common Structures in World Myths 1965: Anthropologists Claim That Ecuadorian Pottery Shows Transpacific Contact in 3000 b.c.e. 1966: Ardrey Argues That Humans Are Naturally Territorial Jan., 1966: Simons Identifies a 30-Million-Year-Old Primate Skull Archaeology Apr. 26, 1948: Dead Sea Scrolls Are Unearthed Mar. 4, 1949: Libby Introduces the Carbon-14 Method of Dating Ancient Objects Apr. 30, 1954: Barghoorn and Tyler Discover 2-Billion-Year-Old Microfossils June, 1959: Price Identifies an Ancient Astronomical Computer Spring, 1960: Scientists Develop a Technique to Date Ancient Obsidian 1964: Renfrew, Dixon, and Cann Reconstruct Ancient Near Eastern Trade Routes 1965: Anthropologists Claim That Ecuadorian Pottery Shows Transpacific Contact in 3000 b.c.e. Nov. 16, 1967: Barghoorn and Colleagues Find Amino Acids in 3-Billion-Year-Old Rocks Architecture Jan., 1945: Arts and Architecture Magazine Initiates the Case Study Program May 7, 1947: Construction of Levittown Is Announced 1951-1963: Le Corbusier Designs and Builds Chandigarh Apr., 1953: Fuller Builds First Industrial Geodesic Dome July 11, 1955: Air Force Academy Is Dedicated July 17, 1955: Disneyland Amusement Park Opens 1956-1962: Saarinen Designs Kennedy Airport's TWA Terminal Apr. 18, 1956-Apr. 21, 1960: Brazil Builds a New Capital City Oct. 8, 1956: First Two-Story, Fully Enclosed Shopping Mall Opens Oct. 21, 1959: Wright-Designed Guggenheim Museum Opens Beginning 1962: Kahn Blends Architecture and Urban Planning in Dacca Sept. 13, 1963: Controversial Glen Canyon Dam Is Completed Nov. 21, 1964: Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Opens July 16, 1965: Mont Blanc Tunnel Between France and Italy Opens Sept. 28, 1966: Breuer Designs a Building for the Whitney Museum Apr. 28-Oct. 27, 1967: Expo 67 Features Innovative Architecture Aug. 12, 1968: Congress Passes the Architectural Barriers Act Arts Aug. 23, 1941: Nazis Ban Nolde's Paintings Oct. 31, 1941: Mount Rushmore National Memorial Is Completed Oct. 20, 1942: Peggy Guggenheim's Gallery Promotes New American Art 1950's: Beat Generation Rejects Mainstream Values Dec., 1952: Rosenberg Defines "Action Painting" 1954-1955: Jasper Johns Paints the American Flag May 30, 1954: Taylor Establishes His Own Dance Company Oct. 21, 1959: Wright-Designed Guggenheim Museum Opens 1960's: SoHo Emerges as a Center for Contemporary Art Feb., 1963-1968: Minimalism Emphasizes Objects as Art Mar. 11-20, 1963: Nam June Paik Exhibits Video and Television as Art Sept. 29, 1965: National Endowment for the Arts Is Established Sept. 28, 1966: Breuer Designs a Building for the Whitney Museum Astronomy 1943: Von Weizsäcker Forms His Quantitative Theory of Planetary Formation Jan. 29, 1944: Kuiper Discovers That Titan Has an Atmosphere Nov., 1944-Oct., 1948: Reber Publishes the First Radio Maps of the Galaxy 1948: Steady-State Theory of the Universe Is Advanced by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle 1948-1951: Ryle's Radio Telescope Locates the First Known Radio Galaxy June 3, 1948: Hale Constructs the 200-Inch Telescope Oct. 30, 1948: Gamow Develops the Big Bang Theory Early 1950's: De Vaucouleurs Identifies the Local Supercluster of Galaxies 1950: Oort Offers a Theory of Comets Aug., 1952: Baade Corrects an Error in the Cepheid Luminosity Scale Early 1955: Franklin and Burke Discover Radio Emissions from Jupiter 1955: Ryle Constructs the First Radio Interferometer Aug. 2, 1957: Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope Is Completed July 26, 1958: Van Allen Discovers the Earth's Radiation Belts Oct. 11, 1958: Pioneer Space Program Is Launched Nov., 1958: Parker Predicts the Existence of the Solar Wind Dec. 3, 1958: Deep Space Network Begins Early 1959: Radio Astronomers Transmit Radar Signals to and from the Sun June, 1959: Price Identifies an Ancient Astronomical Computer Oct. 7, 1959: Luna 3 Provides the First Views of the Far Side of the Moon 1960: Mössbauer Effect Is Used to Detect Gravitational Redshifting Feb. 23, 1961-Mar. 24, 1965: Ranger Program June 18-19, 1962: Discovery of the First X-Ray Source Outside the Solar System Aug. 27, 1962-Jan. 2, 1963: Mariner 2 Becomes the First Spacecraft to Study Venus 1963: Schmidt Identifies Quasars 1963-1965: Penzias and Wilson Discover Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation July 14, 1965-Aug. 5, 1969: Mariner Missions Conduct Mars Flybys Jan. 31-Feb. 6, 1966: Luna 9 Makes the First Successful Lunar Soft Landing May 30, 1966-Feb. 21, 1968: Surveyor Program Prepares NASA for Piloted Moon Landings Aug. 10, 1966: Lunar Orbiter 1 Sends Photographs of the Moon's Surface Early 1967: Davis Constructs a Solar Neutrino Detector 1967-1973: Development of Very Long Baseline Interferometry Feb. 24, 1968: Bell Discovers Pulsars Spring, 1968: Wheeler Refers to Collapsed Stars as "Black Holes" Atrocities and war crimes Sept. 3, 1939-May 7, 1945: World War II: European Theater Jan. 20, 1942: Wannsee Conference and the "Final Solution" Aug. 9, 1942: Stein Is Killed by the Nazis Apr. 19-May 16, 1943: Warsaw Ghetto Armed Uprising Against Nazis Sept. 30-Oct. 1, 1943: Citizens Rescue Danish Jews from Germans Oct. 25, 1943: Thai-Burma Railway Is Completed with Forced Labor Feb. 11, 1945: Soviet Exiles and Prisoners of War are Forced into Repatriation Apr. 9, 1945: Bonhoeffer Is Executed by the Nazis Oct. 24, 1945: Norwegians Execute Nazi Collaborator Quisling Oct. 29, 1945-Feb. 23, 1946: Japanese General Yamashita Is Convicted of War Crimes Nov. 20, 1945-Oct. 1, 1946: Nazi War Criminals Are Tried at Nuremberg 1946: British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes 1946: Jaspers Examines Germany's Collective Responsibility for War Crimes Feb. 5, 1946: Establishment of the International Court of Justice Aug., 1946: Hiroshima Recounts the Story of Surviving a Nuclear Explosion 1948: Soviets Escalate Persecution of Jews Dec. 9, 1948: United Nations Adopts Convention on Genocide Aug. 12, 1949: Geneva Conventions Establish Norms of Conduct in War Sept. 10, 1952: Germany Agrees to Pay Reparations to Israel Mar. 1, 1954: Nuclear Bombing of Bikini Atoll 1956: Wiesel's Night Recalls the Holocaust July 14, 1958: Iraq's Monarchy Is Toppled 1960's: Kurds Suffer Genocide in Iraq Mar. 21, 1960: Sharpeville Massacre Focuses Global Awareness on Apartheid Apr. 11-Aug. 14, 1961: Eichmann Is Tried for War Crimes Jan. 12, 1962-1971: United States Sprays Agent Orange in Vietnam 1963: Arendt Speculates on the Banality of Evil Nov. 26, 1968: Statutes of Limitations Are Rendered Inapplicable to War Crimes Nov. 17, 1970-Mar. 29, 1971: Calley Is Court-Martialed for My Lai Massacre Banking and finance Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe 1949: Diners Club Begins a New Industry July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Sept., 1950: First Homeowner's Insurance Policies Are Offered July 30, 1953: Congress Creates the Small Business Administration Aug. 16, 1954: U.S. Tax Laws Allow Accelerated Depreciation Fall, 1957: Ford Foundation Begins to Fund Nonprofit Theaters Aug. 21, 1958: Congress Gives Tax Breaks to Financiers of Small Businesses Feb. 20, 1961: Negotiable Certificate of Deposit Is Introduced Nov. 3, 1961: Agency for International Development Is Established Sept. 2, 1964: Johnson Signs the Interest Equalization Tax Act Dec. 4, 1965: Asian Development Bank Is Chartered Jan. 1, 1968: Johnson Restricts Direct Foreign Investment May 29, 1968: Congress Passes the Consumer Credit Protection Act Dec., 1969: Birth of the European Monetary Union Project Oct. 26, 1970: Congress Passes the Fair Credit Reporting Act Biology Oct., 1942: Lindeman's "The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology" Is Published Sept., 1943-Mar., 1944: Waksman Discovers the Antibiotic Streptomycin 1944-1949: Hodgkin Solves the Structure of Penicillin 1944-1953: Sanger Determines the Structure of Insulin Nov., 1947: First Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Is Discovered 1951: Lipmann Discovers Coenzyme A Apr. 2, 1953: Watson and Crick Announce the Double-Helix Model for DNA May 15, 1953: Miller Reports the Synthesis of Amino Acids Oct. 5, 1953: Du Vigneaud Synthesizes the First Peptide Hormone Apr. 30, 1954: Barghoorn and Tyler Discover 2-Billion-Year-Old Microfossils Mid-1950's: Li Isolates Human Growth Hormone 1957: Isaacs and Lindenmann Discover Interferons Feb., 1957: Asian Flu Pandemic Kills Millions Worldwide Early 1960's: Sperry Discovers That Sides of the Human Brain Can Function Independently June, 1960: Oró Detects the Formation of Adenine from Cyanide Solution June 23, 1960: FDA Approves the Birth Control Pill Dec. 10, 1961: Calvin Wins the Nobel Prize for His Work on Photosynthesis Sept. 27, 1962: Carson Publishes Silent Spring Dec., 1966: Jensen Finds PCBs in Animal Tissues 1967: World Health Organization Intensifies Its Campaign to Eradicate Smallpox May, 1967: Greenhouse Effect Is First Predicted June, 1967: Scientists Debate the Addition of Antibiotics to Animal Feed Aug.-Sept., 1967: Kornberg and Colleagues Synthesize Biologically Active DNA Nov. 16, 1967: Barghoorn and Colleagues Find Amino Acids in 3-Billion-Year-Old Rocks Dec. 10, 1969: Barton and Hassel Share the Nobel Prize for Determining the Three-Dimensional Shapes of Organic Compounds Dec. 10, 1970: Borlaug Receives the Nobel Prize for His Work on World Hunger Business and labor 1941-1945: 6.6 Million Women Enter the U.S. Labor Force May 2, 1941: FCC Licenses Commercial Television May 2, 1941: NBC Is Ordered to Divest Itself of a Radio Network June 25, 1941: Roosevelt Bans Discrimination in Defense-Industry Employment Aug. 4, 1942: United States Begins the Bracero Program Apr. 8, 1943-June 23, 1947: Inflation and Labor Unrest Mar. 12, 1945: Alcoa Is Convicted of Violating the Sherman Antitrust Act 1946-1960: Hollywood Studio System Is Transformed Feb. 20, 1946: Employment Act May 17-25, 1946: Truman Orders Seizure of the Railroads 1947: Simon Publishes Administrative Behavior 1947-1951: Blacklisting Depletes Hollywood's Talent Pool June 23, 1947: Taft-Hartley Act Passes over Truman's Veto May 25, 1948: General Motors and the UAW Introduce the COLA Clause July 8, 1948: Textron Initiates the Trend Toward Conglomeration Beginning 1949: Hanford Nuclear Reservation Becomes a Health Concern Dec. 29, 1950: Celler-Kefauver Act Amends Antitrust Legislation Apr. 10, 1951: Bundestag Passes Legislation on Codetermination Apr. 8, 1952: Truman Orders Seizure of Steel Plants 1953: Keep America Beautiful Is Founded 1953: Morita Licenses Transistor Technology July 30, 1953: Congress Creates the Small Business Administration 1954: Drucker Examines Managerial Roles Mar. 19, 1954: Laura Ashley Fashion Company Is Founded Apr., 1954: ABC Makes a Landmark Deal with Disney Aug. 16, 1954: U.S. Tax Laws Allow Accelerated Depreciation Mar. 2, 1955: McDonald's Fast Food Is Incorporated and Franchised July 17, 1955: Disneyland Amusement Park Opens Dec. 5, 1955: AFL and CIO Merge Apr. 11, 1956: Echo Park Dam Proposal Is Defeated Oct. 8, 1956: First Two-Story, Fully Enclosed Shopping Mall Opens Late 1950's: Firms Begin Replacing Skilled Laborers with Automated Tools 1957: Dioxin Causes Chloracne in West German Chemical Workers Aug., 1957: Price-Anderson Act Limits Nuclear Liability Dec. 5, 1957: AFL-CIO Expels the Teamsters Union Aug. 21, 1958: Congress Gives Tax Breaks to Financiers of Small Businesses Jan., 1959: Gordy Founds Motown Records Mar. 4, 1959: Cuba Begins Expropriating Foreign Property Sept. 14, 1959: Landrum-Griffin Act Targets Union Corruption 1960's: Service Economy Emerges in the United States Sept. 13, 1960: Radio's Payola Scandal Early 1961: Disposable Diapers Are Introduced to U.S. Market May 22, 1961: U.S. Supreme Court Orders Du Pont to Disburse GM Holdings Sept. 30, 1962, and Sept. 16, 1965: Chávez and Huerta Form Farm Workers' Union and Lead Grape Pickers' Strike June 10, 1963: Congress Passes the Equal Pay Act Dec. 9, 1963: Studebaker Announces Plans to Abandon U.S. Auto Production Jan. 16, 1964: Hoffa Negotiates a National Trucking Agreement Spring, 1964: Sara Lee Opens an Automated Factory 1965: U.S. and Mexican Companies Form Maquiladoras Sept. 8, 1965-July 29, 1970: Delano Grape Strike Sept. 24, 1965: Affirmative Action Is Expanded June 8, 1966: NFL-AFL Merger Creates a Sports-Industry Giant Apr. 11, 1967: Supreme Court Rules Against a Procter & Gamble Merger Apr. 28, 1967: McDonnell and Douglas Aircraft Companies Merge Dec. 15, 1967: Congress Enacts the Age Discrimination in Employment Act Jan. 1, 1968: Johnson Restricts Direct Foreign Investment Jan. 15, 1968: British Leyland Motor Corporation Is Formed Oct. 18, 1968: Lauren Creates the Polo Clothing Line Feb. 8, 1969: The Saturday Evening Post Publishes Its Final Issue Dec. 10, 1969: International Labor Organization Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 30, 1969: Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act Is Approved 1970: Reich Publishes The Greening of America Jan. 16, 1970: Flood Tests Baseball's Reserve Clause May 29, 1970: British Parliament Passes the Equal Pay Act of 1970 Dec. 4, 1970: Chávez Is Jailed for Organizing a National Lettuce Boycott Dec. 29, 1970: Nixon Signs the Occupational Safety and Health Act Dec. 31, 1970: Congress Approves the Mining and Minerals Act Chemistry Feb. 23, 1941: Seaborg and McMillan Make Plutonium Sept., 1943-Mar., 1944: Waksman Discovers the Antibiotic Streptomycin 1944-1953: Sanger Determines the Structure of Insulin Nov., 1947: First Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Is Discovered Apr. 2, 1953: Watson and Crick Announce the Double-Helix Model for DNA May 15, 1953: Miller Reports the Synthesis of Amino Acids Apr. 30, 1954: Wilkins and Kline Discover the First Tranquilizer for Psychosis June, 1960: Oró Detects the Formation of Adenine from Cyanide Solution June 23, 1960: FDA Approves the Birth Control Pill Dec. 10, 1961: Calvin Wins the Nobel Prize for His Work on Photosynthesis Dec., 1966: Jensen Finds PCBs in Animal Tissues June, 1967: Scientists Debate the Addition of Antibiotics to Animal Feed Nov. 16, 1967: Barghoorn and Colleagues Find Amino Acids in 3-Billion-Year-Old Rocks June 18-26, 1969: Pesticide Poisons the Rhine River Dec. 10, 1969: Barton and Hassel Share the Nobel Prize for Determining the Three-Dimensional Shapes of Organic Compounds Oct., 1970: Pollution Fears Prompt Invention of Phosphate-Free Detergent Civil rights and liberties June 25, 1941: Roosevelt Bans Discrimination in Defense-Industry Employment Feb. 19, 1942-1945: United States Interns Japanese Americans Spring, 1942: Congress of Racial Equality Forms June 14, 1943: Supreme Court Rules That States Cannot Compel Flag Salutes June 20-21, 1943, and Aug. 1, 1943: Race Riots Erupt in Detroit and Harlem Mar. 15, 1944: France Grants Suffrage to Women Apr. 3, 1944: Supreme Court Rules African American Disenfranchisement Unconstitutional July 1, 1946: Canada's Citizenship Act Is Passed Apr. 9-23, 1947: Congress of Racial Equality Holds Its Journey of Reconciliation May 3, 1947: Japanese Constitution Grants New Rights to Women Oct. 20, 1947: HUAC Investigates Hollywood July 26, 1948: Truman Orders Desegregation of U.S. Armed Forces Nov. 26, 1949: Indian Government Bans Discrimination Against Untouchables July 5, 1950: Israel Enacts the Law of Return Dec. 20, 1952: United Nations Convention on the Political Rights of Women Is Approved Jan. 15, 1953-Dec. 2, 1954: McCarthy Hearings May 17, 1954: Supreme Court Ends Public School Segregation 1955-1956: Indian Parliament Approves Women's Rights Legislation Dec. 5, 1955-Dec. 21, 1956: Montgomery Bus Boycott Jan. 10, 1957: SCLC Forms to Link Civil Rights Groups Spring, 1957: Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign Begins Sept. 4, 1957: Wolfenden Report Recommends Decriminalizing Consensual Sex Sept. 9, 1957: Congress Creates the Commission on Civil Rights Sept. 25, 1957: Eisenhower Sends Troops to Little Rock, Arkansas 1960's: Soviet Jews Demand Cultural and Religious Rights Feb. 1-July 25, 1960: Greensboro Sit-Ins Mar. 21, 1960: Sharpeville Massacre Focuses Global Awareness on Apartheid May 6, 1960: Civil Rights Act of 1960 July 11, 1960: Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird Calls for Social Justice Aug. 4, 1960: Canadian Bill of Rights Prohibits Sex Discrimination Feb., 1961: Tamils Protest Discrimination in Ceylon 1962-1965: Council of Federated Organizations Registers African American to Vote Oct. 1, 1962: Meredith Registers at the University of Mississippi Mar. 18, 1963: Supreme Court Establishes Defendants' Right to an Attorney Apr. 3-May 8, 1963: Civil Rights Protesters Attract International Attention June 17, 1963: Supreme Court Limits Bible Reading in Public Schools Aug. 28, 1963: King Delivers His "I Have a Dream" Speech Nov. 20, 1963: United Nations Condemns Racial Discrimination 1964-1972: Marcuse Publishes Foundational New Left Works Jan. 23, 1964: Poll Taxes Are Outlawed June 21-22, 1964: Three Civil Rights Workers Are Murdered July 2, 1964: Congress Passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Sept. 14, 1964: Berkeley Free Speech Movement Begins Dec. 10, 1964: King Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 14, 1964: Supreme Court Prohibits Racial Discrimination in Public Accommodations Mar. 21-25, 1965: Selma-Montgomery March June 7, 1965: Supreme Court Rules that States Cannot Ban Contraceptives in Griswold v. Connecticut Aug. 6, 1965: Congress Passes the Voting Rights Act June 13, 1966: Police Required to Inform Arrested Persons of Their Rights Oct. 29-30, 1966: National Organization for Women Forms to Protect Women's Rights Dec. 16, 1966: United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Is Adopted Jan. 10, 1967: Brooke Becomes the First African American U.S. Senator Since Reconstruction Apr. 21, 1967: Greek Coup Leads to Military Dictatorship July 4, 1967: Freedom of Information Act Goes Into Effect Apr. 4, 1968: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Apr. 11, 1968: Fair Housing Act Outlaws Discrimination in Housing Apr. 11, 1968: Indian Civil Rights Act Is Passed June 17, 1968: Supreme Court Upholds Ban on Housing Discrimination July 26, 1968: Theatres Act Ends Censorship of British Drama Oct. 2, 1968: Tlatelolco Massacre Stuns Mexico Dec. 13, 1968: Brazil Begins Era of Intense Repression June 23, 1969: Supreme Court Extends Protection Against Double Jeopardy June 27-July 2, 1969: Stonewall Rebellion Ignites Modern Lesbian and Gay Rights Movement Oct. 10, 1969: National Institute of Mental Health Report "Normalizes" Homosexuality May 29, 1970: British Parliament Passes the Equal Pay Act of 1970 Oct. 16, 1970-Apr. 30, 1971: Canada Invokes War Measures Act Against Quebec Separatists Cold War 1941-Aug. 25, 1944: French Resistance Jan., 1941: Thai Forces Attack French Troops Near Battambang May, 1941: Ho Chi Minh Organizes the Viet Minh May 2-June 13, 1941: Anglo-Iraqi War Dec. 10, 1941-May, 1942: Japan Invades the Philippines 1943-1948: Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe 1943-1948: Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe May 8, 1945: Algerian Nationalists Riot at Sétif Feb. 1, 1946: First U.N. Secretary-General Is Selected Mar. 5, 1946: Churchill Delivers His Iron Curtain Speech July 4, 1946: Philippines Regains Its Independence Nov., 1946-July, 1954: Nationalist Vietnamese Fight French Control of Indochina 1947-1951: Blacklisting Depletes Hollywood's Talent Pool Mar. 12, 1947: Truman Doctrine May 3, 1947: Japan Becomes a Constitutional Democracy Aug. 15, 1947: India Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Oct. 20, 1947: HUAC Investigates Hollywood Feb. 25, 1948: Communists Seize Power in Czechoslovakia May 14, 1948: Israel Is Created as a Homeland for Jews June 24, 1948-May 11, 1949: Berlin Blockade July 20, 1948: Rhee Is Elected President of South Korea Dec. 26, 1948: Hungary's Communist Government Arrests Cardinal Mindszenty 1949-1961: East Germans Flee to West to Escape Communist Regime Jan. 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Mar. 8, 1949: Vietnam Is Named a State Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed June, 1949: Nineteen Eighty-Four Portrays Totalitarianism and Mind Control Sept. 3, 1949: The Third Man Premiers Sept. 21-Oct. 7, 1949: Germany Splits Into Two Republics Feb. 14, 1950: Stalin and Mao Pen a Defense Pact Apr. 24, 1950: Jordan Annexes the West Bank June 25, 1950-July 27, 1953: Korean War July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Aug. 17, 1950: Indonesia Regains Its Independence Nov. 3, 1950: United Nations General Assembly Passes the Uniting for Peace Resolution 1951-1952: Teller and Ulam Develop the First Hydrogen Bomb Sept. 1, 1951: Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment Sept. 8, 1951: Treaty of Peace with Japan Is Signed in San Francisco Oct. 22, 1951: United States Inaugurates Mutual Security Program Feb. 28, 1952: Massey Becomes Canada's First Native-Born Governor-General July 25, 1952: Puerto Rico Becomes a Commonwealth Oct. 20, 1952-1957: Mau Mau Uprising Creates Havoc in Kenya Jan. 15, 1953-Dec. 2, 1954: McCarthy Hearings Jan. 22, 1953: The Crucible Allegorizes the Red Scare Era Mar. 5, 1953: Death of Stalin June 19, 1953: Rosenbergs are Executed for Peacetime Espionage Aug. 1, 1953-Dec. 31, 1963: Formation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Sept. 25, 1953-Oct. 26, 1956: Polish Communist Government Arrests the Primate of Poland Nov. 9, 1953: Cambodia Gains Independence from France Feb. 15, 1954: Canada and the United States Establish the DEW Line Mar. 1, 1954: Nuclear Bombing of Bikini Atoll June 18-27, 1954: United Fruit Company Instigates a Coup in Guatemala June 27, 1954: Soviet Union Completes Its First Nuclear Power Plant July 7, 1954: Julius Nyerere Emerges as Leader in Tanganyika Aug., 1954-May, 1955: Operation Passage to Freedom Evacuates Refugees from North Vietnam Sept. 8, 1954: SEATO Is Founded Oct. 23, 1954: Western European Union Is Established Jan. 29, 1955: Formosa Resolution Is Signed into Law Apr. 18-24, 1955: Afro-Asian Conference Considers Nonalignment May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed May 15, 1955: Austria Regains Its Independence July 9, 1955-early 1960's: Scientists Campaign Against Nuclear Testing Sept. 9, 1955-Sept. 18, 1959: United States Launches Vanguard Satellite Program Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members July 26, 1956: Egypt Attempts to Nationalize the Suez Canal July 26, 1956-Jan. 8, 1959: Cuban Revolution Oct. 23-Nov. 10, 1956: Soviets Crush Hungarian Uprising Oct. 23-Nov. 10, 1956: Soviets Crush Hungarian Uprising Nov. 22-Dec. 8, 1956: Cold War Politics Mar the Melbourne Summer Olympics Jan. 5, 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine Mar. 6, 1957: Ghana Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Oct., 1957: Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago Is Published Oct. 4, 1957: Soviet Union Launches the First Artificial Satellite Oct. 14, 1957-Dec. 10, 1963: Dyna-Soar Space Plane Is Developed Nov. 15, 1957: Cousins Founds SANE 1958: Burdick and Lederer Explore the Image of the "Ugly American" 1958: Things Fall Apart Depicts the Destruction of Ibo Culture Jan. 31, 1958: United States Launches Its First Orbiting Satellite Apr. 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America May 12, 1958: Canada and the United States Create NORAD 1959: Drury Sets a Novel of Political Intrigue in Washington, D.C. Mar. 3, 1959: Nyasaland Independence Leader Banda Is Arrested by British Colonials May 1, 1960: U-2 Incident July, 1960: Katanga Province Secedes from Congo and Riots Ensue July, 1960: United Nations Intervenes in the Congolese Civil War Aug. 16, 1960: Cyprus Gains Independence Jan. 17, 1961: Eisenhower Warns of the Military-Industrial Complex Apr. 17-19, 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion Aug. 13, 1961: Communists Raise the Berlin Wall Aug. 13, 1961: Communists Raise the Berlin Wall Sept. 1, 1961: Eritrea Begins Its War for Independence Sept. 1-5, 1961: Nonaligned Movement Meets Jan. 1, 1962: Western Samoa Gains Independence from New Zealand Feb. 20, 1962: Glenn Becomes the First American to Orbit Earth Apr., 1962: Brazil Nationalizes U.S. Businesses July 5, 1962: Algeria Gains Independence from France Oct. 5, 1962: Dr. No Launches the Hugely Popular James Bond Series Oct. 9, 1962: Uganda Gains Independence Oct. 22-28, 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis 1963: Le Carré Rejects the Fantasy World of Secret Agents 1963-1965: Crisis in U.N. Financing Emerges Over Peacekeeping Expenses May 25, 1963: Organization of African Unity Is Founded June 20, 1963: Hotline Is Adopted Between the United States and the Soviet Union Aug. 5, 1963: Nuclear Powers Sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty Nov. 1-2, 1963: Vietnamese Generals Overthrow Diem Regime Oct. 13-14, 1964: Khrushchev Falls from Power Oct. 16, 1964: China Explodes Its First Nuclear Bomb Oct. 24, 1964: Kaunda Becomes Zambia's First President Apr. 28, 1965: U.S. Troops Occupy the Dominican Republic Feb. 11, 1966: Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union Feb. 24, 1966: Overthrow of Nkrumah in Ghana Mar. 7, 1966: France Withdraws from NATO's Military Structure Apr. 28, 1966: Southern Rhodesian Freedom Fighters Begin Toppling White Supremacist Government Oct. 27, 1966: United Nations Revokes South African Mandate over South-West Africa Oct. 10, 1967: Outer Space Treaty Takes Effect Nov. 22, 1967: United Nations Security Council Adopts Resolution 242 1968: Huntington Examines Processes of Change in Developing Countries Jan. 23, 1968: North Korea Seizes the USS Pueblo Aug. 20-21, 1968: Soviet Union Invades Czechoslovakia Aug. 20-21, 1968: Soviet Union Invades Czechoslovakia Nov. 12, 1968-Dec., 1989: Brezhnev Doctrine Mandates Soviet Control of Satellite Nations Feb. 27, 1969: Hafez al-Assad Takes Control of Syria Mar. 2-Oct. 20, 1969: Sino-Soviet Tensions Mount Along the Ussuri River Border July 25, 1969: Nixon Doctrine Is Unveiled Oct. 21, 1969: Somali Democracy Ends in a Military Coup Mar. 5, 1970: Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Goes into Effect Mar. 19, 1970: Brandt Meets Stoph Nov. 11, 1970: Moscow Human Rights Committee Is Founded Colonialism and occupation Communications and media 1941-1945: U.S. Censorship and War Propaganda During World War II May 2, 1941: FCC Licenses Commercial Television Feb. 24, 1942: Voice of America Begins Broadcasting Dec. 23, 1947: Invention of the Transistor 1949: Community Antenna Television Is Introduced 1950's: Family Comedies on Television Rise in Popularity Sept. 9, 1955-Sept. 18, 1959: United States Launches Vanguard Satellite Program Sept. 25, 1956: First Transatlantic Telephone Cable Begins Operation Jan. 31, 1958: United States Launches Its First Orbiting Satellite Dec. 3, 1958: Deep Space Network Begins Apr. 1-June 14, 1960: TIROS 1 Becomes the First Experimental Weather Reconnaissance Satellite Aug. 12, 1960: First Passive Communications Satellite Is Launched Nov. 8, 1960: Kennedy Is Elected President Feb. 14 and 18, 1962: Jacqueline Kennedy Leads a Televised Tour of the White House July 10, 1962: First Commercial Communications Satellite Is Launched Sept. 28, 1962: Canada Becomes the Third Nation to Orbit a Satellite June 20, 1963: Hotline Is Adopted Between the United States and the Soviet Union 1964: McLuhan Probes the Impact of Mass Media on Society July 5, 1967: AT&T Is Ordered to Reduce Charges Feb. 16, 1968: First 911 Call in the United States Is Made Sept. 24, 1968: 60 Minutes Becomes the First Televised Newsmagazine Feb. 8, 1969: The Saturday Evening Post Publishes Its Final Issue Nov. 10, 1969: Sesame Street Revolutionizes Children's Programming Oct. 5, 1970: Public Broadcasting Service Airs Its First Program Computers and computer science Apr., 1943-1946: Eckert and Mauchly Develop the ENIAC Dec., 1943: Secret English Team Develops Colossus 1944-1949: Hodgkin Solves the Structure of Penicillin Aug., 1949: First Electronic Stored-Program Computer Is Completed Apr., 1950: Meteorologists Make the First Computerized Weather Prediction Mar. 31, 1951: UNIVAC I Becomes the First Commercial Electronic Computer 1955: Ryle Constructs the First Radio Interferometer Apr., 1957: IBM Develops the FORTRAN Computer Language June, 1959: Price Identifies an Ancient Astronomical Computer Dec. 17, 1959: Hopper Invents the Computer Language COBOL Spring, 1964: Sara Lee Opens an Automated Factory May 1, 1964: Kemeny and Kurtz Develop the BASIC Computer Language 1967-1970: Floppy Disks Are Developed for Computer Data Storage Aug. 8, 1969: First Use of Bubble Memory in Computers Crime and scandal Apr. 9, 1948: La Violencia Begins in Colombia June 19, 1953: Rosenbergs are Executed for Peacetime Espionage 1959: Drury Sets a Novel of Political Intrigue in Washington, D.C. Sept. 14, 1959: Landrum-Griffin Act Targets Union Corruption Nov. 22, 1963: President Kennedy Is Assassinated Nov. 8, 1965: British Parliament Abolishes the Death Penalty June 13, 1966: Police Required to Inform Arrested Persons of Their Rights June 5, 1968: Robert F. Kennedy Is Assassinated Cultural and intellectual history 1941: New Criticism Arises in American Universities 1948: Soviets Escalate Persecution of Jews Aug. 6, 1949: Spanish Becomes the Language of Instruction in Puerto Rico Dec., 1952: Rosenberg Defines "Action Painting" May 1, 1954: Moon Founds the Unification Church Mar. 30, 1955: On the Waterfront Wins Best Picture Spring, 1957: Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign Begins 1960's: Sixties Culture in the United States Rediscovers the Works of Hesse 1961: Esslin Publishes The Theatre of the Absurd 1961: Foucault's Madness and Civilization Is Published 1963: Arendt Speculates on the Banality of Evil Jan., 1963-1965: Beatles Revolutionize Popular Music 1964: McLuhan Probes the Impact of Mass Media on Society 1964-1971: Lévi-Strauss Identifies Common Structures in World Myths Jan. 4-6, 1964: Paul VI Visits the Holy Land 1967: Soviet Intellectuals Begin to Rebel Against Party Policy Apr. 28-Oct. 27, 1967: Expo 67 Features Innovative Architecture May 12, 1967: Hendrix Releases Acid Rock Album Are You Experienced? June 16-18, 1967: Monterey Pop Festival Inaugurates the "Summer of Love" May-June, 1968: French Students and Workers Rebel Against the Political Order 1969: Halberstam Reflects on American Involvement in Vietnam in The Best and the Brightest Aug. 15-18, 1969: Woodstock Music Festival Marks the Climax of 1960's Youth Culture Dance Oct. 16, 1942: Agnes de Mille Choreographs Rodeo Mar. 31, 1943: Oklahoma! Opens on Broadway 1944-1957: Kelly Forges New Directions in Cinematic Dance Apr. 18, 1944: Robbins's Fancy Free Premieres Oct. 30, 1944: Graham Debuts Appalachian Spring with Copland Score Nov. 20, 1946: First Performance by Balanchine and Kirstein's Ballet Society May 30, 1954: Taylor Establishes His Own Dance Company Oct., 1956: Joffrey Founds His Ballet Company Sept. 26, 1957: Bernstein Joins Symphonic and Jazz Elements in West Side Story Mar. 30, 1958: Ailey Founds His Dance Company Mar. 12, 1963: Nureyev and Fonteyn Debut Ashton's Marguerite and Armand June 24, 1964: Cunningham Stages His First Dance "Event" 1968: Mitchell and Shook Found the Dance Theatre of Harlem Apr. 29, 1968: Radical Musical Hair Opens on Broadway Diplomacy and international relations Mar. 1, 1941: Bulgaria Joins the Tripartite Pact Mar. 1, 1941: United States Enters the Battle of the Atlantic Mar. 11, 1941: Roosevelt Signs the Lend-Lease Act Aug. 14, 1941: Atlantic Charter Declares a Postwar Right of Self-Determination Oct., 1941: Davies Reflects on His Post to Moscow in Mission to Moscow Dec. 7, 1941: Canada Declares War on Japan Dec. 29-31, 1941: Churchill Visits Canada as World War II Ally Feb. 24, 1942: Voice of America Begins Broadcasting Jan. 14-24, 1943: Casablanca Conference Nov. 23-30, 1943: Cairo Conference and Declaration Addresses War in the Pacific Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943: Tehran Conference Promotes Allied Cooperation in Iran July 1-22, 1944: Bretton Woods Agreement Encourages Free Trade Feb. 4-11, 1945: Yalta Conference Apr. 25-June 26, 1945: United Nations Charter Convention July 17-Aug. 2, 1945: Potsdam Conference July 26, 1945: Labour Party Forms Britain's Majority Government Sept. 28, 1945: Truman Proclamation on the Continental Shelf Feb. 1, 1946: First U.N. Secretary-General Is Selected Feb. 5, 1946: Establishment of the International Court of Justice Mar. 5, 1946: Churchill Delivers His Iron Curtain Speech Aug. 1, 1946: Congress Creates the Fulbright Program Nov. 9-Dec. 15, 1946: United Nations Admits Its First New Member States Dec. 2, 1946: International Whaling Commission Is Formed Dec. 12, 1946: Spain Is Denied Entrance into the United Nations Mar. 12, 1947: Truman Doctrine Oct. 27, 1947-Dec. 31, 1948: India and Pakistan Clash over Kashmir Oct. 30, 1947: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Is Signed Jan. 1, 1948: Benelux Customs Union Enters into Force Feb. 4, 1948: Ceylon Becomes an Independent Dominion Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe Apr. 30, 1948: Organization of American States Is Founded May 2, 1948: American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man Is Adopted June 24, 1948-May 11, 1949: Berlin Blockade Jan. 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Apr. 4, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed Aug. 12, 1949: Geneva Conventions Establish Norms of Conduct in War Feb. 14, 1950: Stalin and Mao Pen a Defense Pact July 1, 1950: European Payments Union Is Formed Nov. 4, 1950: European Convention on Human Rights Is Signed Apr. 18, 1951: European Coal and Steel Community Is Established Sept. 1, 1951: Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment Sept. 8, 1951: Treaty of Peace with Japan Is Signed in San Francisco Oct. 22, 1951: United States Inaugurates Mutual Security Program Dec. 10, 1951: Jouhaux Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Sept. 10, 1952: Germany Agrees to Pay Reparations to Israel Dec. 20, 1952: United Nations Convention on the Political Rights of Women Is Approved Apr. 10, 1953: Hammarskjöld Is Elected U.N. Secretary-General Oct. 23, 1953-Sept. 4, 1956: United Nations Amends Its International Slavery Treaty Dec. 10, 1953: Schweitzer Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Feb. 15, 1954: Canada and the United States Establish the DEW Line Apr. 10, 1954: Value-Added Taxes Begin in Europe July 10, 1954: Eisenhower Begins the Food for Peace Program Sept. 8, 1954: SEATO Is Founded Sept. 28, 1954: United Nations Drafts a Convention on Stateless Persons Oct. 23, 1954: Western European Union Is Established Jan. 29, 1955: Formosa Resolution Is Signed into Law Apr. 18-24, 1955: Afro-Asian Conference Considers Nonalignment May 14, 1955: Warsaw Pact Is Signed May 15, 1955: Austria Regains Its Independence Aug. 22-Sept. 3, 1955: United Nations Sets Rules for Treatment of Prisoners Dec. 14, 1955: United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members July 19-20, 1956: Foreign Aid Is Withdrawn from Egypt's Aswan High Dam Project Jan. 5, 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine Mar. 25, 1957: European Common Market Is Established June 10, 1957-Feb. 5, 1963: Diefenbaker Serves as Canadian Prime Minister June 25, 1957: United Nations Adopts the Abolition of Forced Labor Convention July 29, 1957: International Atomic Energy Agency Begins Operations Feb. 1, 1958: Syria and Egypt Form the United Arab Republic Apr. 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America May 12, 1958: Canada and the United States Create NORAD July 14, 1958: Iraq's Monarchy Is Toppled Mar. 4, 1959: Cuba Begins Expropriating Foreign Property Aug. 12-18, 1959: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Is Created Nov. 20, 1959: United Nations Adopts the Declaration of the Rights of the Child Jan. 4, 1960: European Free Trade Association Is Established May 1, 1960: U-2 Incident July, 1960: United Nations Intervenes in the Congolese Civil War Sept. 14, 1960: First OPEC Meeting June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Sept. 1-5, 1961: Nonaligned Movement Meets Sept. 18, 1961: United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld Dies in a Plane Crash Sept. 30, 1961: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Forms Oct. 18, 1961: European Social Charter Is Signed Nov. 3, 1961: Agency for International Development Is Established Nov. 14, 1961: Kennedy Expands U.S. Involvement in Vietnam Apr., 1962: Brazil Nationalizes U.S. Businesses Oct. 22-28, 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis 1963-1965: Crisis in U.N. Financing Emerges Over Peacekeeping Expenses May 25, 1963: Organization of African Unity Is Founded June 20, 1963: Hotline Is Adopted Between the United States and the Soviet Union Aug. 5, 1963: Nuclear Powers Sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty Nov. 20, 1963: United Nations Condemns Racial Discrimination Mar. 27, 1964: United Nations Peace Force Is Deployed in Cyprus Sept. 2, 1964: Johnson Signs the Interest Equalization Tax Act 1965: U.S. and Mexican Companies Form Maquiladoras July 16, 1965: Mont Blanc Tunnel Between France and Italy Opens Sept. 20, 1965-Mar. 22, 1966: India-Pakistan Conflict Prompts U.N. Peacekeeping Response Dec. 4, 1965: Asian Development Bank Is Chartered Feb. 11, 1966: Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union Mar. 7, 1966: France Withdraws from NATO's Military Structure May 4, 1966: Fiat Builds a Factory in the Soviet Union Oct. 27, 1966: United Nations Revokes South African Mandate over South-West Africa Dec. 16, 1966: United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Is Adopted June 5-10, 1967: Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War June 8, 1967: Israel Attacks the USS Liberty July 1, 1967: European Economic Community Adopts the Common Agricultural Policy July 1, 1967: United States Joins the International Biological Program Aug. 8, 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed Oct. 10, 1967: Outer Space Treaty Takes Effect Nov. 7, 1967: United Nations Issues a Declaration on Equality for Women Nov. 22, 1967: United Nations Security Council Adopts Resolution 242 Jan. 1, 1968: Johnson Restricts Direct Foreign Investment Jan. 23, 1968: North Korea Seizes the USS Pueblo May 13, 1968: Proclamation of Tehran Sets Human Rights Goals Nov. 12, 1968-Dec., 1989: Brezhnev Doctrine Mandates Soviet Control of Satellite Nations Nov. 26, 1968: Statutes of Limitations Are Rendered Inapplicable to War Crimes Dec. 10, 1968: Cassin Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Feb. 27, 1969: Hafez al-Assad Takes Control of Syria Mar. 2-Oct. 20, 1969: Sino-Soviet Tensions Mount Along the Ussuri River Border July 14-20, 1969: Soccer War July 25, 1969: Nixon Doctrine Is Unveiled Sept. 10, 1969: African Convention Expands the Definition of Refugees Sept. 25, 1969: Organization of the Islamic Conference Is Established Nov. 22, 1969: Inter-American Court of Human Rights Is Established Dec., 1969: Birth of the European Monetary Union Project Mar. 5, 1970: Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Goes into Effect Mar. 19, 1970: Brandt Meets Stoph Nov. 11, 1970: Moscow Human Rights Committee Is Founded Disasters Nov. 28, 1942: Fire in Boston's Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Proves Deadly 1943-1944: Famine Decimates Bengal Aug., 1946: Hiroshima Recounts the Story of Surviving a Nuclear Explosion Oct. 26-31, 1948: Pennsylvania Town Suffers Deadly Temperature Inversion Dec. 4-8, 1952: Smog Kills Thousands of Londoners Dec. 12, 1952: Chalk River Nuclear Reactor Explosion and Meltdown Jan. 31-Feb. 1, 1953: North Sea Flood Kills Nearly Two Thousand People in Holland Nov. 29, 1955: Meltdown Occurs in the First Breeder Reactor Apr., 1956: Minamata Bay Mercury Poisoning Begins to Claim Victims Late 1957: Nuclear Waste Explodes in the Ural Mountains Oct. 10, 1957: England's Windscale Reactor Releases Radiation 1959-1961: Famine Decimates China Oct. 4-8, 1963: Hurricane Flora Devastates Haiti and Cuba Nov. 9-10, 1965: Power Failure Blacks Out New York City and the Northeast Oct. 21, 1966: Mining Debris Buries Welsh Village 1967: World Health Organization Intensifies Its Campaign to Eradicate Smallpox Mar. 18, 1967: Oil Tanker Torrey Canyon Runs Aground 1968-1973: Drought Extends the Reach of the Sahara Desert Jan. 28, 1969: Offshore Oil Well Spill Blankets Santa Barbara Coastline June 18-26, 1969: Pesticide Poisons the Rhine River June 22, 1969: Polluted Cuyahoga River Bursts into Flames Aug. 17-18, 1969: Hurricane Camille Devastates the U.S. Gulf Coast Feb. 10-Apr. 16, 1970: Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs Apr. 3, 1970: Congress Mandates Oil-Spill Liabilities and Penalties May 31, 1970: Earthquake and Avalanche in Peru Kill More than Sixty Thousand People Nov. 12, 1970: Bhola Cyclone Devastates East Pakistan Oct. 6, 1948: Earthquake Devastates Ashgabat and Kills Up to 100,000 People Earth science Nov. 13, 1946: First Cloud Seeding Heralds Weather Modification Apr., 1950: Meteorologists Make the First Computerized Weather Prediction 1956: Heezen and Ewing Discover the Midoceanic Ridge July 26, 1958: Van Allen Discovers the Earth's Radiation Belts 1960: Hess Identifies the Cause of Continental Drift Apr. 1-June 14, 1960: TIROS 1 Becomes the First Experimental Weather Reconnaissance Satellite June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Sept. 27, 1962: Carson Publishes Silent Spring July 20, 1964-Oct., 1965: Navy Conducts Sealab Expeditions Nov. 4, 1965: Doell and Dalrymple Discover the Magnetic Reversals of Earth's Poles May, 1967: Greenhouse Effect Is First Predicted Aug. 11, 1968: Glomar Challenger Begins Collecting Ocean-Floor Samples May 31, 1970: Earthquake and Avalanche in Peru Kill More than Sixty Thousand People Economics Apr. 8, 1943-June 23, 1947: Inflation and Labor Unrest Mar., 1944: Hayek Opposes Centralized Economic Planning June 22, 1944: Roosevelt Signs the G.I. Bill July 1-22, 1944: Bretton Woods Agreement Encourages Free Trade Feb. 20, 1946: Employment Act Mar. 17, 1946: France Launches the Monnet Plan 1948: Simons Articulates the Chicago School of Public Policy Jan. 1, 1948: Benelux Customs Union Enters into Force Apr. 3, 1948: Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe Apr. 9, 1948: La Violencia Begins in Colombia July 8, 1948: Textron Initiates the Trend Toward Conglomeration 1949: Diners Club Begins a New Industry Jan. 25, 1949: Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Sept., 1950: First Homeowner's Insurance Policies Are Offered Apr. 18, 1951: European Coal and Steel Community Is Established June 21, 1951: South Africa Begins Separate Development System Oct. 22, 1951: United States Inaugurates Mutual Security Program Jan., 1953: China Begins Its First Five-Year Plan 1954: Drucker Examines Managerial Roles Apr. 10, 1954: Value-Added Taxes Begin in Europe Aug. 16, 1954: U.S. Tax Laws Allow Accelerated Depreciation Mar. 25, 1957: European Common Market Is Established 1958: Galbraith Critiques the Creation of a Society of Mass Consumption Beginning 1958: Mao's Great Leap Forward Brings Chaos to China 1960's: Mumford Warns of the Dangers of Growing Cities 1960's: Service Economy Emerges in the United States Jan. 4, 1960: European Free Trade Association Is Established Jan. 17, 1961: Eisenhower Warns of the Military-Industrial Complex Sept. 30, 1961: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Forms Jan. 8, 1964: Johnson Announces War on Poverty Feb. 26, 1964: Kennedy-Johnson Tax Cuts Stimulate the U.S. Economy Sept. 2, 1964: Johnson Signs the Interest Equalization Tax Act June 19, 1965: Boumédienne Seizes Power from Dictator in Algeria Dec. 4, 1965: Asian Development Bank Is Chartered Feb. 5, 1967: Nyerere Outlines Socialist Policy in the Arusha Declaration Aug. 8, 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed Dec. 9, 1967: Ceau{scedil}escu Is Elected President of Romania Feb. 8, 1969: The Saturday Evening Post Publishes Its Final Issue Sept. 3, 1969: Congress Begins Hearings on Overspending for the C-5A Galaxy Dec., 1969: Birth of the European Monetary Union Project Education Aug. 1, 1946: Congress Creates the Fulbright Program July, 1947: Great Books Foundation Is Established Aug. 6, 1949: Spanish Becomes the Language of Instruction in Puerto Rico May 17, 1954: Supreme Court Ends Public School Segregation July 11, 1955: Air Force Academy Is Dedicated Oct. 3, 1955: Captain Kangaroo Expands Children's Television Sept. 25, 1957: Eisenhower Sends Troops to Little Rock, Arkansas Oct. 1, 1962: Meredith Registers at the University of Mississippi June 17, 1963: Supreme Court Limits Bible Reading in Public Schools May 18, 1965: Head Start Is Established to Aid Poor Children 1968: Mitchell and Shook Found the Dance Theatre of Harlem Jan. 2, 1968: Congress Enacts the Bilingual Education Act Nov. 10, 1969: Sesame Street Revolutionizes Children's Programming Oct. 5, 1970: Public Broadcasting Service Airs Its First Program Energy Nov. 4, 1943: World's First Nuclear Reactor Is Activated Aug. 1, 1946: Atomic Energy Commission Is Established 1947: Construction Starts on Brookhaven Nuclear Reactor Beginning 1949: Hanford Nuclear Reservation Becomes a Health Concern Mar., 1951-Aug., 1953: Iran Nationalizes Its Oil Industry Dec. 20, 1951: World's First Breeder Reactor Produces Electricity Dec. 12, 1952: Chalk River Nuclear Reactor Explosion and Meltdown Jan. 21, 1954: First Nuclear-Powered U.S. Submarine Is Launched May, 1954: Bell Scientists Develop the Photovoltaic Cell June 27, 1954: Soviet Union Completes Its First Nuclear Power Plant Aug. 30, 1954: Atomic Energy Act Nov. 29, 1955: Meltdown Occurs in the First Breeder Reactor July 19-20, 1956: Foreign Aid Is Withdrawn from Egypt's Aswan High Dam Project Oct. 17, 1956: First Commercial Nuclear Power Plant Opens Aug., 1957: Price-Anderson Act Limits Nuclear Liability Late 1957: Nuclear Waste Explodes in the Ural Mountains Oct. 10, 1957: England's Windscale Reactor Releases Radiation Dec. 2, 1957: First U.S. Commercial Nuclear Plant Opens Sept. 14, 1960: First OPEC Meeting Sept. 13, 1963: Controversial Glen Canyon Dam Is Completed Dec. 12, 1963: General Public Utilities Announces Plans for a Commercial Nuclear Reactor Nov. 9-10, 1965: Power Failure Blacks Out New York City and the Northeast Nov. 26, 1966: First Tidal Power Station Begins Operation Early 1967: Davis Constructs a Solar Neutrino Detector Mar. 18, 1967: Oil Tanker Torrey Canyon Runs Aground 1968: Glaser Proposes an Orbiting Solar Power Station Mar., 1968: Alaskan Oil Discovery Sparks Controversy Dec., 1968: Soviet Union Opens a Tidal Power Station Jan. 28, 1969: Offshore Oil Well Spill Blankets Santa Barbara Coastline Apr. 3, 1970: Congress Mandates Oil-Spill Liabilities and Penalties Engineering Oct. 31, 1941: Mount Rushmore National Memorial Is Completed Dec. 2, 1942: Fermi Creates the First Controlled Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction Oct., 1943: Alaska Highway Is Completed Oct. 25, 1943: Thai-Burma Railway Is Completed with Forced Labor Nov. 4, 1943: World's First Nuclear Reactor Is Activated June 13 and Sept. 8, 1944: German V-1 and V-2 Weapons Are Deployed July 16, 1945: First Nuclear Bomb Is Detonated Nov., 1946: Physicists Develop the First Synchrocyclotron 1947: Construction Starts on Brookhaven Nuclear Reactor Dec. 23, 1947: Invention of the Transistor June 3, 1948: Hale Constructs the 200-Inch Telescope Feb. 24, 1949: HERMES Builds the First Multistage Rocket Aug., 1949: First Electronic Stored-Program Computer Is Completed 1951-1952: Teller and Ulam Develop the First Hydrogen Bomb Dec. 20, 1951: World's First Breeder Reactor Produces Electricity 1952-1956: Müller Develops the Field Ion Microscope 1953-1959: Liquid Bubble Chamber Is Developed Apr., 1953: Fuller Builds First Industrial Geodesic Dome Nov. 20, 1953: Test Aircraft Exceeds Twice the Speed of Sound Jan. 21, 1954: First Nuclear-Powered U.S. Submarine Is Launched Feb. 15, 1954: Canada and the United States Establish the DEW Line May, 1954: Bell Scientists Develop the Photovoltaic Cell June 27, 1954: Soviet Union Completes Its First Nuclear Power Plant 1955: Ryle Constructs the First Radio Interferometer Sept. 9, 1955-Sept. 18, 1959: United States Launches Vanguard Satellite Program July 19-20, 1956: Foreign Aid Is Withdrawn from Egypt's Aswan High Dam Project Oct. 17, 1956: First Commercial Nuclear Power Plant Opens Aug. 2, 1957: Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope Is Completed Oct. 4, 1957: Soviet Union Launches the First Artificial Satellite Oct. 14, 1957-Dec. 10, 1963: Dyna-Soar Space Plane Is Developed Dec. 2, 1957: First U.S. Commercial Nuclear Plant Opens Jan. 31, 1958: United States Launches Its First Orbiting Satellite Dec. 3, 1958: Deep Space Network Begins June 8, 1959-Dec. 31, 1968: X-15 Rocket Aircraft Program June 26, 1959: St. Lawrence Seaway Opens Aug. 12, 1960: First Passive Communications Satellite Is Launched Sept. 13, 1963: Controversial Glen Canyon Dam Is Completed Oct. 16, 1964: China Explodes Its First Nuclear Bomb Nov. 21, 1964: Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Opens July 16, 1965: Mont Blanc Tunnel Between France and Italy Opens Nov. 26, 1966: First Tidal Power Station Begins Operation 1967-1970: Floppy Disks Are Developed for Computer Data Storage 1968: Glaser Proposes an Orbiting Solar Power Station Dec. 13, 1969: First Jumbo Jet Is Delivered to Airlines Apr. 11-17, 1970: Apollo 13 Crew Survives On-Board Explosion June 16, 1970: Trans-Amazon Highway Is Announced Dec. 18, 1970: European Consortium Creates Airbus Industrie Entertainment Nov. 28, 1942: Fire in Boston's Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Proves Deadly Sept., 1943: Sinatra Establishes Himself as a Solo Performer July 17, 1955: Disneyland Amusement Park Opens Oct. 8, 1956: Larsen Pitches a Perfect Game in Baseball's World Series Jan. 25, 1970: M*A*S*H Satirizes Warfare Environmental issues Oct., 1942: Lindeman's "The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology" Is Published 1943-1944: Famine Decimates Bengal Mar. 15, 1943: Roosevelt Creates Jackson Hole National Monument Sept. 8, 1943: Black Wednesday Demonstrates Dangers of Smog Sept. 28, 1945: Truman Proclamation on the Continental Shelf Nov. 13, 1946: First Cloud Seeding Heralds Weather Modification Dec. 2, 1946: International Whaling Commission Is Formed 1948: Osborn Publishes Our Plundered Planet 1948: Vogt's Road to Survival Warns of Overpopulation 1948-1953: Soviets Adopt Stalin's Plan for the Transformation of Nature June 30, 1948: First Water Pollution Control Act Is Passed Oct. 5, 1948: World Conservation Union Is Founded Oct. 26-31, 1948: Pennsylvania Town Suffers Deadly Temperature Inversion Beginning 1949: Hanford Nuclear Reservation Becomes a Health Concern 1949: Leopold Publishes A Sand County Almanac 1949: Soviet Union Adopts Measures to Reduce Air Pollution 1950's--mid-1960's: Acid Rain Changes Lake and Riverine Ecology Oct. 7, 1950: China Invades and Begins Rule of Tibet Oct. 22, 1951: Nature Conservancy Is Founded Nov., 1952: Brower Becomes Executive Director of the Sierra Club Nov. 7, 1952: Rockefeller Founds the Population Council Dec. 4-8, 1952: Smog Kills Thousands of Londoners Dec. 12, 1952: Chalk River Nuclear Reactor Explosion and Meltdown 1953: Keep America Beautiful Is Founded Mar. 1, 1954: Nuclear Bombing of Bikini Atoll 1955: Diquat Herbicide Is Developed for Weed Control 1955: Teilhard de Chardin Attempts to Reconcile Religion and Evolution July 9, 1955-early 1960's: Scientists Campaign Against Nuclear Testing July 14, 1955: Congress Passes the Air Pollution Control Act Nov. 29, 1955: Meltdown Occurs in the First Breeder Reactor Jan. 27, 1956-1966: Mission 66 Plan Is Implemented Apr., 1956: Minamata Bay Mercury Poisoning Begins to Claim Victims Apr. 11, 1956: Echo Park Dam Proposal Is Defeated June 5, 1956: Oil Is Discovered in Nigeria June 27, 1956: Congress Amends the Water Pollution Control Act 1957: Dioxin Causes Chloracne in West German Chemical Workers Late 1957: Nuclear Waste Explodes in the Ural Mountains Oct. 10, 1957: England's Windscale Reactor Releases Radiation Nov. 15, 1957: Cousins Founds SANE 1959-1961: Famine Decimates China 1960's: Mumford Warns of the Dangers of Growing Cities June 12, 1960: Congress Passes the Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act Early 1961: Disposable Diapers Are Introduced to U.S. Market June 23, 1961: Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force Sept. 11, 1961: World Wildlife Fund Is Established 1962: Bookchin Warns of Health Hazards of Artificial Environments 1962: Gibbons Publishes Stalking the Wild Asparagus Sept. 27, 1962: Carson Publishes Silent Spring 1963: Udall Publishes The Quiet Crisis Aug. 5, 1963: Nuclear Powers Sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty Sept. 13, 1963: Controversial Glen Canyon Dam Is Completed Dec. 17, 1963: Clean Air Act Grants Federal Authority to Regulate Air Pollution 1964: Green Revolution 1964: Israel Brings Water to the Negev 1964-1969: Lady Bird Johnson Begins the America Beautiful Program May 29, 1964: Great Swamp Wildlife Refuge Is Dedicated July 17, 1964: Congress Passes the Water Resources Research Act Sept. 3, 1964: Wilderness Act Is Passed Sept. 19, 1964-Dec. 31, 1970: Congress Establishes the Public Land Law Review Commission 1965: Bookchin Publishes Crisis in Our Cities Aug., 1965: Congress Limits the Use of Highway Billboards Aug. 12, 1965: Five States Take Steps to Halt Lake Erie Pollution Oct. 2, 1965: Congress Strengthens Water Laws Oct. 20, 1965: Congress Passes the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act Oct. 20, 1965: Solid Waste Disposal Act Is Passed Dec. 29, 1965: Scenic Hudson Case Stops Storm King Power Plant Oct. 15, 1966: Congress Passes the Endangered Species Preservation Act Nov. 26, 1966: First Tidal Power Station Begins Operation Dec., 1966: Jensen Finds PCBs in Animal Tissues Mar. 10, 1967: White Explores the Judeo-Christian Roots of Environmental Problems Mar. 18, 1967: Oil Tanker Torrey Canyon Runs Aground May, 1967: Greenhouse Effect Is First Predicted July 1, 1967: United States Joins the International Biological Program Sept., 1967: Environmental Defense Fund Is Founded Nov., 1967: Zero Population Growth Movement Begins 1968: Canada Establishes the Experimental Lakes Area 1968: The Population Bomb Is Published 1968-1973: Drought Extends the Reach of the Sahara Desert Mar., 1968: Alaskan Oil Discovery Sparks Controversy July 21, 1968: Congress Acts to Control Noise Pollution Oct. 2, 1968: Johnson Establishes North Cascades National Park Oct. 2, 1968: Wild and Scenic Rivers and Trails System Acts Are Passed Nov., 1968, and Jan., 1970: The Whole Earth Catalog and Mother Earth News Appear Dec., 1968: Soviet Union Opens a Tidal Power Station Dec. 13, 1968: Hardin Argues for Population Control Jan., 1969: Soviet Union Declares Lake Baikal a Protected Zone Jan. 20, 1969: Sierra Club Helps Block Dams on the Colorado River Jan. 28, 1969: Offshore Oil Well Spill Blankets Santa Barbara Coastline Mar. 4, 1969: Union of Concerned Scientists Is Founded May, 1969: Brower Forms Friends of the Earth June 18-26, 1969: Pesticide Poisons the Rhine River June 22, 1969: Polluted Cuyahoga River Bursts into Flames Oct. 15, 1969: Canada Announces Ban on Hunting Baby Seals Oct. 20, 1969: Pittsburgh Residents Form the Group Against Smog and Pollution Nov. 20, 1969-Dec. 31, 1972: DDT Ban Signals New Environmental Awareness 1970: Design for the Real World Calls for Industrial Design Reform 1970: Reich Publishes The Greening of America Jan. 1, 1970: National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Is Signed Feb., 1970: Natural Resources Defense Council Is Founded Feb. 10-Apr. 16, 1970: Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs Mar. 31, 1970: Canada Bans Commercial Fishing in Lakes St. Clair and Erie Apr. 3, 1970: Congress Mandates Oil-Spill Liabilities and Penalties Apr. 22, 1970: First Earth Day Is Celebrated Sept., 1970: Cousteau Announces Large Decline in Ocean Life Oct., 1970: Pollution Fears Prompt Invention of Phosphate-Free Detergent Oct. 26, 1970: Resource Recovery Act Is Passed Dec. 2, 1970: Environmental Protection Agency Is Created Dec. 31, 1970: Congress Amends the Clean Air Act Dec. 31, 1970: Congress Approves the Mining and Minerals Act Expansion and land acquisition Jan., 1941: Thai Forces Attack French Troops Near Battambang Oct. 27, 1947-Dec. 31, 1948: India and Pakistan Clash over Kashmir Nov. 29, 1947-July, 1949: Arab-Israeli War Creates Refugee Crisis May 14, 1948: Israel Is Created as a Homeland for Jews Sept. 12, 1948: India Invades Hyderabad State 1949-1961: East Germans Flee to West to Escape Communist Regime Mar. 31, 1949: Newfoundland Becomes Canada's Tenth Province Sept. 21-Oct. 7, 1949: Germany Splits Into Two Republics Apr. 24, 1950: Jordan Annexes the West Bank Oct. 7, 1950: China Invades and Begins Rule of Tibet July 25, 1952: Puerto Rico Becomes a Commonwealth Mar. 6, 1957: Ghana Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Jan. 3 and Aug. 21, 1959: Alaska and Hawaii Gain Statehood Dec. 15, 1970: New Mexico's Blue Lake Region Is Returned to the Taos Pueblo Exploration and discovery Apr. 28-Aug. 7, 1947: Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Expedition May 29, 1953: Hillary and Tenzing Reach the Top of Mount Everest Oct. 11, 1958: Pioneer Space Program Is Launched Feb. 23, 1961-Mar. 24, 1965: Ranger Program July 20, 1964-Oct., 1965: Navy Conducts Sealab Expeditions May 30, 1966-Feb. 21, 1968: Surveyor Program Prepares NASA for Piloted Moon Landings Apr. 11-17, 1970: Apollo 13 Crew Survives On-Board Explosion Fashion and design July 5, 1946: Bikini Swimsuit Is Introduced Spring, 1947: Dior's "New Look" Sweeps Europe and America Mar. 19, 1954: Laura Ashley Fashion Company Is Founded Early 1960's: Quant Introduces the Miniskirt Oct. 18, 1968: Lauren Creates the Polo Clothing Line 1970: Design for the Real World Calls for Industrial Design Reform Genetics 1944: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Determine That DNA Carries Hereditary Information 1950: Boyd Defines Human "Races" by Blood Groups Feb. 23, 1952: Bevis Describes Amniocentesis as a Method to Check Fetal Genetic Traits Apr. 2, 1953: Watson and Crick Announce the Double-Helix Model for DNA 1955: Ochoa Creates Synthetic RNA Summer, 1961: Nirenberg Cracks the Genetic Code Aug.-Sept., 1967: Kornberg and Colleagues Synthesize Biologically Active DNA Geography May 8, 1945: V-E Day Marks the End of World War II in Europe May 15, 1955: Austria Regains Its Independence Oct. 2, 1958: Guinea Gains Independence from France Jan. 1, 1962: Western Samoa Gains Independence from New Zealand Apr. 26, 1964: Zanzibar and Tanganyika Unite to Form Tanzania 1966: Ardrey Argues That Humans Are Naturally Territorial Jan. 3, 1966: Upper Volta Coup Leads to Military Government 1968-1973: Drought Extends the Reach of the Sahara Desert Nov. 12, 1968-Dec., 1989: Brezhnev Doctrine Mandates Soviet Control of Satellite Nations May 31, 1970: Earthquake and Avalanche in Peru Kill More than Sixty Thousand People Dec. 15, 1970: New Mexico's Blue Lake Region Is Returned to the Taos Pueblo Geology 1956: Heezen and Ewing Discover the Midoceanic Ridge 1960: Hess Identifies the Cause of Continental Drift Spring, 1960: Scientists Develop a Technique to Date Ancient Obsidian Aug. 11, 1968: Glomar Challenger Begins Collecting Ocean-Floor Samples May 31, 1970: Earthquake and Avalanche in Peru Kill More than Sixty Thousand People Government and politics May, 1941: Ho Chi Minh Organizes the Viet Minh June 25, 1941: Roosevelt Bans Discrimination in Defense-Industry Employment Oct. 31, 1941: Mount Rushmore National Memorial Is Completed Dec. 29-31, 1941: Churchill Visits Canada as World War II Ally Jan. 20, 1942: Wannsee Conference and the "Final Solution" Mar. 15, 1943: Roosevelt Creates Jackson Hole National Monument Sept., 1943: Australians Elect First Women to Parliament Mar. 15, 1944: France Grants Suffrage to Women Nov. 7, 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt Wins a Fourth Presidential Term Nov. 22, 1944: Canada Implements Conscription After Months of Crisis July 26, 1945: Labour Party Forms Britain's Majority Government Feb. 1, 1946: First U.N. Secretary-General Is Selected Feb. 24, 1946: Perón Creates a Populist Political Alliance in Argentina Mar. 17, 1946: France Launches the Monnet Plan May 17-25, 1946: Truman Orders Seizure of the Railroads July 4, 1946: Philippines Regains Its Independence July 16, 1946: Truman Creates the Bureau of Land Management Aug. 1, 1946: Atomic Energy Commission Is Established Nov. 6, 1946: United Kingdom Passes the National Health Service Act Nov. 9-Dec. 15, 1946: United Nations Admits Its First New Member States May 3, 1947: Japan Becomes a Constitutional Democracy May 3, 1947: Japanese Constitution Grants New Rights to Women July 26, 1947: National Security Act Aug. 15, 1947: India Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Oct. 20, 1947: HUAC Investigates Hollywood 1948-1953: Soviets Adopt Stalin's Plan for the Transformation of Nature Feb. 10, 1948: Zhdanov Denounces "Formalism" in Music Feb. 25, 1948: Communists Seize Power in Czechoslovakia Mar. 12-Apr. 19, 1948: Costa Rica Endures Its Bloodiest Civil War June 30, 1948: First Water Pollution Control Act Is Passed July 20, 1948: Rhee Is Elected President of South Korea Oct. 6, 1948: Earthquake Devastates Ashgabat and Kills Up to 100,000 People Nov. 2, 1948: Truman Is Elected President Nov. 15, 1948: St. Laurent Becomes Canadian Prime Minister Dec. 26, 1948: Hungary's Communist Government Arrests Cardinal Mindszenty Mar. 8, 1949: Vietnam Is Named a State Aug. 6, 1949: Spanish Becomes the Language of Instruction in Puerto Rico Sept. 21-Oct. 7, 1949: Germany Splits Into Two Republics Oct. 1, 1949: Mao Zedong Proclaims a Communist People's Republic in China 1950: U.S. Government Encourages American Indians to Settle in Cities Aug. 17, 1950: Indonesia Regains Its Independence Nov. 1, 1950: President Truman Escapes Assassination Attempt Mar., 1951-Aug., 1953: Iran Nationalizes Its Oil Industry Mar. 1, 1951: U.S. Presidents Are Limited to Two Terms Mar. 24-Apr. 11, 1951: Truman-MacArthur Confrontation Feb. 28, 1952: Massey Becomes Canada's First Native-Born Governor-General Apr. 8, 1952: Truman Orders Seizure of Steel Plants July 23, 1952: King Farouk of Egypt Is Overthrown Nov. 4, 1952: Eisenhower Is Elected President Jan., 1953: China Begins Its First Five-Year Plan Mar. 5, 1953: Death of Stalin June 19, 1953: Rosenbergs are Executed for Peacetime Espionage Aug. 1, 1953: Native Americans Lose Government Special Status Aug. 1, 1953-Dec. 31, 1963: Formation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Nov. 9, 1953: Cambodia Gains Independence from France May, 1954: Military Coup Begins Thirty-Five Years of Dictatorship in Paraguay June 10, 1954: U.S. Government Program Begins Deporting Mexican Workers June 18-27, 1954: United Fruit Company Instigates a Coup in Guatemala July 7, 1954: Julius Nyerere Emerges as Leader in Tanganyika 1955-1964: Brezhnev Rises in Communist Ranks Jan. 29, 1955: Formosa Resolution Is Signed into Law May 15, 1955: Austria Regains Its Independence July 11, 1955: Air Force Academy Is Dedicated Aug. 18-Sept. 6, 1955: First Sudanese Civil War Erupts Nov., 1955: Buckley Founds National Review Magazine Jan. 27, 1956-1966: Mission 66 Plan Is Implemented Feb. 25, 1956: Khrushchev Denounces Stalinist Regime Apr. 18, 1956-Apr. 21, 1960: Brazil Builds a New Capital City July 19-20, 1956: Foreign Aid Is Withdrawn from Egypt's Aswan High Dam Project July 26, 1956: Egypt Attempts to Nationalize the Suez Canal July 26, 1956-Jan. 8, 1959: Cuban Revolution Jan. 5, 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine Mar. 6, 1957: Ghana Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Spring, 1957: Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign Begins June 10, 1957-Feb. 5, 1963: Diefenbaker Serves as Canadian Prime Minister Sept. 9, 1957: Congress Creates the Commission on Civil Rights Sept. 17, 1957: Thai Military Coup Oct. 22, 1957: Duvalier Takes Power in Haiti 1958: Galbraith Critiques the Creation of a Society of Mass Consumption Beginning 1958: Mao's Great Leap Forward Brings Chaos to China Feb. 1, 1958: Syria and Egypt Form the United Arab Republic Apr. 27-May 15, 1958: Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America June 11-Dec., 1958: Middle East Turmoil Leads to U.N. Action in Lebanon July 14, 1958: Iraq's Monarchy Is Toppled July 29, 1958: Congress Creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Oct. 2, 1958: Guinea Gains Independence from France 1959: Drury Sets a Novel of Political Intrigue in Washington, D.C. 1959-1961: Famine Decimates China Jan. 3 and Aug. 21, 1959: Alaska and Hawaii Gain Statehood Mar. 3, 1959: Nyasaland Independence Leader Banda Is Arrested by British Colonials Mar. 4, 1959: Cuba Begins Expropriating Foreign Property Nov., 1959: Rwandan Hutus Overthrow Tutsi Monarchy 1960's: Kurds Suffer Genocide in Iraq 1960: Quebec Sovereignist Movement Begins Jan. 4, 1960: European Free Trade Association Is Established June 23, 1960: FDA Approves the Birth Control Pill July, 1960: Katanga Province Secedes from Congo and Riots Ensue Aug. 16, 1960: Cyprus Gains Independence Nov. 8, 1960: Kennedy Is Elected President Dec. 9, 1960: Collapse of the Laotian Government Leads to Civil War Jan. 17, 1961: Eisenhower Warns of the Military-Industrial Complex Mar. 1, 1961: Peace Corps Is Founded Mar. 29, 1961: District of Columbia Receives Representation in Presidential Elections May 30, 1961: Dominican Dictator Rafael Trujillo Is Assassinated Aug. 13, 1961: Communists Raise the Berlin Wall 1962-1965: Council of Federated Organizations Registers African American to Vote Jan. 1, 1962: Western Samoa Gains Independence from New Zealand Feb. 14 and 18, 1962: Jacqueline Kennedy Leads a Televised Tour of the White House Mar. 26, 1962-Feb. 17, 1964: Supreme Court Requires Population to Determine Voting Districts July 5, 1962: Algeria Gains Independence from France Oct. 9, 1962: Uganda Gains Independence Oct. 22-28, 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis Apr. 22, 1963: Pearson Becomes Canada's Prime Minister June 20, 1963: Hotline Is Adopted Between the United States and the Soviet Union Nov. 1-2, 1963: Vietnamese Generals Overthrow Diem Regime Nov. 22, 1963: President Kennedy Is Assassinated Dec. 17, 1963: Clean Air Act Grants Federal Authority to Regulate Air Pollution Dec. 22, 1963: Greek and Turkish Cypriots Clash over Political Rights 1964-1969: Lady Bird Johnson Begins the America Beautiful Program 1964-1970: Frei "Chileanizes" Chile's Copper Industry 1964-1972: Marcuse Publishes Foundational New Left Works Jan. 8, 1964: Johnson Announces War on Poverty Jan. 23, 1964: Poll Taxes Are Outlawed Apr. 26, 1964: Zanzibar and Tanganyika Unite to Form Tanzania Oct. 13-14, 1964: Khrushchev Falls from Power Oct. 24, 1964: Kaunda Becomes Zambia's First President Nov. 3, 1964: Johnson Is Elected President Nov. 3, 1964: Reformist Bolivian President Paz Estenssoro Is Toppled May 18, 1965: Head Start Is Established to Aid Poor Children June 19, 1965: Boumédienne Seizes Power from Dictator in Algeria Aug. 12, 1965: Five States Take Steps to Halt Lake Erie Pollution Sept. 24, 1965: Affirmative Action Is Expanded Sept. 29, 1965: National Endowment for the Arts Is Established Sept. 30, 1965: Indonesia's Government Retaliates Against a Failed Communist Coup Nov., 1965: Civil War Begins in Chad Nov. 25, 1965: Military Coup Places Mobutu in Control of Congo Nov. 29, 1965: Nader Launches the Consumer Rights Movement Jan. 1, 1966: Military Coup Brings Dictatorship to Central African Republic Jan. 3, 1966: Upper Volta Coup Leads to Military Government Jan. 24, 1966: Gandhi Serves as India's First Female Prime Minister Apr. 28, 1966: Southern Rhodesian Freedom Fighters Begin Toppling White Supremacist Government May, 1966: Cultural Revolution Begins in China Sept. 30, 1966: Khama Leads a Stable Botswana Oct. 27, 1966: United Nations Revokes South African Mandate over South-West Africa Dec. 19, 1966: Canada Implements Its National Health Plan 1967: Soviet Intellectuals Begin to Rebel Against Party Policy Jan. 10, 1967: Brooke Becomes the First African American U.S. Senator Since Reconstruction Feb. 5, 1967: Nyerere Outlines Socialist Policy in the Arusha Declaration Feb. 23, 1967: Constitution Provides for the Incapacity of the President Apr. 21, 1967: Greek Coup Leads to Military Dictatorship May 30, 1967-Jan. 15, 1970: Biafra's Secession Triggers Nigerian Civil War June 5-10, 1967: Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War July 4, 1967: Freedom of Information Act Goes Into Effect Aug. 8, 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed Sept. 3, 1967: Thieu Is Elected President of South Vietnam Dec. 9, 1967: Ceau{scedil}escu Is Elected President of Romania 1968: Canada Establishes the Experimental Lakes Area Jan. 1, 1968: Johnson Restricts Direct Foreign Investment Feb., 1968: Kerner Commission Explores the Causes of Civil Disorders Feb. 16, 1968: First 911 Call in the United States Is Made June 5, 1968: Robert F. Kennedy Is Assassinated June 25, 1968-June 30, 1984: Trudeau Serves as Canadian Prime Minister Aug. 24-30, 1968: Chicago Riots Mar the Democratic National Convention Sept. 27, 1968: Caetano Becomes Prime Minister of Portugal Oct. 2, 1968: Wild and Scenic Rivers and Trails System Acts Are Passed Oct. 11, 1968: Omar Torrijos Ousts Arias in Panama Nov. 5, 1968: Chisholm Becomes the First African American Woman Elected to Congress Nov. 5, 1968: Nixon Is Elected President Nov. 12, 1968-Dec., 1989: Brezhnev Doctrine Mandates Soviet Control of Satellite Nations Dec. 13, 1968: Brazil Begins Era of Intense Repression Jan., 1969: Soviet Union Declares Lake Baikal a Protected Zone Jan. 20, 1969: Sierra Club Helps Block Dams on the Colorado River Feb. 27, 1969: Hafez al-Assad Takes Control of Syria Mar. 2-Oct. 20, 1969: Sino-Soviet Tensions Mount Along the Ussuri River Border Mar. 17, 1969: Meir Becomes Prime Minister of Israel Apr. 28, 1969: De Gaulle Steps Down May 25, 1969: Nimeiri Takes Charge in Khartoum Sept. 1, 1969: Military Takes Charge in Libya Sept. 3, 1969: Congress Begins Hearings on Overspending for the C-5A Galaxy Sept. 25, 1969: Organization of the Islamic Conference Is Established Oct. 21, 1969: Somali Democracy Ends in a Military Coup Dec. 11, 1969: Arafat Becomes Chair of the Palestine Liberation Organization 1970-1971: U.S. Voting Age Is Lowered to Eighteen Feb. 10-Apr. 16, 1970: Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs Mar. 19, 1970: Brandt Meets Stoph Aug., 1970: Congress Ratifies the National Council on Indian Opportunity Sept. 4, 1970: Allende Wins a Close Election in Chile Sept. 28, 1970: Sadat Becomes President of Egypt Dec. 15, 1970: New Mexico's Blue Lake Region Is Returned to the Taos Pueblo Health and medicine June 2, 1941: Yankee Baseball Great Lou Gehrig Dies 1943-1944: Famine Decimates Bengal Sept., 1943-Mar., 1944: Waksman Discovers the Antibiotic Streptomycin Sept. 8, 1943: Black Wednesday Demonstrates Dangers of Smog 1944-1953: Sanger Determines the Structure of Insulin Nov. 29, 1944: Blalock and Taussig Perform the First "Blue Baby" Surgery Jan. 25, 1945: Fluoride Is Introduced into the U.S. Water Supply Summer, 1945: Duggar Develops the First Tetracycline Antibiotic July 22, 1946: World Health Organization Proclaims Health a Basic Human Right Nov. 6, 1946: United Kingdom Passes the National Health Service Act Nov., 1947: First Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Is Discovered 1948: Aversion Drug Found for the Treatment of Alcoholism Oct. 26-31, 1948: Pennsylvania Town Suffers Deadly Temperature Inversion Beginning 1949: Hanford Nuclear Reservation Becomes a Health Concern 1949: X Rays from a Synchrotron Are First Used in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment June, 1950: Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Introduced Oct. 7, 1950: Mother Teresa Founds the Missionaries of Charity 1952: Wilkins Introduces Reserpine for the Treatment of High Blood Pressure Feb. 23, 1952: Bevis Describes Amniocentesis as a Method to Check Fetal Genetic Traits July 2, 1952: Salk Develops a Polio Vaccine Dec. 4-8, 1952: Smog Kills Thousands of Londoners Oct. 5, 1953: Du Vigneaud Synthesizes the First Peptide Hormone Dec. 10, 1953: Schweitzer Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Apr. 30, 1954: Wilkins and Kline Discover the First Tranquilizer for Psychosis Mid-1950's: Li Isolates Human Growth Hormone July 9, 1955-early 1960's: Scientists Campaign Against Nuclear Testing Apr., 1956: Minamata Bay Mercury Poisoning Begins to Claim Victims Apr., 1956-1957: Birth Control Pills Are Tested in Puerto Rico 1957: Dioxin Causes Chloracne in West German Chemical Workers 1957: Isaacs and Lindenmann Discover Interferons 1957: Sabin Develops the Oral Polio Vaccine Feb., 1957: Asian Flu Pandemic Kills Millions Worldwide Oct. 10, 1957: England's Windscale Reactor Releases Radiation 1958: Congress Sets Standards for Chemical Additives in Food 1958: Donald Uses Ultrasound to Examine Human Fetuses June 23, 1960: FDA Approves the Birth Control Pill July 12, 1960: Hazardous Substances Labeling Act Is Signed 1961: Horsfall Detects the Link Between Cancer and Altered DNA Feb. 24, 1961: National Council of Churches Supports Birth Control 1962: Gibbons Publishes Stalking the Wild Asparagus Feb. 4, 1962: St. Jude Children's Hospital Opens Oct. 10, 1962: Thalidomide Tragedy Prompts Passage of the Kefauver-Harris Amendment Aug., 1963: Lasers Are First Used in Eye Surgery Oct. 31, 1963: People with Mental Disabilities and Illnesses Assisted by Federal Act 1964: Plastic IUD Developed for Birth Control Apr. 6, 1964: Confirmation of Asbestos Hazards Sparks Widespread Litigation July 20, 1964-Oct., 1965: Navy Conducts Sealab Expeditions May 18, 1965: Head Start Is Established to Aid Poor Children July 30, 1965: Johnson Signs the Medicare and Medicaid Amendments Jan. 1, 1966: Federal Law Requires Cigarette Warning Labels Dec. 19, 1966: Canada Implements Its National Health Plan 1967: Favaloro Develops the Artery Bypass Surgery 1967: World Health Organization Intensifies Its Campaign to Eradicate Smallpox June, 1967: Scientists Debate the Addition of Antibiotics to Animal Feed Dec. 2, 1967: Barnard Performs the First Human Heart Transplant July 25, 1968: Roman Catholic Church Reaffirms Its Position Against Birth Control Aug. 12, 1968: Congress Passes the Architectural Barriers Act Aug. 18, 1968: Wholesome Poultry Products Act Is Passed 1969: German Measles Vaccine Is Developed Oct. 21, 1969: Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Banned from U.S. Consumer Markets Dec. 30, 1969: Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act Is Approved Apr. 1, 1970: Cigarette Ads Are Banned From Broadcast Media Dec. 2, 1970: Environmental Protection Agency Is Created Dec. 10, 1970: Borlaug Receives the Nobel Prize for His Work on World Hunger Dec. 28, 1970: Family Planning Services and Population Research Act Extends Reproductive Rights Dec. 29, 1970: Nixon Signs the Occupational Safety and Health Act Historiography 1956: Wiesel's Night Recalls the Holocaust 1959: Mattingly Documents the Spanish Armada 1961: Foucault's Madness and Civilization Is Published 1962: Kuhn Explores Paradigm Shifts in Scientific Thought 1964: Renfrew, Dixon, and Cann Reconstruct Ancient Near Eastern Trade Routes Human rights 1942: International League for the Rights of Man is Founded Jan. 20, 1942: Wannsee Conference and the "Final Solution" Oct. 25, 1943: Thai-Burma Railway Is Completed with Forced Labor Feb. 11, 1945: Soviet Exiles and Prisoners of War are Forced into Repatriation July 22, 1946: World Health Organization Proclaims Health a Basic Human Right 1948: Soviets Escalate Persecution of Jews Apr. 30, 1948: Organization of American States Is Founded May 2, 1948: American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man Is Adopted Dec. 9, 1948: United Nations Adopts Convention on Genocide Dec. 10, 1948: United Nations Adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Dec. 26, 1948: Hungary's Communist Government Arrests Cardinal Mindszenty Aug. 12, 1949: Geneva Conventions Establish Norms of Conduct in War Dec. 2, 1949: United Nations Convention Suppressing Human Trafficking Is Adopted Oct. 7, 1950: China Invades and Begins Rule of Tibet Nov. 4, 1950: European Convention on Human Rights Is Signed Dec. 1, 1950: United Nations Korean Relief Agency Is Formed Dec. 14, 1950: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statute Is Approved June 21, 1951: South Africa Begins Separate Development System July 28, 1951: Adoption of the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Sept. 25, 1953-Oct. 26, 1956: Polish Communist Government Arrests the Primate of Poland Oct. 23, 1953-Sept. 4, 1956: United Nations Amends Its International Slavery Treaty May, 1954: Military Coup Begins Thirty-Five Years of Dictatorship in Paraguay Sept. 28, 1954: United Nations Drafts a Convention on Stateless Persons Aug. 22-Sept. 3, 1955: United Nations Sets Rules for Treatment of Prisoners June 25, 1957: United Nations Adopts the Abolition of Forced Labor Convention Oct. 22, 1957: Duvalier Takes Power in Haiti July 4, 1958: Karol Wojty{lstrok}a Is Named Poland's Youngest Bishop Aug. 12-18, 1959: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Is Created Nov. 20, 1959: United Nations Adopts the Declaration of the Rights of the Child Mar. 21, 1960: Sharpeville Massacre Focuses Global Awareness on Apartheid Apr. 1, 1960: Consumers International Is Founded July 11, 1960: Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird Calls for Social Justice May 28, 1961: Amnesty International Is Founded Dec. 10, 1961: Lutuli Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Feb., 1962: United Nations World Food Programme Is Established Nov. 20, 1963: United Nations Condemns Racial Discrimination Aug. 18, 1964: South Africa Is Banned from the Olympic Games Sept. 30, 1965: Indonesia's Government Retaliates Against a Failed Communist Coup Nov. 8, 1965: British Parliament Abolishes the Death Penalty Dec. 16, 1966: United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Is Adopted Nov. 7, 1967: United Nations Issues a Declaration on Equality for Women Dec. 9, 1967: Ceau{scedil}escu Is Elected President of Romania May 13, 1968: Proclamation of Tehran Sets Human Rights Goals Dec. 10, 1968: Cassin Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 13, 1968: Brazil Begins Era of Intense Repression Sept. 10, 1969: African Convention Expands the Definition of Refugees Sept. 25, 1969: Organization of the Islamic Conference Is Established Nov. 22, 1969: Inter-American Court of Human Rights Is Established Dec. 10, 1969: International Labor Organization Wins the Nobel Peace Prize Nov. 11, 1970: Moscow Human Rights Committee Is Founded Humanitarianism and philanthropy Oct. 5, 1942: Oxford Committee for Famine Relief Is Founded Sept. 30-Oct. 1, 1943: Citizens Rescue Danish Jews from Germans July 7, 1946: Mother Cabrini Becomes the First U.S. Citizen Canonized as a Saint July, 1947: Great Books Foundation Is Established Dec. 9, 1949: United Nations Creates an Agency to Aid Palestinian Refugees Oct. 7, 1950: Mother Teresa Founds the Missionaries of Charity Dec. 1, 1950: United Nations Korean Relief Agency Is Formed Dec. 10, 1951: Jouhaux Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Dec. 10, 1953: Schweitzer Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize July 4, 1958: Karol Wojty{lstrok}a Is Named Poland's Youngest Bishop Dec. 10, 1958: Pire Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1960's: Cubans Flee to Florida and Receive Assistance Mar. 1, 1961: Peace Corps Is Founded Feb., 1962: United Nations World Food Programme Is Established Feb. 4, 1962: St. Jude Children's Hospital Opens Immigration, emigration, and relocation Aug. 4, 1942: United States Begins the Bracero Program Feb. 11, 1945: Soviet Exiles and Prisoners of War are Forced into Repatriation Dec. 28, 1945: War Brides Act May 7, 1947: Construction of Levittown Is Announced Nov. 29, 1947-July, 1949: Arab-Israeli War Creates Refugee Crisis 1949-1961: East Germans Flee to West to Escape Communist Regime Dec. 9, 1949: United Nations Creates an Agency to Aid Palestinian Refugees 1950: U.S. Government Encourages American Indians to Settle in Cities July 5, 1950: Israel Enacts the Law of Return Dec. 14, 1950: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statute Is Approved July 28, 1951: Adoption of the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees June 27, 1952: McCarran-Walter Act Aug. 7, 1953: Refugee Relief Act June 10, 1954: U.S. Government Program Begins Deporting Mexican Workers Aug., 1954-May, 1955: Operation Passage to Freedom Evacuates Refugees from North Vietnam Sept. 28, 1954: United Nations Drafts a Convention on Stateless Persons Fall, 1957: Brooklyn Dodgers Move to Los Angeles Dec. 10, 1958: Pire Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1960's: Cubans Flee to Florida and Receive Assistance Aug. 13, 1961: Communists Raise the Berlin Wall May 28, 1964: Palestinian Refugees Form the Palestine Liberation Organization Oct. 3, 1965: Hart-Celler Act Reforms U.S. Immigration Law 1968-1973: Drought Extends the Reach of the Sahara Desert Jan. 2, 1968: Congress Enacts the Bilingual Education Act Sept. 10, 1969: African Convention Expands the Definition of Refugees Independence movements May, 1941: Ho Chi Minh Organizes the Viet Minh Aug. 14, 1941: Atlantic Charter Declares a Postwar Right of Self-Determination 1945: Africans Return Home After World War II May 8, 1945: Algerian Nationalists Riot at Sétif July 4, 1946: Philippines Regains Its Independence Nov., 1946-July, 1954: Nationalist Vietnamese Fight French Control of Indochina Aug. 15, 1947: India Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Jan. 30, 1948: Gandhi Is Assassinated Feb. 4, 1948: Ceylon Becomes an Independent Dominion May 14, 1948: Israel Is Created as a Homeland for Jews Mar. 8, 1949: Vietnam Is Named a State Aug. 17, 1950: Indonesia Regains Its Independence Nov. 1, 1950: President Truman Escapes Assassination Attempt July 25, 1952: Puerto Rico Becomes a Commonwealth Oct. 20, 1952-1957: Mau Mau Uprising Creates Havoc in Kenya Aug. 1, 1953-Dec. 31, 1963: Formation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Nov. 9, 1953: Cambodia Gains Independence from France July 7, 1954: Julius Nyerere Emerges as Leader in Tanganyika Aug., 1954-May, 1955: Operation Passage to Freedom Evacuates Refugees from North Vietnam Oct. 23-Nov. 10, 1956: Soviets Crush Hungarian Uprising Mar. 6, 1957: Ghana Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Oct. 2, 1958: Guinea Gains Independence from France Mar. 3, 1959: Nyasaland Independence Leader Banda Is Arrested by British Colonials July 31, 1959: Basque Separatist Organization Is Formed Nov., 1959: Rwandan Hutus Overthrow Tutsi Monarchy 1960: Africa's Year of Independence 1960: Quebec Sovereignist Movement Begins July, 1960: Katanga Province Secedes from Congo and Riots Ensue Aug. 16, 1960: Cyprus Gains Independence Sept. 1, 1961: Eritrea Begins Its War for Independence Jan. 1, 1962: Western Samoa Gains Independence from New Zealand July 5, 1962: Algeria Gains Independence from France Oct. 9, 1962: Uganda Gains Independence May 28, 1964: Palestinian Refugees Form the Palestine Liberation Organization Oct. 24, 1964: Kaunda Becomes Zambia's First President Nov. 25, 1965: Military Coup Places Mobutu in Control of Congo Apr. 28, 1966: Southern Rhodesian Freedom Fighters Begin Toppling White Supremacist Government Sept. 30, 1966: Khama Leads a Stable Botswana Dec. 11, 1967: Habash founds the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Oct. 16, 1970-Apr. 30, 1971: Canada Invokes War Measures Act Against Quebec Separatists Indigenous peoples' rights Apr. 9, 1948: La Violencia Begins in Colombia 1950: U.S. Government Encourages American Indians to Settle in Cities Aug. 1, 1953: Native Americans Lose Government Special Status June 5, 1956: Oil Is Discovered in Nigeria May 25, 1963: Organization of African Unity Is Founded Nov. 3, 1964: Reformist Bolivian President Paz Estenssoro Is Toppled Apr. 11, 1968: Indian Civil Rights Act Is Passed Oct. 11, 1968: Omar Torrijos Ousts Arias in Panama Nov. 20, 1969-June 11, 1971: American Indians Occupy Alcatraz Island Aug., 1970: Congress Ratifies the National Council on Indian Opportunity Dec. 15, 1970: New Mexico's Blue Lake Region Is Returned to the Taos Pueblo Inventions 1941: Portable Aerosol Containers Are Introduced May 15, 1941: Turbojet Engine Is Used in the First Jet Plane June 17, 1942-July 16, 1945: United States Develops the First Nuclear Weapon Spring, 1943: Cousteau and Gagnan Develop the Aqualung Apr., 1943-1946: Eckert and Mauchly Develop the ENIAC Dec., 1943: Secret English Team Develops Colossus Mid-1940's: First Modern Herbicide Is Introduced 1947: Gabor Develops the Concept of Holography Feb. 21, 1947: Land Demonstrates the Polaroid Camera Dec. 23, 1947: Invention of the Transistor 1951-1952: Teller and Ulam Develop the First Hydrogen Bomb Apr., 1951: Tupper Adopts Home-Sales Strategy for Tupperware 1952-1956: Müller Develops the Field Ion Microscope 1953-1959: Liquid Bubble Chamber Is Developed Apr., 1953: Fuller Builds First Industrial Geodesic Dome Sept. 16, 1953: Premiere of the First CinemaScope Film May, 1954: Bell Scientists Develop the Photovoltaic Cell 1957: Sony Develops the Pocket-Sized Transistor Radio Jan., 1959: First Successful Synthesizer Is Completed July, 1960: Invention of the Laser Early 1961: Disposable Diapers Are Introduced to U.S. Market 1963: Audiocassette Is Introduced 1964: Plastic IUD Developed for Birth Control 1967-1970: Floppy Disks Are Developed for Computer Data Storage Oct., 1970: Pollution Fears Prompt Invention of Phosphate-Free Detergent Language, linguistics, and philology Aug. 6, 1949: Spanish Becomes the Language of Instruction in Puerto Rico Feb., 1961: Tamils Protest Discrimination in Ceylon Oct., 1961: Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1967: Derrida Enunciates the Principles of Deconstruction Jan. 2, 1968: Congress Enacts the Bilingual Education Act July 9, 1969: Canada's Official Languages Act Laws, acts, and legal history Mar. 11, 1941: Roosevelt Signs the Lend-Lease Act May 2, 1941: NBC Is Ordered to Divest Itself of a Radio Network Jan. 30, 1942: Roosevelt Signs the Emergency Price Control Act Mar. 15, 1943: Roosevelt Creates Jackson Hole National Monument June 14, 1943: Supreme Court Rules That States Cannot Compel Flag Salutes Dec. 17, 1943: Magnuson Act Repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act Apr. 3, 1944: Supreme Court Rules African American Disenfranchisement Unconstitutional June 22, 1944: Roosevelt Signs the G.I. Bill Mar. 12, 1945: Alcoa Is Convicted of Violating the Sherman Antitrust Act Oct. 24, 1945: Norwegians Execute Nazi Collaborator Quisling Oct. 29, 1945-Feb. 23, 1946: Japanese General Yamashita Is Convicted of War Crimes Nov. 20, 1945-Oct. 1, 1946: Nazi War Criminals Are Tried at Nuremberg Dec. 28, 1945: War Brides Act 1946: British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes Feb. 5, 1946: Establishment of the International Court of Justice Feb. 20, 1946: Employment Act July 1, 1946: Canada's Citizenship Act Is Passed Aug. 1, 1946: Atomic Energy Commission Is Established Aug. 1, 1946: Congress Creates the Fulbright Program Nov. 6, 1946: United Kingdom Passes the National Health Service Act June 23, 1947: Taft-Hartley Act Passes over Truman's Veto July 26, 1947: National Security Act May 3, 1948: Antitrust Rulings Force Film Studios to Divest Theaters June 30, 1948: First Water Pollution Control Act Is Passed Dec. 9, 1948: United Nations Adopts Convention on Genocide 1949: Soviet Union Adopts Measures to Reduce Air Pollution Nov. 26, 1949: Indian Government Bans Discrimination Against Untouchables July 5, 1950: Israel Enacts the Law of Return Dec. 14, 1950: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statute Is Approved Dec. 29, 1950: Celler-Kefauver Act Amends Antitrust Legislation Mar. 1, 1951: U.S. Presidents Are Limited to Two Terms Apr. 10, 1951: Bundestag Passes Legislation on Codetermination June 21, 1951: South Africa Begins Separate Development System June 27, 1952: McCarran-Walter Act July 30, 1953: Congress Creates the Small Business Administration Aug. 1, 1953: Native Americans Lose Government Special Status Aug. 7, 1953: Refugee Relief Act May 17, 1954: Supreme Court Ends Public School Segregation July 10, 1954: Eisenhower Begins the Food for Peace Program Aug. 16, 1954: U.S. Tax Laws Allow Accelerated Depreciation Aug. 30, 1954: Atomic Energy Act 1955-1956: Indian Parliament Approves Women's Rights Legislation July 14, 1955: Congress Passes the Air Pollution Control Act June 27, 1956: Congress Amends the Water Pollution Control Act Aug., 1957: Price-Anderson Act Limits Nuclear Liability Sept. 4, 1957: Wolfenden Report Recommends Decriminalizing Consensual Sex Sept. 9, 1957: Congress Creates the Commission on Civil Rights 1958: Congress Sets Standards for Chemical Additives in Food Aug. 21, 1958: Congress Gives Tax Breaks to Financiers of Small Businesses Sept. 14, 1959: Landrum-Griffin Act Targets Union Corruption May 6, 1960: Civil Rights Act of 1960 June 12, 1960: Congress Passes the Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act July 12, 1960: Hazardous Substances Labeling Act Is Signed Aug. 4, 1960: Canadian Bill of Rights Prohibits Sex Discrimination Sept. 13, 1960: Radio's Payola Scandal Mar. 29, 1961: District of Columbia Receives Representation in Presidential Elections Apr. 11-Aug. 14, 1961: Eichmann Is Tried for War Crimes May 22, 1961: U.S. Supreme Court Orders Du Pont to Disburse GM Holdings Mar. 26, 1962-Feb. 17, 1964: Supreme Court Requires Population to Determine Voting Districts Oct. 10, 1962: Thalidomide Tragedy Prompts Passage of the Kefauver-Harris Amendment Mar. 18, 1963: Supreme Court Establishes Defendants' Right to an Attorney June 10, 1963: Congress Passes the Equal Pay Act June 17, 1963: Supreme Court Limits Bible Reading in Public Schools Oct. 31, 1963: People with Mental Disabilities and Illnesses Assisted by Federal Act Dec. 17, 1963: Clean Air Act Grants Federal Authority to Regulate Air Pollution Jan. 8, 1964: Johnson Announces War on Poverty Jan. 23, 1964: Poll Taxes Are Outlawed Feb. 26, 1964: Kennedy-Johnson Tax Cuts Stimulate the U.S. Economy Apr. 6, 1964: Confirmation of Asbestos Hazards Sparks Widespread Litigation July 2, 1964: Congress Passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964 July 17, 1964: Congress Passes the Water Resources Research Act Sept. 2, 1964: Johnson Signs the Interest Equalization Tax Act Sept. 3, 1964: Wilderness Act Is Passed Sept. 19, 1964-Dec. 31, 1970: Congress Establishes the Public Land Law Review Commission Dec. 14, 1964: Supreme Court Prohibits Racial Discrimination in Public Accommodations June 7, 1965: Supreme Court Rules that States Cannot Ban Contraceptives in Griswold v. Connecticut July 30, 1965: Johnson Signs the Medicare and Medicaid Amendments Aug., 1965: Congress Limits the Use of Highway Billboards Aug. 6, 1965: Congress Passes the Voting Rights Act Aug. 12, 1965: Five States Take Steps to Halt Lake Erie Pollution Oct. 2, 1965: Congress Strengthens Water Laws Oct. 3, 1965: Hart-Celler Act Reforms U.S. Immigration Law Oct. 20, 1965: Congress Passes the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act Oct. 20, 1965: Solid Waste Disposal Act Is Passed Nov. 8, 1965: British Parliament Abolishes the Death Penalty Dec. 29, 1965: Scenic Hudson Case Stops Storm King Power Plant Jan. 1, 1966: Federal Law Requires Cigarette Warning Labels June 13, 1966: Police Required to Inform Arrested Persons of Their Rights Aug. 24, 1966: Animal Welfare Act Regulates Research Using Animals Oct. 15, 1966: Congress Passes the Endangered Species Preservation Act Feb. 23, 1967: Constitution Provides for the Incapacity of the President Apr. 11, 1967: Supreme Court Rules Against a Procter & Gamble Merger July 4, 1967: Freedom of Information Act Goes Into Effect July 5, 1967: AT&T Is Ordered to Reduce Charges Oct. 2, 1967: Marshall Becomes the First African American Supreme Court Justice Dec. 15, 1967: Congress Enacts the Age Discrimination in Employment Act Jan. 2, 1968: Congress Enacts the Bilingual Education Act Apr. 11, 1968: Fair Housing Act Outlaws Discrimination in Housing Apr. 11, 1968: Indian Civil Rights Act Is Passed May 29, 1968: Congress Passes the Consumer Credit Protection Act June 17, 1968: Supreme Court Upholds Ban on Housing Discrimination July 21, 1968: Congress Acts to Control Noise Pollution July 26, 1968: Theatres Act Ends Censorship of British Drama Aug. 12, 1968: Congress Passes the Architectural Barriers Act Aug. 18, 1968: Wholesome Poultry Products Act Is Passed Oct. 2, 1968: Johnson Establishes North Cascades National Park Oct. 2, 1968: Wild and Scenic Rivers and Trails System Acts Are Passed June 23, 1969: Supreme Court Extends Protection Against Double Jeopardy July 9, 1969: Canada's Official Languages Act Oct. 15, 1969: Canada Announces Ban on Hunting Baby Seals Oct. 21, 1969: Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Banned from U.S. Consumer Markets Nov. 20, 1969-Dec. 31, 1972: DDT Ban Signals New Environmental Awareness Dec. 30, 1969: Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act Is Approved 1970-1971: U.S. Voting Age Is Lowered to Eighteen Jan. 1, 1970: National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Is Signed Jan. 16, 1970: Flood Tests Baseball's Reserve Clause Mar. 31, 1970: Canada Bans Commercial Fishing in Lakes St. Clair and Erie Apr. 1, 1970: Cigarette Ads Are Banned From Broadcast Media Apr. 3, 1970: Congress Mandates Oil-Spill Liabilities and Penalties May 29, 1970: British Parliament Passes the Equal Pay Act of 1970 Oct. 15, 1970: Congress Passes the RICO Act Oct. 26, 1970: Congress Passes the Fair Credit Reporting Act Oct. 26, 1970: Resource Recovery Act Is Passed Oct. 30, 1970: Congress Creates Amtrak to Save Passenger Rail Service Nov. 17, 1970-Mar. 29, 1971: Calley Is Court-Martialed for My Lai Massacre Dec. 2, 1970: Environmental Protection Agency Is Created Dec. 4, 1970: Chávez Is Jailed for Organizing a National Lettuce Boycott Dec. 28, 1970: Family Planning Services and Population Research Act Extends Reproductive Rights Dec. 29, 1970: Nixon Signs the Occupational Safety and Health Act Dec. 31, 1970: Congress Amends the Clean Air Act Dec. 31, 1970: Congress Approves the Mining and Minerals Act Literature 1941: New Criticism Arises in American Universities Feb., 1942: Lewis Explores the Mind of Evil in The Screwtape Letters May 11, 1942: Faulkner Publishes Go Down, Moses 1943: Saroyan Offers a Compelling Story of Hope in The Human Comedy June 25, 1943: Sartre's Being and Nothingness Expresses Existential Philosophy 1944: Borges's Ficciones Transcends Traditional Realism 1944-1960: Sartre and Camus Give Dramatic Voice to Existential Philosophy May 28, 1945: Evelyn Waugh Captures Prewar English Life in Brideshead Revisited Aug., 1946: Hiroshima Recounts the Story of Surviving a Nuclear Explosion Sept., 1947: German Writers Form Group 47 1948: Greene's The Heart of the Matter Is Published 1948: Mailer Publishes The Naked and the Dead 1948: Merton Publishes His Spiritual Autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain Feb., 1948: Paton Explores South Africa's Racial Divide in Cry, the Beloved Country 1949: Beauvoir's The Second Sex Anticipates the Women's Movement Feb. 20, 1949: Pound Wins the Bollingen Prize June, 1949: Nineteen Eighty-Four Portrays Totalitarianism and Mind Control 1950's: "Angry Young Men" Express Working-Class Views 1950's: Beat Generation Rejects Mainstream Values 1950: Robinson's The Cardinal Tops Best-Seller List 1950-1956: Children Delight in The Chronicles of Narnia 1951: Rise of the New Novel 1951-1953: Beckett's Trilogy Expands the Frontiers of Fiction 1951-1975: Powell Publishes the Epic A Dance to the Music of Time Feb. 26, 1951: From Here to Eternity Wins Wide Readership July 16, 1951: Young Readers Embrace The Catcher in the Rye 1952: Ellison's Invisible Man Is Published Dec. 10, 1952: Mauriac Accepts the Nobel Prize in Literature 1954: Golding's Lord of the Flies Spurs Examination of Human Nature Spring, 1954: Catton Wins a Pulitzer Prize for A Stillness at Appomattox June, 1954-Oct., 1955: Tolkien Publishes The Lord of the Rings 1955: O'Connor Publishes A Good Man Is Hard to Find 1955-1970: Latin American Fiction "Boom" Sept., 1955: First Full Edition of Dickinson's Poems 1956: Wiesel's Night Recalls the Holocaust Oct., 1957: Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago Is Published 1958: Burdick and Lederer Explore the Image of the "Ugly American" 1958: Things Fall Apart Depicts the Destruction of Ibo Culture 1959: Drury Sets a Novel of Political Intrigue in Washington, D.C. 1959: Grass Publishes The Tin Drum 1960's: Sixties Culture in the United States Rediscovers the Works of Hesse July 11, 1960: Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird Calls for Social Justice Fall, 1960: Plath's The Colossus Voices Women's Experience 1961: Catch-22 Illustrates Antiwar Sentiment 1961: Percy Begins His Literary Career with The Moviegoer 1961: Stone Documents the Life of Michelangelo June 1, 1961: Heinlein Publishes Stranger in a Strange Land Nov., 1962: Solzhenitsyn Depicts Life in a Soviet Labor Camp in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1963: Arendt Speculates on the Banality of Evil 1963: Baldwin Voices Black Rage in The Fire Next Time 1963: Le Carré Rejects the Fantasy World of Secret Agents 1963: Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle Expresses 1960's Alienation 1964-1972: Marcuse Publishes Foundational New Left Works Sept., 1964: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Is Published June, 1965: Michener's Best Seller The Source Explores Jewish History Nov., 1965: The Autobiography of Malcolm X Is Published 1967: Celan Introduces the Concept of Poetic "Breath-Measure" 1967: Derrida Enunciates the Principles of Deconstruction May, 1967: García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude Is Published May 11, 1968: Handke's Kaspar Dramatizes Language Theory Dec. 12, 1968: Kawabata Wins the Nobel Prize in Literature 1969: Puzo Chronicles Organized Crime in The Godfather 1969: Roth Publishes Portnoy's Complaint Manufacturing and industry 1941: Portable Aerosol Containers Are Introduced 1946-1960: Hollywood Studio System Is Transformed Feb. 21, 1947: Land Demonstrates the Polaroid Camera Spring, 1947: Dior's "New Look" Sweeps Europe and America 1948: Fender Introduces the Broadcaster Guitar Apr. 19, 1948: ABC Begins Its Own Network Television Service May 25, 1948: General Motors and the UAW Introduce the COLA Clause July 8, 1948: Textron Initiates the Trend Toward Conglomeration Mar., 1951-Aug., 1953: Iran Nationalizes Its Oil Industry Mar. 31, 1951: UNIVAC I Becomes the First Commercial Electronic Computer Apr., 1951: Tupper Adopts Home-Sales Strategy for Tupperware Apr. 18, 1951: European Coal and Steel Community Is Established Early 1952: Voest Develops the Basic Oxygen Process for Steelmaking Apr. 8, 1952: Truman Orders Seizure of Steel Plants 1953: Morita Licenses Transistor Technology Mar. 19, 1954: Laura Ashley Fashion Company Is Founded Mar. 2, 1955: McDonald's Fast Food Is Incorporated and Franchised Late 1950's: Firms Begin Replacing Skilled Laborers with Automated Tools 1957: Sony Develops the Pocket-Sized Transistor Radio Sept. 4, 1957: Ford Introduces the Edsel Dec. 2, 1957: First U.S. Commercial Nuclear Plant Opens Beginning 1958: Mao's Great Leap Forward Brings Chaos to China Oct. 26, 1958: Boeing 707 Begins Commercial Service Early 1960's: Quant Introduces the Miniskirt July 12, 1960: Hazardous Substances Labeling Act Is Signed Early 1961: Disposable Diapers Are Introduced to U.S. Market 1962: Bookchin Warns of Health Hazards of Artificial Environments Apr., 1962: Brazil Nationalizes U.S. Businesses 1963: Audiocassette Is Introduced Dec. 9, 1963: Studebaker Announces Plans to Abandon U.S. Auto Production Dec. 12, 1963: General Public Utilities Announces Plans for a Commercial Nuclear Reactor 1964-1970: Frei "Chileanizes" Chile's Copper Industry Spring, 1964: Sara Lee Opens an Automated Factory Apr. 17, 1964: Ford Introduces the Mustang 1965: U.S. and Mexican Companies Form Maquiladoras Nov. 29, 1965: Nader Launches the Consumer Rights Movement Dec. 4, 1965: Asian Development Bank Is Chartered May 4, 1966: Fiat Builds a Factory in the Soviet Union Oct. 21, 1966: Mining Debris Buries Welsh Village Apr. 28, 1967: McDonnell and Douglas Aircraft Companies Merge Jan. 15, 1968: British Leyland Motor Corporation Is Formed Oct. 18, 1968: Lauren Creates the Polo Clothing Line June 22, 1969: Polluted Cuyahoga River Bursts into Flames Sept. 3, 1969: Congress Begins Hearings on Overspending for the C-5A Galaxy 1970: Design for the Real World Calls for Industrial Design Reform Oct., 1970: Pollution Fears Prompt Invention of Phosphate-Free Detergent Dec. 18, 1970: European Consortium Creates Airbus Industrie Marketing and advertising Fall, 1952: Hasbro Advertises Toys on Television Summer, 1958: Hula Hoop Is Marketed Early 1960's: Quant Introduces the Miniskirt Sept. 13, 1960: Radio's Payola Scandal Oct. 10, 1962: Thalidomide Tragedy Prompts Passage of the Kefauver-Harris Amendment Apr. 17, 1964: Ford Introduces the Mustang Aug., 1965: Congress Limits the Use of Highway Billboards Jan. 1, 1966: Federal Law Requires Cigarette Warning Labels Jan. 15, 1967: National Football League Holds Its First Super Bowl Jan. 15, 1968: British Leyland Motor Corporation Is Formed Apr. 1, 1970: Cigarette Ads Are Banned From Broadcast Media Mathematics 1966-1975: Mandelbrot Develops Non-Euclidean Fractal Measures Military history July, 1937-Sept. 2, 1945: World War II: Pacific Theater Sept. 3, 1939-May 7, 1945: World War II: European Theater Mar. 1, 1941: United States Enters the Battle of the Atlantic May 26-27, 1941: Sinking of the German Battleship Bismarck May 7-8, 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea June 17, 1942-July 16, 1945: United States Develops the First Nuclear Weapon July 4-12, 1943: Tank Battle at Kursk Devastates German Forces July 6, 1943: Battle of Kula Gulf July 9-Aug. 17, 1943: Allied Forces Invade Sicily Oct. 25, 1943: Thai-Burma Railway Is Completed with Forced Labor Nov. 20, 1943-Nov. 27, 1944: Central Pacific Offensive June 12-20, 1944: Battle of the Philippine Sea July 25, 1944: Allied Forces Break German Front in France Aug. 15, 1944: Operation Dragoon Sept. 12, 1944: Allied Forces Begin the Battle for Germany Oct. 20, 1944: Japan Orders Kamikaze Attacks Nov. 22, 1944: Canada Implements Conscription After Months of Crisis Feb. 11, 1945: Soviet Exiles and Prisoners of War are Forced into Repatriation Apr. 1-July 2, 1945: Okinawa Campaign Meets Stiff Japanese Resistance July 16, 1945: First Nuclear Bomb Is Detonated July 26, 1948: Truman Orders Desegregation of U.S. Armed Forces Aug. 12, 1949: Geneva Conventions Establish Norms of Conduct in War Sept. 1, 1951: Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment Nov. 20, 1953: Test Aircraft Exceeds Twice the Speed of Sound Jan. 21, 1954: First Nuclear-Powered U.S. Submarine Is Launched Feb. 15, 1954: Canada and the United States Establish the DEW Line Spring, 1954: Catton Wins a Pulitzer Prize for A Stillness at Appomattox May 15, 1955: Austria Regains Its Independence July 11, 1955: Air Force Academy Is Dedicated May 12, 1958: Canada and the United States Create NORAD Dec. 9, 1960: Collapse of the Laotian Government Leads to Civil War Jan. 17, 1961: Eisenhower Warns of the Military-Industrial Complex Nov. 14, 1961: Kennedy Expands U.S. Involvement in Vietnam Oct. 22-28, 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis Apr. 28, 1965: U.S. Troops Occupy the Dominican Republic Jan. 1, 1966: Military Coup Brings Dictatorship to Central African Republic Jan. 3, 1966: Upper Volta Coup Leads to Military Government June 5-10, 1967: Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War Sept. 3, 1967: Thieu Is Elected President of South Vietnam Jan. 23, 1968: North Korea Seizes the USS Pueblo Monuments Oct. 31, 1941: Mount Rushmore National Memorial Is Completed Motion pictures and video 1941-1945: U.S. Censorship and War Propaganda During World War II May 1, 1941: Welles's Citizen Kane Breaks with Traditional Filmmaking Oct. 3, 1941: The Maltese Falcon Establishes a New Style for Crime Films 1942-1961: Italian New Wave Gains Worldwide Acclaim Oct. 15, 1942-1961: Kazan Brings Naturalism to the Stage and Screen Nov. 26, 1942: Casablanca Marks the Artistic Apex of 1940's War-Themed Films 1943: Saroyan Offers a Compelling Story of Hope in The Human Comedy July 21, 1943: Stormy Weather Offers New Film Roles to African Americans 1944-1957: Kelly Forges New Directions in Cinematic Dance Mar. 15, 1945: Going My Way Wins Best Picture 1946-1960: Hollywood Studio System Is Transformed 1946-1962: Westerns Dominate Postwar American Film Dec. 20, 1946: Capra Releases It's a Wonderful Life 1947-1951: Blacklisting Depletes Hollywood's Talent Pool Oct. 20, 1947: HUAC Investigates Hollywood May 3, 1948: Antitrust Rulings Force Film Studios to Divest Theaters May 4, 1948: Olivier's Hamlet Is Released to Acclaim and Controversy 1949-1951: Ealing Comedies Mark a High Point in British Film Sept. 3, 1949: The Third Man Premiers Aug. 10, 1950: Sunset Boulevard Premiers Sept. 10, 1951: Kurosawa's Rashomon Wins the Grand Prize at Venice Sept. 20, 1951: A Streetcar Named Desire Brings Method Acting to the Screen July 24, 1952: Premier of High Noon 1953-1955: Marilyn Monroe Climbs to Stardom Apr. 23, 1953: Shane Premiers Sept. 16, 1953: Premiere of the First CinemaScope Film June 24, 1954: The Caine Mutiny Premiers Sept. 6, 1954: La Strada Solidifies Fellini's Renown as a Brilliant Director Mar. 19, 1955: Poitier Emerges as a Film Star in The Blackboard Jungle Mar. 30, 1955: On the Waterfront Wins Best Picture Oct. 29, 1955: Dean Becomes a Legend in Rebel Without a Cause 1956-1960: French New Wave Ushers in a New Era of Cinema Mar. 13, 1956: Premier of The Searchers May 17, 1957: Bergman Wins International Fame with The Seventh Seal Mar. 28, 1959: Some Like It Hot Premieres Mar. 16, 1960: Godard's Breathless Revolutionizes Film Apr. 4, 1960: Ben-Hur Wins Best Picture June 16, 1960: Psycho Becomes Hitchcock's Most Famous Film Oct. 5, 1962: Dr. No Launches the Hugely Popular James Bond Series Mar. 11-20, 1963: Nam June Paik Exhibits Video and Television as Art Apr. 8, 1963: Lawrence of Arabia Wins Best Picture 1964-1969: Leone Renovates the Western Film Genre Jan. 30, 1964-1971: Kubrick Becomes a Film-Industry Leader Mar. 2, 1965: The Sound of Music Captivates Audiences Sept. 15, 1966: Warhol's Underground Film The Chelsea Girls Finds Mainstream Audience July 14, 1969: Easy Rider Captures the Spirit of 1960's Youth Oct. 5, 1969: Monty Python's Flying Circus Prompts a Cult Following Jan. 25, 1970: M*A*S*H Satirizes Warfare Feb. 4, 1970: Patton's Historical Realism Leads to Best Picture and Actor Awards Music Jan. 15, 1941: Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time Is Performed Oct. 16, 1942: Agnes de Mille Choreographs Rodeo Mar. 31, 1943: Oklahoma! Opens on Broadway Sept., 1943: Sinatra Establishes Himself as a Solo Performer Apr. 18, 1944: Robbins's Fancy Free Premieres Apr. 22, 1944: U.S. Highball Premieres in New York Oct. 30, 1944: Graham Debuts Appalachian Spring with Copland Score June 7, 1945: Britten Completes Peter Grimes Mar. 28, 1946: Parker's Playing Epitomizes Bebop Oct. 3, 1946: Mahalia Jackson Begins Her Recording Career 1948: Fender Introduces the Broadcaster Guitar Feb. 10, 1948: Zhdanov Denounces "Formalism" in Music Dec. 30, 1948: Porter Creates an Integrated Score for Kiss Me, Kate Jan. 21, 1949-Mar. 9, 1950: Davis Develops 1950's Cool Jazz June 11, 1949: Hank Williams Performs on The Grand Ole Opry Sept. 11, 1951: Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress Premieres in Venice Dec. 24, 1951: Amahl and the Night Visitors Premieres on American Television Aug. 29, 1952: Cage's 4{sprime} 33{dprime} Premieres July 17-18, 1954: First Newport Jazz Festival Is Held Dec. 2, 1954: Varèse Premieres Déserts Spring, 1955: Berry's "Maybellene" Popularizes Rock and Roll June 18, 1955: Boulez's Le Marteau sans maître Premiers 1956-1957: Presley Becomes a Rock-and-Roll Sensation Sept. 26, 1957: Bernstein Joins Symphonic and Jazz Elements in West Side Story Dec. 19, 1957: Willson's The Music Man Presents Musical Americana 1958: Theatre Workshop Presents Behan's The Hostage Jan., 1959: First Successful Synthesizer Is Completed J |
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