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Great Events from History: The 20th Century Table of Contents Contents Publisher's Note Contributors Keyword List of Contents List of Maps, Tables, and Sidebars 1940's July, 1937-September 2, 1945, World War II: Pacific Theater September 3, 1939-May 7, 1945, World War II: European Theater 1941, Bultmann Offers a Controversial Interpretation of the Christian Scriptures 1941, New Criticism Arises in American Universities 1941, Portable Aerosol Containers Are Introduced 1941, Shirer Examines the Rise of Nazi Ideology in Berlin Diary 1941-August 25, 1944, French Resistance 1941-1945, 6.6 Million Women Enter the U.S. Labor Force 1941-1945, U.S. Censorship and War Propaganda During World War II January, 1941, Nationalist Chinese Forces Battle Communists as Japan Advances January, 1941, Thai Forces Attack French Troops Near Battambang January 15, 1941, Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time Is Performed February 23, 1941, Seaborg and McMillan Make Plutonium March, 1941-January, 1943, Niebuhr Extols a Theory of Christian Realism March 1, 1941, Bulgaria Joins the Tripartite Pact March 1, 1941, United States Enters the Battle of the Atlantic March 11, 1941, Roosevelt Signs the Lend-Lease Act April 6-30, 1941, Germany Mounts the Balkan Offensive May, 1941, Ho Chi Minh Organizes the Viet Minh May 1, 1941, Welles's Citizen Kane Breaks with Traditional Filmmaking May 2, 1941, FCC Licenses Commercial Television May 2, 1941, NBC Is Ordered to Divest Itself of a Radio Network May 2-June 13, 1941, Anglo-Iraqi War May 15, 1941, Turbojet Engine Is Used in the First Jet Plane May 20-June 1, 1941, Germany Invades Crete May 26-27, 1941, Sinking of the German Battleship Bismarck June 2, 1941, Yankee Baseball Great Lou Gehrig Dies June 22, 1941-January 8, 1942, Germany Invades Russia June 25, 1941, Roosevelt Bans Discrimination in Defense-Industry Employment August 14, 1941, Atlantic Charter Declares a Postwar Right of Self-Determination August 23, 1941, Nazis Ban Nolde's Paintings October, 1941, Davies Reflects on His Post to Moscow in Mission to Moscow October 3, 1941, The Maltese Falcon Establishes a New Style for Crime Films October 31, 1941, Mount Rushmore National Memorial Is Completed December 7, 1941, Bombing of Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941, Canada Declares War on Japan December 7, 1941, Japan Begins Attacks on Southeast Asia December 10, 1941-May, 1942, Japan Invades the Philippines December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy Declare War on the United States December 29-31, 1941, Churchill Visits Canada as World War II Ally 1942, International League for the Rights of Man is Founded 1942-1961, Italian New Wave Gains Worldwide Acclaim January 20, 1942, Wannsee Conference and the "Final Solution" January 30, 1942, Roosevelt Signs the Emergency Price Control Act February, 1942, Lewis Explores the Mind of Evil in The Screwtape Letters February 19, 1942-1945, United States Interns Japanese Americans February 24, 1942, Voice of America Begins Broadcasting February 27-March 1, 1942, Battle of the Java Sea Spring, 1942, Congress of Racial Equality Forms April 18, 1942, Doolittle Mission Bombs Tokyo May 7-8, 1942, Battle of the Coral Sea May 11, 1942, Faulkner Publishes Go Down, Moses June 3-5, 1942, Battle of Midway June 17, 1942-July 16, 1945, United States Develops the First Nuclear Weapon August 4, 1942, United States Begins the Bracero Program August 7, 1942-February 9, 1943, Battle of Guadalcanal August 9, 1942, Stein Is Killed by the Nazis August 19, 1942-February 2, 1943, Battle of Stalingrad August 27, 1942, Legal Slavery Ends in Ethiopia October, 1942, Lindeman's "The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology" Is Published October 5, 1942, Oxford Committee for Famine Relief Is Founded October 15, 1942-1961, Kazan Brings Naturalism to the Stage and Screen October 16, 1942, Agnes de Mille Choreographs Rodeo October 20, 1942, Peggy Guggenheim's Gallery Promotes New American Art October 23-November 3, 1942, Second Battle of El Alamein November 8, 1942, Invasion of North Africa November 26, 1942, Casablanca Marks the Artistic Apex of 1940's War-Themed Films November 28, 1942, Fire in Boston's Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Proves Deadly December 2, 1942, Fermi Creates the First Controlled Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction 1943, Saroyan Offers a Compelling Story of Hope in The Human Comedy 1943, Von Weizsäcker Forms His Quantitative Theory of Planetary Formation 1943-1944, Famine Decimates Bengal 1943-1948, Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe January 14-24, 1943, Casablanca Conference March 15, 1943, Roosevelt Creates Jackson Hole National Monument Spring, 1943, Cousteau and Gagnan Develop the Aqualung March 31, 1943, Oklahoma! Opens on Broadway April, 1943-1946, Eckert and Mauchly Develop the ENIAC April 8, 1943-June 23, 1947, Inflation and Labor Unrest April 19-May 16, 1943, Warsaw Ghetto Armed Uprising Against Nazis May 18-June 3, 1943, United Nations Holds Its First Conference on Food and Agriculture June 3-9, 1943, Zoot-Suit Riots Exemplify Ethnic Tensions in Los Angeles June 14, 1943, Supreme Court Rules That States Cannot Compel Flag Salutes June 20-21, 1943, and August 1, 1943, Race Riots Erupt in Detroit and Harlem June 25, 1943, Sartre's Being and Nothingness Expresses Existential Philosophy July 4-12, 1943, Tank Battle at Kursk Devastates German Forces July 6, 1943, Battle of Kula Gulf July 9-August 17, 1943, Allied Forces Invade Sicily July 21, 1943, Stormy Weather Offers New Film Roles to African Americans September, 1943, Australians Elect First Women to Parliament September, 1943, Sinatra Establishes Himself as a Solo Performer September, 1943-March, 1944, Waksman Discovers the Antibiotic Streptomycin September 3-18, 1943, Western Allies Invade Italy September 8, 1943, Black Wednesday Demonstrates Dangers of Smog September 30-October 1, 1943, Citizens Rescue Danish Jews from Germans October, 1943, Alaska Highway Is Completed October 25, 1943, Thai-Burma Railway Is Completed with Forced Labor November 4, 1943, World's First Nuclear Reactor Is Activated November 20, 1943-November 27, 1944, Central Pacific Offensive November 23-30, 1943, Cairo Conference and Declaration Addresses War in the Pacific November 28-December 1, 1943, Tehran Conference Promotes Allied Cooperation in Iran December, 1943, Secret English Team Develops Colossus December 17, 1943, Magnuson Act Repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act 1944, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Determine That DNA Carries Hereditary Information 1944, Borges's Ficciones Transcends Traditional Realism 1944-1949, Hodgkin Solves the Structure of Penicillin 1944-1953, Sanger Determines the Structure of Insulin 1944-1957, Kelly Forges New Directions in Cinematic Dance 1944-1960, Sartre and Camus Give Dramatic Voice to Existential Philosophy January 29, 1944, Kuiper Discovers That Titan Has an Atmosphere March, 1944, Hayek Opposes Centralized Economic Planning March 15, 1944, France Grants Suffrage to Women April 3, 1944, Supreme Court Rules African American Disenfranchisement Unconstitutional April 18, 1944, Robbins's Fancy Free Premieres April 22, 1944, U.S. Highball Premieres in New York June 6, 1944, Invasion of Normandy Begins the Liberation of Europe June 12-20, 1944, Battle of the Philippine Sea June 13 and September 8, 1944, German V-1 and V-2 Weapons Are Deployed June 15, 1944, Superfortress Bombing of Japan June 22, 1944, Roosevelt Signs the G.I. Bill July 1-22, 1944, Bretton Woods Agreement Encourages Free Trade July 25, 1944, Allied Forces Break German Front in France August 15, 1944, Operation Dragoon September, 1944, Borlaug Begins Work on High-Yield Wheat September 12, 1944, Allied Forces Begin the Battle for Germany October 20, 1944, Japan Orders Kamikaze Attacks October 23-26, 1944, Battle for Leyte Gulf October 30, 1944, Graham Debuts Appalachian Spring with Copland Score November, 1944-October, 1948, Reber Publishes the First Radio Maps of the Galaxy November 7, 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt Wins a Fourth Presidential Term November 22, 1944, Canada Implements Conscription After Months of Crisis November 29, 1944, Blalock and Taussig Perform the First "Blue Baby" Surgery December 16, 1944-January, 1945, Battle of the Bulge Mid-1940's, First Modern Herbicide Is Introduced 1945, Africans Return Home After World War II 1945, Billy Graham Becomes a Traveling Evangelist January, 1945, Arts and Architecture Magazine Initiates the Case Study Program January 25, 1945, Fluoride Is Introduced into the U.S. Water Supply February 4-11, 1945, Yalta Conference February 11, 1945, Soviet Exiles and Prisoners of War are Forced into Repatriation February 23, 1945, American Flag Is Raised at Iwo Jima March 12, 1945, Alcoa Is Convicted of Violating the Sherman Antitrust Act March 15, 1945, Going My Way Wins Best Picture April 1-July 2, 1945, Okinawa Campaign Meets Stiff Japanese Resistance April 9, 1945, Bonhoeffer Is Executed by the Nazis April 18, 1945, War Correspondent Pyle Dies in Combat April 25-June 26, 1945, United Nations Charter Convention May 8, 1945, Algerian Nationalists Riot at Sétif May 8, 1945, V-E Day Marks the End of World War II in Europe May 28, 1945, Evelyn Waugh Captures Prewar English Life in Brideshead Revisited June 7, 1945, Britten Completes Peter Grimes Summer, 1945, Duggar Develops the First Tetracycline Antibiotic July 16, 1945, First Nuclear Bomb Is Detonated July 17-August 2, 1945, Potsdam Conference July 26, 1945, Labour Party Forms Britain's Majority Government August 6 and 9, 1945, Atomic Bombs Destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki September 28, 1945, Truman Proclamation on the Continental Shelf October 24, 1945, Norwegians Execute Nazi Collaborator Quisling October 29, 1945-February 23, 1946, Japanese General Yamashita Is Convicted of War Crimes November 20, 1945-October 1, 1946, Nazi War Criminals Are Tried at Nuremberg December 28, 1945, War Brides Act 1946, British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes 1946, Jaspers Examines Germany's Collective Responsibility for War Crimes 1946-1960, Hollywood Studio System Is Transformed 1946-1962, Westerns Dominate Postwar American Film February 1, 1946, First U.N. Secretary-General Is Selected February 5, 1946, Establishment of the International Court of Justice February 20, 1946, Employment Act February 24, 1946, Perón Creates a Populist Political Alliance in Argentina March 5, 1946, Churchill Delivers His Iron Curtain Speech March 17, 1946, France Launches the Monnet Plan March 28, 1946, Parker's Playing Epitomizes Bebop May 17-25, 1946, Truman Orders Seizure of the Railroads July 1, 1946, Canada's Citizenship Act Is Passed July 4, 1946, Philippines Regains Its Independence July 5, 1946, Bikini Swimsuit Is Introduced July 7, 1946, Mother Cabrini Becomes the First U.S. Citizen Canonized as a Saint July 16, 1946, Truman Creates the Bureau of Land Management July 22, 1946, World Health Organization Proclaims Health a Basic Human Right August, 1946, Hiroshima Recounts the Story of Surviving a Nuclear Explosion August 1, 1946, Atomic Energy Commission Is Established August 1, 1946, Congress Creates the Fulbright Program October 3, 1946, Mahalia Jackson Begins Her Recording Career November, 1946, Physicists Develop the First Synchrocyclotron November, 1946-July, 1954, Nationalist Vietnamese Fight French Control of Indochina November 6, 1946, United Kingdom Passes the National Health Service Act November 9-December 15, 1946, United Nations Admits Its First New Member States November 13, 1946, First Cloud Seeding Heralds Weather Modification November 20, 1946, First Performance by Balanchine and Kirstein's Ballet Society December 2, 1946, International Whaling Commission Is Formed December 11, 1946, UNICEF Is Established December 12, 1946, Spain Is Denied Entrance into the United Nations December 20, 1946, Capra Releases It's a Wonderful Life 1947, Construction Starts on Brookhaven Nuclear Reactor 1947, Gabor Develops the Concept of Holography 1947, Lamb and Retherford Discover the Lamb Shift 1947, Simon Publishes Administrative Behavior 1947-1951, Blacklisting Depletes Hollywood's Talent Pool February 21, 1947, Land Demonstrates the Polaroid Camera March 12, 1947, Truman Doctrine Spring, 1947, Dior's "New Look" Sweeps Europe and America April 9-23, 1947, Congress of Racial Equality Holds Its Journey of Reconciliation April 15, 1947, Robinson Breaks the Color Line in Major-League Baseball April 28-August 7, 1947, Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki Expedition May 3, 1947, Japan Becomes a Constitutional Democracy May 3, 1947, Japanese Constitution Grants New Rights to Women May 7, 1947, Construction of Levittown Is Announced June 23, 1947, Taft-Hartley Act Passes over Truman's Veto July, 1947, Great Books Foundation Is Established July 26, 1947, National Security Act August 15, 1947, India Gains Independence from the United Kingdom September, 1947, German Writers Form Group 47 September 30-October 6, 1947, NBC Broadcasts the Baseball World Series October 14, 1947, Yeager Breaks the Sound Barrier October 20, 1947, HUAC Investigates Hollywood October 27, 1947-December 31, 1948, India and Pakistan Clash over Kashmir October 30, 1947, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Is Signed November, 1947, First Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Is Discovered November 29, 1947-July, 1949, Arab-Israeli War Creates Refugee Crisis December 23, 1947, Invention of the Transistor 1948, Aversion Drug Found for the Treatment of Alcoholism 1948, Fender Introduces the Broadcaster Guitar 1948, Greene's The Heart of the Matter Is Published 1948, Mailer Publishes The Naked and the Dead 1948, Merton Publishes His Spiritual Autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain 1948, Morgenthau Advances Realist School of Power Politics 1948, Osborn Publishes Our Plundered Planet 1948, Roberts Starts the Healing Waters Ministry 1948, Simons Articulates the Chicago School of Public Policy 1948, Soviets Escalate Persecution of Jews 1948, Steady-State Theory of the Universe Is Advanced by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle 1948, Vogt's Road to Survival Warns of Overpopulation 1948-1951, Ryle's Radio Telescope Locates the First Known Radio Galaxy 1948-1953, Soviets Adopt Stalin's Plan for the Transformation of Nature January 1, 1948, Benelux Customs Union Enters into Force January 30, 1948, Gandhi Is Assassinated February, 1948, Paton Explores South Africa's Racial Divide in Cry, the Beloved Country February 4, 1948, Ceylon Becomes an Independent Dominion February 10, 1948, Zhdanov Denounces "Formalism" in Music February 25, 1948, Communists Seize Power in Czechoslovakia March 12-April 19, 1948, Costa Rica Endures Its Bloodiest Civil War April 3, 1948, Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe April 9, 1948, La Violencia Begins in Colombia April 19, 1948, ABC Begins Its Own Network Television Service April 26, 1948, Dead Sea Scrolls Are Unearthed April 30, 1948, Organization of American States Is Founded May 2, 1948, American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man Is Adopted May 3, 1948, Antitrust Rulings Force Film Studios to Divest Theaters May 4, 1948, Olivier's Hamlet Is Released to Acclaim and Controversy May 14, 1948, Israel Is Created as a Homeland for Jews May 25, 1948, General Motors and the UAW Introduce the COLA Clause June, 1948-1964, Variety Shows Dominate Television Programming June 3, 1948, Hale Constructs the 200-Inch Telescope June 8, 1948-Spring, 1953, "Mr. Television" Hosts the Texaco Star Theater June 24, 1948-May 11, 1949, Berlin Blockade June 30, 1948, First Water Pollution Control Act Is Passed July 8, 1948, Textron Initiates the Trend Toward Conglomeration July 20, 1948, Rhee Is Elected President of South Korea July 26, 1948, Truman Orders Desegregation of U.S. Armed Forces August 6, 1948, Mathias Is Dubbed the "World's Greatest Athlete" August 22, 1948, World Council of Churches Is Formed September 12, 1948, India Invades Hyderabad State October 5, 1948, World Conservation Union Is Founded October 6, 1948, Earthquake Devastates Ashgabat and Kills Up to 100,000 People October 26-31, 1948, Pennsylvania Town Suffers Deadly Temperature Inversion October 30, 1948, Gamow Develops the Big Bang Theory November 2, 1948, Truman Is Elected President November 15, 1948, St. Laurent Becomes Canadian Prime Minister November 29, 1948-August 31, 1957, Kukla, Fran, and Ollie Pioneers Children's Television Programming December 9, 1948, United Nations Adopts Convention on Genocide December 10, 1948, United Nations Adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights December 26, 1948, Hungary's Communist Government Arrests Cardinal Mindszenty December 30, 1948, Porter Creates an Integrated Score for Kiss Me, Kate 1949, Beauvoir's The Second Sex Anticipates the Women's Movement 1949, Community Antenna Television Is Introduced 1949, Diners Club Begins a New Industry Beginning 1949, Hanford Nuclear Reservation Becomes a Health Concern 1949, Leopold Publishes A Sand County Almanac 1949, Soviet Union Adopts Measures to Reduce Air Pollution 1949, X Rays from a Synchrotron Are First Used in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 1949-1951, Ealing Comedies Mark a High Point in British Film 1949-1961, East Germans Flee to West to Escape Communist Regime January, 1949, Brecht Founds the Berliner Ensemble January 21, 1949-March 9, 1950, Davis Develops 1950's Cool Jazz January 25, 1949, Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance February 20, 1949, Pound Wins the Bollingen Prize February 24, 1949, HERMES Builds the First Multistage Rocket March 4, 1949, Libby Introduces the Carbon-14 Method of Dating Ancient Objects March 8, 1949, Vietnam Is Named a State March 31, 1949, Newfoundland Becomes Canada's Tenth Province April 4, 1949, North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed April 17, 1949, Brothers at Taizé Take Permanent Vows June, 1949, Nineteen Eighty-Four Portrays Totalitarianism and Mind Control June 11, 1949, Hank Williams Performs on The Grand Ole Opry August, 1949, First Electronic Stored-Program Computer Is Completed August 3, 1949, National Basketball Association Is Formed August 6, 1949, Spanish Becomes the Language of Instruction in Puerto Rico August 12, 1949, Geneva Conventions Establish Norms of Conduct in War September 3, 1949, The Third Man Premiers September 21-October 7, 1949, Germany Splits Into Two Republics October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong Proclaims a Communist People's Republic in China November 26, 1949, Indian Government Bans Discrimination Against Untouchables December 2, 1949, United Nations Convention Suppressing Human Trafficking Is Adopted December 9, 1949, United Nations Creates an Agency to Aid Palestinian Refugees 1950's Early 1950's, De Vaucouleurs Identifies the Local Supercluster of Galaxies 1950's, "Angry Young Men" Express Working-Class Views 1950's, Beat Generation Rejects Mainstream Values 1950's, Family Comedies on Television Rise in Popularity 1950's, Golden Age of Television 1950's--mid-1960's, Acid Rain Changes Lake and Riverine Ecology 1950, Boyd Defines Human "Races" by Blood Groups 1950, Oort Offers a Theory of Comets 1950, Robinson's The Cardinal Tops Best-Seller List 1950, U.S. Government Encourages American Indians to Settle in Cities 1950-1956, Children Delight in The Chronicles of Narnia February 14, 1950, Stalin and Mao Pen a Defense Pact February 16, 1950, AP Names Didrikson Woman Athlete of the Half Century April, 1950, Meteorologists Make the First Computerized Weather Prediction April 24, 1950, Jordan Annexes the West Bank June, 1950, Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Introduced June 25, 1950-July 27, 1953, Korean War July 1, 1950, European Payments Union Is Formed July 5, 1950, Israel Enacts the Law of Return August 10, 1950, Sunset Boulevard Premiers August 17, 1950, Indonesia Regains Its Independence September, 1950, First Homeowner's Insurance Policies Are Offered October 7, 1950, China Invades and Begins Rule of Tibet October 7, 1950, Mother Teresa Founds the Missionaries of Charity November 1, 1950, Pius XII Proclaims the Doctrine of the Assumption November 1, 1950, President Truman Escapes Assassination Attempt November 3, 1950, United Nations General Assembly Passes the Uniting for Peace Resolution November 4, 1950, European Convention on Human Rights Is Signed November 29, 1950, National Council of Churches Is Formed December 1, 1950, United Nations Korean Relief Agency Is Formed December 14, 1950, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statute Is Approved December 29, 1950, Celler-Kefauver Act Amends Antitrust Legislation 1951, Hofstadter Discovers That Protons and Neutrons Have Structure 1951, Lipmann Discovers Coenzyme A 1951, Rise of the New Novel 1951-1952, Teller and Ulam Develop the First Hydrogen Bomb 1951-1953, Beckett's Trilogy Expands the Frontiers of Fiction 1951-1963, Le Corbusier Designs and Builds Chandigarh 1951-1975, Powell Publishes the Epic A Dance to the Music of Time February 26, 1951, From Here to Eternity Wins Wide Readership March, 1951-August, 1953, Iran Nationalizes Its Oil Industry March 1, 1951, U.S. Presidents Are Limited to Two Terms March 24-April 11, 1951, Truman-MacArthur Confrontation March 31, 1951, UNIVAC I Becomes the First Commercial Electronic Computer April, 1951, Tupper Adopts Home-Sales Strategy for Tupperware April 10, 1951, Bundestag Passes Legislation on Codetermination April 18, 1951, European Coal and Steel Community Is Established June 21, 1951, South Africa Begins Separate Development System July 16, 1951, Young Readers Embrace The Catcher in the Rye July 28, 1951, Adoption of the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees September 1, 1951, Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment September 8, 1951, Treaty of Peace with Japan Is Signed in San Francisco September 10, 1951, Kurosawa's Rashomon Wins the Grand Prize at Venice September 11, 1951, Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress Premieres in Venice September 20, 1951, A Streetcar Named Desire Brings Method Acting to the Screen September 30, 1951-August 29, 1971, The Red Skelton Show Becomes a Landmark on Network Television October 15, 1951-September 24, 1961, I Love Lucy Dominates Television Comedy October 22, 1951, Nature Conservancy Is Founded October 22, 1951, United States Inaugurates Mutual Security Program December 10, 1951, Jouhaux Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize December 16, 1951, Dragnet Airs as the First Widely Popular Police Show December 20, 1951, World's First Breeder Reactor Produces Electricity December 24, 1951, Amahl and the Night Visitors Premieres on American Television Early 1952, Voest Develops the Basic Oxygen Process for Steelmaking 1952, Ellison's Invisible Man Is Published 1952, Peale Promotes the Power of Positive Thinking 1952, Tillich Examines Modern Anxiety in The Courage to Be 1952, Wilkins Introduces Reserpine for the Treatment of High Blood Pressure 1952-1956, Müller Develops the Field Ion Microscope January 19, 1952, Day Publishes Her Autobiography, The Long Loneliness February 12, 1952-1957, and 1961-1968, Sheen Entertains and Instructs on American Television February 23, 1952, Bevis Describes Amniocentesis as a Method to Check Fetal Genetic Traits February 28, 1952, Massey Becomes Canada's First Native-Born Governor-General April, 1952, Revolution Grips Bolivia April 8, 1952, Truman Orders Seizure of Steel Plants June 27, 1952, McCarran-Walter Act July 2, 1952, Salk Develops a Polio Vaccine July 23, 1952, King Farouk of Egypt Is Overthrown July 24, 1952, Premier of High Noon July 25, 1952, Puerto Rico Becomes a Commonwealth August, 1952, Baade Corrects an Error in the Cepheid Luminosity Scale August 29, 1952, Cage's 4{sprime} 33{dprime} Premieres September 10, 1952, Germany Agrees to Pay Reparations to Israel Fall, 1952, Hasbro Advertises Toys on Television September 23, 1952, Marciano Wins His First Heavyweight Boxing Championship October 20, 1952-1957, Mau Mau Uprising Creates Havoc in Kenya November, 1952, Brower Becomes Executive Director of the Sierra Club November 4, 1952, Eisenhower Is Elected President November 7, 1952, Rockefeller Founds the Population Council November 25, 1952, The Mousetrap Begins a Record-Breaking Run December, 1952, Rosenberg Defines "Action Painting" December 4-8, 1952, Smog Kills Thousands of Londoners December 10, 1952, Mauriac Accepts the Nobel Prize in Literature December 12, 1952, Chalk River Nuclear Reactor Explosion and Meltdown December 20, 1952, United Nations Convention on the Political Rights of Women Is Approved 1953, Keep America Beautiful Is Founded 1953, Morita Licenses Transistor Technology 1953, Skinner Develops the Behaviorist School of Psychology 1953-1955, Marilyn Monroe Climbs to Stardom 1953-1959, Liquid Bubble Chamber Is Developed January, 1953, China Begins Its First Five-Year Plan January 5, 1953, Waiting for Godot Expresses the Existential Theme of Absurdity January 15, 1953-December 2, 1954, McCarthy Hearings January 22, 1953, The Crucible Allegorizes the Red Scare Era January 31-February 1, 1953, North Sea Flood Kills Nearly Two Thousand People in Holland March 5, 1953, Death of Stalin April, 1953, Fuller Builds First Industrial Geodesic Dome April 2, 1953, Watson and Crick Announce the Double-Helix Model for DNA April 10, 1953, Hammarskjöld Is Elected U.N. Secretary-General April 23, 1953, Shane Premiers May 15, 1953, Miller Reports the Synthesis of Amino Acids May 29, 1953, Hillary and Tenzing Reach the Top of Mount Everest June 19, 1953, Rosenbergs are Executed for Peacetime Espionage July 30, 1953, Congress Creates the Small Business Administration August 1, 1953, Native Americans Lose Government Special Status August 1, 1953-December 31, 1963, Formation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland August 7, 1953, Refugee Relief Act September 4, 1953, Aserinsky Discovers REM Sleep September 16, 1953, Premiere of the First CinemaScope Film September 25, 1953-October 26, 1956, Polish Communist Government Arrests the Primate of Poland October 5, 1953, Du Vigneaud Synthesizes the First Peptide Hormone October 23, 1953-September 4, 1956, United Nations Amends Its International Slavery Treaty November 9, 1953, Cambodia Gains Independence from France November 20, 1953, Test Aircraft Exceeds Twice the Speed of Sound December 10, 1953, Schweitzer Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1954, Drucker Examines Managerial Roles 1954, Golding's Lord of the Flies Spurs Examination of Human Nature 1954-1955, Jasper Johns Paints the American Flag January 21, 1954, First Nuclear-Powered U.S. Submarine Is Launched February 15, 1954, Canada and the United States Establish the DEW Line February 18, 1954, Hubbard Founds the Church of Scientology March 1, 1954, Nuclear Bombing of Bikini Atoll March 19, 1954, Laura Ashley Fashion Company Is Founded Spring, 1954, Catton Wins a Pulitzer Prize for A Stillness at Appomattox April, 1954, ABC Makes a Landmark Deal with Disney April 10, 1954, Value-Added Taxes Begin in Europe April 30, 1954, Barghoorn and Tyler Discover 2-Billion-Year-Old Microfossils April 30, 1954, Wilkins and Kline Discover the First Tranquilizer for Psychosis May, 1954, Bell Scientists Develop the Photovoltaic Cell May, 1954, Military Coup Begins Thirty-Five Years of Dictatorship in Paraguay May 1, 1954, Moon Founds the Unification Church May 6, 1954, Bannister Beats the Four-Minute Mile May 17, 1954, Supreme Court Ends Public School Segregation May 30, 1954, Taylor Establishes His Own Dance Company June, 1954-October, 1955, Tolkien Publishes The Lord of the Rings June 10, 1954, U.S. Government Program Begins Deporting Mexican Workers June 18-27, 1954, United Fruit Company Instigates a Coup in Guatemala June 24, 1954, The Caine Mutiny Premiers June 27, 1954, Soviet Union Completes Its First Nuclear Power Plant July 7, 1954, Julius Nyerere Emerges as Leader in Tanganyika July 10, 1954, Eisenhower Begins the Food for Peace Program July 17-18, 1954, First Newport Jazz Festival Is Held August, 1954-May, 1955, Operation Passage to Freedom Evacuates Refugees from North Vietnam August 16, 1954, U.S. Tax Laws Allow Accelerated Depreciation August 30, 1954, Atomic Energy Act September 6, 1954, La Strada Solidifies Fellini's Renown as a Brilliant Director September 8, 1954, SEATO Is Founded September 27, 1954, The Tonight Show Becomes an American Institution September 28, 1954, United Nations Drafts a Convention on Stateless Persons October 23, 1954, Western European Union Is Established November 22, 1954, Humane Society of the United States Is Established December 2, 1954, Varèse Premieres Déserts Mid-1950's, Li Isolates Human Growth Hormone Early 1955, Franklin and Burke Discover Radio Emissions from Jupiter 1955, Diquat Herbicide Is Developed for Weed Control 1955, Ochoa Creates Synthetic RNA 1955, O'Connor Publishes A Good Man Is Hard to Find 1955, Ryle Constructs the First Radio Interferometer 1955, Teilhard de Chardin Attempts to Reconcile Religion and Evolution 1955-1956, Indian Parliament Approves Women's Rights Legislation 1955-1964, Brezhnev Rises in Communist Ranks 1955-1970, Latin American Fiction "Boom" January 29, 1955, Formosa Resolution Is Signed into Law March 2, 1955, McDonald's Fast Food Is Incorporated and Franchised March 19, 1955, Poitier Emerges as a Film Star in The Blackboard Jungle Spring, 1955, Berry's "Maybellene" Popularizes Rock and Roll March 30, 1955, On the Waterfront Wins Best Picture April 18-24, 1955, Afro-Asian Conference Considers Nonalignment May, 1955-May, 1956, Presbyterian and Methodist Churches Approve Ordination of Women May 14, 1955, Warsaw Pact Is Signed May 15, 1955, Austria Regains Its Independence June 11, 1955, Le Mans Auto-Racing Accident Kills More than Eighty June 18, 1955, Boulez's Le Marteau sans maître Premiers July 9, 1955-early 1960's, Scientists Campaign Against Nuclear Testing July 11, 1955, Air Force Academy Is Dedicated July 14, 1955, Congress Passes the Air Pollution Control Act July 17, 1955, Disneyland Amusement Park Opens August 18-September 6, 1955, First Sudanese Civil War Erupts August 22-September 3, 1955, United Nations Sets Rules for Treatment of Prisoners September, 1955, First Full Edition of Dickinson's Poems September 9, 1955-September 18, 1959, United States Launches Vanguard Satellite Program September 10, 1955, Debut of Gunsmoke Launches the Adult Western Drama October 1, 1955-September, 1956, The Honeymooners Defines Situation Comedy October 3, 1955, Captain Kangaroo Expands Children's Television October 29, 1955, Dean Becomes a Legend in Rebel Without a Cause November, 1955, Buckley Founds National Review Magazine November 29, 1955, Meltdown Occurs in the First Breeder Reactor December 5, 1955, AFL and CIO Merge December 5, 1955-December 21, 1956, Montgomery Bus Boycott December 14, 1955, United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members 1956, Fromm Publishes The Art of Loving 1956, Heezen and Ewing Discover the Midoceanic Ridge 1956, Mills Analyzes Political Power in the United States 1956, Wiesel's Night Recalls the Holocaust 1956-1957, Presley Becomes a Rock-and-Roll Sensation 1956-1960, French New Wave Ushers in a New Era of Cinema 1956-1962, Saarinen Designs Kennedy Airport's TWA Terminal January 27, 1956-1966, Mission 66 Plan Is Implemented February 25, 1956, Khrushchev Denounces Stalinist Regime March 13, 1956, Premier of The Searchers April, 1956, Minamata Bay Mercury Poisoning Begins to Claim Victims April, 1956-1957, Birth Control Pills Are Tested in Puerto Rico April 11, 1956, Echo Park Dam Proposal Is Defeated April 18, 1956-April 21, 1960, Brazil Builds a New Capital City May 8, 1956, Osborne's Look Back in Anger Opens in London June 5, 1956, Oil Is Discovered in Nigeria June 27, 1956, Congress Amends the Water Pollution Control Act July 19-20, 1956, Foreign Aid Is Withdrawn from Egypt's Aswan High Dam Project July 26, 1956, Egypt Attempts to Nationalize the Suez Canal July 26, 1956-January 8, 1959, Cuban Revolution September 25, 1956, First Transatlantic Telephone Cable Begins Operation October, 1956, Joffrey Founds His Ballet Company October 8, 1956, First Two-Story, Fully Enclosed Shopping Mall Opens October 8, 1956, Larsen Pitches a Perfect Game in Baseball's World Series October 17, 1956, First Commercial Nuclear Power Plant Opens October 23-November 10, 1956, Soviets Crush Hungarian Uprising November 7, 1956, Long Day's Journey into Night Revives O'Neill's Reputation November 22-December 8, 1956, Cold War Politics Mar the Melbourne Summer Olympics Late 1950's, Firms Begin Replacing Skilled Laborers with Automated Tools 1957, Dioxin Causes Chloracne in West German Chemical Workers 1957, Isaacs and Lindenmann Discover Interferons 1957, Sabin Develops the Oral Polio Vaccine 1957, Sony Develops the Pocket-Sized Transistor Radio January 5, 1957, Eisenhower Doctrine January 10, 1957, SCLC Forms to Link Civil Rights Groups February, 1957, Asian Flu Pandemic Kills Millions Worldwide February-August, 1957, Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer Explain Superconductivity March 6, 1957, Ghana Gains Independence from the United Kingdom Spring, 1957, Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign Begins March 25, 1957, European Common Market Is Established April, 1957, IBM Develops the FORTRAN Computer Language May 17, 1957, Bergman Wins International Fame with The Seventh Seal June 10, 1957-February 5, 1963, Diefenbaker Serves as Canadian Prime Minister June 25, 1957, United Nations Adopts the Abolition of Forced Labor Convention July 29, 1957, International Atomic Energy Agency Begins Operations August, 1957, Price-Anderson Act Limits Nuclear Liability August 2, 1957, Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope Is Completed Late 1957, Nuclear Waste Explodes in the Ural Mountains September 4, 1957, Ford Introduces the Edsel September 4, 1957, Wolfenden Report Recommends Decriminalizing Consensual Sex September 9, 1957, Congress Creates the Commission on Civil Rights September 17, 1957, Thai Military Coup Fall, 1957, Brooklyn Dodgers Move to Los Angeles Fall, 1957, Ford Foundation Begins to Fund Nonprofit Theaters September 25, 1957, Eisenhower Sends Troops to Little Rock, Arkansas September 26, 1957, Bernstein Joins Symphonic and Jazz Elements in West Side Story October, 1957, Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago Is Published October 4, 1957, Soviet Union Launches the First Artificial Satellite October 10, 1957, England's Windscale Reactor Releases Radiation October 14, 1957-December 10, 1963, Dyna-Soar Space Plane Is Developed October 22, 1957, Duvalier Takes Power in Haiti November 15, 1957, Cousins Founds SANE December 2, 1957, First U.S. Commercial Nuclear Plant Opens December 5, 1957, AFL-CIO Expels the Teamsters Union December 19, 1957, Willson's The Music Man Presents Musical Americana 1958, Burdick and Lederer Explore the Image of the "Ugly American" 1958, Congress Sets Standards for Chemical Additives in Food 1958, Donald Uses Ultrasound to Examine Human Fetuses 1958, Galbraith Critiques the Creation of a Society of Mass Consumption Beginning 1958, Mao's Great Leap Forward Brings Chaos to China 1958, Theatre Workshop Presents Behan's The Hostage 1958, Things Fall Apart Depicts the Destruction of Ibo Culture 1958-1959, Seven of the Top Ten Television Series Are Westerns January 15, 1958, Esaki Demonstrates Electron Tunneling in Semiconductors January 31, 1958, United States Launches Its First Orbiting Satellite February 1, 1958, Syria and Egypt Form the United Arab Republic March 30, 1958, Ailey Founds His Dance Company April 27-May 15, 1958, Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America May 12, 1958, Canada and the United States Create NORAD June 11-December, 1958, Middle East Turmoil Leads to U.N. Action in Lebanon Summer, 1958, Hula Hoop Is Marketed July-September, 1958, Race Riots Erupt in London July 4, 1958, Karol Wojty{lstrok}a Is Named Poland's Youngest Bishop July 14, 1958, Iraq's Monarchy Is Toppled July 26, 1958, Van Allen Discovers the Earth's Radiation Belts July 29, 1958, Congress Creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration August 21, 1958, Congress Gives Tax Breaks to Financiers of Small Businesses October 2, 1958, Guinea Gains Independence from France October 11, 1958, Pioneer Space Program Is Launched October 26, 1958, Boeing 707 Begins Commercial Service November, 1958, Parker Predicts the Existence of the Solar Wind December 3, 1958, Deep Space Network Begins December 10, 1958, Pire Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Early 1959, Radio Astronomers Transmit Radar Signals to and from the Sun 1959, Drury Sets a Novel of Political Intrigue in Washington, D.C. 1959, Grass Publishes The Tin Drum 1959, Mattingly Documents the Spanish Armada 1959-1961, Famine Decimates China January, 1959, First Successful Synthesizer Is Completed January, 1959, Gordy Founds Motown Records January 3 and August 21, 1959, Alaska and Hawaii Gain Statehood March 3, 1959, Nyasaland Independence Leader Banda Is Arrested by British Colonials March 4, 1959, Cuba Begins Expropriating Foreign Property March 11, 1959, Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun Debuts on Broadway March 28, 1959, Some Like It Hot Premieres April, 1959-November 15, 1966, NASA Launches Project Gemini June, 1959, Price Identifies an Ancient Astronomical Computer June 8, 1959-December 31, 1968, X-15 Rocket Aircraft Program June 26, 1959, St. Lawrence Seaway Opens July 17, 1959, Leakeys Find a 1.75-Million-Year-Old Fossil Hominid July 31, 1959, Basque Separatist Organization Is Formed August 12-18, 1959, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Is Created September 12, 1959-January 16, 1973, Bonanza Becomes an American Television Classic September 14, 1959, Landrum-Griffin Act Targets Union Corruption September 14, 1959, Luna 2 Becomes the First Human-Made Object to Impact on the Moon October 7, 1959, Luna 3 Provides the First Views of the Far Side of the Moon October 21, 1959, Wright-Designed Guggenheim Museum Opens October 31, 1959, Ionesco's Rhinoceros Receives a Resounding Worldwide Reception November, 1959, Rwandan Hutus Overthrow Tutsi Monarchy November 17, 1959, Death of Villa-Lobos November 20, 1959, United Nations Adopts the Declaration of the Rights of the Child December 17, 1959, Hopper Invents the Computer Language COBOL 1960's Early 1960's, Quant Introduces the Miniskirt Early 1960's, Sperry Discovers That Sides of the Human Brain Can Function Independently 1960's, Cubans Flee to Florida and Receive Assistance 1960's, Kurds Suffer Genocide in Iraq 1960's, Mumford Warns of the Dangers of Growing Cities 1960's, Service Economy Emerges in the United States 1960's, Situation Comedies Dominate Television Programming 1960's, Sixties Culture in the United States Rediscovers the Works of Hesse 1960's, SoHo Emerges as a Center for Contemporary Art 1960's, Soviet Jews Demand Cultural and Religious Rights 1960, Africa's Year of Independence 1960, Hess Identifies the Cause of Continental Drift 1960, Mössbauer Effect Is Used to Detect Gravitational Redshifting 1960, Quebec Sovereignist Movement Begins January 4, 1960, European Free Trade Association Is Established February 1-July 25, 1960, Greensboro Sit-Ins March 16, 1960, Godard's Breathless Revolutionizes Film Spring, 1960, Scientists Develop a Technique to Date Ancient Obsidian March 21, 1960, Sharpeville Massacre Focuses Global Awareness on Apartheid April 1, 1960, Consumers International Is Founded April 1-June 14, 1960, TIROS 1 Becomes the First Experimental Weather Reconnaissance Satellite April 4, 1960, Ben-Hur Wins Best Picture April 27, 1960, Pinter's The Caretaker Opens in London May 1, 1960, U-2 Incident May 6, 1960, Civil Rights Act of 1960 June, 1960, Oró Detects the Formation of Adenine from Cyanide Solution June 12, 1960, Congress Passes the Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act June 16, 1960, Psycho Becomes Hitchcock's Most Famous Film June 23, 1960, FDA Approves the Birth Control Pill July, 1960, Invention of the Laser July, 1960, Katanga Province Secedes from Congo and Riots Ensue July, 1960, United Nations Intervenes in the Congolese Civil War July 1, 1960, A Man for All Seasons Premiers July 11, 1960, Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird Calls for Social Justice July 12, 1960, Hazardous Substances Labeling Act Is Signed August 4, 1960, Canadian Bill of Rights Prohibits Sex Discrimination August 12, 1960, First Passive Communications Satellite Is Launched August 16, 1960, Cyprus Gains Independence September 7, 1960, Rudolph Becomes the Fastest Woman in the World September 13, 1960, Radio's Payola Scandal September 14, 1960, First OPEC Meeting Fall, 1960, Plath's The Colossus Voices Women's Experience September 30, 1960, The Flintstones Popularizes Prime-Time Cartoons November 8, 1960, Kennedy Is Elected President December 9, 1960, Collapse of the Laotian Government Leads to Civil War Early 1961, Disposable Diapers Are Introduced to U.S. Market 1961, Catch-22 Illustrates Antiwar Sentiment 1961, Esslin Publishes The Theatre of the Absurd 1961, Foucault's Madness and Civilization Is Published 1961, Horsfall Detects the Link Between Cancer and Altered DNA 1961, Percy Begins His Literary Career with The Moviegoer 1961, Royal Shakespeare Company Adopts a New Name and Focus 1961, Stone Documents the Life of Michelangelo 1961-1962, Al-Hakim Introduces Absurdism to the Arab Stage January 17, 1961, Eisenhower Warns of the Military-Industrial Complex January 24, 1961, The American Dream Establishes Albee as the Voice of Pessimism February, 1961, Tamils Protest Discrimination in Ceylon February 20, 1961, Negotiable Certificate of Deposit Is Introduced February 23, 1961-March 24, 1965, Ranger Program February 24, 1961, National Council of Churches Supports Birth Control March 1, 1961, Peace Corps Is Founded March 29, 1961, District of Columbia Receives Representation in Presidential Elections April 11-August 14, 1961, Eichmann Is Tried for War Crimes April 12, 1961, First Human Orbits the Earth April 17-19, 1961, Bay of Pigs Invasion May 5, 1961, United States Places Its First Astronaut in Space May 15, 1961, and April 11, 1963, Pope John XXIII Issues Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris May 22, 1961, U.S. Supreme Court Orders Du Pont to Disburse GM Holdings May 28, 1961, Amnesty International Is Founded May 30, 1961, Dominican Dictator Rafael Trujillo Is Assassinated June 1, 1961, Heinlein Publishes Stranger in a Strange Land Summer, 1961, Nirenberg Cracks the Genetic Code June 23, 1961, Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force August 13, 1961, Communists Raise the Berlin Wall September 1, 1961, Eritrea Begins Its War for Independence September 1-5, 1961, Nonaligned Movement Meets September 11, 1961, World Wildlife Fund Is Established September 18, 1961, United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld Dies in a Plane Crash September 30, 1961, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Forms October, 1961, Webster's Third New International Dictionary October 3, 1961-June 1, 1966, The Dick Van Dyke Show Popularizes Situation Comedy October 18, 1961, European Social Charter Is Signed November 3, 1961, Agency for International Development Is Established November 14, 1961, Kennedy Expands U.S. Involvement in Vietnam December 10, 1961, Calvin Wins the Nobel Prize for His Work on Photosynthesis December 10, 1961, Lutuli Wins the Nobel Peace Prize 1962, Bookchin Warns of Health Hazards of Artificial Environments 1962, Gibbons Publishes Stalking the Wild Asparagus Beginning 1962, Kahn Blends Architecture and Urban Planning in Dacca 1962, Kuhn Explores Paradigm Shifts in Scientific Thought 1962-1965, Council of Federated Organizations Registers African American to Vote January 1, 1962, Western Samoa Gains Independence from New Zealand January 12, 1962-1971, United States Sprays Agent Orange in Vietnam February, 1962, United Nations World Food Programme Is Established February 4, 1962, St. Jude Children's Hospital Opens February 14 and 18, 1962, Jacqueline Kennedy Leads a Televised Tour of the White House February 20, 1962, Glenn Becomes the First American to Orbit Earth March 2, 1962, Chamberlain Scores 100 Points In a Professional Basketball Game March 26, 1962-February 17, 1964, Supreme Court Requires Population to Determine Voting Districts April, 1962, Brazil Nationalizes U.S. Businesses June 18-19, 1962, Discovery of the First X-Ray Source Outside the Solar System July 5, 1962, Algeria Gains Independence from France July 10, 1962, First Commercial Communications Satellite Is Launched August 9, 1962, Britain Establishes the Royal National Theatre August 27, 1962-January 2, 1963, Mariner 2 Becomes the First Spacecraft to Study Venus September 27, 1962, Carson Publishes Silent Spring September 28, 1962, Canada Becomes the Third Nation to Orbit a Satellite September 30, 1962, and September 16, 1965, Chávez and Huerta Form Farm Workers' Union and Lead Grape Pickers' Strike October 1, 1962, Meredith Registers at the University of Mississippi October 5, 1962, Dr. No Launches the Hugely Popular James Bond Series October 9, 1962, Uganda Gains Independence October 10, 1962, Thalidomide Tragedy Prompts Passage of the Kefauver-Harris Amendment October 11, 1962-December 8, 1965, Second Vatican Council Meets October 22-28, 1962, Cuban Missile Crisis November, 1962, Solzhenitsyn Depicts Life in a Soviet Labor Camp in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1963, Arendt Speculates on the Banality of Evil 1963, Audiocassette Is Introduced 1963, Baldwin Voices Black Rage in The Fire Next Time 1963, Le Carré Rejects the Fantasy World of Secret Agents 1963, Schmidt Identifies Quasars 1963, Udall Publishes The Quiet Crisis 1963, Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle Expresses 1960's Alienation 1963-1965, Crisis in U.N. Financing Emerges Over Peacekeeping Expenses 1963-1965, Penzias and Wilson Discover Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation January, 1963-1965, Beatles Revolutionize Popular Music January 29, 1963, Professional Football Names First Inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame February, 1963-1968, Minimalism Emphasizes Objects as Art February 20, 1963, Hochhuth Stages a Critique of Pope Pius XII's Silence During the Holocaust March 11-20, 1963, Nam June Paik Exhibits Video and Television as Art March 12, 1963, Nureyev and Fonteyn Debut Ashton's Marguerite and Armand March 18, 1963, Supreme Court Establishes Defendants' Right to an Attorney April 3-May 8, 1963, Civil Rights Protesters Attract International Attention April 8, 1963, Lawrence of Arabia Wins Best Picture April 22, 1963, Pearson Becomes Canada's Prime Minister May 25, 1963, Organization of African Unity Is Founded June 10, 1963, Congress Passes the Equal Pay Act June 17, 1963, Supreme Court Limits Bible Reading in Public Schools June 20, 1963, Hotline Is Adopted Between the United States and the Soviet Union August, 1963, Lasers Are First Used in Eye Surgery August 5, 1963, Nuclear Powers Sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty August 28, 1963, King Delivers His "I Have a Dream" Speech September 13, 1963, Controversial Glen Canyon Dam Is Completed October 4-8, 1963, Hurricane Flora Devastates Haiti and Cuba October 31, 1963, People with Mental Disabilities and Illnesses Assisted by Federal Act November 1-2, 1963, Vietnamese Generals Overthrow Diem Regime November 20, 1963, United Nations Condemns Racial Discrimination November 22, 1963, President Kennedy Is Assassinated December 3, 1963, Havel's The Garden Party Satirizes Life Under Communism December 9, 1963, Studebaker Announces Plans to Abandon U.S. Auto Production December 12, 1963, General Public Utilities Announces Plans for a Commercial Nuclear Reactor December 17, 1963, Clean Air Act Grants Federal Authority to Regulate Air Pollution December 22, 1963, Greek and Turkish Cypriots Clash over Political Rights 1964, Gell-Mann and Zweig Advance Quark Theory 1964, Green Revolution 1964, Israel Brings Water to the Negev 1964, McLuhan Probes the Impact of Mass Media on Society 1964, Plastic IUD Developed for Birth Control 1964, Renfrew, Dixon, and Cann Reconstruct Ancient Near Eastern Trade Routes 1964, Riley Completes In C 1964-1969, Lady Bird Johnson Begins the America Beautiful Program 1964-1969, Leone Renovates the Western Film Genre 1964-1970, Frei "Chileanizes" Chile's Copper Industry 1964-1971, Lévi-Strauss Identifies Common Structures in World Myths 1964-1972, Marcuse Publishes Foundational New Left Works January 4-6, 1964, Paul VI Visits the Holy Land January 8, 1964, Johnson Announces War on Poverty January 16, 1964, Hoffa Negotiates a National Trucking Agreement January 23, 1964, Poll Taxes Are Outlawed January 30, 1964-1971, Kubrick Becomes a Film-Industry Leader February 25, 1964, Clay Defeats Liston to Gain World Heavyweight Boxing Title February 26, 1964, Kennedy-Johnson Tax Cuts Stimulate the U.S. Economy Spring, 1964, Sara Lee Opens an Automated Factory March 24, 1964, Dutchman Dramatizes Racial Hatred March 27, 1964, United Nations Peace Force Is Deployed in Cyprus April 6, 1964, Confirmation of Asbestos Hazards Sparks Widespread Litigation April 17, 1964, Ford Introduces the Mustang April 26, 1964, Zanzibar and Tanganyika Unite to Form Tanzania April 29, 1964, Weiss's Absurdist Drama Marat/Sade Is Produced May 1, 1964, Kemeny and Kurtz Develop the BASIC Computer Language May 28, 1964, Palestinian Refugees Form the Palestine Liberation Organization May 29, 1964, Great Swamp Wildlife Refuge Is Dedicated Summer, 1964, Reston, Virginia, Exemplifies the Planned Community June 21-22, 1964, Three Civil Rights Workers Are Murdered June 24, 1964, Cunningham Stages His First Dance "Event" July 2, 1964, Congress Passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964 July 17, 1964, Congress Passes the Water Resources Research Act July 20, 1964-October, 1965, Navy Conducts Sealab Expeditions August 7, 1964-January 27, 1973, United States Enters the Vietnam War August 18, 1964, South Africa Is Banned from the Olympic Games September, 1964, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Is Published September 2, 1964, Johnson Signs the Interest Equalization Tax Act September 3, 1964, Wilderness Act Is Passed September 14, 1964, Berkeley Free Speech Movement Begins September 15, 1964-June 2, 1969, Peyton Place Brings Serial Drama to Nighttime Television September 19, 1964-December 31, 1970, Congress Establishes the Public Land Law Review Commission October 13-14, 1964, Khrushchev Falls from Power October 16, 1964, China Explodes Its First Nuclear Bomb October 24, 1964, Kaunda Becomes Zambia's First President November 3, 1964, Johnson Is Elected President November 3, 1964, Reformist Bolivian President Paz Estenssoro Is Toppled November 21, 1964, Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Opens December 10, 1964, King Wins the Nobel Peace Prize December 14, 1964, Supreme Court Prohibits Racial Discrimination in Public Accommodations December 31, 1964-January 7, 1965, Fatah Launches Its First Terrorist Strike on Israel 1965, Anthropologists Claim That Ecuadorian Pottery Shows Transpacific Contact in 3000 b.c.e. 1965, Bookchin Publishes Crisis in Our Cities 1965, U.S. and Mexican Companies Form Maquiladoras February 21, 1965, Assassination of Malcolm X March 2, 1965, The Sound of Music Captivates Audiences March 18, 1965, Soviet Cosmonaut Conducts First Space Walk March 21-25, 1965, Selma-Montgomery March April 28, 1965, U.S. Troops Occupy the Dominican Republic May 18, 1965, Head Start Is Established to Aid Poor Children June, 1965, Michener's Best Seller The Source Explores Jewish History June 7, 1965, Supreme Court Rules that States Cannot Ban Contraceptives in Griswold v. Connecticut June 19, 1965, Boumédienne Seizes Power from Dictator in Algeria July 14, 1965-August 5, 1969, Mariner Missions Conduct Mars Flybys July 16, 1965, Mont Blanc Tunnel Between France and Italy Opens July 25, 1965, Dylan Performs with Electric Instruments July 26 and September 24, 1965, Rolling Stones Release Out of Our Heads July 30, 1965, Johnson Signs the Medicare and Medicaid Amendments August, 1965, Congress Limits the Use of Highway Billboards August 6, 1965, Congress Passes the Voting Rights Act August 11-17, 1965, Watts Riot August 12, 1965, Five States Take Steps to Halt Lake Erie Pollution September 8, 1965-July 29, 1970, Delano Grape Strike September 15, 1965, I Spy Debuts to Controversy September 20, 1965-March 22, 1966, India-Pakistan Conflict Prompts U.N. Peacekeeping Response September 24, 1965, Affirmative Action Is Expanded September 29, 1965, National Endowment for the Arts Is Established September 30, 1965, Indonesia's Government Retaliates Against a Failed Communist Coup October 2, 1965, Congress Strengthens Water Laws October 3, 1965, Hart-Celler Act Reforms U.S. Immigration Law October 20, 1965, Congress Passes the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act October 20, 1965, Solid Waste Disposal Act Is Passed October 28, 1965, Paul VI Renounces the "Collective Guilt" of Jews in Christ's Death November, 1965, The Autobiography of Malcolm X Is Published November, 1965, Civil War Begins in Chad November 4, 1965, Doell and Dalrymple Discover the Magnetic Reversals of Earth's Poles November 8, 1965, British Parliament Abolishes the Death Penalty November 9-10, 1965, Power Failure Blacks Out New York City and the Northeast November 16, 1965-March 1, 1966, Venera 3 Is the First Spacecraft to Impact Another Planet November 25, 1965, Military Coup Places Mobutu in Control of Congo November 29, 1965, Nader Launches the Consumer Rights Movement December 4, 1965, Asian Development Bank Is Chartered December 15, 1965, Gemini VI and VII Complete an Orbital Rendezvous December 29, 1965, Scenic Hudson Case Stops Storm King Power Plant 1966, Ardrey Argues That Humans Are Naturally Territorial 1966-1975, Mandelbrot Develops Non-Euclidean Fractal Measures January, 1966, Simons Identifies a 30-Million-Year-Old Primate Skull January 1, 1966, Federal Law Requires Cigarette Warning Labels January 1, 1966, Military Coup Brings Dictatorship to Central African Republic January 3, 1966, Upper Volta Coup Leads to Military Government January 24, 1966, Gandhi Serves as India's First Female Prime Minister January 31-February 6, 1966, Luna 9 Makes the First Successful Lunar Soft Landing February 11, 1966, Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union February 24, 1966, Overthrow of Nkrumah in Ghana March 2, 1966, Goldman's The Lion in Winter Premieres March 7, 1966, France Withdraws from NATO's Military Structure March 15, 1966, Brown Introduces Funk Music April 28, 1966, Southern Rhodesian Freedom Fighters Begin Toppling White Supremacist Government May, 1966, Cultural Revolution Begins in China May 4, 1966, Fiat Builds a Factory in the Soviet Union May 30, 1966-February 21, 1968, Surveyor Program Prepares NASA for Piloted Moon Landings June 8, 1966, NFL-AFL Merger Creates a Sports-Industry Giant June 13, 1966, Police Required to Inform Arrested Persons of Their Rights August 10, 1966, Lunar Orbiter 1 Sends Photographs of the Moon's Surface August 24, 1966, Animal Welfare Act Regulates Research Using Animals September 15, 1966, Warhol's Underground Film The Chelsea Girls Finds Mainstream Audience September 28, 1966, Breuer Designs a Building for the Whitney Museum September 30, 1966, Khama Leads a Stable Botswana October 15, 1966, Black Panther Party Is Organized October 15, 1966, Congress Passes the Endangered Species Preservation Act October 21, 1966, Mining Debris Buries Welsh Village October 27, 1966, United Nations Revokes South African Mandate over South-West Africa October 29-30, 1966, National Organization for Women Forms to Protect Women's Rights November 26, 1966, First Tidal Power Station Begins Operation December, 1966, Jensen Finds PCBs in Animal Tissues December 16, 1966, United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Is Adopted December 19, 1966, Canada Implements Its National Health Plan Early 1967, Davis Constructs a Solar Neutrino Detector 1967, Celan Introduces the Concept of Poetic "Breath-Measure" 1967, Derrida Enunciates the Principles of Deconstruction 1967, Favaloro Develops the Artery Bypass Surgery 1967, Soviet Intellectuals Begin to Rebel Against Party Policy 1967, World Health Organization Intensifies Its Campaign to Eradicate Smallpox 1967-1970, Floppy Disks Are Developed for Computer Data Storage 1967-1973, Development of Very Long Baseline Interferometry January 10, 1967, Brooke Becomes the First African American U.S. Senator Since Reconstruction January 15, 1967, National Football League Holds Its First Super Bowl February 5, 1967, Nyerere Outlines Socialist Policy in the Arusha Declaration February 23, 1967, Constitution Provides for the Incapacity of the President March 10, 1967, White Explores the Judeo-Christian Roots of Environmental Problems March 18, 1967, Oil Tanker Torrey Canyon Runs Aground April 11, 1967, Supreme Court Rules Against a Procter & Gamble Merger April 21, 1967, Greek Coup Leads to Military Dictatorship April 28, 1967, McDonnell and Douglas Aircraft Companies Merge April 28-October 27, 1967, Expo 67 Features Innovative Architecture May, 1967, García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude Is Published May, 1967, Greenhouse Effect Is First Predicted May 12, 1967, Hendrix Releases Acid Rock Album Are You Experienced? May 30, 1967-January 15, 1970, Biafra's Secession Triggers Nigerian Civil War June, 1967, Beatles Release Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band June, 1967, Scientists Debate the Addition of Antibiotics to Animal Feed June 5-10, 1967, Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War June 8, 1967, Israel Attacks the USS Liberty June 16-18, 1967, Monterey Pop Festival Inaugurates the "Summer of Love" July 1, 1967, European Economic Community Adopts the Common Agricultural Policy July 1, 1967, United States Joins the International Biological Program July 4, 1967, Freedom of Information Act Goes Into Effect July 5, 1967, AT&T Is Ordered to Reduce Charges July 23-July 30, 1967, Race Rioting Erupts in Detroit August-September, 1967, Kornberg and Colleagues Synthesize Biologically Active DNA August 8, 1967, Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed September, 1967, Environmental Defense Fund Is Founded September 3, 1967, Thieu Is Elected President of South Vietnam September 9, 1967-May 14, 1973, Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In Satirizes Social Upheaval October 2, 1967, Marshall Becomes the First African American Supreme Court Justice October 9, 1967, Execution of Che Guevara October 10, 1967, Outer Space Treaty Takes Effect November, 1967, Zero Population Growth Movement Begins November 7, 1967, United Nations Issues a Declaration on Equality for Women November 16, 1967, Barghoorn and Colleagues Find Amino Acids in 3-Billion-Year-Old Rocks November 22, 1967, United Nations Security Council Adopts Resolution 242 December 2, 1967, Barnard Performs the First Human Heart Transplant December 9, 1967, Ceau{scedil}escu Is Elected President of Romania December 11, 1967, Habash founds the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine December 15, 1967, Congress Enacts the Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1968, Canada Establishes the Experimental Lakes Area 1968, Friedman, Kendell, and Taylor Discover Quarks 1968, Glaser Proposes an Orbiting Solar Power Station 1968, Huntington Examines Processes of Change in Developing Countries 1968, Mitchell and Shook Found the Dance Theatre of Harlem 1968, The Population Bomb Is Published 1968-1973, Drought Extends the Reach of the Sahara Desert January 1, 1968, Johnson Restricts Direct Foreign Investment January 2, 1968, Congress Enacts the Bilingual Education Act January 15, 1968, British Leyland Motor Corporation Is Formed January 23, 1968, North Korea Seizes the USS Pueblo January 30, 1968, Tet Offensive Begins February, 1968, Kerner Commission Explores the Causes of Civil Disorders February 16, 1968, First 911 Call in the United States Is Made February 24, 1968, Bell Discovers Pulsars March, 1968, Alaskan Oil Discovery Sparks Controversy Spring, 1968, Wheeler Refers to Collapsed Stars as "Black Holes" April 4, 1968, Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. April 11, 1968, Fair Housing Act Outlaws Discrimination in Housing April 11, 1968, Indian Civil Rights Act Is Passed April 23, 1968, United Methodist Church Is Formed April 29, 1968, Radical Musical Hair Opens on Broadway May-June, 1968, French Students and Workers Rebel Against the Political Order May 11, 1968, Handke's Kaspar Dramatizes Language Theory May 13, 1968, Proclamation of Tehran Sets Human Rights Goals May 29, 1968, Congress Passes the Consumer Credit Protection Act June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy Is Assassinated June 17, 1968, Supreme Court Upholds Ban on Housing Discrimination June 25, 1968-June 30, 1984, Trudeau Serves as Canadian Prime Minister July 21, 1968, Congress Acts to Control Noise Pollution July 25, 1968, Roman Catholic Church Reaffirms Its Position Against Birth Control July 26, 1968, Theatres Act Ends Censorship of British Drama August 11, 1968, Glomar Challenger Begins Collecting Ocean-Floor Samples August 12, 1968, Congress Passes the Architectural Barriers Act August 18, 1968, Wholesome Poultry Products Act Is Passed August 20-21, 1968, Soviet Union Invades Czechoslovakia August 24-30, 1968, Chicago Riots Mar the Democratic National Convention September 17, 1968, Carroll Becomes the First African American Woman to Star as a Non-domestic on Television September 24, 1968, 60 Minutes Becomes the First Televised Newsmagazine September 27, 1968, Caetano Becomes Prime Minister of Portugal October 2, 1968, Johnson Establishes North Cascades National Park October 2, 1968, Tlatelolco Massacre Stuns Mexico October 2, 1968, Wild and Scenic Rivers and Trails System Acts Are Passed October 11, 1968, Omar Torrijos Ousts Arias in Panama October 18, 1968, Lauren Creates the Polo Clothing Line November, 1968, and January, 1970, The Whole Earth Catalog and Mother Earth News Appear November 5, 1968, Chisholm Becomes the First African American Woman Elected to Congress November 5, 1968, Nixon Is Elected President November 12, 1968-December, 1989, Brezhnev Doctrine Mandates Soviet Control of Satellite Nations November 26, 1968, Statutes of Limitations Are Rendered Inapplicable to War Crimes December, 1968, Soviet Union Opens a Tidal Power Station December 10, 1968, Cassin Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize December 12, 1968, Kawabata Wins the Nobel Prize in Literature December 13, 1968, Brazil Begins Era of Intense Repression December 13, 1968, Hardin Argues for Population Control 1969, German Measles Vaccine Is Developed 1969, Halberstam Reflects on American Involvement in Vietnam in The Best and the Brightest 1969, Parents Anonymous Is Established to Treat Abusive Parents 1969, Puzo Chronicles Organized Crime in The Godfather 1969, Roth Publishes Portnoy's Complaint January, 1969, Soviet Union Declares Lake Baikal a Protected Zone January 16, 1969, Soyuz 4 and 5 Spacecraft Dock in Orbit January 20, 1969, Sierra Club Helps Block Dams on the Colorado River January 28, 1969, Offshore Oil Well Spill Blankets Santa Barbara Coastline February 8, 1969, The Saturday Evening Post Publishes Its Final Issue February 27, 1969, Hafez al-Assad Takes Control of Syria March 2-October 20, 1969, Sino-Soviet Tensions Mount Along the Ussuri River Border March 4, 1969, Union of Concerned Scientists Is Founded March 17, 1969, Meir Becomes Prime Minister of Israel April 28, 1969, De Gaulle Steps Down May, 1969, Brower Forms Friends of the Earth May 5, 1969, Russell Retires as the Celtics Take An Eleventh NBA Title May 25, 1969, Nimeiri Takes Charge in Khartoum June 18-26, 1969, Pesticide Poisons the Rhine River June 22, 1969, Polluted Cuyahoga River Bursts into Flames June 23, 1969, Supreme Court Extends Protection Against Double Jeopardy June 27-July 2, 1969, Stonewall Rebellion Ignites Modern Lesbian and Gay Rights Movement July 9, 1969, Canada's Official Languages Act July 14, 1969, Easy Rider Captures the Spirit of 1960's Youth July 14-20, 1969, Soccer War July 20, 1969, First Humans Land on the Moon July 25, 1969, Nixon Doctrine Is Unveiled August, 1969, British Troops Restore Order in Northern Ireland August, 1969, Davis Introduces Jazz-Rock Fusion August 8, 1969, First Use of Bubble Memory in Computers August 15-18, 1969, Woodstock Music Festival Marks the Climax of 1960's Youth Culture August 17-18, 1969, Hurricane Camille Devastates the U.S. Gulf Coast September 1, 1969, Military Takes Charge in Libya September 3, 1969, Congress Begins Hearings on Overspending for the C-5A Galaxy September 10, 1969, African Convention Expands the Definition of Refugees September 25, 1969, Organization of the Islamic Conference Is Established October 5, 1969, Monty Python's Flying Circus Prompts a Cult Following October 5, 1969-March 29, 1970, The Forsyte Saga Anticipates the Television Miniseries October 10, 1969, National Institute of Mental Health Report "Normalizes" Homosexuality October 15, 1969, Canada Announces Ban on Hunting Baby Seals October 20, 1969, Pittsburgh Residents Form the Group Against Smog and Pollution October 21, 1969, Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Banned from U.S. Consumer Markets October 21, 1969, Somali Democracy Ends in a Military Coup November 10, 1969, Sesame Street Revolutionizes Children's Programming November 19-20, 1969, Apollo 12 Mission Marks Second Moon Landing November 20, 1969-June 11, 1971, American Indians Occupy Alcatraz Island November 20, 1969-December 31, 1972, DDT Ban Signals New Environmental Awareness November 22, 1969, Inter-American Court of Human Rights Is Established December, 1969, Birth of the European Monetary Union Project December 10, 1969, Barton and Hassel Share the Nobel Prize for Determining the Three-Dimensional Shapes of Organic Compounds December 10, 1969, International Labor Organization Wins the Nobel Peace Prize December 11, 1969, Arafat Becomes Chair of the Palestine Liberation Organization December 13, 1969, First Jumbo Jet Is Delivered to Airlines December 30, 1969, Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act Is Approved 1970 1970, Design for the Real World Calls for Industrial Design Reform 1970, Reich Publishes The Greening of America 1970-1971, U.S. Voting Age Is Lowered to Eighteen January 1, 1970, National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Is Signed January 16, 1970, Flood Tests Baseball's Reserve Clause January 25, 1970, M*A*S*H Satirizes Warfare February, 1970, Natural Resources Defense Council Is Founded February 4, 1970, Patton's Historical Realism Leads to Best Picture and Actor Awards February 10-April 16, 1970, Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs March 5, 1970, Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Goes into Effect March 19, 1970, Brandt Meets Stoph March 31, 1970, Canada Bans Commercial Fishing in Lakes St. Clair and Erie April 1, 1970, Cigarette Ads Are Banned From Broadcast Media April 3, 1970, Congress Mandates Oil-Spill Liabilities and Penalties April 11-17, 1970, Apollo 13 Crew Survives On-Board Explosion April 22, 1970, First Earth Day Is Celebrated April 26, 1970, Broadway's First "Concept" Musical Premiers April 29, 1970, United States Invades Cambodia May 4, 1970, Kent State Massacre May 29, 1970, British Parliament Passes the Equal Pay Act of 1970 May 31, 1970, Earthquake and Avalanche in Peru Kill More than Sixty Thousand People June 16, 1970, Trans-Amazon Highway Is Announced July, 1970, Future Shock Explores the Impact of Change August, 1970, Congress Ratifies the National Council on Indian Opportunity September, 1970, Cousteau Announces Large Decline in Ocean Life September 4, 1970, Allende Wins a Close Election in Chile September 19, 1970-September 3, 1977, The Mary Tyler Moore Show Examines Women's Roles September 28, 1970, Sadat Becomes President of Egypt October, 1970, Pollution Fears Prompt Invention of Phosphate-Free Detergent October 5, 1970, Public Broadcasting Service Airs Its First Program October 15, 1970, Congress Passes the RICO Act October 16, 1970-April 30, 1971, Canada Invokes War Measures Act Against Quebec Separatists October 26, 1970, Congress Passes the Fair Credit Reporting Act October 26, 1970, Resource Recovery Act Is Passed October 30, 1970, Congress Creates Amtrak to Save Passenger Rail Service November 10, 1970-October 1, 1971, Soviet Rover Lunokhod 1 Lands on the Moon November 11, 1970, Moscow Human Rights Committee Is Founded November 12, 1970, Bhola Cyclone Devastates East Pakistan November 17, 1970-March 29, 1971, Calley Is Court-Martialed for My Lai Massacre December 2, 1970, Environmental Protection Agency Is Created December 4, 1970, Chávez Is Jailed for Organizing a National Lettuce Boycott December 7, 1970, United Nations Volunteers Program Is Established December 10, 1970, Borlaug Receives the Nobel Prize for His Work on World Hunger December 15, 1970, New Mexico's Blue Lake Region Is Returned to the Taos Pueblo December 18, 1970, European Consortium Creates Airbus Industrie December 28, 1970, Family Planning Services and Population Research Act Extends Reproductive Rights December 29, 1970, Nixon Signs the Occupational Safety and Health Act December 31, 1970, Congress Amends the Clean Air Act December 31, 1970, Congress Approves the Mining and Minerals Act Appendixes Bibliography Electronic Resources Chronological List of Entries Geographical Index Category Index Indexes Personages Index Subject Index |
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