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Fifties in America Index Page numbers in boldface type indicate full articles devoted to the topic. A A-line skirts, 1104 Aaker, Lee, 898 Aaron, Henry "Hank," 93, 96, 606, 613, 678, 865 AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA. See American Bar Association ABC. See American Bowling Congress Abernathy, Ralph, 854 Abortion, 115 Abramson, Herb, 646 Abrikosov, Alexei, 882 Abstract expressionism, 1-4, 66, 229; De Kooning, Willem, 258-259; Johns, Jasper, 516-517; Kline, Franz, 532-533; Motherwell, Robert, 642; Pollock, Jackson, 742-743; Rauschenberg, Robert, 767-768 ACA. See Association of Canadian Advertisers Academy Awards, 4-11, 1017, 1025-1026, 1028; and African Americans, 33; Ben-Hur, 109, 1028; and blacklisted writers, 446; ceremony, 8; Giant, 381; Streetcar Named Desire, A, 5, 877, 1026; Sunset Boulevard, 882; Taylor, Elizabeth, 892 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 4-11, 318 Acadians, 164, 631 Acheson, Dean, 11-12, 940; and China, 187; and Hiss, Alger, 204; and Truman, Harry S., 11 Acrobats, The (Richler), 571 Across the River and into the Trees (Hemingway), 577 Actors Studio, 12-13, 349, 519, 708, 919, 922; and acting styles, 921; and Brando, Marlon, 519 Adams, Ansel, 567 Adams, Edie, 544 Adams, John G., 64 Adams, Julia, 245 Adams, Sherman, 14, 304, 308; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 14 Adamski, George, 353 Adenauer, Konrad, 378, 681 Adler, Mortimer, 394 Adler, Richard, 919 Adler v. Board of Education of City of New York (1952), 1046 Adventure Magazine, 755 Adventures of Augie March, The (Bellow), 106, 574 Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, The, 14-15, 88, 229, 907, 1064; and Nelson, Ricky, 651, 798, 1064 Adventures of Superman, The, 15-17; and comic books, 214 Advertising, 17-24; and automobiles, 82; and Betty Crocker, 113; and censorship, 179, 832; and consumerism, 26-27; and Edsel, 286-288; and fads, 323-326, 643-644, 718, 839; and Famous Artists School, 327; and housing, 971; in Life, 567; in Look, 588; and McLuhan, Marshall, 601-602; and MAD magazine, 602; in newspapers, 684; and Nielsen ratings, 687-689; and Packard, Vance, 717; on radio, 761, 930; in Reader's Digest, 770; in Saturday Evening Post, 814; and smoking, 43, 846; and television, 687-689, 906, 909-910, 912; in TV Guide, 944-945; and United Fruit Company, 960 Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations of 1959, 1045 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children Affair to Remember, An, 1022 Affluence, 24-27; and American Dream, 49-50 Affluent Society, The (Galbraith), 26, 27-28, 386, 477; and culture of conformity, 227 AFL. See American Federation of Labor African Americans, 29-34; and agriculture, 145; on American Bandstand, 49; athletes, 862; and basketball, 32, 99; and Brown v. Board of Education, 134-136; and Civil Rights movement, 194-200; demographics, 262; in films, 346; Golden, Harry, on, 388; and Harlem Globetrotters, 410; incomes, 474; and interracial marriage laws, 494-495; and Invisible Man, 501-503; and Ku Klux Klan, 546-547; and liberalism, 566; and military, 252-253; music, 646, 1056, 1067; and Newport Jazz Festival, 679; playwrights, 921; and racial discrimination, 758-760; and rock and roll, 793-800; and school desegregation, 816-819; and Sullivan, Ed, 880; on television, 347; and tennis, 915; and unemployment, 950; and urbanization, 264; and White Citizens' Councils, 996-997 African Queen, The, 1017 Afterburner, 1104 Agee, James, 576, 1054 Agribusiness, 1104 Agricultural Act of 1949, 39, 354 Agricultural Act of 1954, 1041 Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, 39, 1041 Agriculture, 126-127; and United Fruit Company, 960-961; and U.S. legislation, 1041; and water pollution, 993 Agriculture, Canadian, 34-36 Agriculture, U.S., 36-40, 144; and bracero program, 126-127; farm incomes, 476; farm subsidies, 328-329; and Food for Peace, 353-354; Soil Bank Act, 851-852, 1043 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 475 Ailey, Alvin, Jr., 40-41 Ain, Gregory, 60 Air Commerce Act of 1926, 337 Air Force, U.S.; aircraft, 43, 86-87; and Central Intelligence Agency, 182; creation of, 1040; and Davis, Benjamin O., Jr., 252-253; desegregation of, 253; and DEW line, 498; and espionage, 947-948; and medical research, 615; and military conscription, 625-627; and Royal Canadian Air Force, 696; and space exploration, 619, 657, 856 Air Force Academy, U.S., 964-965 Air Force Organization Act of 1951, 1040 Air pollution, 42-43 Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, 42, 415, 1042 Air transportation, 144 Aircraft; Avro Arrow, 84-85, 159, 271, 306, 362, 500, 810; B-52 bomber, 43-44, 86-87, 627, 681; Boeing 707, 43-45, 117; design, 43-45; Douglas DC-8, 44; Grand Canyon airliner collision, 393-394; inventions, 500; U-2 spy planes, 947-948 Alabama, University of, 295, 546 Alaska; and DEW Line, 267; seismic activity, 665; statehood, 45-47, 411, 1044 Alaska Statehood Bill, 1044 Albania, 991 Albert, Carl, 232 Alberta; agriculture, 34; education in, 288; income levels, 472; oil industry, 139, 259, 466 Alberts v. California (1957), 176, 804, 886 Albizu Campos, Pedro, 753 Albright, Tenley, 706 Aldrich, Larry, 330 Aldrich, Robert, 349, 986, 1020-1021 Alemán Valdes, Miguel, 620 Alexander, Ronald, 921 Alfred Hitchcock Presents, 350 Algren, Nelson, 575, 1055 Alien Land Laws, California, 151-152 Alka-Seltzer, 21 All About Eve, 5, 1017; Academy Awards, 1026 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, 96, 863 All That Heaven Allows, 349 All the Way Home (Mosel), 576 Allard, Jean, 360 Allegheny Reservoir Project, 663 Allegretti, Cosmo, 169 Allen, Rex, 1056 Allen, Steve, 506, 564, 796, 901, 909, 930 Allison, Fran, 547, 898 Alter, Hobie, 889 Alvin and the Chipmunks, 1065 AMA. See American Medical Association Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), 534, 610 Amazing Colossal Man, The, 348 Amazing Stories, 755 Ameche, Alan, 356-357, 865 American Association of Advertising Agencies, 24 American Bandstand, 47-49, 251, 325, 347, 651, 798, 899, 1059 American Bar Association (ABA), 340 American Book Publishing Council, 176 American Bowling Congress (ABC), 125 American Cancer Society, 167, 847 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 104, 176, 347, 886; and censorship, 178 American Communications Association v. Douds (1950), 884, 1046 American Dream, 49-50; and Dean, James, 257; and Miss America pageants, 635 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 146, 956; and Canada, 161; and Hoffa, Jimmy, 427; and Meany, George, 613-614; merger with CIO, 28-29; and steelworkers strike, 870; and Teamsters Union, 893-894 American Football League (AFL), 356, 862 American Guerrilla in the Philippines, 986 American Heritage Foundation, 765 American Hockey League (AHL), 426 American in Paris, An, 1017; Academy Awards, 1026 American Legion, 176, 977, 978 American Medical Association (AMA), 416, 936; and birth control, 114, 115 American-Mexican Treaty Act of 1950, 1039 American Motors, 372 American Negro Theatre, 106, 738 American Opinion, 516 American Society of Composers and Publishers (ASCAP), 645 American States Rights Association, 546 American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), 49, 147, 219; and transistors, 933-934 Ames Brothers, the, 1056 Amos and Andy, 50-52; (radio), 653, 762, 900 Amos and Andy (TV), 50-52 Anastasia, 1021 Anatomy of a Murder, 347 And God Created Woman, 90, 1022 Anderson, Jack, 726 Anderson, Leroy, 1056 Anderson, Marian, 880 Anderson, Michael, 65-66 Anderson, Robert, 920 Andrea Doria, 52-53, 518 Andrews, Julie, 132, 653-654 Andrews Sisters, 1056 Andy Panda, 211 Angelis, Peter de, 1060 Angelucci, Orfeo, 353 Anka, Paul, 651, 1056 Annenberg, Walter H., 944 Annie Oakley, 898 Annual and Sick Leave Act of 1951, 1040 Anouilh, Jean, 921 Antarctic Treaty of 1959, 53-55, 824; and disarmament movement, 274 Antarctica, 487, 820, 823; bases in, 487; treaty of 1959, 53-55; weather stations in, 488 Antibiotics, 614 ANZUS treaty, 283, 935 Apache, 349, 1020 Aparicio, Luis, 558 Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, The (Richler), 571 April Love, 123 Arbenz, Jacobo, 181, 400, 960 Arcaro, Eddie, 861 Archaeology, 55-57; and Kon-Tiki, 534 Architecture, 57-62; geodesic dome, 377; Guggenheim Museum, 402-403; synagogues, 783 Arends, Leslie, 232 Argentina, 54 Arizin, Paul, 99 Armed Forces Reserve Act of 1952, 1040 Armour, Richard, 62-63 Armstrong, Louis, 510, 733, 880, 1015-1016; and Fitzgerald, Ella, 351; and Storyville, 679 Army, U.S.; alleged espionage within, 205; and Antarctica, 54; and Bradley, Omar, 127-128; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 301; in film, 369; and Institute of Pacific Relations, 484; integration of, 936; and McCarthy, Joseph, 63-65, 223; and Marshall, George C., 608; and military conscription, 625-627; and The Phil Silvers Show, 840; and Presley, Elvis, 407, 749; and Ridgway, Matthew B., 788-789; and space exploration, 76, 856, 867 Army-McCarthy hearings, 63-65, 222, 232, 595; and DuMont network, 285 Arnaz, Desi, 229, 461-463, 557, 906, 1020; music of, 509 Arnaz, Desi, Jr., 945 Arness, James, 404-405, 912, 924 Arnold, Eddy, 1056 Arnold, Jack, 244 Arnow, Harriette, 575 Around the World in Eighty Days, 9, 65-66, 345, 396, 1021; Academy Awards, 1027 Art; Abstract expressionism, 1-4, 66, 229; Famous Artists School, 327-328; Getty Museum, 379; Guggenheim Museum, 402-403; and home furnishings, 434; movements, 66-68; New York School, 1, 66, 533; paint-by-numbers movement, 717-718; Painters Eleven, 718-719 Art Linkletter's House Party, 455 Art Students League (ASL), 2, 742 Arthritis, 615 Arthur, Jean, 728, 1020 Arts and Architecture, 60 As the World Turns, 910 ASCAP. See American Society of Composers and Publishers Aserinsky, Eugene, 767 Asian Americans, 68-73; and California's Alien Land Laws, 151-152; and China, 187; demographics of, 263; in Hawaii, 411; and immigration, 467; and racial discrimination, 758 Asian flu epidemic, 73-74 Asimov, Isaac, 579 ASL. See Art Students League Asphalt Jungle, The, 349 Association of Canadian Advertisers (ACA), 23 Assumption College, 668 Astaire, Fred, 348, 1019; Emmy Awards, 1038 Astronomy, 74-77; and International Geophysical Year, 487-488; and space race, 856-859; Van Allen radiation belts, 974-976; and Velikovsky, Immanuel, 976-977 AT&T. See American Telephone and Telegraph Company Atanasoff, John, 319 Atkins, Chet, 649, 1056 Atlas, Charles, 534 Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 77, 573, 1052 Atomic bomb, 78-79; and bomb shelters, 118-120; and civil defense, 159, 191-193; and disarmament movement, 273-274; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 301; and ENIAC computer, 319; fallout, 1105; in film, 707-708; and genetics, 374; and Japan, 79; and Korean War, 301; and On the Beach, 710-712; and Pauling, Linus, 721; and Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 802-804; in science fiction, 256; and Seaborg, Glenn, 828; and Soviet Union, 458 Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 80 Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 79-80, 232, 1041 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 80, 442, 657, 711, 722, 829, 914, 1041 Atomic Energy Damages Act of 1957, 1044 Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., 80-81 Atomic Weapons Rewards Act of 1955, 1042 Atoms for Peace, 80, 273, 815 Attack, 986 Attlee, Clement, 539 Auden, W. H., 102, 736, 875 Auerbach, Red, 99 Aunt Jemima, 21 Auntie Mame (Lawrence and Lee), 921, 1032 Australia; Aboriginal toys, 323; and Antarctica, 54; Graham, Billy, in, 393; and hula hoops, 454; Olympic Games of 1956, 704-707; and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 852; and Suez Crisis, 154; and Tripartite Security Treaty, 935 Auto racing, 1073 Automobile models; Buick, 82, 372; Cadillac, 81, 83, 372; Chevrolet, 372; Chevrolet Corvair, 372; Chevrolet Corvette, 184-185, 358; Chrysler, 82; DeSoto, 81; Edsel, 83, 286-288; Ford Thunderbird, 82, 184, 358-359; Henry J, 81, 144; Hudson, 81; Nash, 81; Oldsmobile, 82, 372; Packard, 81; Plymouth, 82; Pontiac, 372; Studebaker, 81; Volkswagen, 83, 373, 982-983 Automobiles, 81-84; and air pollution, 42; assembly of, 372; in Canada, 932; and Chrysler autoworkers strike, 189-190; drag racing, 1105; and drive-in churches, 779; and drive-in theaters, 281-283, 325; and economy, 143; and fads, 325; and fast-food restaurants, 333-335, 598-599; and General Motors, 371-373; and highway system, 495-497; inventions, 500; and motels, 430, 640-642; and natural resources, 672, 674; quality of, 495; and radios, 646, 760, 764; and recession, 774; sales of, 25-26, 39; slang terms, 1104-1105, 1107; and suburbanization, 228, 675, 1016; tail fins, 81, 83, 325, 477; and tungsten carbide, 268; and unions, 956; and urbanization, 971; and youth culture, 347, 835, 1016 Automotive Information Disclosure Act of 1958, 83 Autry, Gene, 585, 760, 762, 911-912, 1056; and comic books, 210 Avalon, Frankie, 347, 1056 Avery, Phyllis, 385 Avro Arrow, 84-85, 159, 271, 362, 500, 810; and elections, 306 Avro Canada, 84 Axelrod, George, 918, 921 B B-52 bomber, 43-44, 86-87, 500, 627, 681 B-58 Hustler, 45 Babcock, Harold, 74 Babcock, Horace, 74 Baby boom, 87-88; and consumerism, 25; demographics of, 261; economic impact, 670; and economy, 142; and education, 292; and fast-food restaurants, 599; and Jewish Americans, 514; and surfing, 890; and urbanization, 970; and women, 1003 Baby Doll, 347, 520 Bacall, Lauren, 349, 762 Back-Breaking Leaf, The, 343 Backus, John W., 367 Bad and the Beautiful, The, 1018; Academy Awards, 1026 Bad Seed, The (Campbell), 579 Baez, Joan, 531 Baghdad Pact, 503-504 Bairstow, David, 342 Baker, Carol, 520 Baker, Ella Jo, 854 Baker, LaVern, 1056 Bakery Workers Union, 29, 958 Baldwin, James, 574 Baldwin, Ruth Standish, 195 Balenciaga, Cristobal, 330 Ball, Lucille, 229, 461-463, 557, 905-906, 1003, 1020; Emmy Awards, 1036-1037; modeling of, 323; pregnancy of, 115, 945 Ballard, Hank, 647, 1056 Ballet, 41, 557, 875; and Greco, José, 396; Moiseyev Dance Company, 880; and Stravinsky, Igor, 876 Balsam, Martin, 1023 Band Wagon, The, 348, 1019 Banducci, Enrico, 813 Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, 1043 Banking; in Canada, 36, 141, 158, 396, 447, 479; and computers, 224; Inter-American Development Bank, 554, 713; and Mexico, 621; and recession of 1957-1958, 774; and U.S. legislation, 1039, 1043; in United States, 147, 227 Banks, Ernie, 88-89, 93, 96, 865 Bannister, Roger, 124, 131 Barbie dolls, 87, 89-90 Bardeen, John, 224, 694, 882, 933 Bardot, Brigitte, 90-91, 329, 1022 Barenblatt v. United States (1959), 1050 Barkley, Alben W., 91-92; and Truman, Harry S., 91 Barris, Chuck, 1057, 1064 Barry, Dave, 63 Barry, Gene, 989 Barrymore, Ethel, 761 Barth, John, 579 Bartkus v. Illinois (1959), 1050 Bartlett, Edward Lewis "Bob," 45, 47 Barzun, Jacques, 386-387 Baseball, 92-97, 860; and African Americans, 92; all-star games, 1068; Dodgers, 278-280, 862; exemption from antitrust laws, 97; expansion, 862; and football, 357; Giants, 278-280, 862; Larsen's perfect game, 550-551; and Marciano, Rocky, 606; most valuable players, 1068; Negro Leagues, 88, 93, 152, 558, 612; New York Yankees, 677-678, 863; reserve clause, 93, 96-97; rookies of the year, 1068; team moves, 865; and television, 93, 97; and women, 863; World Series champions, 1068 Baseball players; Aaron, Henry "Hank," 606; Aparicio, Luis, 558; Banks, Ernie, 88-89; Berra, Yogi, 111-112, 551; Campanella, Roy, 152; DiMaggio, Joe, 272-273; Gaedel, Eddie, 95; Gilliam, Jim, 279; Larsen, Don, 550-551; Mantle, Mickey, 605-606; Mays, Willie, 612-613; Mińoso, Minnie, 558; Robinson, Jackie, 791-792, 925; Snider, Duke, 848-849; Thomson, Bobby, 925 Basie, Count, 33, 285, 510, 647-648, 1056 Basilio, Carmen, 792 Basketball, 97-100; and African Americans, 32; Harlem Globetrotters, 410; Lakers, 862; NBA champions, 1069; NBA rookies of the year, 1069; NBA most valuable players, 1069; NCAA champions, 1069; NIT champions, 1069; point-shaving scandal, 100-102; shot clock, 865; and television, 862 Basketball players; Chamberlain, Wilt, 183-184; Cousy, Bob, 243-244; Russell, Bill, 98; Tatum, Goose, 410 Bates, Daisy, 659 Batista y Zaldívar, Fulgencio, 171, 246, 552 Batman comic books, 212 Battle Act of 1951, 492 Baxter, Anne, 5, 1017, 1022 Baxter, Les, 1057 Bay, Howard, 922 Baylor, Elgin, 100 Beach culture, 888-890 Beadle, George, 373, 695, 722 Beat generation, 102-105, 1104; and art movements, 66; Burroughs, William, 138; Corso, Gregory, 243; Ginsberg, Allen, 383-385; Kerouac, Jack, 527; poets, 509, 737, 812; and religion, 784; slang terms, 1105; writers, 102-105, 229, 341-342, 527, 655, 708, 1016; and youth culture, 1015 Beat the Clock, 901 Beatniks; and The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, 839; origin of term, 102, 813, 1104; and youth culture, 1016 Beaumont, Hugh, 898 Beauty pageants, 331, 634-636 Beauvoir, Simone de, 830, 1052; Second Sex, The, 829-830, 1004 Beavers, Louise, 51 Be-bop, 509-510, 647, 729, 1015-1016 Beck, David, 427, 597, 893 Beckett, Samuel, 921-922 Bedtime for Bonzo, 771 Begley, Ed, 1023 Belafonte, Harry, 105-106, 368, 739; Emmy Award, 1038; notable songs, 1057 Belgium; and Antarctica, 54; and the Congo, 963 Bell, Freddie, 800 Bell, Marilyn, 107-108 Bellamy, Edward, 735 Bellow, Saul, 106-107, 574, 1055 Belmont Stakes, 861 Ben-Hur, 108-109, 1024; and Academy Awards, 11, 1028; comic book, 210; and Panavision, 344 Benedek, László, 999 Bennett, Tony, 647, 1057 Bennington, USS, 109 Benny, Jack, 110 Benson, Ezra Taft, 38 Bentley, Elizabeth, 222, 229 Benton, Thomas Hart, 742 Berea College v. Kentucky (1908), 816 Berg, Gertrude, 387 Berg, Patty, 390 Berger, Peter, 781 Bergman, Ingrid, 9, 1021; Emmy Award, 1038 Berle, Milton, 110 Berlin Air Lift, 202, 378 Berman v. Parker (1954), 1047 Bernbach, Bill, 18, 21 Bernstein, Leonard, 50, 111, 132, 906, 919; Peter Pan, 728; West Side Story, 132, 995-996, 1030, 1032 Bernstein, Morey, 1052 Berra, Yogi, 94, 111-112, 272, 550-551, 678, 865, 872 Berry, Chuck, 49, 112-113, 368, 646, 795, 1015; notable songs, 1057 Berry, Raymond, 356 Berry, Richard, 589 Berryman, John, 572 Bertoia, Harry, 434 Best-selling books, 1051, 1053 Bestor, Arthur, 297 Betbeze, Yolanda, 635 Bethurum, Truman, 353 Better Homes and Gardens, 431, 449 Betty Crocker cookbooks, 113, 1051-1052 Beulah, 51 BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs Biasone, Danny, 99 Bibb v. Navaho Freight Lines (1959), 1050 Bible, 785; Revised Standard Version, 786-787 Big bang theory, 74-75, 77 Big Bopper (J. P. Richardson), 430, 799, 974 Big Heat, The, 349 Big Show, The (radio), 761 Biggs, Julian, 342 Bikini Atoll, 118 Bikini swimwear, 330 Billboard, 531, 590, 646, 795 Billingsley, Barbara, 898 Biopic, 1104 Birth control, 113-116, 1006; pills, 114, 115, 500, 1006 Bishop, Elizabeth, 577, 1054 Bissell, Whit, 245 Black, Hugo L., 883, 887, 1010 Black, Joe, 93 Black Monday, 996 Black Mountain poets, 737 Black Orpheus, 11, 1028 Blackboard Jungle, 116-117, 251-252, 347, 350, 409, 1021; and rock and roll, 795 Blacklisting, 206, 229, 327, 575, 908; and Faulk, John Henry, 336-337; and film industry, 176, 346; and "graylisting," 1106; and House Committee on Un-American Activities, 444; and Trumbo, Dalton, 940-941 Blaik, Earl H. "Red," 995 Blake, Amanda, 404, 912 Blakey, Art, 510 Blau v. United States (1950), 1046 Bloch, Felix, 695 Bloch, Robert, 755 Block, Herbert (Herblock), 421-422 Blocker, Dan, 912 Blood and Fire, 343 Blue, Monte, 842 Blue Denim, 347 BMI. See Broadcast Music Incorporated Body Snatchers, The (Finney), 579 Boeing Company; B-52 bomber, 86-87 Boeing 707, 43, 44-45, 117, 862 Boeing Stratocruiser, 43 Bogart, Humphrey, 5, 350, 762, 1017, 1020 Boggs, Hale, 496 Boggs Act of 1951, 1040 Bold and the Brave, The, 986 Bold Ruler, 861 Bolling v. Sharpe (1954), 118, 883, 990, 1047 Bomb shelters, 118-120 Bombers. See Aircraft Bombs. See Atomic bomb; Hydrogen bomb Bonanza, 912 Bond, Ward, 912 Bonestell, Chesley, 266 Book publishing, 120-123; best-sellers, 1053; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 340; "Inside" books, 405-406; and pulp magazines, 755 Boone, Pat, 123, 280, 645, 1053; notable songs, 1057 Boone, Richard, 912 Booth, Shirley, 921 Border Patrol, U.S., 467 Borgnine, Ernest, 9, 1021 Born Yesterday, 1017, 1026 Boston Celtics, 32, 99, 244, 864 Boucher, Anthony, 756 Bougham, Milo, 434 Boulle, Pierre, 9 Bourke-White, Margaret, 567 Bowden, Don, 124 Bowles, Chester, 124-125 Bowles, Paul, 579 Bowling, 125-126 Boxers; Basilio, Carmen, 792; Charles, Ezzard, 607, 984; Cockell, Don, 607; Johansson, Ingemar, 721; LaMotta, Jake, 792; LaStarza, Roland, 607; Louis, Joe, 606, 984; Marciano, Rocky, 606-607, 984; Moore, Archie, 607; Olson, Carl "Bobo," 792; Patterson, Floyd, 721; Robinson, Sugar Ray, 792-793; Torres, José Luis "Chegüi," 558; Turpin, Randy, 792; Walcott, Jersey Joe, 607, 984 Boxing, 861; and African Americans, 33; heavyweight champions, 1073 Boyd, Stephen, 108, 345, 1024 Boyd, William, 898, 911 Bozo the Clown, 899 Bracero program, 126-127, 555, 620; and Operation Wetback, 709 Bradbury, Ray, 444, 579, 755; Fahrenheit 451, 326-327, 733 Bradley, Mamie, 929 Bradley, Omar, 127-128; and Truman, Harry S., 127 Brady, Tom, 996 Brainstorming, 1104 Brainwashing, 1104 Branca, Ralph, 925 Branch, William, 921 Brand, Max, 754 Brando, Marlon, 8, 13, 106, 128-129, 251, 349, 519, 1019; and Academy Awards, 5; and Actors Studio, 13, 919, 921; film debut, 986; and Kazan, Elia, 128; and method acting, 13; On the Waterfront, 708-709, 1020; Sayonara, 1022; Streetcar Named Desire, A, 5, 129, 876-877, 1018; Wild One, The, 643, 999-1000, 1020 Brannum, Hugh, 169 Brattain, Walter, 224, 694, 933 Braun, Wernher von, 76, 321, 655-656, 856 Brave One, The, 941 Brazzi, Rossano, 346, 1024 Breakfast at Tiffany's (Capote), 573 Breast cancer, 166 Brennan, William J., 883, 887, 990 Brewer, Teresa, 1057 Brezhnev, Leonid, 692 Bridge (game), 391-392 Bridge on the River Kwai, The, 346, 987, 1022; Academy Awards, 1028 Bridges, Styles, 232 Bridges at Toko-Ri, The, 986, 1027 Bridgman, Percy, 268 Brinkmanship, 129-130, 187, 1104; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 301 Brink's robbery, 130 British Columbia; agriculture, 34; and Canadian regionalism, 164; demographics of, 259; education in, 288; immigration, 465; income levels, 473; labor unions, 953; lumber industry, 139; unemployment, 949 British Commonwealth, 154; and Suez Crisis, 153 British Empire Games, 130-131 Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI), 645 Broadway musicals, 132-133, 1029, 1033; on film, 348; and jazz, 919; Rodgers and Hammerstein, 801-802, 919, 1029-1030, 1033 Broken Arrow, 349, 1017 Brooklyn Dodgers, 550-551; championships, 94; move to California, 92, 278-280, 862; and New York Giants, 862, 925; and New York Yankees, 678; and Robinson, Jackie, 88, 152, 791-792; and Snider, Duke, 848-849; and Stengel, Casey, 872; World Series, 1068 Brooks, Gwendolyn, 573, 1054 Brooks, Mel, 150 Brooks, Richard, 116-117, 986, 1021, 1023 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 196 Broun, Heywood, 783, 837 Brown, Charles, 318 Brown, Jim, 133-134, 355, 1070 Brown, Lloyd, 574 Brown, Norman O., 229 Brown, Ruth, 1057 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 31, 118, 134-136, 196, 294-295, 299, 302, 581, 759, 816, 883, 982, 990, 1047; and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 658; and Southern Manifesto, 817, 855-856; and White Citizens' Councils, 996; and women's rights, 1006 Brown v. Board of Education II (1955), 1048 Browns, the, 1057 Brubeck, Dave, 136-137, 509, 648, 809, 813 Bruce, Lenny, 813 Brundage, Avery, 706 Brynner, Yul, 681, 802, 1021-1022 Bubble chamber, 1104 Buckley, William F., Jr., 240, 385-386 Buddy Deane Show, The, 251 Buell, Marge Henderson, 211 Bugs Bunny, 211 Buhl, Bob, 96 Buick sports car, 82 Bulganin, Nikolai, 375 Bulgaria, 991 Bunche, Ralph, 137-138, 695-696 Burdette, Lew, 96 Burdick, Eugene, 948 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 661 Burger King, 334 Burgess, Bobby, 625 Burnett, Leo, 18, 21 Burney, Leroy E., 847 Burning Bright (Steinbeck), 871 Burns, John A., 411 Burr, Raymond, 727-728, 1020; Emmy Award, 1038 Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 754 Burroughs, William, 102, 138, 229, 579, 1016; and Ginsberg, Allen, 384; and Kerouac, Jack, 655; Naked Lunch, 103, 655 Burstyn, Ellen, 13 Burstyn v. Wilson (1952), 885, 1047 Burton, Harold, 883, 887 Burton, Richard, 8, 893, 1019 Burtt, Robert Morris, 842 Business; in Canada, 138-142; and Small Business Administration, 842-844; in United States, 142-149 Button, Dick, 702 Buttons, Red, 1023 Butts, Alfred Mosher, 826 Buxton, Frank, 899 Bwana Devil, 325, 344, 926 Byrd, Harry, 294, 817 C Cadillacs, the, 1057 Caen, Herb, 102, 813 Caesar, Sid, 150-151, 602, 761; Emmy Awards, 1036-1037 Cage, John, 768 Cagney, James, 1021 Caine Mutiny, The (Wouk), 1008, 1020, 1051 Caldwell, Taylor, 1052-1053 California, 871; agriculture, 673-674; and air pollution, 42; Alien Land Laws, 71, 151-152; antigay laws, 437; archaeology in, 56; Asian Americans in, 68, 467; baseball teams, 278-280; beach culture, 888-890; Chinese Theater, 998; Disneyland, 274-276, 675; Khrushchev, Nikita, in, 528-529; Latinos in, 467, 558-559, 735; Los Angeles freeways, 970; loyalty oaths, 590; motorcycle gangs, 643; offshore oil leases, 928; San Francisco Renaissance, 812-814; state university, 590 Callaghan, Morley, 570 Camino Real (Williams), 520, 1000 Campanella, Roy, 93, 96, 152, 278 Campbell, John W., Jr., 924 Campbell, K. L., 360 Campbell, Milt, 863 Campbell, William, 579 Campbell Kids, 21 Canada; and China, 187; and Cold War, 204; and continentalism, 241-242; and Cuba, 206; and Great Britain, 153-156, 270, 317-318, 937; and Israel, 505; and Korean War, 360-361; as a "middle power," 158-160, 360; minorities in, 478-479, 513, 631-634; and North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 158, 204, 698; regionalism, 162-165; and United Nations, 158; and United States, 141, 154, 156-158, 159, 241-242, 359-363, 686-687, 696-697, 810-812; U.S. investments in, 156-158 Canada Council for the Encouragement of the Arts, Letters, Humanities, and Social Sciences, 571 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), 19, 140, 160-161, 215; and education, 291, 601; and hockey, 426; and television, 216, 902-904 Canadian Code of Advertising Standards, 22 Canadian Football League, 903; champions, 1070 Canadian Labour Congress, 161-162 Canadian Legion, 978 Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children, 1055 Cancel Miranda, Rafael, 751-752 Cancer, 165-168, 414; cobalt treatment, 166; and smoking, 615, 846 Cannon, Freddie, 1057 Cantinflas, 65 Capote, Truman, 573 Capp, Al, 168-169 Capri pants, 331 Captain America comic books, 212 Captain Kangaroo, 169, 899, 909; comic book version 210; and Silly Putty, 839 Captain Video, 169-170 Cardona, José, 247 Carlson, Chester F., 499 Carlson, Richard, 245, 460 Carmen Jones, 8 Carnegie, Dale, 170-171 Carney, Art, 438-439; Emmy Awards, 1036-1038 Caron, Leslie, 346, 1018, 1023 Carr, Lucien, 384 Carradine, John, 66 Carrillo, Leo, 190 Carson, Johnny, 930 Carson, Rachel, 579, 675, 717, 1055; Sea Around Us, The, 827-828, 1051 Carter, Ace, 547 Carter, Jack, 285 Carter, Robert, 658 Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 567 Cash, Johnny, 646, 794, 1057 Cashier, The (Roy), 570 Casper, Billy, 1072 Casper the Friendly Ghost comic books, 211 Cassady, Neal, 103, 1016; and Ginsberg, Allen, 384; and Kerouac, Jack, 527 Cassyd, Syd, 318 Castro, Fidel, 171-172, 245-248, 271, 365, 552, 554, 556, 623, 630, 713; in Mexico, 246, 960; in Washington, D.C., 171 Cat in the Hat, The (Dr. Seuss), 833 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (film), 1023 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (Williams), 172-173, 573, 892, 920, 999, 1000, 1031; and sexuality, 346 Catcher in the Rye, The (Salinger), 26, 173-174, 576 Catholic War Veterans, 978 Catholic Worker movement, 784 CBC. See Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Celler, Emanuel, 97, 174, 1006 Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950, 147, 174-175, 1039 Censorship, 175-180, 532; and Beat generation, 104, 177, 341, 383-385; and Catcher in the Rye, The, 174; and comic books, 176, 212; and Fahrenheit 451, 326-327; and films, 346, 605, 885; and Lady Chatterley's Lover, 548-549; and Lolita, 584, 1053; and MAD magazine, 602; and Pogo, 738; and Presley, Elvis, 798; and Roth v. United States, 804-805; and The Second Sex, 829; and Sunset Boulevard, 882; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1048, 1050; and television, 832 CENTO. See Central Treaty Organization Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 180-183; and Cuba, 247; and Guatemala, 400-402, 553; and Radio Free Europe, 765; and Taiwan, 181; and Truman, Harry S., 180-181; and U-2 spy planes, 947-948; and United States Information Agency, 966; and Vietnam, 980 Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 503 Cerf, Bennett, 19, 120, 901 Chadwick, Florence, 107 Chamberlain, Owen, 695 Chamberlain, Wilt, 99, 183-184, 863; and Harlem Globetrotters, 410 Chambers, Whittaker, 12, 204, 222, 229, 1051 Champs, the, 1057 Chandler, Happy, 93 Chandler, Raymond, 755 Chanel, Coco, 330, 719 Channing, Carol, 922 Chapman, Sydney, 74 Chargaff, Erwin, 276 Charisse, Cyd, 1019 Charles, Ezzard, 607, 984, 1073 Charles, Ray, 679, 796, 1058 Checker, Chubby, 49, 1015 "Checkers" speech (Nixon), 311, 689, 691-692, 909 Cheever, John, 575, 1055 Chemotherapy, 166 Chertok, Jack, 585-586 Chess Records, 646, 794, 1057 Chevalier, Maurice, 1023 Chevrolet Corvette, 184-185; and Ford Thunderbird, 184, 358 Cheyenne, 912 Chiang Kai-shek, 70, 185-186, 202; and China, 187; and Formosa Resolution, 366; and Mao Zedong, 185 Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 185, 202 Children's books; Armour, Richard, 63; Seuss, Dr., 832-833 Children's television, 897-899; and Kukla, Fran and Ollie, 547 Childress, Alice, 921 Chile, 54 China, 186-189; and Canada, 187; and Central Intelligence Agency, 181-182; and Chiang Kai-shek, 185, 187; and Cold War, 202; emigrants to United States, 68-73; and Japan, 189; and Soviet Union, 935; and Taiwan, 187, 543, 961; and United Nations, 961; and United States, 12, 79, 185-189, 202, 307, 363-364, 366-367, 536, 593, 853 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 68 Ching, Cyrus, 286 Chiquita banana, 960 Chlorpromazine, 616, 931-932 Chordettes, the, 1058 Chords, the, 1058 Christianity Today, 393 Chrysler, 81, 372 Chrysler autoworkers strike, 189-190 Churchill, Randolph, 901 Churchill, Winston S., 202, 270, 283, 567, 660, 680-681, 696, 878, 901, 937 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Cigarette advertisements, 846 Cinderella, 1017 CinemaScope, 344, 347, 999; Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, 376 CIO. See Congress of Industrial Organizations Circuses, 790, 898 Cisco Kid, The, 190-191 Cisneros v. Corpus Christi ISD (1971), 422 Cities. See Urbanization Citizens' Councils of America, 997 City Lights, 341 City Lights Bookstore, 104, 341, 384, 813, 1016 City of Gold, 343 Civil defense programs, 159, 191-193; air-raid drills, 192; and U.S. legislation, 1039 Civil rights, U.S. Commission on, 214-215 Civil Rights Act of 1866, 194 Civil Rights Act of 1871, 194 Civil Rights Act of 1875, 194 Civil Rights Act of 1957, 32, 193-194, 198-199, 239, 297, 302, 311, 759, 1044; and Commission on Civil Rights, 214-215; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 339; and Rayburn, Sam, 769; and Thurmond, Strom, 234 Civil Rights Act of 1960, 215 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 194, 818 Civil Rights Commission, 32, 759 Civil Rights movement, 194-200; and Brown v. Board of Education, 134-136; and Congress of Racial Equality, 235-236; and Golden, Harry, 388; and Little Rock school desegregation crisis, 581-583, 818; and Montgomery bus boycott, 530, 638-639; and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 658-659; and Parks, Rosa, 720-721; and racial discrimination, 758-759, 760; and school desegregation, 816-819; sit-ins, 195; and Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 854-855; and Southern Manifesto, 855-856; and Supreme Court, U.S., 886; women in, 1006 Civil Service Commission, U.S., 1041 Clamer, Albert, 785 Clarabell the clown, 898 Clark, Dick, 47-48, 251-252, 798, 899; and payola, 48 Clark, Tom, 135, 340, 883, 885, 887 Clarke, Arthur C., 121 Classics Illustrated comic books, 210-211 Clemente, Roberto, 96, 865 Cliburn, Van, 200-201 Clift, Montgomery, 13, 129, 201, 349, 351, 986, 1018-1019 Cline, Patsy, 649 Clooney, Rosemary, 880, 1058 Clovers, the, 1058 Clurman, Harold, 922 Coal industry, 146, 670-671; and water pollution, 993 Coasters, the, 797, 1058 Coates, Phyllis, 16 Cobb, Lee J., 8, 708, 921, 1023 COBOL, 367, 498, 967 Coca, Imogene, 150 Cochran, Eddie, 1058 Cockell, Don, 607 Cocoanut Grove, 105 Cogswell, Fred, 571 Cohn, Roy M., 63-65, 595, 803 COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program), 340 Cold War, 201-208; and bomb shelters, 118-120; and brinkmanship, 129-130; and Canada, 158-160, 204, 270; and Castro, Fidel, 171-172; and Central Intelligence Agency, 180-183; and China, 186-189; and civil defense, 191-193; and Cliburn, Van, 200; and computer research, 485; and culture of conformity, 207, 229; and DEW Line, 267-268, 361; and disarmament movement, 273-274; and Dulles, John Foster, 284; and Egypt, 877; and Eisenhower Doctrine, 303; and Espionage and Sabotage Act, 320-321; and fads, 325; and film industry, 987; and Geneva Summit Conference, 374-376; and Germany, 377-379; and House Committee on Un-American Activities, 444-446; and Hungarian revolt, 456-458; and I Led Three Lives, 460; and Internal Security Act, 484-485; and jazz, 512; and "kitchen debate," 692-693; and liberalism, 566; and loyalty oaths, 590-591; and military-industrial complex, 627-628; and North American Aerospace Defense Command, 696-697; and North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 697-699; nuclear deterrence, 739-740; and Olympic Games, 704-707; and Radio Free Europe, 765; and religion, 784; and science, 821; and space race, 856-859; and Suez Crisis, 79, 273, 561; and television Westerns, 911; and Tripartite Security Treaty, 935; and Truman Doctrine, 939-940; and U-2 spy planes, 947-948; and U.S. trade, 492; and United States Information Agency, 965-966; and Warsaw Pact, 991-993; and women's roles, 1004 Cole, Lester, 444 Cole, Nat King, 33, 208-209, 495, 646; notable songs, 1058 Colean, Miles, 451 Coleman, Jerry, 94 Colgate Comedy Hour, The, 609 Collazo, Oscar, 938-939 Collier, John, 661 Collins, Al "Jazzbo," 930 Collins, Dorothy, 1012 Collins, Tommy, 1058 Columbia University, 499; and Beat generation, 102, 384, 527; and DNA research, 276; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 301, 304; and Great Books movement, 394; and Mills, C. Wright, 629 Come Back, Little Sheba (film), 1018 Come Back, Little Sheba (Inge), 573, 920, 1029 Comic books, 176, 209-214; censorship of, 176 Comic strips; Capp, Al, 168-169; L'il Abner, 168-169; Peanuts, 724-725; Pogo, 738 Comics Magazine Association of America, 213 Comintern. See Communist International Commission on Civil Rights, U.S., 214-215, 1044 Commission on Foreign Economic Policy, 493 Committee for a Free Europe, 765 Committee on Urban Conditions Among Negroes in New York, 196 Communications; and advertising, 17-24; in Canada, 215-217, 682-684; and McLuhan, Marshall, 601-602; newspapers, 682-684; radio, 760-764; Radio Free Europe, 765; telephones, 216, 894-897; in United States, 217-221 Communism; in China, 185; and conservatism, 238; and Cuban Revolution, 245-248; and culture of conformity, 229; and film industry, 5; and House Committee on Un-American Activities, 205, 444-446; and I Led Three Lives, 460; and Internal Security Act, 484-485; and Red Monday, 776-777; and religion, 784; and Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 802-804; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1046, 1047, 1048-1050; and unions, 29, 146, 957; and Vietnam, 979-981; and Warsaw Pact, 991-993 Communist Control Act of 1954, 1041 Communist International (Comintern), 222 Communist Party of the U.S.A., 63, 221-223, 265, 776; and homosexuality, 437; and Hoover, J. Edgar, 441; and U.S. legislation, 1041 Como, Perry, 681, 1058; Emmy Awards, 1036, 1038 Computers, 224-225, 498, 824; COBOL programming language, 367, 498, 967; ENIAC, 224, 319-320, 966; FORTRAN programming language, 224, 367, 485, 824, 967; and International Business Machines Corporation, 485-486; and telephones, 219; terminology, 1104-1105; and transistors, 933; UNIVAC, 224, 485, 498, 966-967 Comstock Law of 1873, 114 Conant, James B., 297, 378 Concentration, 902 Confidential, 225-226 Conformity; and Cold War, 207; and youth culture, 1014 Conformity, culture of, 226-230; and The Catcher in the Rye, 173-174; and House Committee on Un-American Activities, 444; and The Organization Man, 712-713; and paint-by-numbers movement, 324 Congo crisis, 963 Congress, U.S., 230-235; and Alaska statehood, 45-47; and baseball, 97; and elections, 306-308, 311, 314; House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), 444-446; Kefauver, Estes, 520-522; Kefauver Committee, 522-523, 715; legislation, 1039, 1045; and Native Americans, 662; and Pledge of Allegiance, 734-735; plenary power of, 664; and Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 745-747; Puerto Rican nationalist attack on, 751-752; and Rayburn, Sam, 768-769; Senate Banking Committee, 774; Senate Rackets Investigating Committee, 428, 894; and Small Business Administration, 842-844; and Southern Manifesto, 855-856; state of the union address, 233; and Teamsters Union, 893 Congress for Cultural Freedom, 180 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 28, 146, 956; merger with AFL, 28-29; and steelworkers strike, 870 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 31, 199, 235-236 Connolly, Harold, 237 Connolly, Maureen, 236-237, 865, 916; major titles, 1071 Connolly, Olga, 237-238 Connors, Chuck, 912 Conservatism; in Canadian politics, 153, 163, 305, 490; John Birch Society, 515-516; and Nixon, Richard M., 689-691; and Reagan, Ronald, 770-772; and Smith, Margaret Chase, 844-845; and Supreme Court, U.S., 888; and Twenty-second Amendment, 945-946; in U.S. politics, 238-240, 307, 309,; and veterans organizations, 977; vs. liberalism, 566 Conservative Mind, The (Kirk), 238 Considine, Tim, 625 Constitution, U.S.; Twenty-second Amendment, 945-946 Consumerism, 24-27, 238, 264, 368, 476, 603, 836, 907; and home appliances, 431-433; Packard, Vance, on, 717; parodying of, 602; and sex education, 835 Continental League, 92 Continentalism, 241-242; and Canada, 361 Cooke, Sam, 242-243, 797; notable songs, 1058 Coonskin caps, 255, 324, 521 Cooper, Ashley, 1071 Cooper, Chuck, 32, 99 Cooper, Gary, 7, 523, 1018 Cooper, Leon, 882 Cooper v. Aaron (1958), 884, 1049 Corcoran, Fred, 389 Cordero, Figueroa, 752 CORE. See Congress of Racial Equality Corey, Orlin, 922 Cornell, Don, 1058 Correll, Charles, 51 Corso, Gregory, 243; and Ginsberg, Allen, 243 Corvette. See Chevrolet Corvette Cosby, Bill, 813 Costain, Thomas B., 572, 1051-1052 Costello, Frank, 714-715 Coughlin, Charles, 421 Council of Conservative Citizens, 997 Counter Intelligence Program. See COINTELPRO Country Girl, The, 523; Academy Awards, 1027 Country Girl, The (Odets), 920, 1029 Country-western music, 648 Cournand, André F., 694, 695 Court cases. See Supreme Court cases Cousy, Bob, 99, 243-244, 864 Coward, Noel, 1024 Cowles, Gardner A., Jr., 588-589 Cowley, Malcolm, 578 Cozzens, James Gould, 573, 1052 Craft, Robert, 875 Cranbrook Academy of Art, 434 Crawford, Cheryl, 12-13, 921 Crawford, Joan, 1020 Crawford, Johnny, 912 Creature from the Black Lagoon, 244-245, 927, 1020 Creature Walks Among Us, The, 245 Credit, 83, 431, 969; and agriculture, 36; and discrimination, 197; and foreign aid, 621; and home ownership, 143, 476, 775 Credit cards, 26, 1082 Creel, George, 22 Creel Committee, 965 Creeley, Robert, 737 Crests, the, 1059 Crew Cuts, the, 1059 Crick, Francis, 276, 373, 414, 788, 994 Crickets, the, 430-431, 797, 1062 Crime; Brink's robbery, 130; and Kefauver Committee, 522-523; organized, 714-716; and U.S. legislation, 1039 Criswell, 1007 Crocker, Betty. See Betty Crocker cookbooks Crockett, Davy, 254-255 Cronkite, Walter, 319 Crosby, Bing, 760, 762; and Hope, Bob, 443; notable songs, 1059 Crosley, J. Powell, 81 Crotty, Ron, 136 Crucible, The (Miller), 206, 575, 628, 920, 1030 Cruel and unusual punishment, 935-936 Crusade for Freedom, 765 Cuba; and Canada, 206, 271; and Castro, Fidel, 171-172, 271; dances of, 252; and Organization of American States, 714; and Soviet Union, 247 Cuban Revolution, 245-248 Cukor, George, 1017, 1019-1020 Cullen, Bill, 506 Culture of conformity. See Conformity, culture of Cummings, Bob, 275 Cunningham, Merce, 768 Currency, U.S., 470 Curtice, Harlow, 681 Curtis, Cyrus H. K., 814 Curtis, Tony, 9, 1023, 1025 Curtiss, Charles, 496 Customs Simplification Act of 1953, 1040 Customs Simplification Act of 1954, 1041 Cyclotron, 248-249, 828 Cyrano de Bergerac, 1017, 1026 Czechoslovakia; and Connolly, Olga, 237-238; and Radio Free Europe, 765; and Warsaw Pact, 991 D Daffy Duck, 211 Daley, Charles, 471 Daly, Carroll John, 755 Daly, John, 19 Damn Yankees (Adler and Ross), 133, 250, 919 Damn Yankees (film), 1031 Damone, Vic, 1059 Dance; Ailey, Alvin, Jr., 40-41; and Broadway musicals, 132; cha-cha-cha, 1104; and fads, 325; Greco, José, 396; "Louie Louie," 589-590; popular, 250-252; in West Side Story, 996 Dandridge, Dorothy, 8, 33 Danny and the Juniors, 1059 Darin, Bobby, 1059 Daughters of Bilitis, 437 Davies, Robertson, 570 Davis, Benjamin O., Jr., 252-253 Davis, Bette, 5, 1017 Davis, Gail, 898 Davis, John W., 134 Davis, Miles, 106, 509, 647; and Storyville, 679 Davis, Sammy, Jr., 253-254, 841 Davy Crockett; and Kefauver, Estes, 521 Davy Crockett, 254-255, 275, 324 Day, Bobby, 1059 Day, Doris, 255-256, 1022, 1025; notable songs, 1059 Day, Dorothy, 784 Day the Earth Stood Still, The, 256-257, 348, 353, 1018 Days Before Christmas, The, 343 Dean, James, 9, 129, 257-258, 347, 381-382, 835, 871, 906; and Actors Studio, 13; death of, 1014; and fashions, 329; image of, 251, 323, 407, 520, 1014; Rebel Without a Cause, 772-773, 1014 Dean Milk Company v. City of Madison (1951), 1046 Deane, Buddy, 252 Death in the Afternoon (Hemingway), 420 Death in the Family, A (Agee), 576 Death of a Salesman (Miller), 628, 920, 1029 Decision Before Dawn, 1018 Deer Park, The (Mailer), 575 Defense Housing and Community Facilities and Services Act of 1951, 1040 Defense Production Act of 1950, 480, 1039 Defiant Ones, The, 9, 346, 1023; Academy Awards, 1028 De Kooning, Willem, 3, 258-259 Dell-Vikings, 1059 DeMille, Agnes, 919 DeMille, Cecil B., 5, 345, 790, 882, 1018, 1022 Demographics, Canadian, 259-260; and immigration, 464-466 Demographics, U.S., 260-265; African Americans, 29; Asian Americans, 68-73; baby boom, 87-88; and computers, 966; and economy, 142; and immigration, 466-470; Latinos, 555-559; and urbanization, 969 Demolition derby, 1105 Deniker, Pierre, 616, 931 Denning, Richard, 245 Dennis, Eugene, 222, 265-266 Dennis, Patrick, 1052-1053 Dennis the Menace comic books, 211 Dennis v. United States (1951), 265-266, 776, 885, 981, 1046 Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA Department of Agriculture Organic Act of 1956, 1043 Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958, 1044 Dependants Assistance Act of 1950, 1039 Derleth, August, 755 Desmond, Paul, 136, 512 Destination Moon, 266-267, 348, 1017, 1026 DeVaux, Roland, 785 Devil Rides Outside, The (Griffin), 177 Devlin, Bernard, 342 DEW Line, 204, 241, 267-268, 361, 498, 1105 Dewey, John, 297 DeWilde, Brandon, 8 Dial M for Murder, 523, 927, 1020 Diamond synthesizing, 268-269 Diary of Anne Frank, The, 988, 1024; Academy Awards, 1028 Diddley, Bo, 269, 794, 1059 Diefenbaker, John G., 157, 270-271, 699, 809; and Avro Arrow, 84-85; and Cold War, 207; defense policy of, 696; election of, 164; foreign policy of, 155, 159; government of, 305, 362; and Israel, 505; and North American Aerospace Defense Command, 697; and Quebec, 165; trade policy of, 490; and Trans-Canada Highway, 932; and United States, 241 Dien Bien Phu, 63, 320, 364, 852 Dietrich, Marlene, 66, 1023 Diggs, Charles C., Jr., 271-272 Diller, Phyllis, 813 DiMaggio, Joe, 94, 272-273, 678; and Hemingway, Ernest, 420; and Monroe, Marilyn, 637 Dimension X, 762 Dion and the Belmonts, 1059 Dior, Christian, 329 Dirac, Paul, 711 Dirksen, Everett, 233, 307 Disabled American Veterans, 978 DiSalle, Michael V., 286 Disarmament movement, 273-274; and Einstein, Albert, 300; and Pauling, Linus, 721-723 Disc jockeys, 646, 762, 793, 930-931; Big Bopper (J. P. Richardson), 974; Freed, Alan, 368-369 Discovery, 899 Disney, Roy Oliver, 274 Disney, Walt, 62, 275, 625, 808, 899; and Disneyland, 274-276; Fantasia, 875; and Mickey Mouse Club, 625 Disneyland, 144, 254, 274-276, 496, 675; architecture of, 61; Khrushchev's visit, 528 Disneyland (television series), 324, 899 Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 70, 468 Displaced Persons Act of 1950, 468 District of Columbia Law Enforcement Act of 1953, 1040 Divorce, 835; demographics of, 263 Dixon, Willie, 646, 794 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 276-278, 373, 994-995; and Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 787-788 Do You Trust Your Wife?, 901 D.O.A., 349 Doby, Larry, 93 Docherty, George, 735 Dodd, Jimmy, 625, 899 Dodd, Martha, 575 Dolby, Rayg, 499 Doll, Richard, 415, 616 Dolls, 89-90 Domestic Minerals Program Extension Act of 1953, 1040 Dominion Housing Act of 1935, 447 Domino, Fats, 123, 280, 347, 368, 647, 795, 798, 1065; notable songs, 1059 "Domino theory," 980 Dominoes, the, 647, 796, 1060 Donald Duck, 211 Donen, Stanley, 348, 719 Donovan, Art, 356 Don't Knock the Rock, 347 Doo-wop, 649 Dorne, Albert, 327 Dorticós Torrado, Osvaldo, 247 Dos Passos, John, 578 Dotto, 902 Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 307 Douglas, James H., 965 Douglas, Kirk, 9, 110, 846, 987, 1018, 1022 Douglas, Paul, 307 Douglas, William O., 883, 887 Douglas DC-6, 43 Douglas DC-8, 44 Dow, Tony, 559, 898 Dragnet, 281; Emmy Awards, 1036; parodies of, 367 Dragnet (radio), 762 Dragstrip Girl, 347 Drifters, the, 1060 Drive-in theaters, 281-283, 324-325; and "passion pits," 1106; and sex, 835 Drugs; and soap operas, 911; and U.S. legislation, 1040, 1044 Drury, Allen, 1053 Du Bois, W. E. B., 574 Ducktail hairstyle, 323, 333; and Presley, Elvis, 407 Dulles, Allen, 180, 181, 400 Dulles, John Foster, 283-284; and brinkmanship, 129-130; and Canada, 490; and Central Intelligence Agency, 181; and Cold War, 187; and Egypt, 877; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 283, 301; and Guatemala, 400, 960; and John Birch Society, 240; and Lodge, Henry Cabot, 584; and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 852; Time "Man of the Year," 681; and Trop v. Dulles, 935; and Truman, Harry S., 283 DuMont, Allen B., 284-285 DuMont network, 284-285, 438; Captain Video, 169-170; football broadcasts, 355; Goldbergs, The, 387; Sheen, Fulton J., 836 Duncan, Robert, 737 Duplessis, Maurice, 163, 413, 633; and elections, 305 DuPont, Francis V., 496 Durocher, Leo, 94 Du Vigneaud, Vincent, 695 Dylan, Bob, 104, 531 E Each Man's Son (MacLennan), 570 Eames, Charles, 433 Eames, Ray, 434 Earl, Harley, 81-82 Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, 353 Earthquakes, 665 East of Eden, 257, 520, 871; Academy Awards, 1027 East of Eden (Steinbeck), 575, 871, 1051 Easter, Luke, 93 Eastwood, Clint, 912 Ebsen, Buddy, 255 Eckert, Presper, 224, 319, 966 Eckstine, Billy, 1060 Ecology; and Beat generation, 104, 814; and Sea Around Us, The (Carson), 827-828 Economic Stabilization Agency, 286 Economy, Canadian, 138-142; gross national product, 396-398; inflation, 479-480; and unemployment, 948-949; and U.S. investments, 156-158 Economy, U.S., 142-149; and demographics, 263; and farm subsidies, 328-329; gross national product, 398-400; and inflation, 480-481; and unemployment, 950-953 Ed Sullivan Show, The, 251, 880; Emmy Award, 1037 Eddy, Duane, 1060 Eden, Anthony, 375, 877 Edge of Night, The, 910 Edge of the City, 350 Edsel, 83, 286-288 Education; and African Americans, 30; and Brown v. Board of Education, 134-136; in Canada, 288-291; and Civil Rights movement, 196; and communism, 229; and G.I. Bill, 380-381; and God and Man at Yale, 385-386; and gross national product, 398; and labor, 146; and loyalty oaths, 590; and Miss America pageants, 635; and National Defense Education Act, 660-661; and phonics, 997-998; and release time, 777-778; Roman Catholic schools, 784; and school desegregation, 816-819; and sex, 833-836; and Sputnik, 206; in United States, 292-300, 1044; and women, 1004 Education and Freedom (Rickover), 298 Education of American Teachers, The (Conant), 298 Edwards, Ralph, 761 Egan, Jenny, 920 Egan, William, 47 Egypt, 364, 947; becomes United Arab Republic, 560; and Israel, 504; Suez Crisis, 154, 303, 364, 704, 877-879, 962; and United States, 877 Eighth Amendment, 935-936 Einstein, Albert, 248, 300-301, 711 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 283, 301-303; and Adams, Sherman, 14; and Alaska statehood, 46-47; and atomic bomb, 79; "Atoms for Peace" speech, 273; on birth control, 114-115; and Brown v. Board of Education, 566; and Canada, 490; and Central Intelligence Agency, 181; and civil defense, 193; and civil rights, 215; and Cliburn, Van, 200; and Congress, U.S., 232; conservatism of, 239; and contract bridge, 391; and Cuban Revolution, 245-248; and disarmament movement, 273; and Dulles, John Foster, 283, 301; and Economic Stabilization Agency, 286; election campaigns, 308-314, 909; and Elizabeth II, 317-318; Emmy Award, 1037; and fashions, 332; and Faubus, Orval, 336; foreign policy of, 301, 363-366; foreign trade policy of, 492; and Geneva Summit Conference, 375; and golf, 389; and Graham, Billy, 393; and hairstyles, 407; on Hawaii statehood, 47; heart attack, 304-305, 414; and Herblock, 422; and interstate highways, 496; and Israel, 504; and John Birch Society, 240, 515; and Johnson, Lyndon B., 307; and Khrushchev, Nikita, 302, 363, 528; and Korean War, 187; and Latin America, 553; and Little Rock school desegregation crisis, 197, 295, 302, 582, 818; and MacArthur, Douglas, 301; and McCarthy, Joseph, 63; and midterm elections, 307; and "military-industrial complex," 627; and Native Americans, 662; and NATO, 699; and Nixon, Richard M., 301; and nuclear energy, 80; press conferences of, 747; and Rayburn, Sam, 769; and religion, 735; and Small Business Administration, 843; and space race, 302, 321, 619, 856, 867; state of the union address, 233; and steelworkers strike, 870; stroke, 304; and Suez Crisis, 878; and television, 909; Time "Man of the Year," 681; and United States Information Agency, 965; and Vietnam, 364, 789, 852, 980; and Warren, Earl, 759, 990; and women's rights, 1006; and World Council of Churches convention, 1008; and You'll Never Get Rich, 840 Eisenhower, Mamie, 317, 332, 407 Eisenhower Doctrine, 233, 301, 303, 365, 503; and Lebanon, 560-562; and Suez Crisis, 301, 303 Ekberg, Anita, 346 Elections, 306-307, 308, 311; and Gallup polls, 371; and McCarthy, Joseph, 594; and television, 909; and Twenty-second Amendment, 945-946 Elections, Canadian, 155, 157, 159, 305-306; 1948, 305, 726; 1957, 162, 164, 270, 305, 726, 809; 1958, 305; 1963, 271 Elections, Mexican, 620 Elections, U.S.; Midterm, 230-235, 306-308 Elections of 1948, U.S., 91, 928 Elections of 1950, U.S., 239, 306, 689-690 Elections of 1952, U.S., 239, 308-311, 363, 521, 583, 640, 689, 691-692, 766, 874, 909, 928, 937; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 301; and Nixon, Richard M., 691; and Stevenson, Adlai, 309 Elections of 1954, U.S., 239, 307 Elections of 1956, U.S., 239, 311-314, 521, 689, 874; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 302; and Stevenson, Adlai, 312, 521 Elections of 1958, U.S., 240, 308, 526, 952 Elections of 1960, U.S., 240, 526, 690 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, 818 Elion, Gertrude, 500 Eliot, T. S., 314-315, 707, 736, 921 Elizabeth I, 318 Elizabeth II, 687; and British Empire Games, 131; coronation, 217, 315-317, 903, 985; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 318; North America trip, 317-318; and St. Lawrence Seaway, 812; on stamps, 744; Time "Man of the Year," 681 Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, 755 Ellington, Duke, 41, 285, 510, 512, 647, 1015-1016; and Storyville, 678 Ellison, Ralph, 502, 573, 1055; Invisible Man, 501-503 Elmer Fudd, 211 Emergency Ship Repair Act of 1954, 1041 Emerson, Faye, 407, 506 Emmons, Glenn L., 662 Emmy Awards, 318-319, 335, 1036, 1038; Belafonte, Harry, 106 Employment Act of 1946, 145, 148, 400 Enemy Below, The, 987, 1028 ENIAC computer, 224, 319-320, 966 Eniwetok Atoll, 458 Entenza, John, 60 Environment; and affluence, 26; and agriculture, 39, 328; and air pollution, 42-43; and Antarctica, 53-55, 824; and automobiles, 84; and Beat poetry, 104; and health hazards, 415; and International Geophysical Year, 487-488; and natural resources, 669-676; and nuclear fallout, 273; and Sea Around Us, The (Carson), 827-828; and Soil Bank Act, 851-852; and tidelands oil controversy, 927-928; water pollution, 993-994 Equal Rights Amendment, 1005 Erskine, John, 394 Ertegun, Ahmet, 646 Eskimos, 259, 288 Espionage and Sabotage Act of 1954, 320-321, 1041 Euratom Cooperation Act of 1958, 1044 Evans, Dale, 913, 1051 Evans, Gil, 647 Everly Brothers, 797, 1060 Evers, Medgar, 659 Ewell, Tom, 921, 1021 Executive Order 8802, 196 Executive Order 9981, 196 Existentialism, 571; and art, 1; in film, 349, 425; on television, 907 Exner, Virgil, 82 Exodus (Uris), 972, 1053 Expatriation Act of 1954, 1041 Explorer I, 321-322, 857; and Van Allen radiation belts, 974 Ex-Servicemen's Unemployment Compensation Act of 1958, 1044 F FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration Fabian, 347, 1060 Fabray, Nanette, 150, 1019; Emmy Awards, 1037 Face in the Crowd, A, 520 Fadiman, Clifton, 833 Fads, 323-326; Beatniks, 102; and Cold War, 325; coonskin caps, 255; Davy Crockett, 254-255, 324; drive-in theaters, 281-283; flying saucers, 352-353; hairstyles, 407-408; hula hoops, 323, 454-455; Mr. Potato Head, 643-644; paint-by-numbers movement, 717-718; Silly Putty, 324, 839; surfing, 888-890; telephone booth stuffing, 324; TV dinners, 944 Fahrenheit 451 (Bradbury), 326-327, 444, 733, 756 Fahrenheit 451 (film), 326 Fair Deal, 307; and African Americans, 29; and Truman, Harry S., 759, 936 Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1955, 1042 Fallon, George H., 496 Families; and advertising, 24; African American, 30, 196; Asian American, 69, 126, 151; and automobiles, 371; and baby boom, 87-88, 261; and birth control, 113-116; and bomb shelters, 119; in Canada, 259; and consumerism, 25; and culture of conformity, 226-230; demographics of, 263; depictions in drama, 172-173, 586-587; depictions in film, 772-773, 1014; depictions in literature, 575, 735-736; depictions on television, 14-15, 51, 335-336, 385, 387, 438-439, 461-463, 551-552, 559-560, 898, 907, 909-912, 924; food purchases, 38; and G.I. Bill, 380; and health care, 413, 417; and home appliances, 431-433; and housing, 60, 433, 446-453, 562-564, 971; and immigration, 464, 469; incomes, 474; and interracial marriage laws, 494-495; Jewish, 513-514; Latino, 710; and Life magazine, 568; and motels, 640; and radio, 762; and recreation, 125, 275, 281, 323, 329, 905; and restaurants, 333-335, 599; and sex education, 835; and telephones, 218; and war brides, 984-986; and women's roles, 1003 Famous Artists School, 327-328 Farewell to Arms, A; and Hudson, Rock, 454 Farlow, Tal, 510 Farm Credit Act of 1953, 1041 Farm subsidies, 328-329 Farmer, James, 235 Fashions, 329-333; A-line skirts, 1104; "crazy pants," 1105; fads, 323; furs, 331; hairstyles, 407-408; and Parker, Suzy, 719 Fast, Howard, 446 Fast-food restaurants, 333-335; and Kroc, Ray, 545-546 Father Knows Best, 335-336; Emmy Awards, 1037-1038; and women's roles, 1003 Father of the Bride, 1017 Faubus, Orval, 193, 196, 295, 336, 567, 581-583, 818; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1049 Faulk, John Henry, 336-337 Faulkner, William, 577-578, 1023, 1054-1055 Faure, Edgar, 375 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation FCC. See Federal Communications Commission FCDA. See Federal Civil Defense Administration FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1954, 1042 Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act of 1950, 1039 Federal Aviation Act of 1958, 1044 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 337-338; creation of, 1044 Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, et al. (1922), 97 Federal Boating Act of 1958, 1045 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 338-341; and Brink's robbery, 130; COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program), 340; and Einstein, Albert, 300; and Hiss, Alger, 204; and Hoover, J. Edgar, 440-442; and House Committee on Un-American Activities, 444; and I Led Three Lives, 460; and Marx, Groucho, 610 Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, 1039 Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA), 191, 1039 Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 220, 285, 904; and censorship, 178; and pay television, 723 Federal Employees Group Life Insurance Act of 1954, 1041 Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 61, 143, 452, 775 Federal Reserve Board, 474; and inflation, 480; and Recession of 1957-1958, 774 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 22, 175, 763 Federal Voting Assistance Act of 1955, 1042 Federal Youth Corrections Act of 1950, 1039 Feiner v. New York (1951), 1046 Feldman, William, 615 Feldstein, Al, 209 Feller, Bob, 95 Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), 235 Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 1005 Feminism; roots of, 1002-1007; and The Second Sex, 829-830 Fender, Leo, 793 Ferber, Edna, 47, 381, 572, 1051, 1053 Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 341-342, 576, 737, 814, 1016; and censorship, 177; and Ginsberg, Allen, 104, 384, 813; and Kerouac, Jack, 527; and Patchen, Kenneth, 813; and Rexroth, Kenneth, 787 Fermi, Enrico, 249, 914 Ferrer, José, 5, 556, 1017, 1019 Fetter, Ted, 1012 FHA. See Federal Housing Administration Fifteenth Amendment, 193 Fifth Amendment, 118, 597, 1048; and House Committee on Un-American Activities, 445; and House Un-American Activities Committee, 205 Figueroa Cordero, Andres, 751 Film; Academy Awards, 4-11, 1026, 1028; and African Americans, 33; and beach culture, 888-890; "biopics," 1104; and Broadway musicals, 348; in Canada, 217, 342-343; and censorship, 178; and color, 344; and comic books, 210; and dance, 251; drive-in theaters, 281-283; and fashions, 329; Hays Office, 178; of Hitchcock, Alfred, 5, 256, 423-425, 1018, 1021, 1024; Japanese, 508; science-fiction, 347; and television, 342, 344-351, 723-724, 904, 926, 999; 3-D movies, 926-927; in United States, 344-351, 1017, 1025; war films, 986-989; wide-screen formats, 66, 998-999 Film noir, 349, 986 Finney, Jack, 497, 579 First Canadians, 631-634; demographics, 259; and Indian Act of 1951, 478-479 First One Hundred Years, The, 910 Fischer, Fred, 65 Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, 1043 Fish sticks, 1105 Fisher, Eddie, 892, 1060 Fisheries, 1042-1043 Fishermen's Protective Act of 1954, 1042 Fitzgerald, Ella, 33, 351-352, 510, 728, 734, 880; and Newport Jazz Festival, 679; and Storyville, 679 Fitzgerald, George S., 428 Five Satins, 1060 Fixed Bayonets, 986 Flamenco dancing, 330, 396 Flanders, Ralph, 63 Fleetwoods, the, 1060 Fleming, Alexander, 615 Fleming, Eric, 912 Flemming, Arthur S., 419 Flesch, Rudolf, 297, 386, 997-998 Flexner, Eleanor, 1004 Floating Opera, The (Barth), 579 Flood Insurance Act of 1956, 1043 Flores Rodríguez, Irvin, 751 Florida; Cape Canaveral, 76, 657, 857; Cuban exiles in, 172, 246, 469, 554-555; fast-food restaurants, 334; Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus, 790; Walt Disney World, 377 Flower Drum Song (Rodgers and Hammerstein), 132, 801, 1033 Flu epidemic, 73-74 Flying Leathernecks, 986 Flying saucers, 256-257, 323, 352-353, 358 Flynn, Errol, 226, 245 Foley, Red, 1060 Folk music, 106, 648; Kingston Trio, 531, 813, 1063; and San Francisco Renaissance, 814 Folsom, Marion B., 418 Fonda, Henry, 986, 1021, 1023 Fong, Hiram, 71, 412 Food Additives Amendment Act of 1958, 1045 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 114, 414, 500, 616, 931 Food for Peace, 39-40, 353-354, 1041; and farm subsidies, 328 Football, 354-357; Canadian Football League champions, 1070; Heisman Trophy winners, 1070; NFL champions, 1069; NFL most valuable players, 1069; NFL rookies of the year, 1070; professional, 862; squib kicks, 1107; tear-away jerseys, 1107; and television, 862; University of Oklahoma, 701; and West Point honor code scandal, 995 Football players; Brown, Jim, 133-134, 863; Graham, Otto, 356; Unitas, Johnny, 959-960 FOR. See Fellowship of Reconciliation Forbidden Planet, 357-358, 1021 Ford, Edsel Bryant, 287 Ford, Ford Maddox, 745 Ford, Gerald, 751 Ford, Glenn, 116, 1021 Ford, Henry, 25, 274, 287, 292 Ford, Henry, II, 837 Ford, John, 7, 345, 349-350, 986, 1019, 1021 Ford, Mary, 1064 Ford, Tennessee Ernie, 1060 Ford, Whitey, 94, 872 Ford Motor Company, 81-82, 184; assembly line production, 25; Edsel, 22, 83, 286-288; Ford Thunderbird, 358-359; market share of, 372; and unions, 189-190 Ford Theatre, 906 Ford Thunderbird, 82, 358-359; and Chevrolet Corvette, 184, 358 Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950, 231, 1039 Foreign policy, Canadian, 158-160, 359-363; and continentalism, 241-242; and economy, 141; and Great Britain, 153-156; and isolationism, 503 Foreign policy, U.S., 363-366; and Acheson, Dean, 11-12; and brinkmanship, 129-130; and Central Intelligence Agency, 180-183; and China, 12, 79, 181-182, 185-189, 307, 364, 536, 593, 853; and continentalism, 241-242; and Cuba, 245-248; and "Domino theory," 980; and Dulles, John Foster, 283-284; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 301; and Eisenhower Doctrine, 303; and Espionage and Sabotage Act, 320-321; Formosa Resolution, 366-367; and Geneva Summit Conference, 374-376; and Germany, 377-379; and Guatemala, 181, 960; and Iran, 181; and isolationism, 503-504; and Japan, 364; and Kennan, George F., 524-525; and Latin America, 126-127, 364, 400-402, 552-555, 693, 713-714, 960-961; and Lebanon, 560-562; and Lodge, Henry Cabot, 583-584; and Mexico, 620-624; and Nixon, Richard M., 692-693; and postwar recovery, 147; and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 852-854; and Tripartite Security Treaty, 935; and Truman Doctrine, 939-940; U-2 spy planes, 947-948; and United Fruit Company, 960-961; and United States Information Agency, 965-966 Foreman, Carl, 5 Forest, Lee de, 934 Former Presidents Act of 1958, 1045 Formosa Resolution, 233, 366-367 Forssmann, Werner, 694 FORTRAN, 224, 367, 485, 824, 967 Fosse, Bob, 132, 919 Foster, Lewis, 986 Foster, William Z., 223 Four Aces, the, 1061 400 Blows, The (Les Quatre-Cent Coups), 11 Four Color comic books, 210 Four Lads, the, 1061 Four Preps, the, 1061 Fourteenth Amendment; equal protection clause, 118, 134, 151, 422, 883, 890, 982; origins of, 134 Fowler Commission, 161, 903 Foxx, Redd, 367 France; and Antarctica, 54, 487; Gaulle, Charles de, 681; and Israel, 504; and Suez Crisis, 154, 158, 361, 560, 877, 963; and Vietnam, 63, 320, 364, 543, 852, 979-980 Francis, Anne, 358 Francis, Arlene, 19, 901 Francis, Clarence, 493 Francis, Connie, 1061 Frank, Anne, 1024 Frankenheimer, John, 350 Frankenstein, 245 Frankfurter, Felix, 887 Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers, 1063 Franklin, Benjamin, 814 Frawley, William, 462, 906 Freberg, Stan, 367-368 Free speech, 1010; and advertising, 22; and Dennis v. United States, 265-266; and Inherit the Wind, 481-482; and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama, 659-660; and Supreme Court, U.S., 885, 1047; and Yates v. United States, 1010 Freed, Alan, 368-369, 651, 794-795, 931, 1015; Rock and Roll Stage Shows, 797; and Rock Around the Clock, 800 Freud, Sigmund, 1, 1005 Freund, Karl, 907 Frick, Ford, 93 Friedan, Betty, 830, 1005 Friendly, Fred W., 764 Frings, Ketti, 1054 Frisbee, 323, 454 Frizzell, Lefty, 1061 From Here to Eternity, 8, 369, 841, 986, 1019; Academy Awards, 1027; and Clift, Montgomery, 201 From Here to Eternity (Jones), 578 Frost, Robert, 736 Fry, Christopher, 921 Fuchs, Klaus, 204, 338, 536, 803 Fugitive, The, 838 Fujii, Sei, 151 Fulbright Act of 1946, 965 Fuller, R. Buckminster, 60, 377, 498 Fuller, Samuel, 986 Funicello, Annette, 625 Funny Face, 348; and Parker, Suzy, 719 Fur Products Labeling Act of 1951, 22, 1040 Furillo, Carl, 94 G Gable, Clark, 359, 637, 986 Gaedel, Eddie, 95 Gagarin, Yuri, 859 Gaines, Max, 209 Gaines, William M., 209, 212-213, 370, 602-603 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 26-28, 477; on automobiles, 144; on conformity, 227 Gallico, Paul, 1053 Gallup polls, 122, 155, 370-371, 778, 817, 958 Gambling, 522, 764; basketball point-shaving scandal, 100-102; and bowling, 125; and organized crime, 714; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1047 Gann, Ernest K., 1051 Garcia, Jerry, 104 García Pérez, Héctor, 558 Gardner, Ava, 523, 707, 841, 1018, 1024 Gardner, Erle Stanley, 121, 727 Garland, Judy, 841, 1020 Garner, James, 350, 611-612, 912 Garner v. Louisiana (1961), 199 Gates, John, 223 GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gaulle, Charles de, 681 Gay rights, 436-438 Gaye, Lisa, 800 Gayle v. Browder (1956), 884 Gaylords, the, 1061 Gaynor, Mitzi, 1024 Geddes, Norman Bel, 922 Geisel, Theodor Seuss, 832-833 Gélinas, Gratien, 918 Gene Autry Show, The, 911 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 148, 242; and Canada, 489; and Great Britain, 155; and Japan, 508; and United States, 492 General Electric Theater, 906 General Mills, 113 General Motors, 81, 144, 371-373; assembly line, 372; Chevrolet Corvette, 184-185; and DuPont, 147; and labor unions, 956; stylists, 81; and Time "Man of the Year," 681; and World's Fair, 496 Generation gap, 252, 601, 1012-1016 Genero, Peter, 919 Genetics, 373-374, 994-995; and Asian flu, 73-74; and DNA, 276-278; human growth hormone, 455-456; and Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 787-788 Geneva Summit Conference, 374-376; and disarmament movement, 273 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, 349, 376-377, 1019 Geodesic dome, 377, 498 George, Walter, 232, 855 George Gobel Show, The, 385 George VI, 315 Germany; Berlin Air Lift, 202; emigrants to Canada, 260, 464, 632; emigrants to United States, 466, 985; and Geneva Summit Conference, 375; Harlem Globetrotters in, 410; Harlem Globetrotters tour, 99; and NATO, 697, 991; postwar occupation of, 202, 377-379; and Radio Free Europe, 765; rocket research in, 618, 655, 856; unemployment, 950; and U.S. spy planes, 947; Volkswagen automobile, 982-983 Gernsback, Hugo, 755 Geronimi, Clyde, 728 Getty, J. Paul, 379 Ghana, 271 G.I. Bill, 380-381, 474, 599, 1013; and book publishing, 120; and Canada, 289; and education, 292; and labor, 381 Giant, 257, 381-382, 1022; Academy Awards, 1028; and Hudson, Rock, 454 Giant (Ferber), 572 Gibbon, John, 617 Gibbs, Georgia, 1061 Gibson, Althea, 33, 382-383, 863, 915; major titles, 1071 Gibson, Bob, 96 Gibson, Don, 1061 Gibson, Virginia, 899 "Gidget," 1105 Gidget (film), 889 Gigi, 9, 1023; Academy Awards, 1028 Gilbert, George, 253 Gilbert, Ronnie, 648 Gillespie, Darlene, 625 Gillespie, Dizzy, 106, 647, 1016; and Newport Jazz Festival, 679 Gilliam, Jim, 32, 93, 279 Ginsberg, Allen, 102, 229, 383-385, 509, 576, 812; and Corso, Gregory, 243; and Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 813; "Howl," 103, 177, 341, 384, 737, 784, 812; and Kerouac, Jack, 384; and Patchen, Kenneth, 813; and Rexroth, Kenneth, 787 Ginzburg, Vitaly, 882 Girard, Alexander, 434 Giraudoux, Jean, 921 Girl Can't Help It, The, 346 Glasgow, Ellen, 579 Gleason, Jackie, 439; and DuMont network, 285; Honeymooners, The, 51, 438-439 Glen or Glenda, 1007 Glennan, Keith, 657 Glossary, 1104-1107 Go-karts, 1105 Go, Man, Go!, 410 Go Tell It on the Mountain (Baldwin), 574 Gobel, George, 385; Emmy Award, 1036 God and Man at Yale (Buckley), 385-386 Godfrey, Arthur, 368 God's Country and Mine (Barzun), 386-387 Godzilla, 508 Goff, Bruce, 59 Gold, Herbert, 575, 756 Goldbergs, The, 387, 761 Golden, Harry, 388, 1053 Goldwater, Barry, 240, 597 Golf, 389-390; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 389; tournament champions, 1072 Golfers; Berg, Patty, 390, 1072; Gibson, Althea, 383; Hogan, Ben, 389-390, 429, 863, 1072; Jones, Bobby, 429; Middlecoff, Cary, 390, 1072; Nelson, Byron, 390; Nicklaus, Jack, 389, 429; Palmer, Arnold, 389, 1072; Snead, Sam, 390, 429, 847-848, 1072; Suggs, Louise, 389, 1072; Zaharias, Mildred (Babe) Didrikson, 390, 863, 1072 Gone with the Wind (Mitchell), 730 Gonzáles, Pancho, 391, 545, 915 González, Henry B., 558 Good Housekeeping, 449 Goodbye Columbus (Roth), 574 Goodman, Percival, 783 Goodrich, Frances, 1054 Goodson, Mark, 319, 506 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 772 Gordien, Fortune, 700 Gordon, Walter, 157, 490 Gordon Commission, 157, 164 Gordy, Berry, Jr., 645, 796, 1067 Gore, Albert, Sr., 496 Goren, Charles, 391-392 Gorky, Arshile, 3, 258, 533 Gosden, Freeman, 51 Gottlieb, Adolph, 2 Gottlieb, Sidney, 182 Gouzenko, Igor, 204 Goyen, William, 579 Grady, Don, 625 Graham, Barbara, 1023 Graham, Billy, 392-393, 735, 782, 837; Secret of Happiness, The, 1052 Graham, Evarts, 415, 616 Graham, John, 258 Graham, Otto, 356 Grand Canyon airliner collision, 393-394 Granger, Farley, 1018 Granger, Stewart, 1017 Grant, Cary, 524, 761, 1021-1022, 1024 Grant, Gogi, 1061 Grant, Kirby, 842 Granz, Norman, 351 Graylisting, 1106 Great Books movement, 394-395 Great Britain; and Canada, 153-156, 270, 984; and Suez Crisis, 877-879; and United States, 878 Great Lakes Fishery Act of 1956, 1043 Greatest Show on Earth, The, 7, 790, 1018; Academy Awards, 1026 Greco, José, 66, 396 Greece, 202, 939-940 Green, Elijah "Pumpsie," 93 Green, William, 613, 958 Greenberg, Clement, 1 Greene, Graham, 1024 Greene, Lorne, 912 Greenglass, David, 803 Greenglass, Ruth, 803 Greenspan, Alan, 77 Grey Cup champions, 1070 Grierson, John, 342 Griffin, James B., 56 Griffin, John, 177 Griffin v. Illinois (1956), 1048 Griffith, Andy, 1024 Gross national product, Canadian, 396-398 Gross national product, U.S., 142, 263, 398-400 Groves of Academe, The (McCarthy), 576 Gruening, Ernest, 46-47 Guard, Dave, 531 Guatemala, 180-181, 320, 365, 553, 713, 960 Guatemala invasion, 400-402 Guevara, Ernesto "Che," 171, 246, 402, 960 Guggenheim, Peggy, 1, 742 Guggenheim Museum, 59, 402-403 Guideposts, 724 Guiding Light, The, 910 Guinness, Alec, 9, 987, 1022, 1024 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, 972, 1022 Gunsmoke, 403-405, 912-913; comic book version, 210; Emmy Awards, 1037-1038 Gunsmoke (radio), 762 Gunther, John, 405-406, 1052-1053 Guston, Philip, 3 Guterma, Alexander, 653 Guthrie, A. B., Jr., 1054 Guthrie, Tyron, 917 Guthrie, Woody, 648 Guys and Dolls (Loesser), 132, 557, 919, 1029 Gypsy (Sondheim), 132, 919, 1033 H Haberler, Gottfried, 490 Hackett, Albert, 1054 Hagen, Jean, 1019 Hagerthy, Ron, 842 Haggerty, Patrick, 499 Hairstyles, 323, 407-408; crew-cuts, 1105; and fashion, 331; ponytails, 1106 Haley, Bill, 251-252, 347, 408-410, 651, 795, 880; and Holly, Buddy, 797; notable songs, 1061; and radio, 762; and Rock Around the Clock, 800 Hall, Gus, 223 Hamilton, Brutus, 124 Hammarskjöld, Dag, 722, 962-963, 1008 Hammerstein, Oscar, II, 132, 801-802, 871, 919, 1018, 1021-1022, 1024 Hammett, Dashiell, 755 Handler, Ruth, 89 Handy, W. C., 649 Hansberry, Lorraine, 574, 919, 921 Hardy Boys, The, 625 Hargitay, Mickey, 105 Harlan, John Marshall, 883, 887 Harlem Globetrotters, 33, 99, 410; and Chamberlain, Wilt, 183; and Gibson, Althea, 383 Harlem Globetrotters, The, 410, 1026 Harris, Bucky, 94 Harris, Bud, 51 Harris, Julie, 922; Emmy Award, 1038 Harrison, Rex, 132, 653-654 Harrison, Robert, 225-226 Harrison, Wilbert, 1061 Hartigan, Grace, 3 Harvey, 1017 Harvey, Laurence, 110, 1025 Haskin, Byron, 989 Hatful of Rain, A, 346 Hauser, Gayelord, 1051 Have Gun, Will Travel (radio), 762 Have Gun, Will Travel (TV), 911 Hawaii; Asian American population, 68, 467; fiction about, 624; hula dancing, 324, 454-455; statehood, 411-412, 1045; and surfing, 888; volcanoes, 823 Hawaii (Michener), 624 Hawaii Statehood Admissions Act of 1959, 1045 Hawks, Howard, 201, 350, 636, 1025; Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, 376-377; Thing from Another World, The, 923-924, 1018 Hay, Harry, 437 Hayakawa, S. I., 71 Hayakawa, Sessue, 987 Hayden, Carl, 233 Hayden, Sterling, 446, 1020 Hayek, Friedrich A., 238 Hayes, Helen, 1021 Haynes, George Edmund, 196 Hays, Lee, 648, 1067 Hayward, Susan, 1023 Hayworth, Rita, 1024 Health Amendments Act of 1956, 1043 Health care; in Canada, 412-414; and cancer, 165-168; and hearing aids, 419-420; and polio, 740-742; and smoking, 845-847; and U.S. legislation, 1042, 1043; in United States, 414-418 Health, Education, and Welfare, Department of, 239, 418-419, 1006 Health Research Facilities of 1956, 1043 Hear It Now, 764 Hearing aids, 419-420 Hearst, William Randolph, 684 Heart surgery, 617 Hecht, Anthony, 736 Hecht, Ben, 924 Heflin, Van, 1020 Hefner, Hugh, 732-734 Hegben Lake earthquake, 665 Heinlein, Robert A., 266, 579 Heisman Trophy, 1070 Hellerman, Fred, 648 Hellman, Lillian, 445 Hells Angels, 643 Hemingway, Ernest, 245, 420-421, 577, 745, 1051, 1054; and Callaghan, Morley, 570; and DiMaggio, Joe, 273; Nobel Prize, 695, 696 Hempden, Walter, 920 Hench, Philip S., 615, 695 Henderson, Skitch, 930 Henderson the Rain King (Bellow), 106, 574 Henderson v. United States (1950), 883 Hennings, Thomas, 212 Henry, O., 190 Henry J, 144 Hepburn, Audrey, 8, 329, 349-350, 719, 1019 Hepburn, Katharine, 1017, 1019 Herbert, Don, 899 Herblock (Herbert Block), 421-422 Hernández v. Texas (1954), 422, 558, 990, 1047 Hero sandwich, 1106 Hersey, John, 423, 573, 833, 1051 Hershey, Frank, 82, 358 Hertz, Roy, 414 Hess, Thomas, 1 Heston, Charlton, 11, 108, 110, 345, 1022, 1024 Hexagone, L', 571 Heyerdahl, Thor, 533, 1053; Kon-Tiki, 533-534, 1051 Hibbler, Al, 1061 Hibbs, Ben, 814 Higgins, Marguerite, 685 High Noon, 5, 349, 449, 907, 1018; and Kelly, Grace, 523 Highways; and agriculture, 37; and archaeology, 55; and automobile industry, 371; and billboards, 21; and housing, 61; interstate, 82, 144, 228, 302, 495-497; and motels, 429, 640-641; Pan-American, 554, 713; Trans-Canada Highway, 156, 162, 305, 397, 932-933, 968; and urbanization, 264, 562, 675, 970-971; and U.S. legislation, 1042-1043; and water pollution, 994 Hill, Bradford, 616 Hill, T. Arnold, 196 Hiller, Wendy, 1024 Hilltoppers, the, 1062 Himes, Chester, 579 Hines, Earl, 208 Hinshelwood, Cyril Norman, 694 Hippie movement, 104, 708, 814, 1016; and Beat generation, 1016 Hiroshima, 79 Hispanics. See Latinos Hiss, Alger, 12, 204, 222, 238, 536, 689 Hitchcock, Alfred, 350, 423-425, 999; and Academy Awards, 5; Dial M for Murder, 1020; and Kelly, Grace, 523; Man Who Knew Too Much, The, 1022; North by Northwest, 987, 1024; Rear Window, 1020; Strangers on a Train, 1018; and 3-D movies, 927; To Catch a Thief, 1021; Vertigo, 1024; Ho Chi Minh, 63, 364, 852, 979 Hobby, Oveta Culp, 418, 1006 Hockey, 425-427, 864; Howe, Gordie, 426; Olympic, 702, 706; O'Ree, Willie, 712 Hodges, Gil, 94, 278 Hodgson, Peter, 324, 839 Hoerni, Jean, 934 Hoffa, Jimmy, 427-429, 893-894; and Kennedy, Robert F., 597 Hoffman, Dustin, 13 Hoffman, Max, 983 Hofmann, Hans, 2 Hogan, Ben, 389-390, 429, 863; major titles, 1072 Holden, William, 8, 346, 882, 986, 1017, 1020, 1022 Holiday, Billie, 511, 679 Holiday Inn, 144, 429-430, 640 Holland, James, 414 Holliday, Judy, 1017 Holly, Buddy, 49, 430-431, 651, 796, 880, 974; and Diddley, Bo, 269; and Haley, Bill, 797; notable songs, 1062; and Presley, Elvis, 797 "Hollywood Ten," 206, 941 Holm, Celeste, 5 Holmes, John Clellon, 102 Holocaust, 378, 783; in films, 988; in literature, 423 Holt, Harry, 70 Home appliances, 143, 431-433, 435; electronic, 499; and hairstyles, 408 Home furnishings, 143, 433-436 Homosexuality, 436-438; and Beat generation, 103; in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, 172-173; and Clift, Montgomery, 201; and Cohn, Ray, 65; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 339; in films, 346; and Hudson, Rock, 454; and McCarthy, Joseph, 339; and scandal magazines, 225; and Williams, Tennesee, 877 Hondo, 927 Honeymooners, The, 51, 438-439; comic book version, 210; Emmy Awards, 1037 Hoof-and-mouth disease, 440, 620 Hooker, Evelyn, 436 Hooker, John Lee, 794 Hoover, Erna Schneider, 896 Hoover, Herbert C., 442 Hoover, J. Edgar, 440-442; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 338-341; and House Committee on Un-American Activities, 444; and I Led Three Lives, 461; and McCarthy, Joseph R., 339; Masters of Deceit, 1053 Hopalong Cassidy, 898, 911 Hoover Commission, 442-443 Hope, Bob, 8, 443-444 Hope Commission, 289 Hopkins, John Jay, 389 Hopper, Grace, 224, 320, 498, 967 Horn, Bob, 48 Horne, Lena, 33 Horse racing, 861; Triple Crown races, 1073 Horton, Johnny, 1062 Horton, Lester, 41 House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), 444-446, 776; and censorship, 175; and Cold War, 205; and Communist Party, 222; and film industry, 5, 206, 229, 346, 988; and Herblock, 421; and Hiss, Alger, 239; and homosexuals, 436; and Kazan, Elia, 519; and Loeb, Philip, 387; and Miller, Arthur, 628; and Nixon, Richard M., 239, 689; and Steinbeck, John, 871; and Trumbo, Dalton, 940 House of Representatives, U.S. See Congress, U.S. House of Wax, 1019 House Party, 569 Houser, George, 235 Housewives, 88, 263, 522, 762; and advertising, 23; and cooking, 113, 944; and exercise, 549; on television, 462, 1003; and Tupperware, 942; and unemployment, 949 Housing; in Canada, 446-448; and conformity, 226; and home appliances, 431; and home furnishings, 433-436; Levittown, 562-564; in United States, 143, 264, 448-453 Housing Act of 1949, 451 Housing Act of 1954, 1042 Housing Act of 1956, 1043 Housing Act of 1957, 1044 Houston, Charles Hamilton, 31 Houston, John, 986 How the West Was Won, 344 How to Marry a Millionaire, 349 How to Win Friends and Influence People (Carnegie), 170-171 Howard, Elston, 32 Howdy Doody Show, 453-454, 898, 909; advertising on, 26, 839; comic book version, 210; and Keeshan, Bob, 169; and television Westerns, 911 Howe, C. D., 156 Howe, Gordie, 426, 1070 "Howl" (Ginsberg), 103, 384, 737, 784; censorship of, 177, 341; first reading of, 812 Howlin' Wolf, 645, 793-794, 1062 HUAC. See House Committee on Un-American Activities Hubbard, L. Ron, 825-826 Hudson, Rock, 349, 381, 454, 892, 1020, 1025; homosexuality of, 225 Hughes, Langston, 445 Hula hoops, 323, 454-455, 1106 Human Events, 239 Human growth hormone, 455-456 Humbard, Rex, 782 Humphrey, Hubert H., 234, 307, 690 Huncke, Herbert, 103 Hungarian revolt, 273, 456-458; and Canada, 361, 465; and Communist Party of U.S.A., 223; and Geneva Summit Conference, 375; and Khrushchev, Nikita, 528; and Olympic Games, 704; refugees, 464; and Time "Man of the Year," 681; and U.S. foreign policy, 363, 469; and Warsaw Pact, 992 Hungary; and Mindszenty, József, 630-631; and Olympic Games, 706; and Radio Free Europe, 765; and Soviet Union, 528, 630-631, 992; and Warsaw Pact, 991 Hungry i nightclub, 808, 813 Hunt, Lamar, 356 Hunt, Lester C., 522 Hunter, Ivory Joe, 123 Hunter, Kim, 5, 877, 1018 Hurricanes, 623, 665, 667, 669 Husky, Ferlin, 1062 Huston, John, 1017, 1019 Hutchins, Maynard, 297 Hutchins, Robert, 395 Hydrogen bomb, 79, 118, 458-459, 498, 914; and disarmament movement, 273-274; and Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 711; and Soviet Union, 458; and Teller, Edward, 914 Hyman, Mac, 1052 I I Am a Camera, 178 I Confess, 424 I Led Three Lives, 460-461 I Love Lucy, 19, 229, 439, 461-463, 905-907; advertising on, 846; Emmy Awards, 1036-1037; Latinos on, 557; Lucy's pregnancy, 115; sponsors, 19; theme music, 509; and TV Guide, 945; and women's roles, 1003 I Want to Live!, 1023 IBM. See International Business Machines Corporation Ice hockey. See Hockey IMF. See International Monetary Fund Imitation of Life, 346, 1024 Immigration; and Asian Americans, 68-73; to Canada, 259, 464-466, 471; and Japan, 507; and racial discrimination, 758; to United States, 142, 466-470, 709-710; and urbanization, 968; and war brides, 69, 507, 984-986 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 232, 463-464, 1040; and China, 189 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 709-710 In a Lonely Place, 349 "In God We Trust," 470 In Splendid Error (Branch), 921 Inco strike, 470-471 Income; and gross national product, 398-400 Income and wages; in Canada, 471-474; in United States, 145, 474-478 Incredible Shrinking Man, The, 348 India, 68, 124, 153, 464, 541, 971 Indian Act of 1876, 633 Indian Act of 1951, 478-479 Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, 661 Indianapolis 500, 1073 Indians, American. See Native Americans Indonesia, 182 Inflation; in Canada, 479-480; and Economic Stabilization Agency, 286; and Korean War, 142; in United States, 480-481 Influenza epidemic, 73-74 Inge, William, 918, 1018, 1054 Inherit the Wind (film), 482 Inherit the Wind (Lawrence and Lee), 481-482, 921, 1031 Inouye, Daniel, 71, 412 INS. See Immigration and Naturalization Service Instant photography, 482-483, 730 Institute of Pacific Relations, 484 Interagency Committee on Agricultural Surplus Disposal, 493 Internal Revenue Code of 1954, 1042 Internal Security Act of 1950, 222, 444, 469, 484-485, 1039 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), 485-486, 680, 824, 966; computers, 224, 367, 486, 529; and transistors, 933; typewriters, 499 International Cultural Exchange and Trade Fair Participation Act of 1956, 1043 International Geophysical Year, 76, 321, 487-488, 656, 823; and Antarctic Treaty of 1959, 274, 824; and Antarctica, 54; and Explorer I, 321; planning of, 820; and space race, 856, 866; and Van Allen radiation belts, 974 International Lady Garment Workers Union, 957 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 148 International Nickel Company (Inco), 139, 470 Interracial marriage laws, 494-495 Interstate highways, 144, 495-497 Inuit, 632 Invaders from Mars, 353 Invasion of the Body Snatchers, 497-498, 1022; and culture of conformity, 229 Invasion of the Saucer Men, 353 Inventions, 498-501; agricultural, 37; aircraft, 43-45, 117; in astronomy, 74; in communications, 218; computers, 224-225, 485-486; diamond synthesizing, 268-269; electronic amplification, 793; fast-food restaurants, 334; geodesic dome, 377; hearing aids, 419-420; hula hoops, 454-455; hydrogen bomb, 79, 118, 458-459, 498, 711, 914; instant photography, 482-483; integrated circuits, 824, 934; long-playing records, 587-588; magnetic recording tape, 645; photographic, 730; photovoltaic cell, 732; Silly Putty, 839; Superconductivity, 882-883; synthetic fibers, 820; telecommunications, 894; theme parks, 275; transistors, 498, 824, 933-934; TV dinners, 944 Invisible Man (Ellison), 501-503, 573 Iran, 180, 681; and Central Intelligence Agency, 181 "Iron curtain," 202 Iroquois confederacy, 662 Irvin, Monte, 93 Irvine v. California (1954), 1047 Isolationism, 238, 363, 503-504 Israel, 504-506; and Canada, 505; and Egypt, 504; and Exodus, 972; and Jewish Americans, 783; and Suez Crisis, 364, 505, 877-879; and United States, 364 It All Started with Columbus (Armour), 62 It Came from Outer Space, 348 I've Got a Secret, 19, 506 Ives, Burl, 1023 J Jack-in-the-Box restaurants, 334 Jackson, Stonewall, 1062 Jackson, Wilfred, 728 Jaffe, Sam, 256 Jailhouse Rock, 347, 794 James, Etta, 794 James, Harry, 840 James, Joni, 1062 James, Richard, 324 James, Sonny, 1062 Japan, 507-509; and Antarctica, 54; and atomic bombs, 78-79, 711; and Barbie dolls, 89; and California's Alien Land Laws, 151-152; and China, 189; and Dulles, John Foster, 283; emigrants to United States, 68; films set in, 345; and MacArthur, Douglas, 507, 592; postwar occupation of, 202, 592, 985; transistor production, 793; unemployment in, 950; and United Nations, 508; and United States, 364; and Vietnam, 979; and World War II, 68, 78 Japanese American internment, 70, 71, 507; and Kono, Tommy, 534; and Warren, Earl, 990 Jaws, 245 Jazz, 509-512, 647; Basie, Count, 648; and Broadway musicals, 919; Brubeck, Dave, 136-137; Charles, Ray, 679; and Cold War, 512; Holiday, Billie, 511; Newport Jazz Festival, 678-680; notable musicians, 1056, 1067; and rock and roll, 510; and San Francisco Renaissance, 813-814 Jebb, Sir Gladwyn, 203 Jeffers, Robinson, 577 Jehovah's Witnesses, 735, 782 Jencks, Clinton, 340 Jenkins, Gordon, 1062 Jenkins, Ray, 64 Jeter, Mildred, 494 Jethroe, Sam, 93 Jewish Americans, 512-515, 783; Bellow, Saul, 106-107; discrimination against, 380; and The Goldbergs, 387; Golden, Harry, 388; and Israel, 504-506, 783; and Ku Klux Klan, 546; literature of, 574; military veterans, 978; and release time, 777; and the Rosenbergs, 802-804; and World War II, 468; Wouk, Herman, 1008-1009 Johansson, Ingemar, 721 "John and Marsha," 367 John Birch Society, 207, 240, 515-516; and McCarthy, Joseph R., 515 John XXIII, Pope, 784 Johnny and the Hurricanes, 1062 Johnny Guitar, 349, 1020 Johns, Jasper, 516-517; pop art of, 67; and Rauschenberg, Robert, 516 Johnson, Kelly, 947 Johnson, Lyndon B., 231, 239, 381, 469; and Acheson, Dean, 12; and The Affluent Society, 27; and Alaska statehood, 47; and civil rights, 199, 759, 855; and education, 294; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 307; and Graham, Billy, 393; and Hawaii statehood, 411; and Meany, George, 614; and Rayburn, Sam, 769; and Rowan, Carl T., 806; and Vietnam War, 981 Johnson, Mamie, 96 Johnson, Philip, 59 Johnson, Rafer, 863 Johnson, Robert, 649 Johnson, Tor, 1007 Johnson, Van, 1020 Johnston, Johnny, 800 Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951), 885 Jones, Bobby, 429 Jones, George, 1062 Jones, James, 369, 578, 1051, 1055 Jones, K. C., 864 Jones, Robert Edmund, 922 Jones, Robert Trent, 390 Jones, Shirley, 123, 1021 Joplin, Janis, 104 Jordan, Louis, 1023 Jorgensen, Christine, 517-518 Journalism; Pearson, Drew, 725-726; and presidential press conferences, 747; and radio, 763; Rowan, Carl T., 805-806 Joyce, James, 102 Judaism, 512-515, 783; and Ben-Hur, 108-109; and Bible, 786; and Israel, 504 Jung, Carl, 1, 353 Jungle Jim, 898 Junk mail, 1106 Jupiter's Darling, 348 Juvenile delinquency, 835; and comic books, 212, 370, 602; in films, 116-117, 346-347, 772-773, 999-1000, 1014; and hairstyles, 323; and motorcycle gangs, 642-643; and rock and roll, 651, 795 K Kádár, János, 457 Kafka, Franz, 102 Kahanamoku, Duke, 889 Kahn, Roger, 848 Kaiser, Henry, 61, 144 Kallman, Chester, 875 Kantor, MacKinlay, 1052, 1054 Karloff, Boris, 506, 728 Katzman, Sam, 800 Kazan, Elia, 347, 519-520, 709, 1000, 1029, 1033; and Academy Awards, 5; and Actors Studio, 12, 519, 919, 921; and Brando, Marlon, 128; East of Eden, 871; and House Committee on Un-American Activities, 446, 1019-1020; and Miller, Arthur, 628; and Monroe, Marilyn, 446; On the Waterfront, 708-709, 1020; Streetcar Named Desire, A, 5, 876-877, 1000, 1018; Viva Zapata!, 871, 1019; and Williams, Tennessee, 922 Keaton, Buster, 11, 66 Keats, John, 83, 144 Keeshan, Bob, 169, 899 Kefauver, Estes, 313, 520-522, 714, 874; and Celler-Kefauver Act, 174; and comic books, 212; Emmy Award, 1036; and Kefauver Committee, 522-523 Kefauver Committee, 63, 231, 521, 522-523, 714-715 Kellogg, Junius, 101 Kelly, Emmett, 790 Kelly, Gene, 348, 1017, 1019 Kelly, Grace, 8, 407, 424, 523-524, 680, 906, 1018, 1021; and fashions, 329; and Hitchcock, Alfred, 523 Kelly, Jack, 611-612, 912 Kelly, Walt, 738 Kendall, Edward C., 615, 695 Kennan, George F., 524-525, 698 Kennedy, Arthur, 920 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 207, 525-526 Kennedy, John F., 122, 207, 521, 525-527, 597; and economy, 142, 148; and McCarthy, Joseph, 525; and Meany, George, 614; Profiles in Courage, 750-751; and Rayburn, Sam, 769; and Sheen, Bishop Fulton J., 837; and space race, 859; and Stevenson, Adlai, 874; and Truman, Harry S., 525 Kennedy, Robert F., 428, 525; and Hoffa, Jimmy, 597; and McCarthy, Joseph, 64; and McClellan Committee, 958 Kent v. Dulles (1958), 885, 1049 Kenton, Stan, 679, 809 Kentucky Derby, 861 Kentucky Fried Chicken, 334 Keown, Kenneth K., 414 Kern, Jerome, 1018 Kerouac, Jack, 229, 527, 578, 812, 1016; and "Beat generation," 102; Big Sur, 104; and Burroughs, William, 138, 655; and Cassady, Neal, 527; and Corso, Gregory, 243; and Ginsberg, Allen, 384; On the Road, 84, 103, 527, 708, 812, 1016; religious beliefs, 784; and Snyder, Gary, 104, 784; Town and the City, The, 812 Kerr, Deborah, 802, 1018-1019, 1022, 1024 Kerr, Jean, 1053 Kesey, Ken, 104 Keyes, Frances Parkinson, 1051-1053 Khrushchev, Nikita, 528, 692; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 302, 363, 528; and Geneva Summit Conference, 375; and Hungarian revolt, 456; and "kitchen debate," 690, 692-693; Time "Man of the Year," 681; U.S. visit, 528-529 Kidd, Michael, 919 Kilby, Jack, 224, 498, 934 Killebrew, Harmon, 96, 865 Killer's Kiss, 345 Killgallen, Dorothy, 19, 901 Killian, James R., 267 Kim Il Sung, 535 King, B. B., 646, 1062 King, Coretta Scott, 530 King, Henry, 986 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 529-531; and Belafonte, Harry, 106; and Civil Rights movement, 197; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 339; and Golden, Harry, 388; and Graham, Billy, 393; and Montgomery bus boycott, 638-639; and Parks, Rosa, 720 King and I, The (film), 802, 1022; Academy Awards, 1027 King and I, The (Rodgers and Hammerstein), 132, 801, 1030 King Creole, 347, 749 King Kong, 245 King Solomon's Mines, 1017, 1026 Kingsley Books v. Brown (1957), 1048 Kingsley International Pictures Corp. v. Regents of the State of New York (1959), 177, 886, 1050 Kingsmen, the, 590 Kingston Trio, 531, 648, 813; notable songs, 1063 Kinsey, Alfred C., 532, 835, 1051; on homosexuality, 436 Kinsey Report, 115, 532, 835, 1051 Kinzua Dam, 663 Kirk, Russell, 238 Kirk, Tommy, 625 Kirklin, John, 614, 617 Kiss Me Deadly, 349, 1021 Kiss Me Kate, 927 "Kitchen debate" (Nixon), 690, 692-693 Kitt, Eartha, 208, 368, 922, 1063 Klamath people, 663 Klein, Max, 718 Kleitman, Nathaniel, 767 Kline, Franz, 3, 229, 258, 532-533 Klondike Big Inch Land Company, 831 Klugman, Jack, 1023 Knight, Goodwin J., 276 Knoll, Florence, 434 Knox, Buddy, 1063 Koch, Desmond, 700 Kohner, Frederick, 890 Kohner, Kathy, 890 Konitz, Lee, 509, 679 Kono, Tommy, 534-535 Kon-tiki, 533 Kon-Tiki (Heyerdahl), 533-534, 1051 Korean War, 204, 535-544; African Americans in, 196; aircraft, 44; and amputees, 168; and Asian Americans, 70; and atomic bomb, 79, 301; and Bradley, Omar, 127-128; and business, 843; and Canada, 360-361; casualties, 535; and censorship, 175; and Central Intelligence Agency, 180; and China, 186-189; and Congress, U.S., 231; and disarmament movement, 273; and doctor shortage, 416; and Eisenhower, Dwight D., 301; in films, 986; and gross national product, 398; and Hope, Bob, 443; and inflation, 142, 399, 480; and Japan, 507; and MacArthur, Douglas, 592-594; MASH, 1106; military conscription, 626; refugees, 537; and Ridgway, Matthew B., 788-789; and Soviet Union, 535; and Taiwan, 185, 536, 593, 725; and Truman, Harry S., 937; and unemployment, 145; and United Nations, 535-544, 961; and U.S. economy, 142; veterans organizations, 977; and Vietnam, 543; and war brides, 985 Kornberg, Arthur, 695 Koufax, Sandy, 94, 96, 865 Kovacs, Ernie, 544-545, 602, 909, 930; and DuMont network, 285 Kraft Television Theatre, 832 Kramer, Jack, 545, 865, 915 Kramer, Stanley, 9, 707-708, 1023-1024 Kramm, Joseph, 1054 Krasner, Lee, 3, 642, 742 Kroc, Ray, 144, 334, 545-546 Ku Klux Klan, 546-547; and White Citizens' Councils, 546, 997 Kubrick, Stanley, 9, 345, 1022; Paths of Glory, 987 Kuiper, Gerard, 74 Kukla, Fran and Ollie, 396, 547, 898, 909; Emmy Award, 1036 Kunitz, Stanley, 1055 Kunz v. New York (1951), 1046 Kusch, Polykarp, 695 L Labor, 145; AFL-CIO merger, 28-29; and African Americans, 30, 196; agricultural, 38, 126-127, 969; and baseball, 93; and bracero program, 126-127; and Canadian immigration, 464, 632; and Canadian income levels, 471-474; Canadian Labour Congress, 161-162; and Canadian unemployment, 948-949; and Canadian unions, 953-955; Canadian workforce, 633; Chrysler autoworkers strike, 189-190; and G.I. Bill, 381; and health care industry, 417; and Latinos, 555; and Meany, George, 613-614; and Recession of 1957-1958, 774; service sector, 263; structure of workforce, 264; and U.S. demographics, 263; and U.S. immigration, 466, 552, 620, 709-710; and U.S. income levels, 474-478; and U.S. unemployment, 950-953; and U.S. unions, 956-959; and women, 22, 264, 950, 1003 Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, 549, 1045 Laborit, Henri, 616, 931 Lacrosse, 133 Ladd, Alan, 8, 1019 Lady Chatterley's Lover (film), 177, 886, 1050 Lady Chatterley's Lover (Lawrence), 177, 548-549, 886, 1053 Laguerre, Andre, 865 Laine, Frankie, 647, 1063 Lait, Jack, 1051 Lakers, Minneapolis, 862 LaLanne, Jack, 549 Lamantia, Philip, 812 Lamb, Willis, Jr., 695 Lamb Chop, 898 LaMotta, Jake, 792 Lamour, Dorothy, 443 L'Amour, Louis, 121 Lancaster, Burt, 986, 1018-1020, 1022, 1024 Land, Edwin, 482-483 Land Beyond the River, A (Mitchell), 921 Landau, Lev, 882 Landon, Michael, 912 Landrum-Griffin Act of 1959, 146, 234, 549-550, 893, 958 Landy, John, 131 Lang, Fritz, 986 Lansbury, Angela, 1023 Lansdale, Edward, 180, 980 Lansky, Meyer, 245 Lanson, Snooky, 1012 Laos, 12, 947; and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 852-854 Lapidus, Morris, 62 Lardner, Ring, Jr., 444 Larsen, Don, 94, 550-551 Larson, Arthur, 314 Lasers, 330, 499 Lassie, 551-552; Emmy Awards, 1036 LaStarza, Roland, 607 Latin America, 552-555; and bracero program, 126-127; Cuba, 245-248; emigration to United States, 554; Guatemala, 400-402; and Latinos, 555; Mexico, 620-624; Nixon's tour of, 693; and Organization of American States, 713-714; Puerto Rico, 752-754; and United Fruit Company, 960-961; and U.S. foreign policy, 320, 364; and U.S. immigration, 466; U.S. investments in, 157 Latinos, 555-559; in films, 349; and immigration, 467; in literature, 735-736 Lattimore, Owen, 203, 484 Laughton, Charles, 1023 Laundry Workers Union, 29, 958 Laurents, Arthur, 132, 919; West Side Story, 995-996 Lawford, Peter, 841 Lawrence, Andrea Mead, 702 Lawrence, Carol, 996 Lawrence, D. H., 177, 548; Lady Chatterley's Lover, 548-549, 1053 Lawrence, Ernest, 248 Lawrence, Jerome, 481-482, 921 Lawson, James, Jr., 854 LDF. See Legal Defense and Educational Fund League of Women Voters, 1006 Lean, David, 9, 346, 1022 Leave It to Beaver, 87, 229, 559-560, 898, 907; comic book version, 210 Leaven of Malice (Davies), 570 Lebanon, 704-705, 947; and Eisenhower Doctrine, 303; U.S. occupation of, 303, 365, 503, 560-562 Lebrón, Lolita, 559, 751-752 Lederberg, Joshua, 695 Lederer, William J., 948, 1053 Lee, George, 197 Lee, Gypsy Rose, 132, 919 Lee, Peggy, 1063 Lee, Robert E., 481-482, 921 Lee, Tsung Dao, 72 Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF), 134, 195, 759, 816 Legion of Decency, 178, 346, 877 Legislation, U.S., 1039, 1045 Lehrer, Tom, 562, 602 Leiber, Fritz, 755 Leigh, Janet, 1024 Leigh, Vivien, 5, 876, 877, 1018 Lemmon, Jack, 13, 1021, 1025 Lemon, Bob, 95 Lerner, Alan Jay, 132, 653-654, 919, 1023 Lerner v. Casey (1958), 1049 LeRoy, Mervyn, 1018, 1021, 1024 Lescoulie, Jack, 930 Levant, Oscar, 1019 Levene, P. Aaron, 276 Levertov, Denise, 737 Levinson, Stanley, 854 Levitt, William J., 228, 292, 562-564 Levittown, 228, 292, 562-564; architecture of, 61 Levy, Sol, 98 Lewis, Jerry, 608-609, 907; comic book, 210 Lewis, Jerry Lee, 564-565, 646, 650, 794, 796; notable songs, 1063 Lewis, John L., 565, 956, 958; and Meany, George, 613 Lewis, Robert, 12-13 Lewis, Shari, 898 Lewis, Sinclair, 819 Li, Choh Hao, 455-456 Li, Min Chiu, 414 Libby, Willard G., 55 Liberace, 225, 650 Lib | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Alice's Restaurant, Altamont,
