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Ethics, Revised Edition Index A AARP. See American Association of Retired Persons ABA. See American Bar Association Abbey, Edward, 456 Abelard, Peter, 1, 1164 Abolition, 1-3 Abortion, 3-9, 356; and infanticide, 734; and murder, 1284-1285; and pro-choice movement, 1190-1191; and pro-life movement, 1204-1205; and right to life, 1284-1285; Roe v. Wade, 1292-1293; and sterilization, 1419; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1438; and surrogate motherhood, 1442 Abraham and Isaac, 396, 812, 1227, 1248, 1258, 1589; and Islam, 473 Absolutism, 10-11; and dictatorship, 381-382; Marx, Karl, on, 904; and permissible acts, 1111; and pluralism, 1137; vs. relativism, 1252-1253 Absurd, The, 11 Absurd, Theater of the, 1504 Absurdity; and ambiguity, 117 Abū Bakr, 12; on holy war, 655 Abū Hanīfah, 12 Abuse, 12-14; of children, 217-218 Academic freedom, 14-15 Accidents; and employee safety, 438-440; and good samaritan laws, 602 Accountability, 16-17; and autonomy, 110-111. See also Responsibility Accuracy in Media (AIM), 17-18, 1669 Accused, rights of, 18, 1548 Acheson, Dean, 882 Acid rain, 140 ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 19-21, 54, 143, 925, 1052, 1207, 1357, 1459, 1607; discovery of, 1320; and drug abuse, 409; drugs for, 1305; epidemics, 923; fear of, 1117; and health care, 626; and homosexuality, 666; and pharmaceutical industry, 186; and prisoners, 513; and prostitutes, 1213; research on, 1459; and Rwanda genocide, 1243; and sexual revolution, 1351; in South Africa, 893 Acton, H. B., 1146 Acupuncture, 647, 1082 Adam and Eve, 473, 489, 517, 875, 1471, 1578; and collective guilt, 270; fall of, 109, 488, 970, 1114, 1602; sin of, 1367 Adams, Carol, 417 Adams, John, 317, 787, 1328; and Declaration of Independence, 357 Adarand Constructors v. Peńa (1995), 30 Addams, Jane, 1000, 1666 Adelson, John, 976 Adenauer, Konrad, 71 Adler, Felix, 283 Adler, Mortimer, 772 Adler, Samuel, 283 Adoption and surrogate motherhood, 1440, 1443 Adorno, Theodore, 339 Adultery, 22-23, 1355; and capital punishment, 193; and divorce, 397; and Islam, 773, 775, 1360; and marriage, 399 Adulthood, 209, 225-227, 231 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 160 Adversary system, 23; and divorce, 399-400 Advertising, 24-27, 185; and children's television, 235-236; deceptive, 736; and fraud, 535; infomercials, 736; and sales ethics, 1305-1306; and tobacco industry, 1490, 1493 Advertorials, 26 Advice columnists, 28-29 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission Aesthetics and art, 87 AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children Affirmative action, 29-30, 184, 744; and inequality, 734; and Title IX, 1489 Afghanistan, 657, 792; refugees, 1251; Soviet invasion of, 268; U.N. invasion of, 1004; U.S. intervention, 1525 AFL. See American Federation of Labor Africa, 1609; adultery in, 22; and American abolition movement, 2; colonialism in, 1008, 1380; and cultural genocide, 581; famines, 697; and imperialism, 272; and Pan-Africanism, 1082-1083; promiscuity in, 1206; and slave trade, 1376 African Americans; and abolition, 1-2; and affirmative action, 29; and capital punishment, 196; and citizenship, 1325; and civil disobedience, 249; Civil Rights movement, 252-254; and Ku Klux Klan, 819; and lynching, 879-881; and men's movement, 931; and Nation of Islam, 996-997; and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 999; and Pan-Africanism, 1082-1083; and redlining, 1250; and reparations for slavery, 78, 1260-1261; and reverse racism, 1274; and Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1000; and Washington, Booker T., 1576. See also Civil Rights movement; Slavery African ethics, 31-36 African National Congress (ANC), 75, 892; and Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 1401 Agape, 210-211, 242, 814, 869-870 Age Discrimination Act of 1975, 51 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 51 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1975, 440 Ageism, 37-38, 417, 1070; and Gray Panthers, 605 Agent Orange, 135, 1552 Aggression, 13, 38-40, 58, 120, 147, 582, 682, 865, 976, 1394, 1547; and games, 582; and rape, 1239 Agreement for the Suppression of White Slave Traffic, 40-41 Agribusiness, 41 Agriculture; genetically modified foods, 575-577 Ahimsā, 42; and Jainism, 782 Ahrens, Heinrich, 1085 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 233 AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Air pollution; Clean Air Act, 256; and toxic waste, 1502 Akamba people, 34 Akan people, 33 Akbar the Great, 42 Akrasia, 601, 1578-1579 Alabama state bar, 837 Albanians, 817 Alchemy, 1457 Alcoholics Anonymous, 604, 612, 1471 Alcoholism, 46, 408-409, 568, 581, 1471-1472; and gambling, 868; and Native Americans, 1016; and perfectionism, 1110 Alexander II, 1139 Alexander, Jane, 90 Alexander, Richard, 1394 Alexander the Great, 345 Algeria, 656 Ali, Noble Drew, 996 Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 43-44, 1361 Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, 130, 872, 1328 Alienation, 44-45, 121, 173, 275, 422, 499, 930, 1558; and authenticity, 110 Almohad Empire, 112, 889 Althusser, Louis, 713 Altruism, 46-49; and egoism, 424; and egotism, 426; and generosity, 566; vs. self-interest, 1334; vs. selfishness, 1336; and service to others, 1344; and sociobiology, 1394; and utopia, 1534; and Zen Buddhism, 1611 Alzheimer's disease, 8, 569, 735 AMA. See American Medical Association Amato, Joseph, 605 Ambulance chasers, 1113 American Friends Service Committee, 1666 American Academy of Religion, 1669 American Advertising Federation, 25 American Anti-Slavery Society, 2 American Arbitration Association, 82 American Association of Advertising Agencies, 24, 80 American Association of Engineering Societies, 80 American Association of Marriage and Family Therapists, 515 American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 38, 50-51, 1669 American Association of University Professors (AAUP), 15 American Bankers Association, 81 American Bar Association (ABA), 107, 261-262, 837-838, 1669; and capital punishment, 196; ethical code, 471; and judicial conduct code, 796; and professional ethics, 1201 American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), 912 American Catholic Philosophical Association, 1669 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 51-52, 1670; and American Nazi Party, 51; on book banning, 162; and campaign finance reform, 190; and censorship, 1400; and information access, 738 American College Test, 270 American Colonization Society, 2 American Counseling Association, 298 American Cyanamid Company, 1419 American Enterprise Institute, 1670 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 52; and Knights of Labor, 816 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 1670 American Hospital Association, 914 American Humanist Association, 691, 1670 American Inns of Court, 52-53, 1670 American Institute of Architects, 80 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 80, 1341 American Library Association, 849 American Marketing Association (AMA), 898, 899 American Medical Association (AMA), 53, 1670; on abortion, 4, 1285; codes of ethics, 53, 138, 914, 1184, 1201; on death, 355; Principles of Medical Ethics, 1183 American Nazi Party, 51 American Philosophical Association (APA), 15, 1671 American Psychiatric Association, 741, 932, 934; on homosexuality, 28, 561, 662 American Psychological Association, 15, 298, 355, 934, 1216, 1347; code of conduct, 473, 1481; on homosexuality, 663, 666 American Revolution; and equality, 466; loyalty oaths, 873; and natural law, 1022 American Society for Bioethics and Humanities, 1671 American Society for Public Administration, 81 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), 62, 344, 998, 1671. See also Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 218 American Society of Human Genetics, 568, 1125 American Society of Newspaper Editors, 53-54, 1671 American Tobacco Company, 73 American Union Against Militarism, 51 American Woman Suffrage Association, 1426 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 20, 54, 387, 440, 1001 America's Watch, 689 Améry, Jean, 652 Ames, Shawn C., 994 Amin, Idi, 480 Amnesty International, 54-55, 296, 687, 689, 1671; Nobel Peace Prize, 1667; on Peltier conviction, 1105; and Rwanda genocide, 1243; on torture, 1501 Amos, 629, 801 Anabaptism, 313, 1079-1080 Anarchism and treason, 1506 Anarchy, 55-57, 1040, 1068, 1331, 1549; and the Enlightenment, 1164; in Somalia, 687, 698 Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Nozick), 1054 ANC. See African National Congress Ancestors; in African societies, 31, 33-35; and family, 511; in Japan, 1362 Andersen & Company, 329 Anderson, Marian, 1000 Andrade, Leandro, 1486 Andrews, E. Benjamin, 15 Andrews Sisters, 1397 Andrus, Ethel Percy, 50 Angell, Norman, 1666 Anger, 57-58, 69, 284, 400, 1094, 1096, 1546; and forgiveness, 530; of parents, 218; and rape, 1239 Animal consciousness, 59-60; and sentience, 1343 Animal Legal Defense Fund, 63 Animal Liberation Front, 63, 1108 Animal Liberation Movement, 61 Animal research, 60-62; and biofeedback, 143; and National Anti-Vivisection Society, 998; and vivisection, 60, 1564 Animal rights, 62-66; and cruelty, 342-343; and endangered species, 441-442; and Humane Society of the United States, 689; and Singer, Peter, 1371; and vegetarianism, 64, 1543-1544; and vivisection, 60, 1564; and World Society for the Protection of Animals, 1607 Animal Rights Mobilization, 64 Animal Welfare Act of 1966, 63 Animals, moral status of, 965-967 Annan, Kofi, 1045-1046, 1668; and Rwanda, 1302 Anomie, 413 Anthony, Susan B., 1426 Anthrax, 134-135 Anthropocentrism, 66 Anthropology, 67-69; and Native Americans, 1012-1013 Anthropomorphism of the divine, 69-70 Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 1672 Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, 549 Antigone (Sophocles), 246, 313, 1047, 1121, 1503 Antiquities Act of 1906, 316 Anti-Semitism, 70-72, 776; and concentration camps, 295; and Hitler, Adolf, 643; and the Holocaust, 647-652; and Jackson, Jesse, 780; and Zionism, 1614 Antislavery International, 1378 Antislavery movement, 1378 Antisthenes, 345 Antitrust legislation, 72-73 AOL-Time Warner, 911 APA. See American Philosophical Association Apartheid, 74-76, 128, 1232, 1515; and internal colonialism, 272; and Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 1401-1402 Apel, Karl-Otto, 764, 1049 Aphrodite, 371 Apollo, 639 Apologizing for past wrongs, 76-78 Apology (Plato), 78-79; and meaning of life, 851 Applied ethics, 79-81; and Cohen, Randy, 266; and compassion, 284; and metaethics, 943; and normative ethics, 943; vs. situational ethics, 1372; and slippery-slope arguments, 1382; and technology, 1460 Arabs; in Iran, 770; in Iraq, 768; and Israel, 776-779 Arafat, Yasir, 1045, 1668 Arbitration, 81; and international justice, 754 Archard, David, 1089 Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, 387 Arendt, Hannah, 82, 270, 679 Argentina, 609; "dirty war," 389; Disappeared, the, 388-389 Arian, Edward, 91 Aries, Philippe, 227 Arif, Abdul Salam, 770 Aristippus of Cyrene, 347, 599; on hedonism, 631 Aristotelianism, 83-84; and motivation, 976; and Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 1120; and Thomas Aquinas, 1482 Aristotle, 83-86, 474; on absolutism, 49; on altruism, 49; on art, 87; on authority, 313; and Averroës, 112; and Avicenna, 113; and Butler, Joseph, 48-49; on courage, 333-334, 1037; on distributive justice, 392; on emotion, 284; on excellence, 495; on friendship, 552; and Ghazālī, al-, 587; on golden mean, 596; on the good, 599, 766; on humility, 695; on incommensurability, 729; on infanticide, 735; on intentionality, 750; on justice, 508; on loyalty, 871; on moral principles, 958; on moral virtue, 1594; on natural law, 1016; on natural rights, 1021; Nicomachean Ethics, 1037; on politics, 322; on practical reason, 1177; and pride, 1182; on prudence, 1214; on public interest, 1221; on reason, 1466; on role models, 1294; on self-control, 1331; on self-love, 1337-1339; and Socrates, 49; and Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 1432-1433; theoretical framework, 474; on tragedy, 1503; on truth, 1514; on value, 1112; on will, 1590; on wisdom, 1594; on work, 1603-1604 Arjuna, 127, 200, 636 Armenian genocide, 583, 585, 839 Armenians, 769, 1139 Arminianism, 14 Arminius, Jacobus, 1370 Army, U.S., and mercenary soldiers, 938 Army-McCarthy hearings, 882 Arnauld, Antoine, 1092 Arnold, Benedict, 1507 Arnoldson, Klas Pontus, 1665 Arrest records, 86-87 Art, 87-88; and censorship, 204-205; and postmodernism, 1168 Art and public policy, 88-91 Art of War, The (Sunzi), 92 Articles of Confederation, 319 Artificial insemination, 720; and eugenics, 483; and sperm banks, 1406-1407; and surrogate motherhood, 1440 Artificial intelligence, 92-94; and robotics, 1289-1291 Arusha Accords, 1303 Āryadeva, 886 Asbestos, 184, 439, 1490-1491 Asceticism, 94-96; and Buddha, 174; and Cynicism, 345-346; and Jesus Christ, 789 Asclepius, 638-639, 852 Ashoka. See Asoka Asian Americans; and Civil Rights movement, 254; and professions, 30 Asimov, Isaac, 1291-1292 Akoka, 96; and Buddhism, 178 ASPCA. See American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Assassination, 96-100; of Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 43; and anarchism, 56; and anarchy, 1506; and Central Intelligence Agency, 268; and espionage, 470; of Evers, Medgar, 485; in Iraq, 770; of Kennedy, John F., 250; of King, Martin Luther, Jr., 391; of Sadat, Anwar, 656; of Uthmān, 43, 1361 Assault statistics, 38 Asser, Tobias, 1665 Assisted suicide. See Suicide assistance Assmann, Hugo, 1555 Associated Press, 1123 Association for Behavior Analysis, 119 Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, 1672 Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 119 Association for the Prevention of Torture, 1672 Association of Southern White Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 880 Atatürk, 100-101 Atavism, 1547 Atheism, 101-102, 445, 646, 671; and Cynics, 346; and the Enlightenment, 445, 1163; and existentialism, 499; and loyalty oaths, 873; and Nietzsche, Friedrich, 497; and nihilism, 1041; Sartre, Jean-Paul, on, 498, 1313; and slavery, 1520; and Socrates, 78, 248; and Spinoza, Baruch, 1409 Athens, 345, 494, 1254; and Aristotle, 49; citizenship in, 246, 365; constitutionalism, 321; democracy in, 365; free speech in, 543; governing councils, 365, 1517; and Hipparchus, 97; law in, 345; and Socrates, 14, 78, 871; Sophists, 1401 Athletes; incomes, 1195-1197; as role models, 1206, 1295 Atman, 856 Atom bombs, 102-104, 405, 1057, 1318, 1320, 1412, 1458; and the Cold War, 268; and Einstein, Albert, 1317; Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 584, 641-645; invention, 102-104; and Manhattan Project, 104, 894, 1320; Pakistani, 1056; and scorched-earth tactics, 1324; Soviet, 1054 Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 105 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 105, 1059 Atomism, 460 Atonement and sin, 1368 Attār, 1301 Attica prison revolt, 337 Attorney-client privilege, 105-106, 297-298 Attorney misconduct, 106-107 Attorneys, 81, 261-262, 837-838 Auditors, 329-330 Audubon Society, 63 Augustine, Saint, 108-109, 324, 895; on absolutism, 707; City of God, The, 383, 1338, 1554; on dignity, 383; on euthanasia, 484; on evil, 487, 599; on free will, 488; on holy war, 654; and just war theory, 610, 641, 800, 947, 1568; on lying, 877; and Manichaeanism, 489, 877, 896; on murder, 1554; on natural law, 1017, 1019; on sin, 1369-1370; on suicide, 1429; on values, 1537; on virtue, 1561; on will, 1590; on women, 680 Aum Shinrikyo, 136, 215 Aung San Suu Kyi, 1668 Aurobindo, Sri, 109-110; and Vedānta philosophy, 1542 Austin, John, 620, 797, 824 Australian Aborigines, 1255 Authenticity, 110; and Beauvoir, Simone de, 116; and existentialism, 497 Authoritarianism and Utopia (More), 1534 Authority; and conscientious objection, 313; and Milgram experiment, 945 Automobile safety, 990 Autonomy, 110-111; and abortion, 1294; and biotechnology, 148; and experimentation, 501; and institutionalization of patients, 741; and mental illness, 935; of patients, 915; and rape, 1243 Avalokitesvara, 112; and Shinran, 1361 Averroës, 48, 112-113, 587 Aversion training, 119 Avicenna, 48, 113; and Ghazālī, al-, 587 "Axis Sally," 1507 Ayer, A. J., 113-114, 265, 379, 1112; on emotivism, 437; on fact/value distinction, 505-506, 1538; on moral discourse, 437, 1248 Azidothymidine (AZT), 925 Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 1084 AZT. See Azidothymidine B Baal Shem Tov, 622 Baath Party, 699, 770 Babeuf, Gracchus, 255, 276 "Baby Jane Doe," 385 Baby M., 1442 Babylon; and Hammurabi's code, 22, 193, 235, 336, 617-618, 628, 665, 972; and Manichaeanism, 895; and Talmud, 789, 1449, 1452 Bacon, Francis, 115, 1457, 1478; and the Enlightenment, 444; and Hobbes, Thomas, 115 Bad faith, 115-116, 117, 121, 497-498, 500; Sartre, Jean-Paul, on, 1314 Bagehot, Walter, 123 Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda, 116 Bait-and-switch advertising, 900 Bajer, Fredrik, 1665 Bakke case. See University of California v. Bakke Bakker, Jimmy, 672-673, 702, 1467-1468 Bakker, Tammy Faye, 1468 Bakr, Ahmad Hassan al-, 770 Bakunin, Mikhail; on anarchy, 56; on violence, 1556 Balch, Emily Greene, 1666 Baldwin, Roger, 51 Balfour Declaration of 1926, 1403 Baltimore, David, 1319 Banda, Hastings, 1084 Bandura, Albert, 39 Banking, 81, 739, 816, 1510 Baptism, 108, 901, 1370; and godparents, 595; and sin, 1370 Bar associations, 81, 107; and ethics, 106 Bar examinations, 107 Bard, Philip, 1094 Bard, Samuel, 914 Bargaining, 508; vs. compromise, 285; and consent, 314 Barkley, Charles, 1295 Barnard, Christiaan, 1072 Barron v. Baltimore (1833), 130 Barry, Brian, 1087 Barth, Karl, 1038 Baseball and advertising, 1383 Basil, Saint, 57 Battered child syndrome, 229 Beagle, HMS, 492 Beatles, 1397 Beauvoir, Simone de, 116-118, 1076; on authenticity, 110; on dignity, 384; on love, 869; Second Sex, The, 1326 Beaverbook, Lord, 910 Beccaria, Cesare, 1485 Becker, Ernest, 869 Becker, Gary, 419 Beckett, Samuel, 1504 Beecher, Henry K., 1081 Beernaert, Auguste, 1665 Begin, Menachem, 1667 Behavior; and character, 208-209; and emotions, 1094 Behavior therapy, 118-119 Behaviorism, 119-121; and animal consciousness, 59; and choice, 239; and existentialism, 498; founding of, 976; and motivation, 976 "Being," and Levinas, Emmanuel, 845 Being and Nothingness (Sartre), 121, 870, 1116, 1313 Belinski, Ivan, 1405 Bella Lewitzky Dance Foundation v. Frohnmayer et al. (1991), 207 Bellah, Robert, 279-280 Belmont Report, The, 923-924, 927-928 Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes, 1668 Bemis, Edward W., 15 Beneficence, 139, 299, 341, 501, 597, 805, 907, 914, 1177, 1436, 1560; and experimentation, 501; and institutionalization of patients, 741; and medical ethics, 916-917 Benevolence, 47, 122-123, 706, 1170; and altruism, 48; and Butler, Joseph, 188; and coercion, 264; and Confucianism, 283, 306, 928, 1559; and deities, 487-488; and despotism, 322, 381; and generosity, 566-567; and Hume, David, 122, 680; and justice, 448; and love, 1562; and public virtue, 674; and self-love, 1338. See also Charity Benn, S. I., 1587 Bennenson, Peter, 55 Bennett, William J., 123, 1398; on multiculturalism, 982 Bentham, Jeremy, 10, 124, 315, 671, 1393; on animals, 343, 503, 966; on cognitivism, 771; on criminal punishment, 195, 337; on distributive justice, 392; on hedonism, 599, 630-631, 681, 1049, 1466-1467, 1532; on incommensurability, 728; and Stuart, John, 948; on prudence, 1215; on three-strikes laws, 1485; on utilitarianism, 1531-1532 Berdyayev, Nikolay, 124, 498-499 Bergson, Henri, 109, 125 Berkeley, George, 448, 708, 1425 Berkowitz, Leonard, 39 Berlin Conference, 1380 Berlin Wall, fall of, 269, 1051 Bernard, Claude, 923 Bernstein, Carl, 739, 1578 Berrigan, Daniel, 1550 Berrigan, Philip, 1550 Best practices and ethical codes, 472 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 1000 Better Business Bureau, 183 Betting on sports, 125-126 Betts v. Brady (1942), 589 Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche), 126-127, 433, 907, 1038-1039, 1174 Bhagavadgītā, 127-128, 636, 1258, 1542; and Ahimsā, 42; and dharma, 200; and Gandhi, Mohandas K., 558; and karma, 808 Bhopal, India, 1502 Biafra, 697 Bible; and evangelicalism, 1467; assassination stories, 97; family values in, 517; on greed, 606; and Israel, 778; and Nation of Islam, 997; on punishment, 1223; on suicide, 1429; and Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 1432. See also Hebrew Bible Bigotry, 128-129; and hate crimes, 624; and racial prejudice, 1228-1229; and racism, 1230-1234 Biko, Stephen, 75, 1402 Bilingual education, 129 Bilingual Education Act of 1968, 129 Bilingualism, 384 Bill of Rights, English. See English Bill of Rights Bill of Rights, U.S., 130-132, 139, 251, 320, 331, 384, 610, 1022, 1188; First Amendment, 528; and privacy, 1187; and public's right to know, 1222 Binet, Alfred, 749 Biocentrism, 451 Biochemical weapons, 132-136. See also Chemical weapons Biocybernetic Universal System Tendency (BUST), 558 Biodiversity, 137, 140, 257, 362-363, 1444; and genetically modified foods, 577; and rain forests, 1235 Bioethics, 137-141; biometrics, 144-146; cloning, 259-260; eugenics, 482; euthanasia, 483-484; genetic testing, 572-574; genetically modified foods, 575-577; and in vitro fertilization, 720-722; and medical ethics, 914-918; "playing god," 1136; Singer, Peter, 1371; stem cell research, 1415-1417; surrogate motherhood, 1440-1442 Biofeedback, 142-144 Biography, 1295 Biological Weapons Convention of 1972, 132, 135 Biometrics, 144-147 Bion of Borysthenes, 345 Biotechnology, 138, 147-149 Bioterrorism, 133, 1463 Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002, 190 Bipolar disorder, 431 Birth control, 149-151; abortion, 3-9; and Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), 609; and pro-choice movement, 1190-1191; and pro-life movement, 1204-1205; and sexual revolution, 1350; and sterilization, 1419 Birth defects, 151-153; and toxic waste, 1502 Bismarck, Otto von, and realpolitik, 1246 Bjřrnson, Bjřrnstjerne, 1045 "Black codes," 391, 1329, 1380 Black Consciousness Movement, 75 Black Muslims, 996. See Nation of Islam Black, Hugo L., 162, 873, 1106 Black Panthers, 605 Blackmail; and egoism, 425; and espionage, 470; and homosexuality, 562 Blackmun, Harry A., 1107, 1292 Blair, Jayson, 1126-1127 Bloch, Ernest, 622 Blue Cross, 920 Blue Shield, 920 Blume, Judy, 160 Blunt, Anthony, 1507 Bly, Robert, 930 Boas, Franz, 67-68, 1012 Bock, Audie, 607 Bodhidharma, 153-154, 1611 Bodhisattva, 112 Bodhisattva ideal, 154-155 Body Shop, 453 Boehme, Jacob, 124 Boesky, Ivan, 741 Boethius, 156, 1017 Bok, Sissela, 878 Bonar, James, 964 Bonaventure, Saint, 308 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 156-157 Bonino, José Miguez, 1556 Book banning, 158-163 Book of Virtues: A Treasury of Great Moral Stories, The (Bennett), 123 Border Patrol, U.S., 715, 717 Bork, Robert, 407 Borlaug, Norman E., 1667 Bormann, Martin, 1061 Bosnia, 163-165; ethnic cleansing in, 687, 1229, 1259; and genocide, 583; human rights in, 687; refugees, 1252; torture in, 1501; United Nations intervention in, 765, 1526 Bosnia-Herzegovina. See Bosnia Bostron, Nick, 94 Botha, P. W., 893, 1515 Bouma, Hessel, 907 Bourgeois, Léon, 1665 Bowdler, Thomas, 160 Bowdlerism, 160 Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), 562, 1188 Boycotts, 165-166; and Civil Rights movement, 249-250, 1234, 1554; and sanctions, 1309 Boyd-Orr, John, 1666 Boyle, Robert, 865, 1457 Boylston, Zebdeil, 923 Bradlee, Ben, 160 Bradley, F. H., 166 Brahe, Tycho, 1479 Braid, James, 700 Braille printing, 54, 387, 810 Brain death, 166-167, 355, 857; and organ transplants, 1073 "Brain drain," 717 Brainwashing, 224, 1217, 1322, 1540; and Scientology, 1323 Brandeis, Louis D., 168, 768, 831, 1122; on privacy, 1187 Brandt, Willy, 1667 Brandt, Richard, 706 Branham, William, 510 Branting, Karl Hjalmar, 1665 Breast implants, 1490 Brentano, Franz, 750 Bretton Woods Institutions, 758 Breuning, Stephen E., 1319 Brezhnev, Leonid, 1307-1308 Briand, Aristide, 1665 Bribery, 168-169; and business ethics, 186; and lobbying, 863; and multinational corporations, 983; and relativism, 1253 Bride-price and slavery, 1380 Briggs, Robert, 259 Broad, C. D., 1466 Bronowski, Jacob, 1458 Brookings Institution, 1672 Brooks, Roy L., 78 Brown, John, 3 Brown, Louise, 722 Brown, Robert McAfee, 1550 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 170-172, 391, 744, 798, 999, 1331, 1437; and Civil Rights movement, 252; and Ku Klux Klan, 819; and Plessy v. Ferguson, 1137 Brownback, Sam, 1399 Brussels Conference of 1889-1890, 1380 Bryant, Kobe, 18 B'tselem, 1499 Buber, Martin, 172-173, 497, 622; I and Thou, 704; on mysticism, 987 Buchanan, James, 848 Buck, Carrie, 1418 Buckley v. Valeo (1976), 190 Buddha, 112, 154, 174-176, 324, 401, 604, 821, 1361; on asceticism, 95; and Buddhism, 174-177; and compassion, 988, 1611; and duhkha, 1043; and five precepts, 529; and Mani, 896; and nirvana, 1042-1043, 1560; on the self, 1611; virtue of, 1560 Buddhism, 176-178, 282; and asceticism, 95; and Asoka, 96; and Avalokitesvara, 112; and Bodhidharma, 153; and Buddha, 174-175; and compassion, 154, 176-177, 402, 988, 1043, 1611; and Dalai Lama, 349-350; five precepts, 529; four noble truths, 532-533; and golden rule, 597; and gratitude, 604; and Hindu caste, 199; and humanism, 690; and Islam, 792; in Japan, 401; and karma, 809; and Mādhyamaka, 886; and Manichaeanism, 896; and mysticism, 987-988; and Nāgārjuna, 991; and nihilism, 1043; and nirvana, 1042-1043; and pacifism, 1079; Shingon school, 821; on suicide, 1429; and virtue, 1559; and Zoroastrianism, 1617. See also Zen Buddhism Buffalo, 1009; slaughter of, 1015-1016 Buisson, Ferdinand, 1665 Būkhārī, al-, 178, 616 Bullfighting, 343, 1538, 1607 Bultmann, Rudolf, 1370, 1373 Bunche, Ralph J., 1000, 1666 Bunyan, John, 1230 Burckhardt, Jacob, 674 Burger, Warren, 794, 1107; and American Inns of Court, 53 Burgess, Guy, 1507 Burke, Edmund, 179; on conservatism, 316-317; on the French Revolution, 1276; on honor, 674 Burns, Lucy, 1427 Burr, Aaron, 1507 Burundi, 1228 Bush, George H. W., 1189; and Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform, 478 Bush, George W., 171, 991; and bioethics, 1459; campaign advertising, 26; and counterterrorism, 1477; election of, 1566; on gay marriage, 563; and homeland defense, 657; and stem cell research, 569, 926, 1416-1417; and taxes, 1454, 1456 Bush, Vannevar, 895, 1321 Bush v. Gore (2000), 1566 Bushido, 179-181, 675 Business; antitrust legislation, 72-73; downsizing, 403; telemarketing, 1464 Business ethics, 181-187; advertising, 24-27, 185; capitalism, 197-198; corporate compensation, 326-327; corporate responsibility, 328; corporate scandal, 328-330; covert actions, 335; and electronic surveillance, 429; and the environment, 450; hiring practices, 640; marketing, 898-899; minimum-wage laws, 949; multinational corporations, 983-984; price fixing, 1181; and professional ethics, 1201; profit taking, 1203; sales ethics, 1305; and self-regulation, 1341; trustworthiness, 1510; and wage discrimination, 1567; warranties and guarantees, 1574 Business Roundtable, 80 Butler, Joseph, 187-188, 284, 1339; on altruism, 48-49; on benevolence, 1338-1339; on compassion, 284; on moral sense, 965; on self-love, 1338 Butler, Judith, 564 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 1666 Butler, Robert, 37 Buzhardt, J. Fred, 1189 Bystanders, 188; and genocide, 585; and police brutality, 1141 Byzantine Empire, 792 C Cabet, Étienne, 276 Cable News Network (CNN), 911 Calculus, discovery of, 1320 California; and affirmative action, 30; no-fault divorce law, 399; sterilization laws, 1418; three-strikes laws, 1485-1486 California Family Law Act of 1970, 399 Caligula, 98, 158, 345, 544 Calley, William, 1552 Callicles, 1252 Calvin, John, 48, 99, 189; and Augustine, Saint, 108; on duty, 1435; on equality, 465; and predestination, 1163; on sin, 1370; on work, 1605 Calvinism, 15; and Edwards, Jonathan, 422; and freedom of thought, 14; and predestination, 1581 Camara, Dom Helder, 1555 Cambodia, 382, 1501, 1552; genocide, 583, 1527 Camp David Accords, 779 Campaign finance reform, 189-191 Campbell, C. A., 963 Camus, Albert, 102, 191-192, 487, 497, 1042, 1076, 1248, 1537; and the absurd, 11, 490; on the "common good," 275; on integrity, 332; on meaning of life, 849; on suicide, 849, 1428 Canada; bilingualism, 384; human rights policies, 384 Cancer, 143, 356, 488, 568, 666, 1057, 1082, 1119, 1357, 1407, 1544; and genetic engineering, 569; and smoking, 1490, 1492, 1494 Cannibalism, 192-193, 346, 506, 581, 697-698, 1447-1448; "moral," 1236 Cannon, Carroll, 1102 Cannon, Nona, 1102 Cannon, Walter, 1094 Canons of Judicial Ethics, 796 Canons of Professional Ethics, 837 Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio, 56 Čapek, Karel, 1289 Capital punishment, 193-196; in China, 381; and custom, 344; and adultery, 22; and treason, 194 Capitalism, 197-198, 1149; advertising, 24-27; antitrust legislation, 72-73; and democracy, 366; and greed, 274; Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, on, 840; Marx, Karl, on, 903, 905; and postmodernism, 1167; and profit economy, 1203; and profit taking, 1203; and slavery, 1378; and stock market, 1270 Caracalla, 246 Cardinal virtues. See Virtue Care ethics, 122, 1117 Carens, Joseph, 717 Carlyle, Thomas, 1505 Carmichael, Stokely, 390 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, 1672 Carritt, Edgar F., 368 Carson, Rachel, 503, 1458; Silent Spring, 455 Carter, Jimmy, 1045, 1307; and Amnesty International, 55; Nobel Peace Prize, 1668; and SALT treaties, 1308; and stem cell research, 1415 Cartesian method, 371, 1512, 1591 Cartwright, Samuel, 1377 Carver, George Washington, 1000 Casement, Roger, 1507 Casey, John, 102 Cassin, René, 1667 Caste system, Hindu, 128, 199-201, 637, 993, 1154, 1541; and Jainism, 781; and karma, 808; and Sikhism, 1364 Castiglione, Baldassare, 481 Castro, Fidel, 268 Casual Friday, 406 Casuistry, 201-202, 308, 628, 1092; and medical ethics, 917 Categorical imperative; and Kant, Immanuel, 1208; and reason, 804; Sidgwick, Henry, on, 1363 Catholic Church. See Roman Catholic Church Catholic University of America, 15 Catt, Carrie Chapman, 1427 CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cecil, Robert, 1666 Celebrities, 1108; and media, 429, 1446-1447; and photojournalists, 1123 Celibacy, 529; in Buddhism, 1361; and Hinduism, 636; and Roman Catholic priests, 1296-1297 Cell phones and copyright infringement, 326 Cell-phone etiquette, 202-203 Celsus, 922 Censorship, 203-207; and art, 87; and motion picture ratings systems, 973-974; and Pentagon Papers, 1106; and political correctness, 1143; and song lyrics, 1397-1400 Center for Bioethics, 1459 Center for Business Ethics, 186 Center for Disease Control, 134 Center for Environmental Philosophy, 1672 Center for Professional Responsibility, 1673 Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1673 Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, 472 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); and AIDS, 19 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 160, 671, 1189; and the Cold War, 267; in Guatemala, 268 Cercidas of Megalopolis, 345 CERES. See Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies Cesarean sections, 208 CFC. See Chlorofluorocarbons Ch'an. See Chan Chamberlain, Austen, 1665 Chamberlain, Houston, 1030 Chamberlain, Neville, 675 Chambers, Erve, 69 Chance, 874 Chāndogya Upanisad, 42 Chandragupta, 96 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), 206 Character, 208-210; and humility, 694; and hypocrisy, 702; and integrity, 746; and laziness, 832; and loyalty, 871; and luck, 956; and lying, 877-878; and merit, 940-941; and pride, 1182; and promises, 1208; and reason, 1433; and selfishness, 1336 Charity, 210-212; and benevolence, 122; and generosity, 566; and Islam, 773-774, 979; and mysticism, 988; and poverty, 1170; and United Nations, 1524. See also Benevolence Charles V, 203 Charles Martel, 792 Chase, Salmon P., 1379 Cheating, 212-214, 676; and character, 209; and plagiarism, 1127-1129 Chechyna, 100 Chelyabinsk accidents, 457 Chemical weapons and warfare, 103, 135, 214-217, 1320. See also Biochemical weapons Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, 135, 215 Cheney, Dick, 796 Cheney, Lynne, 1400 Chenrezig, 112 Chernobyl accident, 457, 1057 Chesterfield, Lord, 481 Child abuse, 217-219, 233; and family values, 517; and gay adoption, 563; and parenting, 1089 Child Abuse and Prevention Act of 1974, 229 Child custody, 514, 901; and divorce, 400; and drug use, 153; and gay rights, 662, 1001, 1356; joint, 225; and men's movement, 930; and mental illness, 934; and surrogate motherhood, 1442 Child custody suits, 222, 399-400, 722, 1217 Child labor, 186, 219-221, 230-231, 506, 816; and Amnesty International, 55; and multinational corporations, 984; and slavery, 1380; and welfare, 1582 Child pornography, 89, 1159 Child protective services (CPS), 228-229 Child psychology, 221-222 Child soldiers, 223-224 Child support, 224-225 Child welfare, 227-229, 233, 280 Childbirth; cesarean sections, 208 Childhood, 226-227, 231, 239, 413, 680, 1301 Children, 226-230; and advertising, 26, 185, 235-236; and ageism, 38; aggressive behavior of, 39; and Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1528-1529; education of, 953-954; and genetic testing, 574; and income distribution, 726-727; and infanticide, 734-735; parenting of, 1089; and United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1528 Children's Bureau, 230-231, 1673 Children's rights, 231-234 Children's television, 234-236 Children's Television Act of 1990, 234 Chiles, Lawton, 1493 Chin, Mel, 89 China; capital punishment in, 196; Confucianism, 303; Daoism, 352-353; emperors, 381; famines, 520, 697; feudalism, 304, 1613; Japanese invasion, 135; and Mao Zedong, 382; Mohism, 978; scorched-earth tactics in, 1324; sterilization in, 1419; and Tibet, 349-350 Chinese Americans, 512 Chirac, Jacques, 1459 Chivalry, 237-238, 675 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 1461 Choice, 96, 238-240, 479, 539, 601, 680-681, 1164; Aristotle on, 86; and authenticity, 110; and autonomy, 1116; and behaviorism, 119-120; and coercion, 263; and consent, 314-315; and cost-benefit analysis, 332; and determinism, 373; and dilemmas, 384-385; and economic analysis, 419; and existentialism, 498, 851, 853, 1373; and generosity, 567; and the good, 599; and incommensurability, 728; and individualism, 730; and inequality, 734; Kant, Immanuel, on, 806; Kierkegaard, Sřren, on, 426, 812; and lifestyles, 859, 1155; and moral responsibility, 963, 967, 969, 1278; and prisoner's dilemma, 1185-1186; Rawls, John, on, 1480; Sartre, Jean-Paul, on, 1313-1314; and Stoicism, 1421-1422; and triage, 1509; and will, 1578-1579; and Zoroastrianism, 1615. See also Pro-choice movement Choiceless choices, 240 Choices, contracausal, 373 Cholera, 135, 698, 1607 Christian Coalition, 89 Christian ethics, 241-243; godparents, 595; just war theory, 800; and situational ethics, 1373; and slavery, 1519 Christian Humanism, 691 Christian Science, 487, 510-511 Christianity, 241-243, 282; and abortion, 4; in Africa, 35-36; and violence, 1258; and anger, 57; and asceticism, 95; and Augustine, Saint, 108; and birth control, 150; and casuistry, 202; and censorship, 203; and charity, 211; and citizenship, 246; and conscience, 968; and conscientious objection, 313; and courage, 334; and cruelty to animals, 343; and the Enlightenment, 446; and ethical monotheism, 473; and existentialism, 1370; and family values, 517-518; and free will, 601; and friendship, 552; and golden rule, 597; and gratitude, 604; and greed, 606; and holy war, 654; and human rights, 685; and humility, 694; and Islam, 792; and Jesus Christ, 787-788; and Jews, 70; and love, 869; and Luther, Martin, 876; and Manichaeanism, 896; and mercy, 939; and military ethics, 946; and morality, 968; and mysticism, 987; and normative ethics, 1048; and pacifism, 98, 1079-1080; and personal relationships, 1114; and pride, 1182; and primitive communism, 276; and the Qurān, 1226; and self-righteousness, 1343; and slavery, 1231-1232, 1378; and suicide, 1429; and televangelists, 1467-1468; and Tillich, Paul, 1486; and work, 1605; and Zoroastrianism, 1617 Christmas nativity scenes, 244 Chu Hsi. See Zhu Xi Chuang Chou. See Zhuangzi Chuang-tzu. See Zhuangzi Chün Tzu. See Junzi Churchill, Winston S., 1169, 1520 Church-state separation, 243-245; and Magna Carta, 888 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Cicero, 245, 544; on conscience, 308; on custom, 345; on formalism, 600; on friendship, 552-553; on gratitude, 604; on just war, 800; on natural law, 1017, 1019, 1021; on self-control, 1332 CIO. See Congress of Industrial Organizations Circumcision, 34 Citizenship, 245-247; and civic virtue, 1344; and democracy, 366; and slavery, 1380 City of God, The (Augustine), 108, 383, 1554; on self-love, 1338 Civil disobedience, 247-250, 837, 1555; and Greenpeace, 609; and Mandela, Nelson, 892; Thoreau, Henry David, on, 1484, 1554 Civil liberties, 251, 1144; and libertarianism, 847-848; and Magna Carta, 887-888; and privacy, 1187 Civil Liberties Act of 1988, 77 Civil rights, 251-252; and Americans with Disabilities Act, 54; and artificial intelligence, 93; Commission on Civil Rights, U.S., 273; and Constitution, U.S., 320; and integration, 743-745; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 751; and Jackson, Jesse, 780; and police brutality, 1139-1141 Civil Rights Act of 1866, 1380 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 250, 440; and affirmative action, 29; and business ethics, 184; and Civil Rights movement, 254; and disability rights, 54, 388; and discrimination, 391; and equal pay for equal work, 462; and gay rights, 561 Civil Rights movement, 252-254; and civil disobedience, 249; and equality, 466; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 814-815; and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 999; and violence, 1554 Civil service, 726 Civil Service Reform Act of 1883, 190 Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, 496 Civil War, U.S.; and abolition movement, 2; and electronic surveillance, 428; and Emancipation Proclamation, 2, 434-435, 862; and Lincoln, Abraham, 434-435, 862; and loyalty oaths, 874; and Native Americans, 1016; scorched-earth tactics, 1324; and temperance movement, 1469; and total war, 1521; veteran benefits, 1545 Civil wars and peacekeeping missions, 1103 Civitas, 544 Clap, Thomas, 15 Clark, Kenneth, 1000 Clarke, Samuel, 965 Class action lawsuits, 1194 Class structure and slavery, 1378 Class struggle, 255-256; and Marxism, 905 Classical liberalism, 846 Claudius, 544 Clausewitz, Carl von, 578; On War, 1069 Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, 73 Clean Air Act of 1963, 256-257 Clean Air Act of 1977, 455 Clean Air Act of 1990, 1153 Clean Water Act of 1972, 140, 257 Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966, 257 Cleanthes of Assos, 1340 Cleisthenes, 544 Cleland, John, 159 Clemency and erroneous convictions, 469 Cleveland, Grover, sexual improprieties of, 257 Clinton, Bill, 140, 257-258, 573, 738, 892, 1417; and bioethics, 1459; honesty of, 672; and Kosovo, 818; and Lewinsky, Monica, 258; and NEA, 90-91; and stem cell research, 1415; and tobacco industry, 1490 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 257 Clitoridectomy, 34, 581 Cloning, 259-261, 570, 678, 922, 926; of humans, 926; reproductive, 260; and stem cell research, 1416; therapeutic, 260 CNN. See Cable News Network Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES), 453 Cocaine, 153, 408; Freud, Sigmund, on, 1220 Code of Professional Responsibility, 261-262, 838 Code Pink, 911 Codes of civility, 262 Codes of conduct; and telemarketing, 1464 Coercion, 263-264; vs. consent, 315; and free enterprise, 536; and freedom, 540; and taxes, 727 Coetzee, J. M., 995 Coffin, William Sloane, 1550 Cognitivism, 264-265, 1112; and is/ought distinction, 771; and metaethics, 944 Cohen, Hermann, 806-807 Cohen, Randy, 266, 391 Cold War, 266-269; and antislavery movement, 1380; and biochemical weapons, 135; and doctrine of unconditional surrender, 1522; and electronic surveillance, 429; espionage, 1507; foreign policy agendas, 376; and mercenary soldiers, 937; and mutually assured destruction, 985; and North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1050; and nuclear arms race, 1054-1056; and peacekeeping missions, 1102-1103; and Potsdam Conference, 1169; and SALT treaties, 1306-1308; and United Nations, 1524 Cole v. Richardson (1972), 873 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 1505 Collateral damage, 800 Collective bargaining, 496, 1001; and free-riding, 537; and National Labor Relations Act, 1001 Collective guilt, 269-270 Collectivism, 497, 541-542, 731, 1147; and communism, 276, 520, 1411; and property, 1210 College applications, 270-271 Colonialism, 271-273, 580, 1007-1008, 1251, 1404, 1609; in Africa, 36, 1008, 1082; and developing world, 376; in India, 312, 558, 1154; in Middle East, 792; and nationalism, 1007; resistance to, 1006; in Rwanda, 1302; and Social Darwinism, 1387 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 912 Columbine High School massacre, 1399 Columbus, Christopher, 1013 Commission on Civil Rights, U.S., 273-274 Commission on Interracial Cooperation, 880 Common Cause, 191 Common good, 274-275; and public interest, 1221. See also Good, the Communication and terrorism, 1474 Communism, 276-277; and censorship, 203; and the Cold War, 266-268; and collectivism, 276, 520, 1411; and Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 839-842; and Marx, Karl, 903-904; and Marxism, 905; and neoconservatism, 316; and professional ethics, 1201; and slavery, 1380; Soviet, 296 Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 277-279, 421, 903, 906, 1556; censorship of, 203 Communist Party of the U.S.A., 874 Communitarianism, 279-281; and consent, 315; and drug testing, 410; and immigration, 715; and televangelism, 1468 Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, 1250 Comoro Islands, 937 Comparative ethics, 281-283 Compassion, 47, 95, 283-285; and Avalokitesvara, 112; and Buddhism, 154, 176-177, 402, 988, 1043, 1611; and Confucianism, 928; and health care, 1183; and mercy, 938-939; Plato on, 932; Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, on, 1414; and self-righteousness, 1343; and utopia, 1534; and value, 1535-1537 "Compassionate Conservatism," 658 Compatibilism, 1266, 1591-1592; and accountability, 16; and determinism, 373; and responsibility, 1265-1266 Competition and charity, 211 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, 1502 Compromise, 285-286; and Christianity, 242 Compulsory labor and slavery, 1380 Computer crime, 286-290, 291-292; and electronic mail, 427; and hackers, 287, 289, 326, 738, 1461; and identity theft, 709-711; and Internet piracy, 761-762; viruses, 93 Computer technology, 293-294; databases, 290-291; electronic mail, 427; and ethical dilemmas, 1461; and information access, 736-738; and Internet chat rooms, 760; and robotics, 1289-1291; and virtual reality, 1557-1558 Comstock, Anthony, 89 Comstock Act of 1873, 150, 159, 1159 Comte, Auguste, 294-295; on Humanism, 690 Concentration camps, 295-296; Bosnia, 164; and choiceless choices, 241; French Jews in, 71; and Nazi Germany, 1029, 1031 Concupiscence, 1, 1369-1370 Condé the Great, 1408 Condors, 441, 1607 Confessing Church, 156 Confessions (Augustine), 108, 324 Confidentiality, 297-299; and AIDS, 20; attorney-client privilege, 105; in child psychology, 222; and computer databases, 290; and diagnosis, 380; and ethical codes, 471; and mental illness, 934; and mentoring, 936; and therapist-patient relationship, 1481; and whistleblowing, 1585 Conflict and academic freedom, 14 Conflict of interest, 80, 299-300; and advertising, 25; and egoism, 424; and ethical codes, 471; government officials, 477-478; and lobbying, 863 Conflict resolution, 301-302; and arbitration, 81; and compromise, 285; and values clarification, 1539-1540 Conformity and authenticity, 110 Confucianism, 303-306; and chaos, 826; and Daoism, 352; and golden rule, 318, 597; and humanism, 690; in Japan, 1362; and Mencius, 928; and military ethics, 947; and morality, 283; and Mozi, 977; and virtue, 1559; and Wang Yangming, 1568; Weber, Max, on, 1581; and Zhu Xi, 1612; and Zhuangzi, 1613 Confucius, 303-305, 1559, 1568; on human nature, 303; and Mencius, 928; on reciprocity, 604; on virtue, 1559-1560; and Xunzi, 1610; and Zhu Xi, 1612 Congo, 1103; and United Nations, 1524 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 52 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 253-254, 308, 1673 Congress, U.S., 306-308; antitrust legislation, 72-73; and the arts, 88-90; and automobile safety, 990; and Constitution, U.S., 320; and copyright, 324; and corporate scandal, 330; and endangered species, 441; immigration law, 718; labor legislation, 506, 1001; on loyalty, 872; and lynch law, 880; and minimum-wage laws, 949; and song lyrics, 1398; and stem cell research, 1416; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1438; and tobacco industry, 1490; and veterans' rights, 1545 Conscience, 308-312, 968; Butler, Joseph, on, 187-188, 965; and citizenship, 246-247; and contractualism, 205; Emerson, Ralph Waldo, on, 436; freedom of, 55, 528, 540, 543, 687, 787, 982, 1163, 1187, 1228; and guilt, 613; and law, 828-829; and morality, 969; and natural law, 969; and self-deception, 1333; and Socrates, 499 Conscientious objection, 51, 313-314; vs. civil disobedience, 248 Consent, 314-315; and Declaration of Independence, 357; and government, 74. See also Doctrine of informed consent Consequentialism, 315-316; and Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 156; and censorship, 204; and duty, 414; and national security, 1004-1005; and teleology, 1466 Conservation, 316, 363, 418; and biodiversity, 137; and environmentalism, 138; and National Park System, 1003; and Nature Conservancy Council, 1027; and resources, 1443-1444; and Wilderness Act of 1964, 1589 Conservatism, 316-317; and Accuracy in Media, 17; and Burke, Edmund, 179; and libertarianism, 847; lifestyles, 859; and political correctness, 1142 Consistency, 318-319; and irrationality, 318-319; and reason, 318; and will, 1579 Constantine, 1079 Constitution, U.S., 319-321; Bill of Rights, 130-131; and Congress, 306; on copyright, 324; establishment clause, 244; interpretations of, 1438; and loyalty oaths, 873; and national security, 1004; proposed Victims' Rights Amendment, 1548; and right to know, 548; and slavery, 435, 861; and sovereignty, 1404; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1436, 1439; on treason, 1506 Constitutional government, 321-322; and Bill of Rights, 130-131; and Constitution, U.S., 319-320; and English Bill of Rights, 443; and Enlightenment, 444; and Magna Carta, 887-888 Consumerism, 181, 323, 361; and International Organization of Consumers Unions, 758 Contextual ethics. See Situational ethics Continental Congress, 357 Contractarianism, 368 Contracts, rights, and obligations, 1287 Contractualism and censorship, 204 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1021, 1501 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1528-1529 Conversion of one's system of beliefs, 323-324 Conway, Ruth, 1460 Cooper, Anthony Ashley. See Shaftesbury, third earl of Cooper, Thomas, 15 "Cop Killer," 1400 Copernicus, Nicholas, 1275, 1408 Copyright, 324-326, 748; and "fair use," 762; and Internet piracy, 761-762; and Napster, 994; and plagiarism, 1126, 1128 CORE. See Congress of Racial Equality Corporate compensation, 182, 326-328 Corporate responsibility, 16, 328; employee safety, 438-440; hiring practices, 640 Corporate scandal Corporate scandals, 328-330; and ethical codes, 471-472 Corrigan, Mairead, 1667 Corruption, 331-332; and politics, 1146; and power, 1146; and white-collar crime, 1586 Cost-benefit analysis, 182, 332-333; and national security, 1004-1005; and pollution permits, 1153 Council on Foreign Relations, 1673 Counterterrorism, 1474-1475 Country Music Foundation, 91 County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union (1989), 244 Courage, 333-334; and heroism, 634-635 Covert action, 335-336 Cowardice, 1560; Aristotle on, 85; vs. courage, 333-334; vs. heroism, 635; Thomas Aquinas on, 1483 Cows, 1544; cloning of, 570; and Hinduism, 638; hormone treatments of, 575; PETA on, 1108 CPS. See Child protective services Cranston, Alan, 307 Crates of Thebes, 345 Credibility and lobbying, 863 Credit ratings and identity theft, 709 Cremer, William, 1665 Crick, Francis, 568, 570 Crime; and computers, 286-289; and deterrence, 374; and "everyone does it" neutralizations, 486; and gambling, 125; gangs, 559-560; identity theft, 709-711; and paroled prisoners, 1090 Crime rates, 1224, 1485 Crimes against humanity; and International Criminal Court, 752 Criminal justice system; and AIDS, 20; erroneous convictions, 469; Gault, In re, 561; and jury system, 799 Criminal punishment, 336-338; capital punishment, 193-196; and mental illness, 935 Criminality and corruption, 331 Critical theory, 338-340, 378 Croatian refugees, 1252 Cromwell, Oliver, 22 Crowley, Mart, 667 Cruel and unusual punishment, 194; and English Bill of Rights, 443; and three-strikes laws, 1486 Cruelty, 340-341, 488, 1536; to animals, 60, 62-63, 342-344, 689, 923, 998, 1108, 1393, 1538, 1564, 1607; Machiavelli, Niccolň, on, 883-884; and political realism, 1146; and torture, 1498-1499, 1501 Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876, 60 Crusades, 238, 654-655; and Islam, 792; and Zionism, 778 Cryonics, 356 C-sections. See Cesarean sections Cultural anthropology, 394; and absolutism, 10 Cultural relativism, 11, 68, 201, 670, 983, 1252-1253; and diversity, 394; and religion, 1255. See also Ethical relativism; Relativism Culture; and anthropologists, 67; and custom, 344 Curran, Charles E., 15 Curses, 35, 112; divine, 1229; and Noah, 1231; and taboos, 1448 Custom, 344-345; and rights and obligations, 1288; and taboos, 1447-1448 Cybernetics, 1458 Cynicism, 345-347 Cyrenaics, 347-348; and hedonism, 631 Czolgosz, Leon, 56 D Daily Graphic, 1446 Daily Mirror, 1446 Dalai Lama, 349-350; Nobel Peace Prize, 1667; and universal responsibility, 270 Dalkon Shield, 1490 Dallaire, Roméo, 351-352, 1304 D'Amato, Alphonse, 307 Daniels, Norman, 941 Dante Alighieri, 1114 Daoism, 352-353; and environmental movement, 455; and Laozi, 825-826; and Manichaeanism, 896; and Zen Buddhism, 1611; and Zhuangzi, 1613 Darwin, Charles, 354, 394, 492, 1025; and Beagle, 492; and Dewey, John, 683; evolutionary theory of, 491-493; on facial feedback, 1095; influence of, 1318; and Social Darwinism, 1387-1388 Data Encryption Standard (DES), 738 Databases and biometrics, 145-146 Dawes, Charles G., 1665 Dawkins, Richard, 46, 284, 1394 Dayton Peace Agreement, 164 De, 353 de Klerk, F. W., 76, 893, 1668 de Man, Paul, 359-360 DEA. See Drug Enforcement Agency Dead Sea Scrolls, 943 De-alienation, 44 Death, 166-167, 355-356, 854-857; defined, 854-856; and existentialism, 499; and karma, 808; and organ transplants, 1071; and right to die, 1282-1283; and suicide, 1428-1429 "Death instinct," 1553, 1588 Decalogue, 629, 969, 972, 1448, 1472. See also Ten Commandments Deception in war, 92 Decision making and casuistry, 201 Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association, 915, 923 Declaration of Independence, 319, 357-358, 652, 659, 865, 1022, 1025, 1277, 1288, 1384, 1404; and democracy, 365; and egalitarianism, 423; and the Enlightenment, 446; and human rights, 684; and Jefferson, Thomas, 787; and Lincoln, Abraham, 862 Declaration of Sentiments, 1413 Deconstruction, 358-360, 369, 823; and Derrida, Jacques, 369; and nihilism, 359-360 Deep Blue, 1291 Deep ecology, 360-362; and ecofeminism, 418; and environmental movement, 456 Defamation, 845 Deforestation, 362-364 Deism, 364-365, 445, 491, 690; and philosophes, 1163; and Voltaire, 1565 Democide, 583-585; defined, 583. See also Genocide Democracy, 365-367; and citizenship, 366; and covert action, 335-336; and free speech, 204; and national security, 1003; and taxes, 1453; and trade, 1607; and World Trade Organization, 1608 Democracy Rising, 991 Democratic Party and liberalism, 317 Demosthenes, 345 Dempsey, Jack, 1196 Denard, Bob, 937 Denial and genocide, 585 Deontology, 367-368, 1335; and absolutism, 10; and altruism, 1066; and contractarianism, 368; and duty, 413; and Hippocrates, 638; of Kant, Immanuel, 475, 532, 600, 878, 970, 1138, 1530; and media ethics, 1036; and pluralism, 1137; and right to die, 1283; and self-interest, 1335; vs. teleology, 1466-1467; vs. utilitarianism, 1532 Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA Depression; and abuse, 13; and anger, 58; and electroshock therapy, 430-431; and laziness, 832; Mill, John Stuart, and, 1067; and pessimism, 1118-1119; and psychosurgery, 865; and rape, 1241; and suicide, 430 Derrida, Jacques, 369-370; and deconstruction, 358-359 Descartes, René, 113, 370-371, 1092, 1120, 1393, 1408, 1457; on cruelty to animals, 342; on dualism, 371, 1590-1591; and Gewirth, Alan, 586; and Locke, John, 866; and mathematics, 476; and Spinoza, Baruch, 1408; on truth, 1512; on will, 1591 Descriptive ethics, 1048-1049 Desegregation, 744, 999; Brown v. Board of Education, 170-171; and Civil Rights movement, 252-254; of U.S. military, 744 Desire, 371-372; and Buddhism, 533; and practical reason, 1177 Despotism and benevolence, 465 Destutt de Tracy, Antoine, 712 Determinism; and fatalism, 523; and freedom, 373-374; and Islam, 979; and morality, 970; and responsibility, 1264-1266 Deterrence, 374-375; and capital punishment, 195-196; and chemical weapons, 135; and Cold War, 1051 Developing world, 375-377; and business ethics, 186; and colonialism, 271; and International Monetary Fund, 758; and poverty, 1171; and World Trade Organization, 591, 1607 Dewey, John, 377-379; and Darwin, Charles, 683; on the good, 600; on human nature, 681, 683; Human Nature and Conduct, 683; on Humanism, 691; on pragmatism, 1177-1178; on truth, 1512 DeWitt, John L., 783 Dharma, 96, 128, 154, 200, 282, 401, 636; and karma, 200 Diabetes, 143, 151, 721, 1321; and genetic engineering, 569 Diagnosis, 380, 915, 1220; and AIDS, 21; and birth defects, 153; and genetic screening, 141; and genetic testing, 572, 574; and holistic medicine, 647; and illness, 714; and mental illness, 743, 933, 935, 1217-1218, 1405, 1481; and pain, 1081 Dialectical materialism, 903 Dialectics; and Abelard, Peter, 1 Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980), 571, 1461 "Dianetics," 1322 Dictatorship, 381-383; and corruption, 331; and social justice, 393; and tyranny, 1517 Diderot, Denis, 445 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1194 Dignity, 149, 383-384, 1098; and bioethics, 141; and drunkenness, 1341; and equality, 465-466; and honor, 674; and human rights, 684-685; Kant, Immanuel, on, 195; and moral autonomy, 110; and pride, 1182; and right to die, 484, 1282-1283, 1430-1431; and rule of law, 322, 365; and sexual harassment, 1350; and technology, 1462 Dilemmas, moral, 384-386; and leadership, 833; and Milgram experiment, 946; and punishment, 1223; and suicide assistance, 1430 Din-e-Ilahi, 42 Diogenes of Sinope, 345 DiOrio, Father, 510 Diphtheria, 1607 Direct Marketing Association, 80 Dirks v. Securities and Exchange Commission (1983), 741 Dirty hands, 386 "Dirty war," Argentina's, 389 Disability rights, 386-388; and United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, 1529 Disappeared, The, 388-389 Disbarment, 106, 1113 Discrimination, 390-392; ageism, 37; and Americans with Disabilities Act, 54; and business ethics, 183; gender bias, 564-565; and inequality, 733; and poll taxes, 1150; and redlining, 1250; and reparations, 1261; in wages, 1567 Disease; and genetic engineering, 677; sexually transmitted, 1357-1358 Disney Company, 327 Distributive justice, 392-393; and biotechnology, 148; and business ethics, 182; and corporate compensation, 327; and divorce, 397, 400; and fairness, 507; and health care, 626; and lifeboat ethics, 858 Diversity, 394-395; and affirmative action, 29; and bilingual education, 129; and communitarianism, 280; and Enlightenment, 446; and feminism, 527; and globalization, 592; and Hinduism, 638; and homosexuality, 561; and multiculturalism, 981-982; and postmodernism, 1168; and racial prejudice, 1230; and tolerance, 1494. See also Biodiversity Divine command theory, 265, 368, 395-396, 413, 1248, 1254, 1435; and the good, 601; and right and wrong, 1278-1279; Socrates on, 78 Divine law and Grotius, Hugo, 610 Divine right and deep ecology, 361 Divine right of kings, 443, 541; and Enlightenment, 444, 446, 1165; Hobbes, Thomas, on, 844; Locke, John, on, 1516 Divine will, 48, 1496; Ibn Gabirol on, 705; and Islam, 588 Divorce, 397-401, 514; and child support, 224-225; and group therapy, 612; "no-fault," 224-225, 399-400 Dix, Dorothea, 741 Dix, Dorothy, 28 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 138, 1461; discovery of, 570; double-helix structure, 568, 570; recombinant, 1459; and "secret of life," 1462; and stem cell research, 1416. See also Human Genome Project Doctrine of informed consent, 21, 111, 118, 139, 150, 222, 432, 474, 503, 1117, 1124, 1220, 1282, 1480; and abortion, 1285; and electroshock therapy, 431-432; and experimentation, 501-502, 1000; and genetic testing, 574; and medical ethics, 915; and mental illness, 931, 934-935; and physician-patient relationship, 1125; and sterilization, 1419; and therapist-patient relationship, 1481 Doenitz, Karl, 1061 Dōgen, 402, 887 Dollard, John, 39, 582 "Dolly," 259 Domitian, 98, 544 Dong Zhongshu, 303-304 Dostoevski, Fyodor, 403, 497, 605, 852, 1041, 1326 Double effect, principle of, 1476, 1569-1570; and medical ethics, 915 Doubt, 490, 1086, 1199, 1500; and conscience, 310; and skepticism, 1374-1375, 1613; and truth, 1512 Douglas, Stephen A., 861 Douglas, William O., 162, 546, 610; on privacy, 1188 Douglass, Frederick, 1071, 1379; and abolition movement, 3 Down syndrome, 152, 356 Downsizing, 403-404 Draco, laws of, 321 Dred Scott case. See Scott v. Sandford Dresden firebombing, 404-405 Dress codes, 405-407; Islamic, 775 Dreyfus, Alfred, 70, 1614 Dronenburg v. Zech, 407 Drug abuse, 407-409 Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 1004 Drug testing, 409-411 Drugs; and birth defects, 153; and gambling, 868; nicotine, 1491; and psychopharmacology, 1219-1220; and rock and rock music, 1398 Drumont, Edouard, 70 Du Bois, W. E. B., 411-412, 1000, 1083; and Civil Rights movement, 252; and Pan-Africanism, 1083; and Washington, Booker T., 1577 Ducommun, Élie, 1665 Due process, 130, 251, 412, 610; and abortion, 1294; in Argentina, 389; Gault, In re, 561; Gideon v. Wainwright, 588-589; Goss v. Lopez (1975), 603; and institutionalization of patients, 741, 935; and Japanese American internment, 783; and juvenile defendants, 228; and Magna Carta, 888; and privacy, 1187; and punishment, 1224; and Scottsboro case, 1325; and victims' rights, 1548 Dunant, Jean Henri, 578, 759; Nobel Peace Prize, 760, 1046, 1665 Duncan-Jones, Austin, 962 Dunster, Henry, 15 Durenberger, David, 307 Durkheim, Émile, 412-413; on education, 954; on socialism, 1391 Dutch Reformed Church, 76 Dutton, Donald, 13 Duty, 367-368, 413-414, 475, 1215, 1278, 1465, 1505; and accountability, 16; and bribery, 168-169; Cicero on, 245; and citizenship, 246, 248; and dharma, 128, 200, 282, 636; and elitism, 433; and fairness, 508; and family, 511-513; Gandhi, Mohandas K., on, 558; and generosity, 566-567; and gratitude, 604, 620; of the heart, 116; in Hinduism, 200, 282, 636; and Judaism, 789, 791, 871; Kant, Immanuel, on, 532, 551; and love, 870; and morality, 551, 967, 976; and obedience, 1064; and permissive acts, 1111-1112; and professional ethics, 1198-1202; and responsibility, 1389-1390; and social contract theory, 1386; and suicide, 1342; and supererogation, 1434-1435 Dworkin, Andrea, 160, 1160-1161 Dworkin, Ronald, 941; on distributive justice, 393; on natural law, 621 E Earth; and Gaia hypothesis, 558; and humanity, 415-416 Earth Day, 140, 417 Earth First!, 456 Earth Liberation Front, 456 Earth Summit, 137, 454 Earthwatch, 140 East Timor, 893 Eating competitions, 593 Eaubonne, Francois d', 417 Ebadi, Shirin, 1045, 1668 eBay, 571; and identity theft, 711 Ecclesiastes, 496, 629, 1517, 1602 Echelon, 429 Ecofeminism, 362, 417-418. See also Feminism Ecology, 418; and conservation, 316; endangered species, 441-442; environmental movement, 455-456; and greenhouse effect, 608; origin of term, 138; and rain forests, 1235; sustainability of resources, 1443-1445. See also Deep ecology Economic analysis, 419-420 Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, 625 Economics, 420-422; and communitarianism, 280; cost-benefit analysis, 332; free enterprise, 536; laissez-faire, 122, 493, 535, 658-659, 1584; and libertarianism, 848; and liberty, 541; Marx, Karl, on, 903; and Marxism, 905; and profit economy, 1203; and profit taking, 1203; and racism, 1232; Smith, Adam, on, 1383-1384; "zero-sum," 300, 1612 Edelstein, Ludwig, 640 Edict of Worms, 203 Education; and academic freedom, 14-15; and character, 209; college applications, 270; and the Enlightenment, 444-446; and Head Start, 625; and loyalty oaths, 874; moral, 953-954; and multiculturalism, 981-982; and plagiarism, 1126-1129; and political correctness, 1142-1143; and segregation, 170-171; and sports, 1489 Education, Department of; and Title IX, 1488-1489 Educational Excellence for All Children Act of 1999, 129 Edwards, Jonathan, 122, 422-423, 680 Edwards, R. G., 722 EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Egalitarianism, 423-424, 466; and democracy, 365; and fraud, 535; and minimum-wage laws, 949 Egas Moniz, António, 864, 933 Egoism, 424-425; and altruism, 48; vs. egotism, 425; and electronic surveillance, 429; and individualism, 730; Rand, Ayn, on, 1066; and right and wrong, 1279-1280; and self-interest, 1335 Egotist, 425-426 Egypt; and Israel, 779; political disorders, 656; and Suez Crisis, 1103 Egypt, ancient, 282, 665; famines, 696; medical knowledge, 932; and Moses, 971-972; religion, 31 Ehrlich, Paul, 457 Eichmann, Adolf, 1573 Einstein, Albert, 1317; and atom bomb, 895; theory of relativity, 1478 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 273, 672; and Commission on Civil Rights, U.S., 274; and Dresden firebombing, 404; and McCarthy, Joseph R., 882 Eisenhower, Milton S., 784 Eisner, Michael, 327 Either/Or (Kierkegaard), 426-427, 812 Elections, 198, 319; campaign finance reform, 189-190; and communitarianism, 280; and League of Women Voters, 836; and political liberty, 1144; and poll taxes, 1150; South African, 76; and suffrage, 1426; and U.S. Constitution, 320; voting fraud, 1566 Electoral College, 320 Electric shock therapy, 119 Electronic mail, 427-428, 1461; and advertising, 27; and computer crime, 287, 289; and identity theft, 710-711 Electronic surveillance, 293, 428-430; and Pentagon Papers case, 1107; and Watergate scandal, 1578 Electroshock therapy, 430-432; and mental illness, 933 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1968, 129 Elephants, 690 Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity, 1674 Elitism, 432-433; and jury system, 799; and wisdom, 1594 Ellender, Allan J., 881 Elliot, George, 162 Elliotson, John, 700 Ellis, Havelock, 995 Ellsberg, Daniel, 1106-1107 Ellul, Jacques, 1458 Elton, Charles, 138 Ely, Richard T., 15 E-mail. See Electronic mail Emanation doctrine, 1085 Emancipation Proclamation, 2, 252, 434-435, 862 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 357, 436; on conservation, 316; on idealism, 707; and Thoreau, Henry David, 1484; and transcendentalism, 1505-1506 Emerson, Thomas, 546 Eminem, 1399-1400 Emotion, 1093-1096; and irrationality, 1093-1096; and reason, 1247; and reason, 284, 437, 1093 Emotional abuse, 13 Emotions; anger, 57-58; compassion, 283-284; and forgiveness, 530; guilt, 612-613; jealousy, 785-786; pain, 1081; and self-control, 1331-1332; shame, 612-613; and tragedy, 1503 Emotivism, 114, 265, 436-438, 506, 619, 824, 1112, 1248, 1424; and fact/value distinction, 506; and the good, 600; Moore, G. E., on, 953; and naturalism, 1049; and skepticism, 1375 Empedocles, 622 Empiricism; Locke, John, on, 865-866 Employee safety and treatment, 438-440 Employment; and AIDS, 20; discrimination; and gay rights, 562; resumés, 1268 Endangered species, 63, 415, 441-443, 454; and biodiversity, 137; World Society for the Protection of Animals, 1607 Energy, U.S. Department of; Human Genome Project, 677-678 Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, 1059 Energy Research and Development Administration, 105, 1059 Engelberger, Joseph, 1289 Engels, Friedrich; on class struggle, 255-256; Communist Manifesto, The, 203, 277-278, 903, 906; on socialism, 1391-1392 England, Poor Laws, 891 English Bill of Rights, 384, 443 Enlightenment, 444-447, 1162-1166; and abolition, 1; and absolutism, 10; and Buddha, 174; and anti-Semitism, 70; and children, 227; and communitarianism, 280; and honor, 674; and idealism, 707; and Kant, Immanuel, 804-807; and Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 838; and Locke, John, 865-866; and Montesquieu, 952; and moral-sense theories, 964; and nationalism, 1006; and natural rights doctrine, 1021-1023; and religion, 1163; and slavery, 1378 Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, An (Hume), 447-449, 693, 1049 Enron scandal, 183, 186, 329-330, 472, 741; and ethical codes, 471; and Lay, Kenneth, 1421 Entitlements, 450, 868, 1286, 1288, 1389, 1545; and health care, 626 Environmental Defense Fund, 456 Environmental movement, 455-456; and civil disobedience, 609; Earth Day, 417; and future generations, 554; Green parties, 607; Greenpeace, 609; and Muir, John, 980; and Nature Conservancy Council, 1027; and Population Connection, 1155; Sierra Club, 1363; and Silent Spring (Carson), 1367 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1, 140, 455, 457-458, 1674; and Love Canal, 1502; and tobacco industry, 1490, 1492 Environmental racism, 1052 Environmentalism, 140, 450-454, 455-457, 1459; and bioethics, 138; and business ethics, 185; Clean Air Act, 256; and conservation, 316; and cost-benefit analysis, 332; and ecofeminism, 418; and Gaia hypothesis, 558; and incommensurability, 729; "not in my backyard," 1051-1052; and nuclear energy, 1057-1058; and Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1059; and pollution, 1151-1152; and realpolitik, 1246; sustainability of resources, 1443-1445; and taxes, 1455; and technology, 1456, 1458, 1460; and toxic waste, 1502; and Wilderness Act of 1964, 1589 Envy, 458-459, 477; and cruelty, 341. See also Jealousy EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency Epictetus, 459-460; and Butler, Joseph, 49 Epicureanism and Cyrenaics, 348 Epicurus, 101, 460, 487, 599; on hedonism, 631 Epilepsy, 151 Epistemology, 369, 433, 460-462, 825; and Descartes, René, 371; and existentialism, 498; and ideal observer, 706; and intuitionism, 825; and Kant, Immanuel, 804; and Locke, John, 865; and metaethics, 943-944; and Plato, 474, 1130; and subjectivism, 1424 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 387, 1567 Equal pay for equal work, 462, 466, 507, 816, 1023, 1356 Equal protection of the law, 462, 464, 686, 798; and affirmative action, 30; and civil rights, 254; Dronenburg v. Zech, 407; and education, 170; and egalitarianism, 423; and fairness, 507; and gay rights, 561, 662; and voting rights, 1566 Equal Rights Amendment, 462-464, 468 Equal Rights for Fathers, 225 Equality, 464-468; and distributive justice, 392-393; and Rawls, John, 1480; and socialism, 316; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1437 Erasistratus, 922 ERDA. See Energy Research and Development Administration Eros, 211, 814, 869-870 Eros (god), 371 Erroneous convictions, 469; and capital punishment, 195 Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio, 1092 Esdaile, James, 700 Eshnunna, Laws of, 617 Eskimos, 1347; and divorce, 397; and polygamy, 670; and wife lending, 22 Espionage, 470-471; and computer crime, 289 Esquivel, Adolfo Pérez, 1667 Estournelles de Constant, Paul d', 1665 Ethic cleansing, 295 Ethical codes of organizations, 80, 471-473 Ethical Culture movement, 283, 691 Ethical humanism and atheism, 102 Ethical monotheism, 473 Ethical Principles of Psychologists, 473-474 Ethical realism and Nagel, Thomas, 992 Ethical relativism, 600, 646, 713, 1252-1253, 1401; and bribery, 984; and child labor, 984; and multinational corporations, 983-984; and naturalism, 1049. See also Cultural relativism; Relativism Ethical theory, 474-475; absolutism, 10; and animal consciousness, 60; applied ethics, 79-80; Aristotelian ethics, 83; and choice, 239; cognitivism, 264-265; communitarianism, 279-280; comparative ethics, 281-282; and compassion, 284; Confucianism, 303; consequentialism, 315; and consistency, 318; critical theory, 338-339; and custom, 344; Cynicism, 345-346; deconstruction, 358-359; deontology, 367-368; Derrida, Jacques, 369; emotivism, 436-437; epistemology, 460-461; ethics/morality distinction, 479; existentialism, 496-500; Gewirth, Alan, 586; idealism, 707-708; ideology, 712; and inequality, 733; intuitionism, 766-767; just war theory, 800; Kantian, 806-807; Levinas, Emmanuel, 845; maximal vs. minimal ethics, 906-907; metaethics, 943-944; moral realism, 961; morality, 967-970; moral-sense theories, 964; Nagel, Thomas, 992; narrative ethics, 995; nihilism, 1040-1041; normative vs. descriptive ethics, 1048-1049; Nozick, Robert, 1053; objectivism, 1065-1066; paradoxes, 1086-1088; perfectionism, 1109; Perry, R. B., 1112; Platonic, 1132-1135; pluralism, 1137; post-Enlightenment, 1162-1166; postmodernism, 1167-1168; pragmatism, 1177-1178; prescriptivism, 1181; progressivism, 1204; relativism, 1252-1253; Rorty, Richard, 1298; Schopenhauer, Arthur, 1316; secularism, 1326-1327; situational, 1372-1373; skepticism, 1374-1375; social contract, 1385-1386; Social Darwinism, 1387-1388; sophistry, 1401; Stoicism, 1421-1422; subjectivism, 1424-1425; teleology, 1465-1466; theory and practice, 1478; transcendentalism, 1504-1505; universalizability, 1530; utilitarianism, 1531-1532; values clarification, 1539-1540; virtue ethics, 1563 Ethical theory, Hartshorne, Charles, 621 Ethicist, The (Cohen), 266 Ethics, 474-475; comparative, 281-282; vs. etiquette, 482; vs. law, 827; vs. morality, 479; normative, 474 Ethics (Spinoza), 476-477, 622, 1112, 1408 Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1674 Ethics in Government Act, 477-479 Ethics Resource Center, 1674 Ethiopia, 1308; and Eritrea, 697; Falasha Jews, 36; Italian invasion, 135, 215, 835 Ethnic cleansing, 479-480, 752, 822, 1251, 1259, 1513; in Bosnia, 163, 687; and concentration camps, 296; in Kosovo, 818; and pogroms, 1138 Ethnocentrism, 480, 982, 1012, 1164, 1388; and anthropology, 68; and racial prejudice, 1228 Ethology and animal consciousness, 59 Etiquette, 480-482; and Internet chat rooms, 760 Eudaimonia, 83, 85, 599 Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 83 Eugenia IV, Pope, 1231 Eugenics, 482-483, 556, 1028; and genetic counseling, 568; and genetic testing, 574; and intelligence testing, 750; Plato on, 1114; and right to die, 1283; and Social Darwinism, 1388; and sterilization, 1418 Euphemism. See Political correctness European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 204-205, 686 European Court of Justice, 754 European Union and migration, 715 Euthanasia, 153, 243, 283, 355-356, 437, 483-485, 660, 856-857, 916-917, 1028-1029, 1032, 1432; and Hippocratic oath, 639; and infanticide, 734-735; and Kevorkian, Jack, 810; and Nazis, 735; in Netherlands, 1201; passive, 355, 943, 1283, 1430; and Quinlan, Karen Ann, 1225; and relativism, 1252; and right to die, 1282-1283; and Roman Catholic Church, 1283; and Singer, Peter, 1372; and "slippery-slope" arguments, 1382; and suicide, 1429-1431; and taboos, 1448 Evangelicalism; and Fundamentalism, 1468; and televangelists, 1467-1468 Evers, Medgar, 485-486 "Everyone does it," 486-487 Evil, 58, 227, 229, 445, 448, 487-490, 680, 969-970, 1038, 1085, 1327, 1334, 1338, 1587; Abelard, Peter, on, 1; Augustine on, 108; and Daoism, 604; and dishonesty, 669; and divine command theory, 395-396; and existentialism, 498-500; and freedom, 542; and Hitler, Adolf, 643; and the Holocaust, 647, 651; and holy war, 653-654; and human will, 475; and karma, 808; and loyalty, 873; and mean/ends distinction, 909; Nietzsche, Friedrich, on, 126-127; and panentheism, 1085; Plato on, 1133-1135; and power, 382; and Shintoism, 1362; Thomas Aquinas on, 1482-1483; and torture, 1498; and virtue, 1559, 1561; Xunzi on, 303; and Zoroastrianism, 1615-1617 Evolutionary theory, 394, 491-493, 1025, 1318, 1553; and Darwin, Charles, 354; and human nature, 681; and Nazi science, 1028; and panentheism, 1085; and sociobiology, 1393; and vice, 1547 Ewing, Gary, 1486 Excellence, 494-495 Execution; and capital punishment, 340, 810, 1223; lethal injection, 194 Executive Order 9066, 783 Executive Order 10988, 496 Existence and Buddha, 174 Existentialism, 496-500; and atheism, 102; and Beauvoir, Simone de, 116-117; and Berdyayev, Nikolay, 124, 498-499; and Camus, Albert, 191; and choice, 853; and Christianity, 1370; on death, 499; and epistemology, 498; and freedom, 497, 500; and hedonism, 498; vs. Hinduism, 499; and humanism, 498; and irrationality, 496, 498; and Kierkegaard, Sřren, 497-498, 811-812; and knowledge, 498; and logic, 497; and meaning of life, 850, 852; and Nietzsche, Friedrich, 497, 499; and pleasure, 498; and reason, 496, 498; and responsibility, 1267; and Sartre, Jean-Paul, 497-498, 1313-1314; and suffering, 498-499 Experimentation, 501-502; in Nazi Germany, 1027-1029 Exploitation, 502-504 Extinctions, 137, 140, 416, 1025-1026; and endangered species, 441-442; in human evolution, 415; and pollution, 1151-1152; of trees, 503 Extortion and bribery, 169 Eysenck, Hans, 118 Ezekiel, 361 F Facing History and Ourselves, 1674 Fact/value distinction, 505-506 FAIR. See Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1969, 737 Fair Housing Act of 1968, 20, 745 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 506-507, 949 Fairness, 507-509; and business ethics, 182; and cost-benefit analysis, 333; and discrimination, 390-391; equal pay for equal work, 462; and free-riding, 538; and justice, 507-508; and taxes, 1453-1455; and war, 1569; in the workplace, 440 Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), 18, 509, 1675 Faisal II, 770 Faith; and God, 593-594; Luther, Martin, on, 876; and reason, 1519 Faith healers, 509-511 Falkland Islands War, 861 Fall, the. See Adam and Eve Families, 511-515; and adultery, 22; child abuse, 217; and gangs, 560; and incest, 723-724; and marriage, 900-901; parenting, 1089; and personal relationships, 1114; and trustworthiness, 1510; and welfare, 512-513 Family Life Education for Peace, 1102 Family planning, 150, 1155, 1157, 1419. See also Birth control Family therapy, 515-516 Family values, 517-518 Famine, 41, 150, 377, 519-520, 555, 696, 1411, 1543-1544; and hunger, 695-697; in Ukraine, 585 Fanon, Frantz, 1609 Fārābī, al-, 520-521; and Ghazālī, al-, 587 Fard, Wallace D., 996 Farm Animal Reform Movement (FARM), 63 Farmer, James, 308 Farrakhan, Louis, 521, 996, 998, 1275; and Jackson, Jesse, 780 Farson, Richard, 1089 Fascism, 295, 522-523, 1148; and anti-Semitism, 70; and concentration camps, 295-296; and dictatorship, 542; Japanese, 180; and loyalty, 872; and Nazism, 1030-1032, 1147; and patriotism, 522 Fasting; and asceticism, 95; and Islam, 95, 116, 282, 773, 1560; in Manichaeanism, 896 Fatalism, 523, 1166; and Islam, 979; Mozi on, 978 Fātima, 523 Faubus, Orval, 253 Fawkes, Guy, 1507 Fay v. New York (1947), 1599 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation FCC. See Federal Communications Commission. See Federal Trade Commission FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Feagin, Joe, 78 Fear, 1094; and animal consciousness, 60 Fear in the workplace, 523-525; and genetic testing, 573 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); and censorship, 1397; and the Cold War, 269; fingerprint files, 145; and Ku Klux Klan, 819; and lynching, 880; National Crime Information Center, 737; and Peltier, Leonard, 1105; on rape, 1237; undercover operations, 792 Federal Communications Commission (FCC); and censorship, 1397; and educational television, 235; and media ownership, 780, 911; and V-chips, 234 Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1910, 190 Federal Drug Administration (FDA); and ImClone, 1420 Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, 190 Federal Election Commission, 190 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946, 862 Federal Reserve System, 81 Federal Trade Commission (FTC); and advertising, 27; and identity theft, 711; National Do Not Call Registry, 1465; and telemarketing, 1465 Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, 52 Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 525-526, 1599 Feminism, 526-527; and Beauvoir, Simone de, 116-117; and marriage, 1115; Marxist, 1597; and men's movement, 929-930; and pornography, 1158, 1160; and pro-choice movement, 1190; and rape, 1240, 1242; and trustworthiness, 1510; and women's movement, 1596-1597. See also Ecofeminism Ferkiss, Victor, 1458 Ferraro, Geraldine, 1600 Feudalism, 1165-1166, 1584; in China, 304, 1613; and chivalry, 237; and democracy, 365-366; in Japan, 180; and Magna Carta, 887; Marx, Karl, on, 903, 905 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 1019, 1425 Fifth Amendment, 784, 1437; and due process, 412 Film rating systems, 973-974 Fingerprints, 145; in fiction, 146 Finley, Karen, 90 Finley v. National Endowment for the Arts (1998), 91 Finney, Charles Grandison, 2 Finnis, John, 1019 Firearms industry, 184 Fire-related deaths, 1492 First Amendment, 130, 158, 162, 204, 251, 528-529, 545; church-state separation, 243-244; and libel, 845; and lobbying, 862; and loyalty oaths, 873; and pornography, 1158-1159; and rights of the accused, 18; and Sedition Act of 1798, 1328; and song lyrics, 1400; and spam, 428 Fitzhugh, George, 1378 Five Pillars of Islam, 95, 282, 773-774, 1226, 1560 Five precepts of Buddhism, 42, 175-176, 529 Fleck, John, 90 Fletcher, Joseph, 138, 915; on situational ethics, 1372-1373 Flett, Gordon, 1109 Flint, Austin, Sr., 914 Flory, Wendy Stallard, 71 Food and Drug Act of 1906, 732 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 927; and experimentation, 923; and genetically modified foods, 575 Foote, Philippa, 772 Ford, Gerald, 1308; and stem cell research, 1415 Foreign aid, 755, 836, 1172, 1583; and income distribution, 728; and Marshall Plan, 902 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, 169, 186 Forests. See also Deforestation Forgiveness, 529-530; and asceticism, 95; and reconciliation, 1249; vs. revenge, 1273 "Forty acres and a mule," 1260 Fossey, Dian, 352 Foucault, Michel, 110, 339, 359, 531-532, 1356; and genealogy, 531; on power, 1172, 1174-1176; on wisdom, 1594 Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (Kant), 532 Four-humors theory, 923 Four noble truths, 532-534 Fourier, Charles, 1391 Fourteen Points, 833, 1508, 1521 Fourteenth Amendment, 1380; and Bill of Rights, 132 Fourth Amendment, 251; and electronic surveillance, 429 Fox, Michael A., 62, 66 Fox, Michael J., 1415 Foxwoods Resort Casino, 1009-1010 France; Dreyfus affair, 70; and Suez Crisis, 1103 Francis Ferdinand, 100 Franco, Francisco, 56 Franco-Prussian War, 645 Frank, André Gundar, 272, 376 Frank, Hans, 1061 Frankel, Charles, 1189 Frankena, William K., 1215, 1339 Frankfurt School, 339, 447, 1175 Frankl, Victor, 499 Franklin, Benjamin, 741; on adultery, 399; on loyalty oaths, 873 Fraud, 534-535; and advertising, 535; and computer crime, 287, 289; corporate, 328-330; and plagiarism, 1126-1127, 1129; and science, 1319; and telemarketing, 1464 Free enterprise, 536-537 Free market; advertising, 24-27; and antitrust legislation, 73; and capitalism, 197-198; and infomercials, 736; and profit economy, 1203 Free Religion, 691 Free-riding, 509, 537-538, 1087 Free speech; and academic freedom, 14-15; and campaign finance reform, 190; and church-state separation, 244; and democracy, 204; and hate speech, 624; and loyalty oaths, 873; and political correctness, 1143 Free will, 539; and determinism, 373; and sexuality, 1354; and Zoroastrianism, 1615, 1617 Freedom, 121, 539-542; and choice, 239; and existentialism, 497, 500; and human rights, 586; and On Liberty (Mill), 1067-1068; and political liberty, 1144; and Rawls, John, 1480; and responsibility, 1264 Freedom of expression, 543-547 Freedom of Information Act of 1967, 548-549, 1222 Freedom rides, 250, 253-254, 308 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 231, 365, 1022, 1277 French Revolution, 1276; and antislavery movement, 1378; and Burke, Edmund, 179; and class struggle, 255; and communism, 276; and egalitarianism, 423; and equality, 466; and Jews, 70; and nationalism, 1006; and total war, 1521 Freud, Sigmund, 549-551, 1405; on aggression, 39, 1553; on alienation, 44-45; on cocaine, 1220; on "death instinct," 1553, 1588; on gangs, 560; on homosexuality, 666; on human nature, 300, 680; on hypnosis, 700; and Jung, Carl, 796; on life's purpose, 976; on madness, 110; on narcissism, 995; on rape, 1239; on sexual stereotypes, 1352 Frey, Raymond G., 66, 1544 Frick, Wilhelm, 1061 Fried, Alfred, 1665 Friedan, Betty, 680, 1601; Feminine Mystique, The, 525, 1599 Friedman, Milton, 328, 848, 1454 Friends Service Council, 1666 Friendship, 48, 274, 552-553, 1113-1117; and gossip, 603; and self-love, 1337 Frisch, Karl von, 59 Frist, Bill, 563 Fritzsche, Hans, 1061 Frohnmayer, John, 89 Fromm, Erich, 606 Fruit of Islam, 996 Frustration-aggression theory, 39 FTC. See Federal Trade Commission Fuchs, Klaus Emil J., 1507 Fullinwider, Robert K., 940 Fund for Animals, 63 Fundamentalism; Christian, 1468; and faith healers, 510; lifestyles, 860; and violence, 1259 Fund-raising and televangelists, 1468 Funk, Walter, 1061 Furman v. Georgia (1972), 194 Future generations, 553-557; and global warming, 590 G Gabor, Thomas, 486 Gabriel, angel, 773, 1226 Gaddis, John Lewis, 267 Gaia hypothesis, 503, 558; and environmental movement, 456 Gaines v. Missouri (1938), 1330 Galambos, Robert, 59 Galen, 923, 932 Galileo Galilei, 203, 1318, 1408, 1478 Galla people, 33 Gallo, Robert, 1320 Galton, Francis, 482 Gambling; Bennett, William, 123; Native American casinos, 1009-1011; and Roman Catholic Church, 867; sweepstakes, 25. See also Lotteries Games and cheating, 212 Gandhi, Indira, 100 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 96, 249, 342, 349, 558-559, 636, 781-782, 814-815, 1154-1155; and civil disobedience, 248; and Hinduism, 638; on hunger, 696; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 250, 814; and nonviolence, 42, 1047; and Orwell, George, 1074; pacifism of, 1079; and Poona Pact, 1154; satyagraha, 1554; and untouchables, 1154 Ganges River, 637 Gangs, 559-560; and drug abuse, 409 Gangsta rap, 1400 García Robles, Alfonso, 1667 Garden of Eden, 680, 970, 1114, 1369, 1602 Gardner, John, 191 Garrison, William Lloyd, 2-3, 1379 Garrison v. Louisiana (1964), 546 Garry, Joan, 1400 Garvey, Marcus, 996, 1083 Gathas, 1615 GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gault, In re, 561 Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Discrimination (GLAAD), 1400 Gay rights, 561-564, 1356; and the arts, 89; and Civil Rights movement, 254; and Dronenburg v. Zech, 407; and homophobia, 661-663; and homosexuality, 664-668; and men's movement, 931; and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 1001; Stonewall Inn riots, 1423 Gearhart, John, 1415 Gender issues, 274; and aggressive behavior, 40; and benevolence, 122 bias, 564-566; and ecofeminism, 417; feminism, 526-527; and hate-crime laws, 624; and multiculturalism, 394; and rape, 1242; sexism, 1347; and sexual stereotypes, 1351-1352 Gene prospecting, 1461 Genealogy, 531 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 590, 1607 General Electric Ion Track, 216 General Motors advertising, 27 Generosity, 566-567; and asceticism, 95 Genetic counseling, 567-568; and genetic testing, 574 Genetic engineering, 141, 147, 568-572, 922, 924, 926, 1462; and biochemical weapons, 134, 136; and biodiversity, 137; cloning, 259-260; and DNA, 926; ethical dilemmas, 1461; and food, 575-577 Genetic profiling, 147 Genetic screening, 572-573 Genetic testing, 141, 151, 572-575, 723; and eugenics, 482; and genetic counseling, 568 Genetically modified foods, 148, 575-577 Genetics and race, 394 Geneva Conventions, 224, 578-580, 610, 757, 800; and International Criminal Court, 752; and Red Cross, 759-760; and war crimes, 1573 Geneva Protocol of 1925, 132, 135, 214 Genocide, 583-586; of Armenians, 583, 585, 839; cultural, 580-581; defined, 583, frustration-aggression theory of, 581-582; and International Criminal Court, 752; and Lemkin, Raphael, 839; of Native Americans, 1013-1015; Rwanda, 351, 583, 1103, 1302-1304, 1573; United Nations Convention on, 1527; and war crime trials, 1573. See also Holocaust Genovese, Kitty, 188 Germany; and the Cold War, 267; and frustration-aggression theory of genocide, 582; reparations to Jews, 1260. See also Nazi Germany Gerontology, 37-38 Gewirth, Alan, 587 Ghazālī, al-, 587-588, 1428; and Averroës, 112 G.I. Bill, 1545 Gibbon, Edward, 730 Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), 588-589 Gilgamesh Epic, 1367 Gilligan, Carol, 122, 526, 680, 816, 1115, 1352; on moral reasoning, 284; on women's morality, 526 Gingrich, Newt, 90 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 1600 Gisborne, Thomas, 912 Gitlow v. United States (1925), 130, 546 Gittings, Barbara, 666 Giuliani, Rudolph, 91 Giving; and charity, 210-211; and generosity, 566 GLAAD. See Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Discrimination Glazer, Nathan, 744 Glen Canyon Dam, 1364 Global Crossing, 329 Global Day of Action, 591 Global Trade Watch, 1608 Global warming, 140, 589-590, 608, 1025-1026; and automobiles, 1151; and greenhouse effect, 608; and nuclear energy, 1059 Globalization, 590-592; and business ethics, 186; multinational corporations, 983-984; and outsourcing, 1078; and postmodernism, 1167 Glorious Revolution, 179, 444, 1275 Gluttony, 458, 592-593; and greed, 606 Gnosticism, 803, 895 Gobat, Charles Albert, 1665 Gobind Singh, 993, 1365 Gobineau, Joseph-Arthur de, 1030 God, 593-595; and anthropomorphism, 69; and divine command theory, 395-396; and evil, 487-490; existence of, 719; and holy war, 653-656; and immortality, 718-719; and Judaism, 789-791; nature of, 621, 1084-1086; and panentheism, 1084-1085; and pantheism, 1086; and "playing god," 1136; proofs of existence, 621; and revelation, 1271-1272; and secularism, 1326-1327; sovereignty of, 189 "God is dead" (Nietzsche), 102, 489, 497, 1039-1040, 1326; movement, 1487 Godparents, 595 Godwin, William, 891 Goethe, Wolfgang von, 940, 1174, 1318 Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), 449 Golden mean, 596-597 Golden rule, 597-598, 788, 1559; and consistency, 318; and Freud, Sigmund, 551; and Jesus Christ, 720; and Muhammad, 1560 Golding, William, 160, 558 Goldman, Alvin I., 1077 Goldman, Emma, 56 Gompers, Samuel, 52, 538 Good, the, 598-601; and ideal observer, 706; Locke, John, on, 866; and Platonic ethics, 1134. See also Common good Good life, Aristotle on, 83 Good samaritan laws, 602 Goodman, Paul, 57 Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 1126 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1667 Gore, Al, 991 Gore, Tipper, 1398 Gorgias, 1252 Göring, Hermann, 1031, 1060 Gospel Music Association, 994 Goss v. Lopez (1975), 603 Gossip, 177, 213, 297-298, 603 Government; and the arts, 88-91; and consent, 315; and lobbying, 862; and science, 1458; theories of, 1480 Government officials and conflicts of interest, 477-478 Graham, Billy, 1467 Graham, Katharine, 160 Gramsci, Antonio, 712 "Grandfather" clauses, 391 Grant, Ulysses S., 1521 Gratitude, 604-605 Gray, Elizabeth Dodson, 417 Gray Panthers, 38, 605-606, 1675 Great Books Program, 1298 Great Britain and the Suez Crisis, 1103 Great Depression, 1457 Great Society programs, 467-468 Greatest good principle, 10, 599, 958; and Bentham, Jeremy, 124; and capitalism, 197; and distributive justice, 392; Epicurus on, 460; and hedonism, 630; and infanticide, 735; and mean/ends distinction, 908; and morality, 965; Nozick, Robert, on, 1054; and promises, 1209; and right and wrong, 1280-1281; and self-interest, 1335; Spinoza, Baruch, on, 476; and virtue, 1562. See also Utilitarianism Greece, ancient, 282; adultery in, 22; constitutional government of, 321; democracy, 365, 539; dictatorships, 381, 1517; egalitarianism in, 423; and the Enlightenment, 444; homosexuality in, 665; and international law, 756; justice in, 1021; markets in, 1181; military ethics, 946; scorched-earth tactics, 1324; sexual stereotypes in, 1351; slavery, 1376; Sophists, 1401; and Stoicism, 1421-1422; tragedies, 1503; and work, 1602 Greece, modern, and the Truman Doctrine, 1509 Greed, 278, 330, 606-607, 984, 1584; and capitalism, 274; and gluttony, 606 Green parties, 607 Green Party, 456; and Nader, Ralph, 991 Green Revolution, 41 Greenberg, Irving, 490 Greenhouse effect, 140, 608-609; and global warming, 590; illustrated, 608 Greenpeace, 140, 576, 609, 1675; revenues, 456 Greer, Germaine, 1599 Gregg v. Georgia (1976), 194 Gregory VII, Pope, 654 Gregory, John, 138, 912, 914 Griffin, Donald R., 59 Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), 609-610, 1187 Grote, John; on altruism, 47 Grotius, Hugo, 610, 878, 1019; on just war, 800; on lying, 878; on natural law, 1022; and Nussbaum, Martha, 1062 Group therapy, 611 Groves, Leslie R., 895 Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), 30 Guarantees, 25, 1574-1575; and Hammurabi's code, 618 Guilt, 612-614; and Shintoism, 1362 Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 614-615 Gulags, 295-296, 1397, 1498 Guthrie, Woody, 1397 Gutierrez, Gustavo, 1555 Gypsies, 295, 382, 522, 583-584, 647, 1032, 1250, 1388 H Habermas, Jürgen, 339, 713, 764, 806-808 Habyarimana, Juvenal, 1303 Hackers. See Computer hackers Hadīth, 178, 587, 773, 1226, 1360;, 588, 616; of Būkhārī, al-, 178 Haeckel, Ernst, 138 Haessly, Jacqueline, 1101 Hague Conventions and war crimes, 1573 Hahn, Otto, 1057 Haiman, Franklyn, 547 Haiti and United Nations, 1526 Halbritter, Ray, 1011 Hales, Stephen, 964 Hallāj, al-, 616-617 Hallie, Philip, 341 Hamas, 656, 779 Hamilton, Alexander, 1404, 1439 Hamilton, W. D., 1394 Hamm, Mia, 1489 Hammad ibn Abī Sulayman, 12 Hammarskjöld, Dag, 1103, 1666 Hammurabi's code, 235, 617-618, 660, 665, 972; and adultery, 22; and capital punishment, 193; and constitutional government, 321; on criminal punishment, 336; and Hebrew Bible, 628 Han Dynasty, 303, 305, 826, 1568 Han Wudi, 303 Hand, Learned, 1456 Hanks, Nancy, 89 Happiness; Aristotle on, 83, 85; Augustine, Saint, on, 108; Cynics on, 346; and Stoicism, 1421; Thomas Aquinas on, 1432, 1482; and work, 1603 Hardin, Garrett, 457, 858 Hardin, Russell, 1087, 1186 Hare, R. M., 619; on ought/can implication, 1076; and prescriptivism, 1181 Harlan, John M., 1136, 1329 Harlan, John M., III, 1107 Harm, 619-620; and computer databases, 290-291; and maximal vs. minimal ethics, 907; and self-preservation, 1339-1340; and violence, 1553-1556 Harris, Joseph, 1230 Harris, William T., 707 Hart, H. L. A., 620-621; on law, 828; and negligence, 1034 Hartshorne, Charles, 621-622 Hartshorne, Hugh, 209 Harvard University, 15 Harvey, William, 964 Hasidism, 622 Hastings Center, 1459, 1675 Hatch, John P., 143 Hatch, Orrin, 261 Hate, 622-623 Hate crime, 624; and the homeless, 659; lynching, 879-881; statistics, 1001 Hate speech, 624 Hayek, F. A., 730, 848, 1149 Haynes, Todd, 89 Hays Code, 973 Hays, Will, 973 Head Start, 625 Healing, 211, 914, 933, 1125; Avicenna, 113; and faith healers, 509-510; and Hippocratic oath, 639; holistic, 647; Jesus Christ, 242 Health and children's television, 236 Health and Human Services, Department of, 501, 920; and experimentation, 923; and medical experimentation, 924 Health care; allocation, 625-627; biofeedback, 142-143; Children's Bureau, 230; and cost-benefit analysis, 332; diagnosis, 380; electroshock therapy, 430-431; employee safety, 438-440; and faith healers, 509-510; and genetic information, 573; and holistic medicine, 647; and homosexuality, 666; and illness, 713-714; and medical bills of rights, 912-913; and medical ethics, 914-918; and medical insurance, 919-921; and mental illness, 931-935; and older people, 38; and prostitutes, 1212; and psychopharmacology, 1219-1220; and tobacco industry, 1490; and triage, 1509; and World Health Organization, 1606 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, 573, 921 HealthSouth, 329 Hearst, William Randolph, 795, 910-911 Heart disease, 488; and genetic engineering, 569; and smoking, 1490, 1492, 1494 Heaven, 465, 488, 719, 968; Buddhist concepts of, 821; Christian concepts of, 987, 1042, 1226, 1272, 1338; Confucian concepts of, 303, 928-929, 978, 1610; Hindu concepts of, 808; Islamic concepts of, 1226; Jewish concepts of, 1497; Thomist concepts of, 970; Zoroastrian concepts of, 489; Zulu concepts of, 32 Hebrew Bible, 628-630, 647, 939, 1368-1369, 1472-1473; on justice, 801; on mercy, 938-939; on sin, 1367-1369; Talmud, 789, 943, 1449-1452; Ten Commandments, 101, 282, 368, 517, 529, 534, 629, 875, 877, 958, 972, 1048, 1373, 1472-1473; Torah, 1496-1497; on tzaddik, 1517; on work, 1602 Hebrew language, 1368 Hecataeus, 101 Hedonism, 630-631; and Cyrenaics, 347-348; and existentialism, 498; and human nature, 681; and naturalism, 1049; and paradoxes, 631; and rationality, 599, 630, 970, 1248 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 44, 497, 632-633; on alienation, 44; and Bradley, F. H., 166; on collectivism, 1147; on history, 712; on idealism, 707; on Kantian idealism, 708; on morality, 708; Phenomenology of Spirit, 44, 708, 1120-1121; on politics, 1008; on tragedy, 1503; and transcendentalism, 707; on truth, 1511, 1513; on universalism, 1252; on work, 1602-1604 Hegesias, 347 Heidegger, Martin, 497, 634, 1519; and Arendt, Hannah, 82; and existentialism, 498; and Levinas, Emmanuel, 845; on personal relationships, 1116 Heisenberg, Werner, 104 Hell, 488, 672, 719, 968, 1226, 1228, 1615-1616; Christian concepts of, 1272 Hellman, Lillian, 667 Helms, Jesse, 89, 207 Helms Amendment, 89 Héloďse, 1 Helsinki Accords, 689 Helsinki Watch, 689 Hemophilia, 568 Henderson, Arthur, 1666 Henry VIII, 398 HerbaLife, 736 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 122 Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, 364 Hermogenes Tarsus, 544 Herodotus, 101, 1323 Heroin, 153, 1082, 1472 Heroism, 634-635, 995, 1339, 1435, 1614; components of, 635; and love, 869 Herophilus, 922 Herpes, 1357 Herrera v. Collins (1993), 469 Herzl, Theodor, 1614-1615 Hesiod, 1603 Hess, Rudolf, 1060, 1061 Hewitt, Paul, 1109 Hicklin test, 206, 1159 Hillman, James, 930 Himmler, Heinrich, 1031 Himstead, Ralph, 15 Hinduism, 282, 636-638; and adultery, 22; Ahimsā, 42; and asceticism, 95; Bhagavadgītā, 127; caste system, 128, 199-200, 637, 781, 808, 993, 1154, 1364, 1541; vs. existentialism, 499; and gratitude, 604; and Islam, 792; and karma, 808-809; and mysticism, 987; and nirvana, 1042; origins, 200; and Sankara, 1311; and Sikhism, 1364; and suicide, 1429; and Upanisads, 1530; Weber, Max, on, 1581 Hipparchia, 345 Hipparchus, assassination of, 97 Hippies, 1350 Hippocrates, 138, 638-640, 914, 922, 932; on confidentiality, 297 Hippocratic oath, 81, 138, 471, 912, 914, 923; and assisted suicide, 1431; and Hippocrates, 639; and professional ethics, 1201 Hiring practices, 640-641; and arrest records, 86; and biometrics, 146; and downsizing, 403; and drug testing, 410; fairness of, 440; and genetic testing, 573; and loyalty oaths, 873; minimum-wage laws, 949; resumés, 1268; and wage discrimination, 1567 Hiroshima bombing, 105, 405, 584, 641-643, 1057, 1320, 1324 Hispanics and the Civil Rights movement, 254 Hiss, Alger, 1507 History; Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, on, 44, 632-633, 1120, 1603; Hitler, Adolf, on, 645; Ibn Khaldūn on, 706; Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, on, 840-842; Marx, Karl, on, 903-906; Marxist views of, 296; and moral equivalence, 955 Hitler, Adolf, 381-382, 522, 582, 643-645, 647-650, 675, 1027, 1030-1032, 1061, 1148, 1388; anti-Semitism of, 582, 651, 1030, 1229; and atom bomb, 104; on Bolshevism, 1148; book burnings, 203; and concentration camps, 295; Final Solution, 1032; and the Holocaust, 647-648; and Hussein, Saddam, 699; and Social Darwinism, 1028-1029; suicide, 651; and surrender, 1521; and treason, 1508; worldview, 1028, 1029, 1148-1149 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus Hobbes, Thomas, 646-647, 1018, 1457; on absolutism, 381; on altruism, 46-47; on authoritarianism, 1553; and Bacon, Francis, 115; censorship of, 730; and descriptive ethics, 1049; on egalitarianism, 423; on egoism, 424; on equality, 465; and ethical egoism, 315, 1335; on ethical naturalism, 824; on fact/value distinction, 505; on free-riding, 538; on honor, 674; on human nature, 300, 680, 698, 1359; on human rights, 684-685; on individualism, 730, 1257; on justice, 801-802; on law, 248; Leviathan, 381, 505, 538, 646, 801, 844, 1174, 1221, 1334, 1413, 1553; on morality, 964; on politics, 1147, 1516; on power, 1173-1174; and practical reason, 1177; on self-interest, 448, 1334; on social contract theory, 1385-1386; on sovereignty, 1404; on state of nature, 1413-1414; on war, 1569; on will, 1591; on work, 1603-1604 Hobson, A. J., 272 Hoffman, David, 837 Holistic medicine, 647 Holley, Horace, 15 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 204, 1455 Holmes, Peter, 159 Holmes, Robert L., 1047, 1570-1572 Holocaust, 583, 647-652, 1288; and advertising, 27; and anti-Semitism, 70; and bystanders, 188; and choiceless choices, 241; and collective guilt, 269; concentration camps, 295; and concept of the "other," 1076; cruelty during, 341; and Eichmann, Adolf, 1573; and Hitler, Adolf, 643; and Israel, 777; reparations, 1260; and Schindler, Oskar, 1315-1316; and Wiesel, Elie, 1588 Holocaust denial, 586 Holy Land and Crusades, 654 Holy war, 653-657, 1259; jihad, 791; and suicide, 1429 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1977, 1250 Homeland defense, 657-658 Homeland Security, Department of, 657 Homeless care, 658-659 Homer; on courage, 494; on excellence, 494; on heroes, 1535; Odyssey, 968; and Plato, 158; poetry of, 1256 Homicide, 660-661; assassination, 96-99; and cannibalism, 192; and euthanasia, 483-484; moral justifications, 100; and robots, 1291; statistics, 38 Homophobia, 561, 564, 661-664, 931; and oppression, 1070; and political correctness, 1143; and Roman Catholic priests scandal, 1297 Homosexuality, 664-668; and adultery, 23; and AIDS, 19; gay rights, 561-563; and gender bias, 565; and hate-crime laws, 624; and homophobia, 661-663; and Islam, 773; and Landers, Ann, 28; and Roman Catholic priests scandal, 1296-1297; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1438 Hōnen, 1361 Honesty, 669-673; and leadership, 833; and plagiarism, 1127-1129; and polygraph tests, 1218 Hongren, 676 Honor, 674-675 Honor systems and codes, 675-676 Hooker, Worthington, 914 Hoover, Herbert, 659, 1269 Horkheimer, Max, 339 Horne, Herman Harrell, 707 Hosea, 629, 939 Hospers, John, 848 House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct, 306 House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC); and academic freedom, 15 Housing discrimination; and AIDS, 20 Hovevei Ziyyon, 1614 Hsün Tzu. See Xunzi HUAC. See House Committee on Un-American Activities Hubbard, L. Ron, 1322 Hubris, 995, 1182-1183 Hudson, Rock, 1358 Hughes, Holly, 90 Hughes, Langston, 1000 Huineng, 676 Hull, Cordell, 1666 Hull, Clark L., 700 Human genome, 568 Human Genome Project, 147, 570, 677-678, 1458; funding of, 1318; and genetic screening, 141; and genetic testing, 572, 575; launching of, 570 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 925; and Rwanda genocide, 1243 Human nature, 679-682; and behaviorism, 120; and conflicts of interest, 300; Dewey, John, on, 379; Freud, Sigmund, on, 551; and golden rule, 597; and hedonism, 681; and humanism, 690; and rationality, 1340; and reason, 681 Human Nature and Conduct (Dewey), 683-684 Human rights, 684-687; and biochemical weapons, 132-136; and dignity, 383; and diversity, 395; and English Bill of Rights, 443; and ethical relativism, 983; and famine, 519; and Gewirth, Alan, 586; International Criminal Court, 752; Lemkin, Raphael, 839; and multinational corporations, 983; and natural rights, 1021-1023; and prostitution, 1212; and realpolitik, 1246; and reparations, 1260-1261; and rights and obligations, 1287-1288; and slavery, 1376-1381; Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South African, 1401-1402; and United Nations, 1524, 1526; and war crimes, 1573 Human Rights Information and Documentation Systems, 1675 Human Rights Watch, 688-689, 1676 Humane Society of the United States, 62, 342, 689-690, 1676; and zoos, 690 Humanism, 102, 274, 416, 690-691; and the Enlightenment, 445; and existentialism, 498; and human nature, 690; and motivation, 976; and pacifism, 1080; and rationality, 691; secular, 159, 1540; and skepticism, 691; and Thomism, 1257; and Xunzi, 1610 Humbard, Rex, 1467 Humboldt, Alexander von, 418 Hume, John, 1668 Hume, David, 692-693, 1248, 1461; on altruism, 47; atheism of, 445; on benevolence, 122; censorship of, 730; on compassion, 284; on emotivism, 437; Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, An, 447-448; on evil, 488; on hedonism, 681; on honor, 674; on human nature, 681; on the ideal observer, 706; on impartiality, 720; on is/ought distinction, 771; on naturalism, 1049; on practical reason, 1177; on pride, 1182; skepticism of, 1041; on suicide, 1340; on suicide assistance, 1430; on value, 1536-1537; on will, 1590 Humility, 694-695; and televangelists, 1468 Humors theory, 57 Hunger, 695-698; and famine, 695-697; and lifeboat ethics, 858 Hunting, 63, 96, 342, 415, 450, 690, 1015-1016, 1255 Huntington's disease, 8, 571 Husayn, 698-699; and Yazid, 43 Hussein, Saddam, 382, 699-700, 770, 1453; and Kurds, 135; overthrow of, 770 Husserl, Edmund, 634, 1425 Hussites, 465 Hutcheson, Francis, 188, 706, 1359; on altruism, 47; on moral sense, 964 Hutu, 1228, 1302 Hydrogen bomb, 1054 Hypnosis, 700-701 Hypocrisy, 702-703; and self-righteousness, 1343 I I and Thou (Buber), 704-705 Ibn al-Arabī, 704 Ibn Gabirol, 705 Ibn Khaldūn, 706 Ibn Rushd. See Averroës Ibn Sīnā. See Avicenna Ideal observer, 706 Idealism, 707-709; and Zhu Xi, 1612 Identity and surrogate motherhood, 1443 Identity theft, 289, 709-711; and biometrics, 146; and telemarketing, 1465 Identity Theft Deterrence Act of 1998, 709, 711 Ideology, 712-713 Illinois Institute of Technology, 472 Illness, 713-715; vs. "disease," 714; and pessimism, 1119 ILO. See International Labor Office. See International Labour Organisation Imanishi-Kari, Thereza, 1319 ImClone, 1420 IMF. See International Monetary Fund Immigration, 715-717; and citizenship, 247; and Rorty, Richard, 1298; and slavery, 1381 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 715, 718 Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 718 Immorality and egoism, 425 Immortality, 113, 383, 718-719, 1132, 1134, 1457; Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de, on, 1519 Impartiality, 720 Imperativism, 824 Imperialism, 271-272, 1609; and developing world, 376; historical phases, 272; Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, on, 840-841; and racism, 1230, 1232; and realpolitik, 1246 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 720-723; and Brown, Louise, 722; and genetic testing, 574; and sperm banks, 1406-1407; and surrogate motherhood, 1440-1442 Incest, 9, 13, 346, 414, 514, 723-724; and infanticide, 228; and Islam, 775; and marriage, 969; and Rabbinic law, 1368; and taboos, 1447-1448 Income and tipping, 1487 Income distribution, 725-728; and minimum-wage laws, 949 Income levels and corporate compensation, 326-327 Incommensurability, 728-729 Incompatibilism. See Compatibilism Incontinence and will, 1578 Index librorum prohibitorum, 158, 203, 729-730 India; Asoka, 96; caste system, 199-200; child labor in, 220; civil disobedience, 248; famines, 696; Gandhi, Mohandas K., 558; independence movement, 249; Islam in, 792; Jainism in, 781; Poona Pact, 1154; Sikhism in, 1364-1366; Thuggees, 100 Individual sovereignty, 846-847 Individualism, 730-731, 1149; and Beauvoir, Simone de, 117; and communitarianism, 279; and egoism, 730; and professional ethics, 1200; and property, 1210 Industrial research, 732-733 Industrial Revolution, 1457; and business ethics, 181; and child labor legislation, 219; and children's rights, 231; and communism, 276; and free-market economy, 421; and imperialism, 272; and postmodernism, 1167; and progressivism, 1204 Inequality, 733-734; and free enterprise, 537; and socialism, 1391 Infanticide, 734-735; and birth defects, 153; among Eskimos, 670; and personhood, 6; and Singer, Peter, 1372 Infidelity. See Adultery Infomercials, 26, 736 Information access, 736-738; Freedom of Information Act, 548; and technology, 1462 Initiation rites, African, 34 Innocence, 1298-1299; childhood, 227; and war, 1570-1572 Innocent III, Pope, 654, 887-888 Inns of Court, English, 837. See also American Inns of Court Inquisition, 544, 933; and Galileo, 203; and Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 729; torture in, 1499 INS. See Immigration and Naturalization Service Insanity. See Mental illness Insanity plea, 100 Insecurity; and adultery, 22; and aggression, 582; and bigotry, 129; and group therapy, 611; and jealousy, 786; and social contract theory, 1385 Inside information, 739-740 Insider trading, 740-741; and advice columnists, 29; criminalization of, 1270; Stewart, Martha, 1420 Institute for Global Ethics, 1676 Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, 1676 Institute for World Order, 1101 Institute of International Law, 1665 Institutional review boards, 923-924, 927 Institutionalization of patients, 741-743 Insurance; medical, 919-921; unemployment, 403 Integral Nondualism, 1542 Integralism, Philosophy of, 1542 Integration, 743-745 Integrity, 746-747; and mentoring, 936 Intel Corporation v. Hamidi (2003), 428 Intellectual freedom; and Cynicism, 345-346 Intellectual property, 748-749, 1211; and computer technology, 294; and copyright, 324-325; and Internet piracy, 761-762; and musicians, 183 Intelligence and robotics, 1291 Intelligence testing, 749-750 Intent; and libel, 845; and motivation, 975-976 Intention, 750-751; and morality, 970 Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1676 International Arbitration Court, 1046 International Biometric Industry Association, 145 International Business Ethics Institute, 1676 International Campaign to Ban Landmines, 1668 International Council Against Bullfighting, 1607 International Court of Justice, 752, 754 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 751 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), 450 International Criminal Court, 232, 752-753, 1573; and genocide, 583 International Humanist and Ethical Union, 691 International justice, 753-755; International Criminal Court, 752; and vigilantism, 753 International Labor Office (ILO), 221 International Labour Organisation (ILO), 755, 1667, 1677; and slavery, 220, 1380 International Labour Organization (ILO) International law, 756-757; and developing world, 377; and entitlements, 450; and genocide, 839; and Grotius, Hugo, 610; International Criminal Court, 752; and justice, 753-754; and Lemkin, Raphael, 839; and mercenary soldiers, 938; and military ethics, 948; and Nussbaum, Martha, 1062-1063; and rights and obligations, 1287; and sanctions, 1309-1310; and sovereignty, 1403-1404 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 590, 758, 1172 International Nuclear Freeze Campaign, 1101 International Organization of Consumers Unions, 758-759 International Peace Bureau, 1046 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1667 International Red Cross, 578, 580, 687, 757, 759-760, 1046, 1677; and Geneva Conventions, 578; Nobel Peace Prize, 1665-1667 International relations; Cold War, 266-268; and deterrence, 374; and globalization, 590-591; and isolationism, 776; Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 776-779; and League of Nations, 833-835; and Monroe Doctrine, 951; and natural law, 610; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1050; and peace studies, 1100-1101; peacekeeping missions, 1102-1103 International Society for Bioethics (SIBI), 1522 International Society for the Protection of Animals, 1607 Internet, 1461; advertising, 27; and computer crime, 286-289; electronic mail, 427; and identity theft, 709-711; and Napster, 993-994; and plagiarism, 1126; pornography, 292; viruses, 93 Internet chat rooms, 760-761 Internet piracy, 761-763; and copyright, 324 Intersubjectivity, 763-764, 1271 Intervention, 765-766 Intrinsic good, 766 Intuitionism, 766-767, 772, 825, 1248, 1278; ethical, 368; Moore, G. E., on, 953 Invasion of privacy, 768 IRA. See Irish Republican Army Iran and capital punishment, 196 Iran-Iraq War, 770; chemical weapons, 215-216 "Irangate," 672, 1189, 1578 Iranian Revolution, 655, 792, 1277 Iraq, 768-770; biochemical weapons, 133; and Hussein, Saddam, 699-700; and Kurds, 687; U.S. intervention, 1525; U.S. invasion, 861; and United Nations, 1526 Iraq-Iran War. See Iran-Iraq War Iraq War and mercenary soldiers, 938 IRB. See Institutional review boards Ireland; Phoenix Park murders, 100; potato famine, 697 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 655 Irrationality, 1286, 1519; and akrasia, 601, 1579; Aristotle on, 85; and consistency, 318-319; and emotion, 1093-1096; and existentialism, 496, 498; and faith, 1327; and guilt and shame, 613; and morality, 1248; and racial prejudice, 1228-1229; and religion, 1248; and war, 1080; and weakness of will, 1579. See also Rationality Irvine, William, 1089 Is/ought distinction, 475, 600, 771-772, 825, 967, 1248 Isaiah, 361 Islam, 772-775; in Africa, 35-36; and asceticism, 95; and birth control, 150; and Būkhārī, al-, 178; and censorship, 204; and children's rights, 233; and environmental movement, 456; and ethical monotheism, 473; and Fārābī, al-, 520; Five Pillars, 95, 282, 773-774, 979, 1226, 1560; Hadīth, 616; and holy war, 655-657; and homosexuality, 666; and Hussein, Saddam, 699; in Iraq, 769; and Jews, 70; and jihad, 791; and Kindī, al-, 813; and Muhammad, 979; Nation of Islam, 996-997; and the Qurān, 1226-1227; Shīa, 1361; Shiites, 769-770; Sufism, 1427; and suicide, 1429; and Sunnīs, 769-770, 1434; and usury, 774; and virtue, 1560. See also Muslims Islamic Jihad, 778 Islamic law; Abū Hanīfah, 12; sharīa, 1360 Islamicism, 282 Isolationism, 776; and Monroe Doctrine, 951; and neutrality, 776 Israel; and counterterrorism, 1477; creation of, 71; and holy war, 655-656; and Muslims, 792; and Zionism, 1614 Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 776-779 Ivey, William J., 91 J Jackson, Andrew, 81, 1015; sexual improprieties of, 257 Jackson, Jesse, 780-781; and censorship, 1398; and Farrakhan, Louis, 521, 780; on reparations, 77 Jackson, Michael, 998 Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964), 206, 1158 Jacobi, Friedrich, 1041 Jagger, Alison, 526 Jainism, 781-782, 809, 1047, 1365; and ahimsā, 42, 782; and ecology, 503; and golden rule, 597; and Hindu caste, 199; and karma, 809; and nirvana, 1042; and nonviolence, 781; origins, 781; and pacifism, 1079; and Vardhamāna, 1541; and vegetarianism, 782 James, William, 782-783, 1104; and conversion experiences, 324; and Dewey, John, 683; on emotions, 1094; on God, 487; and Perry, Ralph Barton, 1112; on pluralism, 1138; on pragmatism, 1177; and Royce, Josiah, 1300; on truth, 1512 Jansen, Cornelius, 1091 Jansenism, 1091-1092 Janus, Cynthia L., 1207 Janus, Sam, 1207 Japan; atom bomb attack on, 641-645; biochemical weapons, 135; Buddhism in, 401; bushido code, 179-180; feudalism in, 180; Shintoism in, 1361-1362; Tokugawa era, 180; in World War II, 783 Japanese American internment, 295-296, 783-785, 1004; and loyalty, 872; reparations, 1260 Jaspers, Karl, 270; and Arendt, Hannah, 82 Jay, John, 1404 JCT Center for Business Ethics & Social Responsibility, 1677 Jealousy, 785-787; sexual, 786. See also Envy Jefferson, Thomas, 787, 1025-1026, 1328; on church and state, 1360; on church-state separation, 244; on families, 514; on isolationism, 776; sexual improprieties of, 257 Jefferson Airplane, 1398 Jeffries, Leonard, 1275 Jehovah's Witnesses, 242, 647; and loyalty oaths, 873 Jen. See Ren Jerusalem, 792; and United Nations, 777; Western Wall, 790 Jesuits, 42, 99, 229, 1092 Jesus Christ, 156, 282, 787-789, 1432, 1467-1468, 1473; absolutization of, 1487; and asceticism, 95; Calvin, John, on, 189; and charity, 211, 907; and Christian ethics, 241-242; and communism, 276; and compassion, 284; and Confessing Church, 156-157; and conscientious objection, 313; crucifixion of, 939, 1259; on God, 594; and Ku Klux Klan, 820; on loyalty, 871; and Luther, Martin, 876; and Mani, 896; as the Messiah, 943, 972; pacifism of, 1079-1080; and Satan, 489; Sermon on the Mount, 241-242, 558, 1079; and sin, 1368-1369; and situational ethics, 1373; on work, 1603 Jews; and frustration-aggression theory of genocide, 582; in Iraq, 769; nationalism of, 1005; and Nazi Germany, 1027-1032; and pogroms, 1138; and professions, 30; and racial prejudice, 1229; reparations for Holocaust, 1260; and Zionism, 1614. See also Holocaust; Judaism Jihad, 775, 791-792; and holy war, 655-656 "Jim Crow," 1261; vs. affirmative action, 30; and Civil Rights Act of 1964, 250; and Civil Rights movement, 253; laws, 391, 1232, 1576 Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 1154 Job, Book of, 629-630, 968, 1517 Jodl, Alfred, 1061 "Joe Camel," 184-185 John, King (England), 412, 544-545, 887-888 John of Salisbury, 98 John of the Cross, Saint, 988 John Paul II, Pope, 1605 Johns Manville, 439 Johnson, James Weldon, 1000 Johnson, Lyndon B., 1307, 1330; and civil rights, 250; and equality, 467; and Freedom of Information Act, 1222; and Vietnam War, 1551; War on Poverty, 672, 1584 Johnson, Virginia E., 1345 Jordan, Winthrop, 1230 Josephson Institute of Ethics, 1677 Jouhaux, Léon, 1666 Journalism, 794-795; and Accuracy in Media, 17; and electronic surveillance, 429; and entrapment, 792-794; and Kevorkian, Jack, 811; media ownership, 910-911; photojournalism, 1122-1123; and professional ethics, 739, 1202 Joyce, James, 159 Joyce, William, 1507 Judaism, 282, 789-791; and asceticism, 95; and Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda, 116; and casuistry, 202; and environmental movement, 456; and ethical monotheism, 473; and forgiveness, 529; and free will, 601; and God, 789-791; and golden rule, 597; and gossip, 603; and Hasidism, 622; Hebrew Bible, 628-629; and homosexuality, 666; and Kabbala, 803; Levinas, Emmanuel, 845; and Maimonides, Moses, 889; on mercy, 938; and morality, 968; and mysticism, 803; patriarchalism in, 901; and suicide, 1429; Talmud, 1449-1452; Torah, 1496-1497; and violence, 1258; and work, 1602; and Zoroastrianism, 1617. See also Jews Judges and adversary system, 23 Judicial activism, 1438 Judicial conduct code, 796 Judicial review, 1436 Julian, Percy, 1000 Julius Caesar, 98-99 Jung, Carl, 796-797, 930 Junzi, 305 Jurassic Park, 1318 Jurisprudence, 797-798; and law, 829-830 Jury system, 799 Just war theory, 800, 1474, 1476, 1550, 1554, 1568-1569, 1572; ethical questions, 1569; Grotius, Hugo, on, 610; and Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, 641; and limited war, 860; and peacekeeping missions, 1104; and terrorism, 1474, 1476; and Vietnam War, 1550-1551 Justice, 801-802; and fairness, 507-508; and health care, 916; and inequality, 733; and mercy, 940; and merit, 940-941; and reconciliation, 1249; and Republic (Plato), 1262-1263; South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 1401-1402; theories of, 1479; and welfare rights, 1583-1584 Justinian I, 321, 618, 1021; and divorce, 398 K Kabbala, 803; and the occult, 803; and tzaddik, 1517 Kagame, Paul, 1304 Kalī, 100 Kalish, Richard, 38 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 1061 Kamikaze suicide pilots, 655, 1362 Kannon, 112 Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1850, 861 Kant, Immanuel, 291, 804-806; on autonomy, 111; on capital punishment, 194-195; on the categorical imperative, 475, 598, 671, 673, 959, 1208; on cruelty to animals, 343; on deontology, 368; on emotion, 284; on the Enlightenment, 1163; on evil, 1587; on formalism, 600; Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, 532; and Freud, Sigmund, 551; on golden rule, 318-319; on the good, 600; on honesty, 671, 673; on idealism, 707; on immortality of the soul, 718; on infanticide, 735; on is/ought distinction, 771; on lying, 878; Marx, Karl, on, 904; on moral law, 1459; on moral luck, 875; on morality, 967; on motivism, 1425; on nature, 966; on practical reason, 1177; on prudence, 1214; on retribution, 337; on right and wrong, 1281; on self-respect, 1341; on social justice, 1390; and transcendentalism, 1505; on universalism, 1252; on universalizability, 1530; on war, 1080; on will, 1592; on work, 1603 Kantian ethics, 806-808; and Cohen, Hermann, 807; and Habermas, Jürgen, 807; and Rawls, John, 807; and supererogation, 1435; and war, 1570 Karen Finley et al. v. National Endowment for the Arts and John Frohnmayer (1992), 207 Karma, 154, 282, 808-809; and Buddha, 175; and Buddhism, 809; and caste, 200; and death, 808; in Hinduism, 808-809; and Jainism, 809 Kasparov, Garry, 1291 Kassim, Abdul Karim, 770 Kautsky, Karl, 256 Keating, Charles H., Jr., 307 Keitel, Wilhelm, 1061 Kekes, John, 1137 Keller, Helen, 810 Kellogg, Frank B., 1666 Kelly, Marjorie, 1171 Kemal, Mustafa. See Atatürk Kennan, George, 1031, 1189 Kennedy Institute of Ethics, 915, 1677 Kennedy, John F.; and the arts, 88; assassination of, 99, 250, 521; and civil rights, 486; and Peace Corps, 1099-1100; Pulitzer Prize, 672; and unions, 496 Kennedy, Robert F., 999 Kepler, Johann, 1408, 1479 Kerner Commission, 254 Kesey, Ken, 431 Kevorkian, Jack, 810-811 Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967), 874 Khadīja, 12, 43, 523, 979 Khmer Rouge, 583, 1527 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 160, 204 Khrushchev, Nikita, 268 Kidd, Benjamin, 493 Kierkegaard, Sřren, 280, 811-813, 1519, 1537; on altruism, 47; on desire, 870; Either/Or, 426, 812; and existentialism, 497-498; on Hegel, G. W. F., 497; on sin, 1370-1371; on truth, 1425 Kim Dae-jung, 1668 Kim Il Sung, 382 Kindī, al-, 813 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 814-815, 999; assassination of, 391; and Civil Rights movement, 1035; and Civil Rights movement, 253-254; and Gandhi, Mohandas K., 558; and Jackson, Jesse, 780; "Letter from Birmingham Jail," 629, 814, 1019; memorial to, 801; and Montgomery bus boycott, 250; Nobel Peace Prize, 1667; and nonviolence, 1047, 1234, 1331, 1554-1555; plagiarism charges against, 1126 King, Rodney, 58, 799, 1141 King, T. J., 259 Kissinger, Henry, 675, 1045, 1667 Klaas, Polly, 1485 Knights Hospitaliers, 654 Knights of Labor, 52, 816 Knights Templars, 654 Knowledge and existentialism, 498 Kohlberg, Lawrence, 680, 816; and feminism, 526; on moral reason, 954 Kongfuzi. See Confucius Kongzi. See Confucius Koran. See Qurān Korean War, 1551; biochemical weapons, 135 Korematsu v. United States (1943), 1004 Kosovo, 164, 296, 817-818; refugees, 1252 Krause, Karl Christian Friederich, 1085 Kreuger, Ivar, 330 Kristeva, Julia, 359 Kropotkin, Peter, 56 Krsna, 127-128, 200, 636 Krupp, Gustav, 1061 Ku Klux Klan, 128, 819-820, 1229, 1231, 1233; and ACLU, 51; and lynching, 880; and Pan-Africanism, 1083 Kuan Yin, 112. See Avalokitesvara Kudadjie, J. N., 35 Kuhlman, Kathryn, 510 Kuhn, Maggie, 605 Kuhn, Thomas, 1594 Kūkai, 821 K'ung Fu Tzu. See Confucius K'ung Tzu. See Confucius Kurds, 216, 699, 768-770; and Iraq, 687, 769; republic of, 770 Kurtz, Paul, 102 Kutak, Robert J., 262 Kuwait, 699, 768; Iraqi invasion, 770 Kwakiutl people, 581 Kwashiorkor, 697 Kyoto Protocols, 1459 L Labor; children, 219-220, 227; and downsizing, 403; and equal pay for equal work, 462 Labor relations and ethical codes, 471 Labor unions; American Federation of Labor (AFL), 52; Knights of Labor, 816; and medical insurance, 920; and National Labor Relations Act, 1001; National Labor Union, 1002; and prostitutes, 1212 Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947, 822 Lacan, Jacques, 359 Laden, Osama bin, 657, 775 Lafontaine, Henri, 1665 Lagarde, Paul de, 1030 LaHay, Beverly, 159 Lamas, Carlos Saavedra, 1666 Land mines, 822-823, 1251; and Human Rights Watch, 689; and Nobel Peace Prize, 1046 Landers, Ann, 28 Lange, Christian Lous, 1665 Lange, Carl, 1094 Langer, Lawrence, 240 Language, 823-825; and emotivism, 436-437; and intersubjectivity, 763-764; and is/ought distinction, 771; and Native Americans, 1013; and political correctness, 1142-1143; and prescriptivism, 1181; Socrates on, 1395 Language, Truth, and Logic (Ayer), 113, 379, 437, 505 Lao Tzu. See Laozi Lao-tan. See Laozi Laozi, 352-353, 825-826; and Mani, 896; and Zhuangzi, 1613 Lappé, Frances Moore, 1544 Larson, Bob, 1398 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 1012 Lasch, Christopher, 604 Laughlin, Harry Hamilton, 1418 Laval, Pierre, 1507 Law, 827-830; and abortion, 4; and accountability, 16; and adultery, 22; adversary system, 23; and cheating, 212; and deterrence, 374; erroneous convictions, 469; vs. ethics, 827; and "everyone does it" justifications, 486; and Hart, H. L. A., 620-621; and hate crimes, 624; and jurisprudence, 797-798, 829-830; and jury system, 799; and legal positivism, 620; and logic, 889; and morality, 969-971; on responsibility, 1264; and rights and obligations, 1287; three-strikes laws, 1485 Law enforcement; and arrest records, 86; and fingerprinting, 145; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1437 Lawal, Amina, 1360 Lawrence v. Texas (2003), 562 Lawyer for the situation, 831 Lay, Benjamin, 1 Lay, Kenneth, 1421 Lazarus, Arnold, 1095 Laziness, 831-832, 1286, 1342 Le Duc Tho, 1045, 1667 Leadership, 832-833; Machiavelli, Niccolň, on, 883-884 League of Red Cross Societies, 1667 League of Nations, 685, 833-835; Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1528; and genocide, 839; and Iraq, 769; and slavery, 1380 League of Women Voters, 836, 1678 Learning theory and aggression, 39 Left, the; and accountability, 16; and political correctness, 1142 Legal ethics, 837-838; and professional ethics, 1201 Legal positivism; and Hart, H. L. A., 620-621 Legalism, Chinese, 381, 826, 1223, 1613 Legion of Decency, 205 Lehrfreiheit, 15 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 838-839, 1320; on truth, 1511; on will, 1591 Lemkin, Raphael, 583, 839 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 324, 358, 839-843; on assassination, 100; on capitalism, 272; on class struggle, 256; dictatorship, 1149, 1173; labor camps, 614; and Marxism, 277, 1277; and party discipline, 1410; and Stalin, Joseph, 1410; on violence, 1556 Leo IV, Pope, 654 Leo IX, Pope, 654 Leo X, Pope, 14 Leo XIII, Pope, 1433 Leohardi, Hermann von, 1085 Leonard, Stephen T., 339 Leopold, Aldo, 361, 503, 843-844 Leprosy, 1607 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 70, 1495 Leviathan (Hobbes), 381, 505, 538, 646, 801, 844, 1174, 1221, 1413, 1553; on self-interest, 1334 Levinas, Emmanuel, 845, 1076; and Derrida, Jacques, 369-370 Leviticus, 629 Lewinsky, Monica, 257-258 Lewis, C. S., 343, 490, 553, 1561 Lewis, Hunter, 959 Lewy, Guenter, 1552 Ley, Robert, 1061 Li, 304, 306, 928, 1568, 1610, 1612 Li chi. See Li Ji Li ji (Xunzi), 1610 Liability and product safety, 1192-1195 Libel, 203, 546, 845-846; and Roman law, 544; vs. slander, 845; Supreme Court, U.S., on, 1035 Liberalism, 846-847; classical, 316-317, 848, 1149, 1516; and communitarianism, 280; and democracy, 366; and libertarianism, 847; and neoconservatism, 316; and Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 1516 Liberation theology and violence, 1555 Liberator, 2 Libertarianism, 847-848; and consent, 315; and conservatism, 316; and corporate compensation, 327; and determinism, 373; and drug testing, 410; and health care allocation, 627; and incompatibilism, 373; and morality, 970; and taxes, 1453 Liberty. See Freedom Libraries and computer misuse, 292 Library Bill of Rights, 849 Libya, 998; and terrorism, 893 Lieberman, Joseph, 1399 Life, 849-857; and abortion, 6; and death, 854-857; defined, 734, 854-856, 1416; meaning of, 849-853 Life expectancy; in developing nations, 1171; and genetic engineering, 571; and race, 513 Lifeboat ethics, 385, 858, 1612 Lifestyles, 859-860 Limbaugh, Rush, 1446 Limited war, 860-861 Lincoln, Abraham, 861-862, 1379; and Emancipation Proclamation, 2, 434-435, 862; egoism of, 1279 Linnaeus, Carolus, 418 Linzey, Andrew, 343 Lipit-Ishtar, Code of, 617, 660 Literature; and ethics, 995; and moral philosophy, 995 Literocracy, 303-304 Litigation; and arbitration, 82; and ethical codes, 472; and personal injury lawyers, 1113 Little Rock, Arkansas, desegregation crisis, 171, 253 Lobbying, 862-863; American Association of Retired Persons, 50; Human Rights Watch, 689; Nader, Ralph, 990; and National Endowment for the Arts, 89 Lobotomy, 863-865; and mental illness, 933 Locke, John, 448, 865-866, 1018, 1507, 1513; on consent, 315; on cruelty, 342; and Declaration of Independence, 357; on egalitarianism, 423; epistomology of, 964; on human rights, 684; on individualism, 730; on infanticide, 735; and libertarianism, 848; on nature, 966; and Nussbaum, Martha, 1062; on parenting, 1089; on property, 421; and Shaftesbury, third earl of, 1359; on social contract theory, 1386; on state of nature, 1414; Two Treatises of Government, 1516; on violence, 1474; on work, 1604 Logic, 1247-1248, 1513; and Abelard, Peter, 1; Berdyayev, Nikolay, on, 124; Cartesian, 1512; and collective action, 1087; and deconstruction, 359; and existentialism, 497; and al-Ghazālī, 587-588; and Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 632; and law, 889; logical positivism, 113; and morality, 971; and "slippery-slope" arguments, 1383; and Zen Buddhism, 402 Logical positivism, 113, 475, 824; and Ayer, A. J., 114; and emotivism, 437 Lollards, 465 Lombroso, Cesare, 1547 "Lord Haw-Haw," 1507 Lorenz, Konrad; on aggression, 39, 1553; on ethology, 493 Lotteries, 867-869 "Louie Louie," 1397 Louis XIV, 952, 1092 Love, 869-870; and Christian ethics, 241, 243; and family values, 517; and golden rule, 598; Jesus Christ on, 788; King, Martin Luther, Jr., on, 814; and patriotism, 1099 Love Bug worm, 289 Love Canal, 1502 Lovejoy, Arthur O., 15 Lovelock, James, 558 Loyalty, 871-872; and conscientious objection, 313; and piety, 871; and treason, 1506-1507; and whistleblowing, 1585 Loyalty oaths, 872-874; and art, 89 Luck, 874; and gambling, 867-868; and inequality, 734; and karma, 808; moral, 955-956, 971, 1034 Lucretius, 691 "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," 1397 Ludacris, 993 Lust, 875; Jesus Christ on, 241, 788 Luther, Martin, 876-877, 1533; and Augustine, Saint, 108; censorship of, 203; on divorce, 398; on duty, 1435; on equality, 465; on tyrants, 99 Lutheranism, 156 Lutuli, Albert, 1046; Nobel Peace Prize, 1666 Lying, 213, 877-878; and perjury, 1110 Lynch, William, 879 Lynch v. Donnelly (1984), 244 Lynching, 188, 879-881, 1233; legislation against, 254; and racial prejudice, 1229 Lysenko, T. D., 1320 M MacBride, Seán, 1667 McCarthy, John, 1289 McCarthy, Joseph R., 882; and academic freedom, 15 McCorvey, Norma ("Jane Roe"), 1293 MacDonald, Ramsay, 1154 McDonald's Restaurants, 184 McDowell, John, 961 McGinnis, James, 1102 McGinnis, Kathleen, 1102 Machiavelli, Niccolň, 883-885, 1008, 1174, 1507; on cruelty, 340; on dirty hands, 386; on nationalism, 1007; Prince, The, 340, 386, 883-884, 1174; on private vs. public morality, 1189 Machines and postmodernism, 1167 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 279-280, 495, 885-886, 1256 Mackie, John, 1252 McKinley, William, 56, 100, 1576 MacKinnon, Catharine, 160, 1160-1161, 1243 McLaurin v. Oklahoma (1950), 1330 Maclean, Donald, 1507 McNamara, Robert, 1307 McNaughtan, Daniel, 100 McVeigh, Timothy, 1474 Mādhyamaka, 886-887 Madison, James; and Bill of Rights, 130; on conscientious objection, 313; on sovereignty, 1404 "Mafiaboy," 289 Magna Carta, 544-545, 887-888; and due process, 412; on loyalty, 872 Magna Moralia (Aristotle?), 83 Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act of 1975, 1574 Mahāvīra. See Vardhamāna Mahābāhrata, 127 Mahāyāna Buddhism, 154, 176-178, 809, 991, 1043, 1611; and Nāgārjuna, 991; and Shinran, 1361 Mahvra. See Vardhamāna Maier, Hans, 652 Mail, electronic, 427 Maimonides, Moses, 48, 791, 889-890, 1496-1497 Malaria, 1607 Malatesta, Enrico, 56 Malcolm X, 521, 890-891, 996; on violence, 1555 Malcolm, Janet, 795 Male bonding, 1115 Malebranche, Nicholas, 1591 Malpractice, legal, 106 Malthus, Thomas, 41, 419, 492, 555, 659, 891-892; and birth control, 150; on population control, 555 Mandela, Nelson, 76, 892-894, 1401; Nobel Peace Prize, 1046, 1668 Mandeville, Bernard, on altruism, 47 Manhattan Project, 104, 894-895, 1320 Mani, 895-896 Manichaeanism, 489, 895-896 Manifest destiny, 897 Manson, Marilyn, 1399-1400 Manu, Code of, 200, 666 Mao Zedong, 382, 1173; and famine, 520; mass murders of, 583 Mapplethorpe, Robert, 89, 897 Marbury v. Madison (1803), 1439 Marcel, Gabriel, 497 Marcus Aurelius, 898 Marcuse, Herbert, 339, 1458, 1605 Margolin, Gayla, 515 Margulis, Lynn, 558 Mariana, Juan de, 99 Marijuana, 408-409 Marital rape, 1243 Marketing, 898-900; and consumerism, 323; sales ethics, 1305; telemarketing, 1464 Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, 1459, 1678 Marlowe, Christopher, 99 Marriage, 900-902, 1115, 1117; and adultery, 22, 1355, 1473; African, 34-35; and apartheid, 74; Aristotle on, 1114; and birth control, 609-610, 720; and divorce, 397-400; and family, 511-513; and feminism, 1115; gay, 665; and group therapy, 612; and Hammurabi's code, 618; and homosexuality, 561-562; and incest, 724, 969; interracial, 744, 997, 1233; and jealousy, 786; Jesus Christ on, 789; in Jewish tradition, 875; and personal relationships, 1114; Plato on, 514, 1114; and population control, 150; and premarital sex, 1179; and rights and obligations, 1287; and romance, 1115; and surrogate motherhood, 1441-1442 Marshall, George C., 882, 902; Nobel Peace Prize, 1666 Marshall, John, 130, 1456 Marshall, Thurgood, 170, 999 Marshall Plan, 902; and the Cold War, 268 Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, 1420 Martin, Judith, 481 Martin, Michael W., 122 Marty, Martin E., 280 Marx, Karl, 903-904; on alienation, 44-45; on capitalism, 712, 1604; censorship of, 203; on class confict and morality, 968; on class struggle, 255-256; on communism, 276-277; Communist Manifesto, The, 277-278; and critical theory, 339; on distributive justice, 392; on free markets, 421-422; on gratitude, 604; and Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1120; on human nature, 680; ideology of, 712, 1147-1148, 1584; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1554; and Lenin, V. I., 840; and Marxism, 905; on morality, 968; on power, 1174; on socialism, 1391-1392; on violence, 1556; on work, 1604 Marxism, 905-906, 1147-1148; and feminism, 1597; and Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 841; and Marx, Karl, 903-904; and military ethics, 947; and violence, 1556; and work, 1604 Mary, Virgin, 91, 523, 1228 "Mary Ellen," 218 Maslow, Abraham, 680 Mass murder and genocide, 583 Massachusetts Music Industry Coalition, 1400 Masters, William H., 1345 Materialism; and advertising, 24; and realpolitik, 1246 Mather, Cotton, 923 Mather, Stephen, 1003 Mathers, Marshall, III (Eminem), 1399-1400 Mattachine Society, 665 Matza, David, 486 Mauritania; slavery, 1379 Maurya Dynasty, 96 Maximal vs. minimal ethics, 906-908 Maxims; Kant, Immanuel, on, 805 May, Larry, 270 May, Mark, 209 Mbiti, John S., 33 Mead, George Herbert, 1177 Mean/ends distinction, 908-909 Meaninglessness, 11 Mecca, 12, 178; and the hajj, 178, 282, 774, 1560; Kaba, 282; and Muhammad, 979, 1226; and prayer, 773 Mecklin, John M., 15 Medawar, Peter, 1072 Médecins Sans Frontičres, 1668 Media ethics; and news sources, 1035-1036; photojournalism, 1122-1123 Media Institute, 1678 Media ownership, 910-912 Medicaid, 726, 728, 920; and smoking-related illnesses, 1490 Medical bills of rights, 912-914 Medical ethics, 81, 914-918; abortion, 3-9; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 19-21; advertising, 27; and Amnesty International, 55; behavior therapy, 118; brain death, 166-167; and confidentiality, 297; diagnosis, 380; electroshock therapy, 430-431; genetic testing, 572-574; Hippocrates, 638-639; and informed consent, 139; lobotomy, 863-864; medical bills of rights, 912-913; and medical insurance, 919-921; and pain, 1081; and physician-patient relationship, 1124-1125; Principles of Medical Ethics, 1183; and professional ethics, 1201; and Razi, al-, 1244; and therapist-patient relationship, 1480-1481 Medical insurance, 919-921; and biometrics, 146; and employee safety, 439; and genetic profiling, 147; and genetic testing, 573 Medical research, 914-915, 917, 922-927; and abortion, 8; and biochemical weapons, 136; and children, 222; ethical norms, 924-925; and National Commission for Protection of Human Subjects of Research, 1000; and Nazi science, 1029; and Nuremberg Code, 915; stem cells, 1415-1417; and vivisection, 60 Medicare, 50, 726, 728, 920; and smoking-related illnesses, 1490 Medicare Act of 1965, 38, 467 Medici, Lorenzo de, 883-884, 1174 Medina, 12, 178; and Muhammad, 43, 979 Meditation and Buddhism, 155 Meier, Asher, 761 Meiklejohn, Alexander, 204, 545 Melanchthon, Philipp, 99, 1435 Melissa virus, 289 Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966), 206 Menard v. Mitchell (1971), 737 Menchú, Rigoberta, 1668 Mencius, 303-304, 928-929, 1610; and Zhu Xi, 1612 Mendel, Gregor Johann, 570, 1388 Mendelssohn, Moses, 1495 Menedemus, 345 Mengzi. See Mencius Menippus of Gadara, 345 Menninger, Karl, 1371 Men's movement, 929-931 Mental illness, 931-935; and rights of accused, 19; and electroshock therapy, 430; Foucault, Michel, on, 531; and institutionalization of patients, 741-742; and lobotomy, 863-864; and psychopharmacology, 1219-1220 Mentoring, 936-937; and American Inns of Court, 53 Mercenary soldiers, 937-938 Merchant, Carolyn, 417 Mercy, 938-940; and justice, 940; and reason, 940; and reconciliation, 1249 Merit, 940-942 Merton, Robert, 732 Mesmer, Franz Anton, 700 Mesopotamia, 617-618, 792, 1367, 1376; and Mongols, 1324 Messianism, 942-943, 1452; and Hitler, Adolf, 645; and Jesus Christ, 972; and Kabbalism, 804; and nationalism, 1006, 1008; and Washington, Booker T., 1577 Metaethics, 264, 461, 474, 824, 943-944, 1460; and applied ethics, 943; and Derrida, Jacques, 369 Metaphysics; and absolutism, 10; and accountability, 16; and alienation, 44; and Derrida, Jacques, 369; and Descartes, René, 370; and Kant, Immanuel, 532; and responsibility, 1264-1266 Metaphysics of Morals, The (Kant), 804-805 Metrocles of Maronea,, 345 Mexico, 1013; Aztec culture, 1258; prostitutes in, 1212; suffrage in, 1427; and United States, 715, 820, 897 Middle East; Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 776-779; Suez Crisis, 1103 Miescher, Friedrich, 570 Milgram, Stanley, 945 Milgram experiment, 945-946 Military conscription and Equal Rights Amendment, 463 Military ethics, 946-947; and Art of War, The (Sunzi), 92; biochemical weapons, 132-136; chemical weapons, 214-216; and chivalry, 237; and homosexuals, 407, 562; homeland defense, 657; and intervention, 765; just war theory, 800; limited war, 860; peacekeeping missions, 1102-1103; scorched-earth policies, 1323-1324; and unconditional surrender, 1520-1521; and veterans' rights, 1545; weapons research, 1579-1580 Milken, Michael, 741 Mill, John Stuart, 948-949; and Bentham, Jeremy, 948; on coercion, 828; on free speech, 545; on harm, 620; on hedonism, 631, 681; on impartiality, 720; on liberalism, 846; and naturalistic fallacy, 1024; On Liberty, 1067-1068; on parenting, 1089; on paternalism, 1098; on pride, 1182; on privacy, 1187; on punishment, 195; on tolerance, 1495 Miller, Arthur, 203, 1504 Miller, Neal, 582 Miller, Tim, 90 Miller v. California (1973), 206, 1159, 1161 Milliken v. Bradley (1974), 744 Miloević, Slobodan, 164, 818; and Kosovo, 817 Milton, John, on censorship, 545 Minarchism, 848 Minimum-wage laws, 122, 506, 949, 1181; and tipping, 1488 Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 950-951, 1437 Mises, Ludwig von, 848 Mishima, Yukio, 180 Mishnah, 789, 889, 1449-1452 "Miss Manners," 481 "Mississippi appendectomies," 1418 Miyamoto Musashi, 180 Mo Ti. See Mozi Mo Tzu. See Mozi Model Code of Judicial Conduct, 796 Model Code of Professional Responsibility, 107 Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 107, 262, 831, 837-838 Modernism and postmodernism, 1167 Mogul Empire, 42 Mohammedanism. See Islam Mohism, 928, 977-978, 1613 Mohr, Richard, 561 Molina, Luis de, 1092 Moltmann, Jürgen, 1605 Monarchism, 1210 Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro, 1665 Monimus of Syracuse, 345 Monism; and pluralism, 1137; and Vedānta, 1541-1542 Monmouth, Duke of, 1507 Monopoly, 727, 748, 951 Monotheism, 69, 282, 628; ethical, 473; and God, 69; and Islam, 979; and Moses, 972; and sin, 1367 Monroe, James, 897 Monroe Doctrine, 951-952 Montagnier, Luc, 1320 Montaigne, Michel de, 340, 383, 1332; tolerance of, 1495 Montesquieu, 952-953; and anti-Semitism, 70; on honor, 674 Montgomery bus boycott, 249, 252-253, 1064, 1234, 1554 Montreal Protocols, 1459; and CFCs, 1461 Moore, G. E., 101, 265, 772, 953, 1248, 1272, 1466-1467; on is/ought distinction, 772; and naturalistic fallacy, 475, 600, 619, 631, 766, 824, 944, 961, 1024, 1049, 1248, 1536-1537; and nonnaturalism, 1112; on truth, 1512, 1514; on utilitarianism, 1532 Moorish Science Temple, 996 Moral agents, 282, 368; and absolutism, 10; and altruism, 1066; and autonomy, 111, 1385; and duty, 413; and equality, 464; and feminism, 526, 1597-1598; and good action, 600; and humanism, 691; and Kantian ethics, 806-807, 1425; Locke, John, on, 1516; and Mencius, 928; and moral law, 1483; and moral realism, 961; and responsibility, 1264; and sentience, 1343; and will, 1590 Moral development, 84, 960, 1089; Dewey, John, on, 377; and family values, 517; Kohlberg, Lawrence, on, 680, 816; and relationships, 1116; and self-control, 1332 Moral discourse, 279, 943, 1332; conventions of, 396; and emotivism, 436-437; and metaethics, 943 Moral education, 619, 953-955, 964, 1610; and Aristotelian ethics, 83-84; and punishment, 338 Moral equivalence, 955 Moral imperatives, 957-960 Moral luck, 874, 955-957 "Moral majority," 205 Moral philosophy and literature, 995 Moral principles, 957-960 Moral realism, 961-962 Moral relativism; and diversity, 395; and pluralism, 1137 Moral responsibility, 962-963 Moral rules, 957-960 Moral-sense theories, 964-965 Moral Treatment Revolution, 933 Morality, 967-971; and abortion, 4, 1294; and accountability, 16; African, 31, 33, 35; altruism, 46-49; and art, 87; Augustine, Saint, on, 108; and autonomy, 110-111; and Buddha, 175; and Buddhism, 155; and casuistry, 201; and character, 209; and choiceless choices, 240; and conscience, 969; and consequentialism, 315; and corruption, 331; and cruelty, 340-341; Dewey, John, on, 378; and divine command theory, 395-396; and duty, 413-414; vs. ethics, 479; and existentialism, 496, 498-499; and freedom, 540; and globalization, 592; and God, 593-594; and the good, 598-601; and Hinduism, 636; Hobbes, Thomas, on, 646; and intentionality, 970; and intervention, 765; and irrationality, 1248; and Islam, 775; and law, 828, 969-971; and logic, 971; and luck, 874; Marx, Karl, on, 904; and metaethics, 943-944; moral equivalence, 955; and mysticism, 986; and Nietzsche, Friedrich, 127; and nihilism, 886; and objectivism, 1249; and permissible acts, 1111; private vs. public, 1188-1189; and punishment, 1223; and rationality, 1248; and realpolitik, 1246; and reason, 551, 707, 960, 969, 1121, 1278; and universalizability, 1530; and will, 1590 More, Thomas, 78; Utopia, 1533-1534 Moreno, Jacob, 611 Morgan, Lewis H., 493 Mortgages, 1250 Mosaic law and adultery, 22 Moses, 618, 871, 875, 939, 958, 971-973, 1226, 1450, 1472, 1496-1497; and God, 594; and Ten Commandments, 629 Moses ben Maimon. See Maimonides, Moses Moslems. See Islam; Muslims Moss, Pamela A., 1180 Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), 973 Motion picture ratings systems, 973-975 Motivation, 975-977 Mott, John R., 1666 Mott, Lucretia, 1426 Motze. See Mozi Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 426, 962 Mozi, 928, 977-978 MPPDA. See Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America Muawiyya, 43, 1361 Muhammad, 772, 979; and Abū Bakr, 12; and Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 43; on asceticism, 95; and environmental movement, 456; and Hadīth, 616; and the Qurān, 1226-1227; successor of, 12; and virtue, 1560; and women's rights, 775 Muhammad, Elijah, 521, 996 Muhammad, Warith Deen, 996 Muir, John, 980-981, 1364 Müller, Max, 1012 Multiculturalism, 394, 981-982; and communitarianism, 280; and diversity, 394; and ecofeminism, 417; and immigration, 716; and political correctness, 1142 Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, 1109-1110 Multinational corporations, 983-984 Mumford, Lewis, 1458 Münzer, Thomas, 276 Muravyov, Mikhail Nikolayevich, 579 Murder, 375, 660, 670, 969-971, 1368, 1370, 1497; and abortion, 4, 1204-1205, 1284-1285, 1495; assassination, 96-99; Augustine, Saint, on, 1554; and birth control, 150; and capital punishment, 193-196; and corruption, 331; and deterrence, 195-196; and egoism, 425; and "ethnic cleansing," 479-480; and Hammurabi's code, 618; and the Holocaust, 647-652; Jesus Christ on, 788; and lynching, 879-881; and pogroms, 1139; and Ten Commandments, 1473; and utilitarianism, 1532 Murdoch, Iris, 1601 Murdoch, Rupert, 911 Muslims; in Bosnia, 163-164; in Palestine, 776; and slavery, 1376. See also Islam Mussolini, Benito, 135, 522, 835, 1009, 1148-1149 Mutually assured destruction, 985 My Lai massacre, 1064, 1552 Myanmar civil war, 223, 1571 Myers, David, 37 Myrdal, Alva, 1667 Mysticism, 985-989; and Christian ethics, 242; and Ghazālī, al-, 587; and Hallāj, al-, 616; and Hasidism, 622; and Judaism, 803; and the occult, 985; and sufism, 587, 1427; and Upanisads, 986, 988; and Vedānta, 1541-1542 N NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Nader, Ralph, 323, 456, 990-991; and Green Party, 607; on World Trade Organization, 1608 Naess, Arne, 361 NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Area Nāgārjuna, 886, 991 Nagasaki bombing, 105, 405, 584, 641-643, 1320, 1324 Nagel, Thomas, 992-993 Nānak, 992; and Sikhism, 1364 Nandi people, 33 Nansen International Office for Refugees, 1666 Nansen, Fridtjof, 1665 Napoleon Bonaparte, 952, 1323; and censorship, 203; and fascism, 522 Napster, 762, 993-994 Narcissism, 551, 995, 1337-1338; Freud, Sigmund, on, 551; and group therapy, 612 Narcissus, 995 Narrative ethics, 995 Narveson, Jan, 1089 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 164 Nation of Islam, 996-998; and ACLU, 51; Farrakhan, Louis, 521 National Academy of Sciences, 1459 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 254 National-American Woman Suffrage Association, 1413 National Anti-Vivisection Society, 998, 1678 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 160, 999-1000, 1678; and Brown v. Board of Education, 170; and Civil Rights movement, 252, 254; Evers, Medgar, 485; and segregation, 1330 National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 1417, 1459 National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC), 912 National Campaign for Freedom of Expression, 1400 National Coalition Against Censorship, 1400 National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 923, 1000-1001 National Conference of State Legislatures, 1679 National Council of Senior Citizens, 38 National Council on the Arts, 90 National Do Not Call Registry, 1465 National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), 88-91, 207; and Mapplethorpe, Robert, 897 National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), 88, 91 National Enquirer, 1446 National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 1001, 1679 National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, 506, 1001 National Institutes of Health, U.S., 1458; Human Genome Project, 677-678 National Labor Relations Act of 1935, 822, 1001-1002 National Labor Union, 52, 1002 National Legal and Policy Center, 1679 National Negro Committee, 999 National Organization for Women (NOW), 1002, 1087, 1679; and abortion, 1285 National Organization of Changing Men (NOCM), 930 National Organization of Men (NOM), 930 National Organization of Men Against Sexism (NOMAS), 930 National Parenting for Peace and Justice Education Network, 1102 National Park System, U.S., 455, 1003; and Muir, John, 980-981 National parks and Sierra Club, 1364 National Press Photographers Association, 1123 National Retired Teachers Association, 50 National Science Foundation, 1458 National security, 1003-1005; and censorship, 1106, 1222; and Cold War, 266-268; and drug testing, 410; and freedom of expression, 546; and Freedom of Information Act, 549; and Japanese American internment, 784; and realpolitik, 1246; and sovereignty, 1003-1005, 1403-1404; and technology, 1459, 1461 National Security Agency (NSA), 738 National Society of Professional Journalists, 1035 National Urban League, 252 National Woman Suffrage Association, 1426 National Woman's Party, 1427 Nationalism, 1005-1009; and assassination, 100; and colonialism, 1007; and Hitler, Adolf, 645; and loyalty, 872; and messianism, 1006, 1008; and Nazism, 1030; and patriotism, 1098; and racial prejudice, 1228; and violence, 1007 Native Americans, 1012-1013; and adultery, 22 and casinos, 1009-1011; and Civil Rights movement, 254; and ecology, 503; enslavement of, 1376; and environmental movement, 456; genocide of, 585, 1013-1016; languages, 129; and racial prejudice, 1229; and reparations, 78, 1260; reservation system, 295 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization Natural law, 1016-1020; and abortion, 4; and conscience, 969; and conservatism, 317; and custom, 344-345; and Grotius, Hugo, 610; and just wars, 800; and reason, 756, 1414, 1483; Voltaire on, 1565 Natural resources; rain forests, 1235; sustainability, 1443-1445; and technology, 1462 Natural Resources Defense Council, 456 Natural rights, 1021-1023; and homelessness, 659; Leviathan (Hobbes) on, 844; and rights and obligations, 1288 Natural selection, 59, 284, 354, 491-493, 577, 621, 926, 1387, 1393, 1461 Naturalism and hedonism, 1049 Naturalistic fallacy, 475, 600, 619, 631, 766, 824, 944, 961, 1024-1025, 1049, 1248, 1536-1537 Nature; rights of, 1025-1026; human dominion over, 402-403 Nature Conservancy Council, 1027 Nazi Germany, 1030-1032; anti-Semitism in, 70, 582; and atom bomb, 895; and Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 156-157; and Eichmann, Adolf, 1573; and eugenics, 483; euthanasia in, 483, 735; and fascism, 522, 1030, 1147; and Hitler, Adolf, 643; and the Holocaust, 647-652; and League of Nations, 835; medical experiments in, 584, 923; and Nuremberg Trials, 1060; and science, 1027-1029; sterilization in, 1419; and Tillich, Paul, 1487; and Treaty of Versailles, 1508 NEA. See National Endowment for the Arts "NEA Four," 90-91 Neal, Claude, 880 Needs and wants, 1033 Negligence, 1033-1034; and product safety, 1194 Negotiation; and compromise, 285; and conflict resolution, 301-302 NEH. See National Endowment for the Humanities Nehru, Jawaharlal, 164, 559 Nelson, Gaylord, 417 Nemesis, 995 Neocolonialism, 221, 493 Neo-Confucianism and Zhu Xi, 1612 Nero, 345, 544 Nestlé, 165, 186 Neurath, Constantin von, 1061 Neuroses; and hypnosis, 700; and Internet chat room, 760; an narcissism, 995; and revenge, 1273; and violent behavior, 1553 Neutrality; and International Red Cross, 760; and isolationism, 776; of medical personnel, 578; and peacekeeping missions, 164, 1102-1104; rights of, 580 Neutralization and "everyone does it" justifications, 486 Nevada, gambling in, 867 Nevin, John A., 607 New Deal, 89, 535, 658, 882, 1584; and minimum-wage laws, 949 New England Watch and Ward Society, 205 New morality and premarital sex, 1179 New Testament, 108, 939, 1450; on the Devil, 489; on equality, 465; on faith, 1561; family values in, 517; on forgiveness, 529; on lust, 875; on mercy, 939; on sin, 1368-1370; and Ten Commandments, 1473; on virtue, 1561 New York Daily News, 1446 New York Society for Ethical Culture, 283 New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NYSPCC), 218 New York Times, The, 1127; Pentagon Papers, 739, 792, 794, 1106 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), 846, 1035 Newkirk, Ingrid, 63, 1107 News media; and Accuracy in Media, 17; photojournalism, 1122-1123; and public's right to know, 1222 News sources, 1035-1037 Newspapers; and advice columnists, 28; and American Society of Newspaper Editors, 53; censorship of, 1035; ownership, 910-911; and sports betting, 126; tabloids, 1446 Newton, Isaac, 1320, 1457, 1478, 1505, 1512; and the Enlightenment, 444; influence of, 1318; and religion, 964 Nicholas II, 578, 1517 Nicholas V, Pope, 1231 Nicole, Pierre, 1092 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 83-85, 474, 958, 1037, 1214, 1337-1338, 1560-1562; and Boethius, 156; on courage, 333-334; on desire, 372; on excellence, 494; on friendship, 552; on golden mean, 596; on humility, 695; on justice, 508; on loyalty, 871; on self-control, 1332; on teleology, 1466; on virtue, 597 Nicomachus, 1037 Niebuhr, H. Richard, 1037-1038; on revelation, 1272 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 1038, 1188; on coercion, 263 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1038-1040, 1519; on altruism, 47; on atheism, 102; on benevolence, 122; Beyond Good and Evil, 126; on compassion, 284; on cruelty, 341; on elitism, 433; and existentialism, 497, 499; and genealogy, 531; on God, 489; on gratitude, 604; on hate, 622-623; on mercy, 940; on morality, 967-968; on nihilism, 1041-1042; on power, 1139, 1172, 1174; on Socrates, 852; on superman, 1174, 1504; on tragedy, 1503; on wisdom, 1594 Nigeria, civil war, 697 Nigerian Internet scam, 287-288 Nightingale, Florence, 578 Nihilism, 1040-1042; and the absurd, 11; Beauvoir, Simone de, on, 117; and Buddhism, 1043; and deconstruction, 359-360; Derrida, James, and, 359; ethical, 967; and meaning of life, 850; and morality, 886; Nietzsche, Friedrich, on, 1504; and rap music, 1400; and reason, 1041 Nike, 186 Nine-Eleven, 27, 72, 657, 1004, 1260, 1459, 1474; and biochemical weapons, 132; and chemical weapons, 215; hijackers, 1004; and holy war, 657, 775; and homeland security, 657; and Islam, 792; and national security, 1004; and United Nations, 1525 Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell), 1074 Nineteenth Amendment, 1427 Ninth Amendment, 1223; and privacy, 1187 Nirvana, 95, 112, 175-177, 809, 886, 1042-1043, 1559, 1611; Buddha on, 1560; and mysticism, 988; and Western Paradise, 1361 Nixon, Richard M., 477, 672, 1307, 1552; and the arts, 89; and biochemical weapons, 135; and campaign finance reform, 190; corruption of, 331, 1514; and Environmental Protection Agency, 458; hypocrisy of, 702; on Miranda v. Arizona, 950; and Pentagon Papers, 1106-1107; resignation of, 1189; and SALT treaties, 1308; and Title IX, 1488; and Vietnam War, 1551; and Vietnam War, 675; and Watergate scandal, 1578 Nkrumah, Kwame, 272, 1084 No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, 129 Nobel, Alfred Bernhard, 1044 Nobel Peace Prizes, 1044-1046; Amnesty International, 55; Carter, Jimmy, 55; Dalai Lama, 349-350; Dunant, Jean Henri, 760; Human Rights Watch, 689; International Red Cross, 760; King, Martin Luther, Jr., 814; Mandela, Nelson, 893; Schweitzer, Albert, 1317; Tutu, Desmond, 1516; Wiesel, Elie, 649, 1588 Nobel Prize in Economics, Becker, Gary, 419 Nobel Prize in Literature; Camus, Albert, 192; Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 747, 1396; Tagore, Rabindranath, 1449 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; Crick, Francis, et al., 570; Moniz, Egas, 864; Spemann, Hans, 259 "Noble savage," 1012 NOCM. See National Organization of Changing Men Noddings, Nel, 284, 526 Noebel, David, 1398 Noel-Baker, Philip, 1666 Nolen, William, 510 NOM. See National Organization of Men NOMAS. See National Organization of Men Against Sexism Noncognitivism, 114, 264-265, 772, 816; and the good, 600; and is/ought distinction, 771; and language, 824; and metaethics, 944 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the United Nations, 1526 Nonviolence, 1047-1048; and Ahimsā, 42; and civil disobedience, 248; in Civil Rights movement, 253; and Gandhi, Mohandas K., 558; and Jainism, 781; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 814-815; and war, 1572. See also Violence Norman, Richard, 48 Normative ethics, 1048-1049; and applied ethics, 943; and egotism, 426; and liberalism, 846; and technology, 1460 Norris, Clarence, 1326 North, Oliver, 1398 North American Committee for Humanism, 691 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 590 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1050-1051; and Bosnia, 765; and Kosovo, 817; and peacekeeping missions, 1103 Northcliffe, Lord, 910 Northern Ireland, 655, 1257, 1259 Norway and the Nobel Peace Prize, 1044-1046 "Not in my backyard," 1051-1053 Nott, Josiah, 1377 NOW. See National Organization for Women Nowell-Smith, P. H., 962 Nozick, Robert, 950, 1053-1054; on consent, 315; and corporate compensation, 327; on distributive justice, 393; and libertarianism, 848; on poverty, 1170 NSA. See National Security Agency Nuclear arms race, 1054-1057; and environmental movement, 457; and Manhattan Project, 104, 894, 1320; and mutually assured destruction, 985; and SALT treaties, 1306-1308 Nuclear deterrence, 375 Nuclear energy, 1057-1058; Atomic Energy Commission, 105; and environmental movement, 457; and pollution, 1152; and Union of Concerned Scientists, 1523 Nuclear fission, discovery of, 104 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 105, 1059, 1523 Nuclear testing and Greenpeace, 609 Nudity, 1123; in art, 88; in films, 974 Nunn, Sam, 1399 Nuremberg Code, 912; and medical research, 915 Nuremberg Laws, 650, 652 Nuremberg Trials, 490, 584, 1060-1062, 1183, 1288, 1550, 1573; and euthanasia, 735; and Lemkin, Raphael, 839; and Nuremberg Code, 912, 915; and obedience, 1064 Nussbaum, Martha, 49, 1062-1063; and literature, 995 Nutrition, 139; and birth defects, 151; and children, 38; and genetically modified foods, 575-577; and human rights, 687; inadequate, 696-697; and meat, 64 O Oastler, Robert, 219 OAU. See Organization of African Unity Obedience, 1064-1065; and Milgram experiment, 945; and power, 1065 Obesity, and children's television, 236 Objectivism, 101, 264-265, 599, 763-764, 1065-1067, 1236, 1336-1337; and God, 594; and Hobbes, Thomas, 844; and morality, 1249; and Nagel, Thomas, 992; and selfishness, 1066; vs. subjectivism, 264, 599, 763, 1535-1537; and value, 1535 Obligations, 1286-1288; and intuitionism, 767; and ought/can implication, 1076 "Obscenity," 1158 Occult; and the Kabbala, 803; and mysticism, 985; in song lyrics, 1398 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 438 O'Connor, Sandra Day, 91, 1600 O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975), 935 Odyssey (Homer), 158, 968 Office of Counsel to the President, 478 Office of Government Ethics, 477 Office of Technology Assessment, 1459 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1679 Ofili, Chris, 91 Ogburn, William F., 1458 O'Hair, Madalyn Murray, 101 Ohio Adult Parole Authority v. Woodard (1998), 469 Oklahoma City federal building bombing, 357 Old Testament, 628-629, 972; Adam and Eve, 1114; and adultery, 22; on assassination, 98; on business ethics, 181; and divine command theory, 396; divine justice in, 968; on divorce, 397; the Exodus, 815; family values in, 517; on loyalty, 871; on lust, 875; on mercy, 939; on the "messiah," 942; and Moses, 971-972; on murder, 1473; and Qurān, 1227; on suicide, 1429; Ten Commandments, 101, 282, 368, 517, 529, 534, 629, 875, 877, 958, 972, 1048, 1373, 1472-1473; on theft, 1473; Torah, 1496-1497 Older Americans Act of 1965, 50 Older people; and advertising, 26; Gray Panthers, 605 Olson, Mancur, 1186 Olympic Games; and gambling, 125; security at, 1290 On Liberty (Mill), 545, 828, 831, 948, 1067-1069, 1187, 1390, 1537; on political liberty, 1144; on tolerance, 1495 On War (Clausewitz), 1069 Oneida people, 1009, 1011 Onesicritus, 345 OnStar, 1461 Open government, 548; and public's right to know, 1222 Operation PUSH, 780-781 Operation Rescue, 1205 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 895 Oppression, 1069-1071; and ecofeminism, 417 Optimism, 1118-1119 Oregon and physician-assisted suicide, 1432 Organ transplants, 8, 356, 926, 1071-1073, 1294; and brain death, 166-167 Organization of African Unity (OAU), 1084 Organizations and ethical codes, 471-472 Organized crime and sports, 125 Origen, 1561 Original Sin, doctrine of, 242, 422, 606, 731, 1076, 1182, 1367-1370, 1563; and collective guilt, 270 Orne, Martin T., 143 Ortega y Gasset, José, 1073-1074; on love, 869 Orthodoxy and political correctness, 1143 Orwell, George, 737, 1074-1075 Oscar II, 1044 OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Administration Osler, William, 914 Ossietzky, Carl von, 1666 O'Sullivan, John L., 897 Oswald, Lee Harvey, 99 Other, the, 369, 1075-1076; and alienation, 45; and generosity, 566; and Levinas, Emmanuel, 845; Sartre, Jean-Paul, on, 121 Ottawa Treaty of 1999, 823 Ottoman Empire, 817; and Iraq, 769 Ought; and accountability, 16 Ought/can implication, 1076-1077 Outdoor Advertising Association of America, 25 Outsourcing, 1077-1078 Ovambo people, 33 Ovid, 1578 Owen, Robert, 1391 Ownership; and Nozick, Robert, 1054 P PAC. See Pan-African Congress Pacelle, Wayne, 690 Pacheco, Alex, 63, 1107 Pacific islanders and adultery, 22 Pacifism, 1079-1080; and conscientious objection, 313; and war, 1570, 1572 Page, David C., 1354 Pain, 1081-1082; and animal consciousness, 60; and electroshock therapy, 430-431; and sentience, 1343; and suffering, 1081 Palestine, 776-779; and Crusades, 654; and Zionism, 1614 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 779 Paley, William, 47, 674, 1505 Palko v. Connecticut (1937), 132 Palmore, Erdman, 37 Pan-African Congress (PAC), 75 Pan-Africanism, 1082-1084 Panentheism, 1084-1086; and pantheism, 1084-1085 Pankhurst, Emmeline, 1427 Pantheism, 1086; and panentheism, 1084-1085 Papacy and Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 729 Paparazzi photographers, 1123 Papen, Franz van, 1061 Papp, Joseph, 89 Paradise; in Buddhism, 112, 1361; in Hinduism, 636; and Islam, 1228; in Zoroastrianism, 1615-1616 Paradoxes, 212, 1086-1088, 1383; Acton's aphorism, 1146; and deterrence, 375; and existentialism, 497, 499; good and evil, 970; and hedonism, 631; and liars, 1512-1513; and mysticism, 988; and nirvana, 1043; and pantheism, 1086; and rationality, 1086-1088; and reason, 1086; and rule of God, 788; and self-deception, 1333; and the Shoah, 1589; Socratic, 1132-1134, 1395; of tolerance, 1495; and weakness of will, 1471-1472 Parenting, 1089-1090; and child abuse, 217; and child psychology, 221; and child support, 224-225; and confidentiality, 222; and incest, 723-724; and jealousy, 786; and surrogate motherhood, 1440-1442 Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), 1398 Paris Adult Theater I et al. v. Slaton (1973), 206 Parker, Mack Charles, 880 Parkinson's disease, 8, 569, 721 Parks, Rosa, 249, 1064 Parole of convicted prisoners, 1090-1091 Parsons, Frank, 15 Pascal, Blaise, 497, 1091-1093 Passion, 1093-1096; and rationality, 1093; and reason, 960 Passive resistance. See Nonviolence Passivism and war, 947 Passy, Frédéric, 1046, 1665 Paternalism, 1097-1098; and drug testing, 410; and parenting, 1089 Patience; and asceticism, 95; and Buddhism, 155 Paton, William, 61 Patriarchy and gender bias, 564-565 Patriot Act of 2001, 1004, 1477 Patriotism, 1098; and fascism, 522; and loyalty oaths, 872-873; types, 959; and war, 1571 Patterson, Orlando, 1376-1377 Paul IV, Pope, 158 Paul, Alice, 463, 1427 Paul, apostle. See Paul of Tarsus Paul of Tarsus, 95, 308, 323, 875, 1351, 1562; on family values, 517; on gluttony, 593; on hope, 1562; on love, 1562; on sin, 1369; and situational ethics, 1373; on work, 1605 Pauling, Linus, 1666 PBS. See Public Broadcasting System Peace Corps, 1099-1100 Peace studies, 1100-1102 Peacekeeping missions, 1102-1104; Bosnia, 163-164; Rwanda, 351 Peacemaking for Families, 1101 Pearson, Lester B., 1666 Peasants, 1376 Pedophilia and homosexuality, 865, 1296 Peirce, Charles Sanders, 763, 1104, 1512; on pragmatism, 1177-1178 Peloponnesian Wars, 946, 1324 Peltier, Leonard, 1105-1106 Pennsylvania, University of, 15 Pensions; military, 1545; and retirement funds, 1269-1270 Pentagon Papers, 1106-1107; and public's right to know, 1222 Pentecostalism, 510 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 63, 456, 924, 1107-1108, 1680; advertising, 27 Pequot people, 1009-1010 Percival, Thomas, 138, 912, 914 Peres, Shimon, 1045, 1668 Perfectionism, 1109-1110, 1466 Pericles, 544 Périer, Jacqueline, 1091 Perjury, 1110 Permanent International Peace Bureau, 1665 Permanent Court of Arbitration, 752 Permissible acts, 1111-1112 Perón, Juan, 389 Perot, H. Ross, 990 Perry, R. B., 1112 Persian Empire, 1615 Persian Gulf War; chemical weapons, 215; and mercenary soldiers, 938 Personal injury attorneys, 1113 Personal relationships, 1113-1117 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, 449 Personality; and behaviorism, 120; and character, 208 Personhood; and abortion, 5-6; and electronic surveillance, 430 Perspectivism, 10 Pessimism, 1118-1119; and Schopenhauer, Arthur, 1316 Pesticides, 455, 503, 733, 759; and Environmental Protection Agency, 458; Zyklon B, 651 PETA. See People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 1507-1508 Petronius, 592 Pharmaceutical industry; advertising, 27; and bioethics, 141 Phenomenology, 1425 Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 44, 708, 1120-1121 Philby, Kim, 1507 Philip the Chancellor, 308 Phillips, Wendell, 1379 Philo of Alexandria, 1122 Philosophes, 1163-1166, 1277; Montesquieu, 952 Philosophy and ethics, 845 Philosophy Documentation Center, 1680 Phoenix Park murders, 100 Photojournalism, 1122-1123 Physician-patient relationship, 139, 297, 912, 1117, 1124-1126; and genetic testing, 574, 1125; and paternalism, 1098 Physicians. See Medical ethics Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 1680 Physiology and emotions, 1093 Piaget, Jean, 954 Piety, 1254, 1535; and Christianity, 241; filial, 283, 304, 512; and loyalty, 871; Plato on, 1132; Socrates on, 851, 1254, 1256 Pilgrim's Progress (Bunyan), 1230 Pinchot, Gifford, 138, 316, 455-456 Pinel, Philippe, 933 Pire, Georges, 1666 Pius X, Pope, 1167 Pius XII, Pope, 484, 1073, 1283, 1373 Plagiarism, 1126-1129; and intellectual property, 748; and research, 1319 Plague, 134-135, 923, 1014 Planned Parenthood, 610, 1187 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992), 1293 Plato, 1130-1135; on abortion, 4, 1205; Apology, 78; on art, 87; and Augustine, Saint, 108; on authority, 313; on censorship, 203; on consent and coercion, 315; on elitism, 432-433; on emotion, 284; and the Enlightenment, 444; on equality, 465; on excellence, 495; on families, 514; on friendship, 552; on glossolalia, 510; and God, 594; on the good, 599; and Homer, 158; on idealism, 707; on incommensurability, 729; on infanticide, 735; on justice, 801; on marriage, 1114; on morality, 1111; ontology of, 474; on piety, 1132; on property, 1603-1604; on prudence, 1214; on public interest, 1221; on reason, 1131-1133; on religion, 1256; Republic, 276, 322, 333, 424, 444, 474, 495, 559, 635, 708, 801-802, 967-968, 1114, 1130-1134, 1173, 1214, 1256, 1262-1263, 1331, 1334, 1389, 1560, 1603; on self-interest, 1334; on sin, 1367; on social justice, 1389; and Socrates, 475, 1130-1132; and Sophists, 1401; on suicide assistance, 1430; on tragedy, 1503; on work, 1602-1603 Platonic ethics, 1132-1135; on idealism, 707; and Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 1120 "Playing god," 1136; and medical research, 926; and surrogate motherhood, 1442 Pleasure; and Cyrenaics, 347; and existentialism, 498; and hedonism, 630-631; and sentience, 1343 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 170, 391, 798, 1136-1137, 1329, 1437 PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization Plumwood, Val, 417 Pluralism, 10, 1137-1138; and ecofeminism, 418; and liberal lifestyles, 859; and multiculturalism, 982 Plutarch and role models, 1295 Plymouth Colony, 1545 PMRC. See Parents Music Resource Center Podhoretz, Norman, 1552 Pogroms, 582, 1138-1139, 1589, 1614 Pol Pot, 382 Police brutality, 1139-1142 Polio, eradication of, 1606 Political action committees, 190 Political advertising, 26 Political contributions and ethical codes, 471 Political correctness, 1142-1143; and multiculturalism, 981-982 Political ethics, Nozick, Robert, 1053 Political liberty, 1144-1145; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1436 Political morality, 386 Political realism, 1145-1146 Politics, 1146-1150; and accountability, 16; campaign finance reform, 189-190; conservatism, 316-317; and corruption, 1146; Cynics on, 346; and democracy, 365; and "dirty hands," 386; and feminist ethics, 527; libertarianism, 847-848; and Marxism, 905; and nationalism, 1005-1008; progressivism, 1204; and realpolitik, 1247; and televangelists, 1468 Politics (Aristotle), 84, 322, 1603 Poll taxes, 391, 1150-1151 Pollution, 1151-1152; permits, 1153; and sustainability of resources, 1444; and technology, 1458 Polygamy, 581, 900, 1253; in Africa, 35; among Eskimos, 670; and Islam, 773, 979; in Turkey, 101 Polygraph tests, 1218 Pompanazzi, Pietro, 14 Poole, Ross, 102 Poona Pact, 1154-1155 Popeil, Ron, 736 Popes; Eugenia IV, 1231; Gregory VII, 654; Innocent III, 654, 887-888; John Paul II, 1605; Leo IV, 654; Leo IX, 654; Leo X, 14; Leo XIII, 1433; Nicholas V, 1231; Paul IV, 158; Pius X, 1167; Pius XII, 484, 1073, 1283, 1373 Popper, Karl, 600, 1318 Population Connection, 1155, 1680 Population control, 1155-1157; and environmental movement, 457; and future generations, 555; and genetic engineering, 572; and immigration, 715-717; Malthus, Thomas, on, 891; and sterilization, 1419 Population growth and lifeboat ethics, 858 Pornography, 89, 161-162, 204, 206, 292, 1158-1161, 1546, 1558; and motion picture ratings systems, 974; participatory, 1558; vs. prostitution, 1211; and rape, 1240, 1242, 1351-1352; and sexual predators, 760; on World Wide Web, 292 Porter, Cole, 1397 Porter, Ray, 606 Positivism; and Comte, Auguste, 294; and Hart, H. L. A., 620-621; and meaning of life, 850 Post, Emily, 481 Post-Enlightenment ethics, 1162-1166 Postman, Neil, 1460 Postmodernism, 859, 1167-1168, 1253; and altruism, 49; and art, 207; and critical theory, 339-340; and fact/value distinction, 505; and skepticism, 1167-1168 Poststructuralism, 359 Potlatch, 581 Potsdam Conference, 1169 Pound, Ezra, 1507 Poverty, 727, 1169-1172; and charity, 211; and children, 225; and developing world, 375-376 Powderly, Terence, 816 Power, 1172-1176; and abuse, 12-13; abuses of, 487; and corruption, 1146; and dictatorship, 381-382; Foucault, Michel, on, 532; and language, 1143; Machiavelli, Niccolň, on, 883-884; Nietzsche, Friedrich, on, 1039; and obedience, 1065; and oppression, 1069-1070; and realpolitik, 1246; and sexual abuse, 1349 Practical ethics and Cyrenaics, 347 Practical reason, 1177 Pragmatism, 1177-1179; and Peirce, Charles Sanders, 1104; and pluralism, 1138 Predestination, 423, 488, 523, 1163, 1370, 1581; and free will, 493; and vice, 1547 Pregnancy, 1353; and abortion, 251, 1188, 1190, 1284; and birth control, 150; and birth defects, 151-153; and cesarean sections, 208; and in vitro fertilization, 720-722; and promiscuity, 1206-1207, 1285; and surrogate motherhood, 1442-1443 Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, 440 Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, 574 Prejudice and bigotry, 128 Prejudice Institute, 1680 Premarital sex, 1115, 1179-1180 Prenuptial agreements, 1287 Presbyterianism, 15, 1370 Prescriptivism, 1181; universal, 619 President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1983), 139, 856, 1136 President's Council on Bioethics, 1459, 1681 Presley, Elvis, 1447 Presumption of innocence; and erroneous convictions, 469 Price fixing, 1181 Pride, 695, 1038, 1182-1183, 1546; and ethnocentrism, 480; and fear, 524; vs. humility, 694; and perfectionism, 1109; racial, 394; and sin, 108, 694 Priestley, Joseph, 1592 Prince, 1398 Prince, The (Machiavelli), 340, 386, 883-884, 1174 Principle of generic consistency, 586 Principles of Medical Ethics (AMA), 138, 1183-1184 Principles of Medical Ethics with Annotations Especially Applicable to Psychiatry, 1184-1185 Prisoners, parole of, 1090 Prisoner's dilemma, 1185-1186 Prisons; Attica revolt, 337; Foucault, Michel, on, 531; Soviet gulags, 295-296, 614-615, 1397, 1498; and three-strikes laws, 1485 Privacy, 1187-1188, 1442; and AIDS, 20; and biometrics, 144-146; and computer databases, 290; and computer misuse, 291; and computer technology, 293; and confidentiality, 297-298; and drug testing, 410-411; and electronic surveillance, 430; and families, 1089; and genetic engineering, 571; and genetic testing, 573; and medical ethics, 916; and plagiarism, 1129; and prostitution, 1213; and Roe v. Wade, 1292-1293; and sex therapy, 1345; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1438 Privacy Act of 1975, 737 Private vs. public morality, 1188-1189; Machiavelli, Niccolň, on, 883 Privatization and outsourcing, 1078 Procedural rights, 251 Process philosophy, 125 Process theology, 621 Pro-choice movement, 1190-1192; and abortion, 4; and Roe v. Wade, 1294 Product safety and liability, 184, 1192-1195 Professional athlete incomes, 1195-1198 Professional ethics, 1198-1202; military, 946-947; and self-regulation, 1341 Profiling, 799, 1477; and genetic engineering, 571 Profit economy, 1203; and capitalism, 198; and free enterprise, 537 Profit taking, 1203-1204 Progressivism, 1204 Prohibition and temperance, 1469-1470 Prohibition Party, 1469, 1471 Project Camelot, 68 Pro-life movement, 1204-1206; and abortion, 4; and right to life, 1284-1285; and Roe v. Wade, 1293 Promiscuity, 1206-1207 Promises, 1208-1209; and greatest good principle, 1209; and Kant's categorical imperative, 1208; and rights and obligations, 1287 Promotional Products Association International, 25 Propaganda, 765; fascist, 522, 1032; Nazi, 582, 652, 1061; and Plato, 1135, 1256; and spies, 470; and treason, 1507 Property, 1209-1211; and anarchy, 56 Proportionality and just war theory, 800 Proposition 209 (California), 30 Prostitution, 1211-1213; and Agreement for the Suppression of White Slave Traffic, 40 Protagoras, 315, 691, 1134, 1401, 1424 Protagoras (Plato), 707, 1130, 1133, 1135 Protestant Reformation. See Reformation Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 56 Prudence, 1214-1215 Psychoanalysis, 549-551 Psychological behaviorism, 119-121 Psychological disorders and abuse, 13 Psychology, 1215-1219; and behaviorism, 118; children, 221-222; group therapy, 611; and human nature, 679-682; and institutionalization of patients, 741-742; and intelligence testing, 749; and mental illness, 931-935; and motivation, 976; and optimism and pessimism, 1118-1119; and pain, 1081; and perfectionism, 1109; and Principles of Medical Ethics, 1184; and Soviet psychiatry, 1405; and will, 1579 Psychopharmacology, 1219-1221 Psychosurgery, 864-865, 935 Psychotherapy, 1215; and confidentiality, 297; and psychopharmacology, 1220 Public Broadcasting System (PBS), 235 Public interest, 1221-1222 Public officials; and photojournalists, 1123 Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research, 1681 Public's right to know, 1222; and Freedom of Information Act, 548; and genetically modified foods, 577 Pudd'nhead Wilson (Twain), 146 Pufendorf, Samuel von, 1019 Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, 1668 Pulitzer, Joseph, 910 Punishment, 1223-1224; and abuse, 13; death penalty, 193-196; and deterrence, 374; three-strikes laws, 1485. See also Criminal punishment Punjab, 1364, 1366 Pure Being, 113 Pure Food and Drug Act of 1907, 1221 Purgatory, 968 Puritans and the arts, 89 Pybus, Elizabeth, 503, 566 Pythagoras, 1134 Q Qaeda, al-, 1004, 1474, 1477; and holy war, 657; and Nine-Eleven, 656 Qi, 304, 929, 1612 Qin Dynasty, 303, 381 Qin Shi Huangdi, 381 Quidde, Ludwig, 1665 Quinlan, Karen Ann, 484, 1225, 1282 Quisling, Vidkun, 1507 "Quotas"; and affirmative action, 29; and Title IX, 1489 Qurān, 282, 588, 616, 772-773, 1226-1227, 1360, 1560; on adultery, 22; on children's rights, 233; and Ghazālī, al-, 587; and Hebrew Bible, 628; on Jews, 70; on morality, 775; and Muhammad, 979; on punishment, 1223; and Sunnīs, 1434; on usury, 774 Qutb, Sayyid, 656 R Rabbinic law, 790, 1368-1369 Rībiah al-Adawīyah, 1228, 1428 Rabin, Yitzhak, 1045, 1668 Race; and capital punishment, 196; and diversity, 394; and rape, 1243; and slavery, 1377 Rachels, James, 1278 Racial classification, 30 Racial minorities and advertising, 25 Racial prejudice, 1228-1230 Racial profiling, 1004; and homeland defense, 657; and national security, 1004 Racialism, 394 Racism, 1230-1234; and affirmative action, 29; apartheid, 74-75; and bigotry, 128; and discrimination, 390; and integration, 743-745; and Ku Klux Klan, 819-820; and oppression, 1070; and redlining, 1250; and reparations, 1261; and slavery, 1377; and sterilization, 1418 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 1543 Radice, Anne-Imelda, 89 Radio and evangelicalism, 1467 Raeder, Erich, 1061 Rain forests, 1235-1236, 1544; clear-cutting of, 450 Rainbow Warrior, 609 Ramanuja, 1542 Ramos-Horta, José, 1668 Ramsey, Paul, 915 Rand, Ayn, 122, 1236-1237; and atheism, 101; and ethical egoism, 315, 1280; on human nature, 680; and liberalism, 847; and objectivism, 101, 1065-1066, 1236, 1336-1337; on objectivism, 1065-1066 Randi, James, 510-511 Randolph, A. Philip, 252, 999 Rape, 13, 1237-1241; and abortion, 5; and lynching, 879; and political domination, 1242-1243; in wartime, 1573 Rath, Louis, 1539 Rationality, 1247-1248; Aristotle on, 85; Berdyayev, Nikolay, on, 124; in Buddhism, 175; Foucault, Michel, on, 1175; and hedonism, 630, 970; and human behavior, 1326; and human nature, 1340; and humanism, 691; Hume, David, on, 449; and moral rightness, 424; and morality, 1248; and paradoxes, 1086-1088; and passion, 1093; and prisoner's dilemma, 1185; and religion, 1327; and self-consciousness, 850; and will, 1578. See also Irrationality Rauschenbusch, Walter, 814 Rawls, John, 182, 1244; and campaign finance reform, 191; on consent, 315; and corporate compensation, 327; and distributive justice, 393, 949; on impartiality, 720; on utilitarianism, 1532; on justice, 368; and Kantian ethics, 807; and Nozick, Robert, 1054; on personal relationships, 1115; on self-respect, 1342; Theory of Justice, A, 368, 495, 508, 1244, 1342, 1479, 1584 Raz, Joseph, 621 Razi, al-, 1244 Read, Herbert, 57 Reagan, Nancy, 570, 1415 Reagan, Ronald, 478, 736, 1189, 1307-1308; vs. abortion, 1293; alleged greed of, 606; Alzheimer's disease of, 570; and the arts, 89; and Bennett, William J., 123; and censorship, 159; and cigarette advertising, 25; and Civil Liberties Act, 77; and income tax, 1453; and "Irangate," 672; on Miranda v. Arizona, 950; and Peace Corps, 1100; on SALT, 1308; and women's rights, 1600 Reality television, 1244-1246 Realpolitik, 765, 1189, 1246-1247; and nationalism, 1007-1008 Reason, 85, 385, 465, 521, 850, 1247-1249; in animals, 59, 85, 343, 503, 966; Aristotle on, 86, 596, 958, 976, 1466; and artificial intelligence, 93; and categorical imperative, 804; and character, 1433; Cicero on, 245, 1017; and consistency, 318; and emotion, 284, 437, 1093; and the Enlightenment, 444-446, 1163-1164; Epictetus on, 459; and existentialism, 496, 498; and faith, 1519; Freud, Sigmund, on, 551; and gender, 565, 1596-1597; Grotius, Hugo, on, 610; Hobbes, Thomas, on, 646; and human nature, 681; Hume, David, on, 437, 449, 681, 693, 1536; Kant, Immanuel, on, 532, 804, 878, 965; and knowledge, 1017, 1041; and language, 340; and law, 168, 1017, 1433; Locke, John, on, 1516; and lust, 875, 1037; and meaning of life, 852; and mercy, 940; and moral law, 707; and morality, 551, 958-960, 965, 969, 1121, 1278, 1421; and natural law, 756, 1022, 1414, 1483; and nihilism, 1041; and paradoxes, 1086; and passion, 960, 1093; Plato on, 746, 1131-1133; practical, 1177; and religion, 445-446; and revelation, 959, 1497; and social contract theory, 1385-1387; and soul, 746; and state of nature, 538; Thomas Aquinas on, 1433; Torah on, 116; and transcendentalism, 1505; Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de, on, 1519; and utopia, 1534; and will, 1590. See also Sentience Recidivism of prisoners, 1090 Reciprocity and rights and obligations, 1286 Reclamation Act of 1902, 316 Reconciliation, 1249-1250 Reconstruction, 250; aftermath of, 1083, 1232; end of, 391; and Ku Klux Klan, 819; and race, 412; and segregation, 1329; and Washington, Booker T., 1576 Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 1398-1399; and Internet piracy, 762 Red Army, 842, 1411-1412 Red Cross. See International Red Cross Redlining, 1250 Reflex arc concept (Dewey), 378 Reformation; and academic freedom, 14; and asceticism, 95; and assassination, 99; and class struggle, 255; and communism, 276; and Luther, Martin, 876; and nationalism, 1006 Refugees, 1250-1252; and citizenship, 246; and immigration, 715; Palestinian, 779 Regan, Tom, 64-65, 342, 1544; on animal rights, 61, 64, 66, 966 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), 30 Regina v. Hicklin (1868), 206, 1158 Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 54, 387 Rehnquist, William, 469 Reincarnation; and Hindu caste, 200 Relativism, 10, 1252-1253; and absolutism, 10-11; and duty, 414; and fact/value distinction, 506; and human nature, 681; and permissible acts, 1111; and pluralism, 1137; and skepticism, 1252. See also Cultural relativism; Ethical relativism Religion, 1254-1258; and abortion, 5, 1294; and academic freedom, 14; asceticism, 94-95; and atheism, 101; Buddhism, 176-177; Christianity, 241-242; church-state separation, 243-244; and cloning, 261; and conservatism, 317; and corruption, 331; Deism, 364; and the Enlightenment, 445-446, 1163; and equality, 465; ethical monotheism, 473; and evil, 487-490; faith healers, 509-510; and God, 593-594; and Hartshorne, Charles, 621; Hinduism, 636-637; and holy war, 653-656; and homosexuality, 666; and irrationality, 1248; and Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 776-779; Islam, 772-775; Jainism, 781; Judaism, 789-790; and liberty, 541; and loyalty oaths, 873; Manichaeanism, 895-896; messianism, 942; and morality, 968; and mysticism, 985-989; panentheism, 1084-1085; pantheism, 1086; and premarital sex, 1179; and prostitution, 1212; and racism, 1231; and rationality, 1327; and reason, 445-446; and revelation, 1271-1272; and sacrifice, 1259; Scientology, 1322; and secularism, 1326-1327; Shintoism, 1361-1362; Sikhism, 1364-1366; televangelists, 1467-1468; and tolerance, 1495; and violence, 1258-1259; Zoroastrianism, 1615-1617 Religious education and godparents, 595 Remington, Frederic, 910 Ren, 304, 306, 928 Renault, Louis, 1665 Reparations, 1260-1262; and apartheid, 1401; and collective guilt, 269; and developing world, 376; and the Holocaust, 71; and Japanese American internment, 785; and slavery, 1377; and World War II, 1169 Reproductive rights; and surrogate motherhood, 1440-1442 Republic (Plato), 276, 322, 333, 474, 495, 559, 635, 708, 801-802, 967, 1114, 1130-1134, 1173, 1214, 1256, 1262-1263, 1331, 1389, 1560, 1603; on egoism, 424; and the Enlightenment, 444; on idealism, 708; on justice, 801; on self-interest, 1334; on underworld, 968 Republican Party and conservatism, 317 Research; and academic freedom, 14-15; on animals, 60-61; anthropological, 67-68; industrial, 732; medical, 922-927, 1415-1417; in Nazi Germany, 1027-1029; and technology, 1456-1463; on weapons, 1029, 1579-1580 Resources; conservation of, 316; and deforestation, 362-363; and distributive justice, 392-393 Responsibility, 1264-1268; Aristotle on, 86; and art, 88; and coercion, 264; and determinism, 1264-1266; and duty, 1389-1390; and existentialism, 1267; and freedom, 1264; and godparents, 595; moral, 962-963; and product safety, 1194; and social justice, 1389-1390; and surrogate motherhood, 1442. See also Accountability Restoration of Religious Freedom Act of 1993, 874 Restorative justice and victims' rights, 1548 Resumés, 1268-1269 Retirement funds, 1269-1270 Retribution and criminal punishment, 337 Retributive justice; and capital punishment, 194-195; and victims' rights, 1548 Revelation, 1271-1272; and reason, 1497 Revenge, 1273-1274; and forgiveness, 1273; and hate, 623, 1039; and punishment, 1223 Reverse discrimination; and affirmative action, 29; and Title IX, 1489 Reverse racism, 1274-1275 Revisionist history; Armenian genocide, 585 Revivalism, 2; in Africa, 36; and faith healers, 510; Great Awakening, 423 Revolution, 1275-1277; and conservatism, 317; and Socialism, 1392 Rhodesia, 938, 1310 RIAA. See Recording Industry Association of America Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 1061 Richard, M. P., 1393 Richardson, Samuel, 730 Riefenstahl, Leni, 652 Riggs, Marlon, 89 Right, the, and political correctness, 1142 Right and wrong, 10, 460-462, 846, 1168, 1278-1281; in African ethics, 33; in Buddhism, 178; and compromise, 286; and conscience, 310; and Cyrenaics, 347; and "dirty hands," 386; and either/or dichotomy, 426; and intuitionism, 767; in metaethics, 943; and morality, 957-960; and relativism, 1252; and religion, 1254-1255; and subjectivism, 1278; and teleology, 1466; and utilitarianism, 1531 Right to die, 355, 857, 1282-1283; and suicide, 1428-1429 Right to know. See Public's right to know Right to life, 857, 1284-1285; and euthanasia, 483-484; and fetal research, 925 Rights, 1286-1288; and business ethics, 182; and citizenship, 247; and corruption, 331 Riis, Jacob, 513 Rinzai Zen, 402, 1611 Robb, Carol, 527 Robbie CX30, 1291 Roberts, Oral, 510, 1468 Robertson, Pat, 89, 510, 1467 Robinson, Jackie, 1000 Robinson-Gaither, Andrew, 1261 Robinson-Patman Act of 1936, 73, 899 Robotics, 1289-1292 Rock and roll music, 1397-1400 Rock Out Censorship, 1400 Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 1388 Rodriguez, Alex, 1196 "Roe, Jane." See McCorvey, Norma Roe v. Wade (1973), 4, 798, 1190, 1285, 1292-1294, 1438; and privacy, 1188 Rogers, Carl, 118; on human nature, 680 Rogers v. Okin (1979), 935 Role models, 1294-1296; and promiscuity, 1206 Roman Catholic Church; and abortion, 4, 1191, 1204, 1294; and absolutism, 10; and academic freedom, 14; and censorship, 203; and codes of chivalry, 237-238; and euthanasia, 484, 1283; family law, 398; and gambling, 867; and gay marriage, 563; on in vitro fertilization, 720; Index librorum prohibitorum, 203, 729; and Ku Klux Klan, 128, 819-820; and loyalty oaths, 872; and marriage, 901; and Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 1432 Roman Catholic priests scandal, 1296-1297 Roman Empire; authority in, 544; famines, 520; and Marcus Aurelius, 898 Roman law, 544; and abortion, 4; Cicero on, 1021; and divorce, 397; and free speech, 544; and marriage, 901; and slavery, 1376 Roman Republic, 245, 276, 365; citizenship in, 246; corruption in, 99; free speech in, 544 Rome Statute of 2003, 752 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1520-1521; and atom bomb, 895; on discrimination, 467; on fascism, 522; and Japanese American internment, 296, 783; and New Deal, 89; New Deal programs, 535, 658, 882, 949, 1584; and stock market, 1269 Roosevelt, Theodore, 138, 328, 952, 1221; and antitrust legislation, 73; on conservation, 316; and environmental movement, 455; and Geneva Conventions, 580; Nobel Peace Prize, 1665; and progressivism, 1204; and Washington, Booker T., 1576 Root, Elihu, 1665 Rorty, Amélie, 1137-1138 Rorty, Richard, 1138, 1298; on human nature, 679 Rose, Pete, 126 Rosenberg, Ethel, 1507 Rosenberg, Julius, 1507 Rosenberg, Alfred, 1061 Ross, David, on is/ought distinction, 772 Ross, Edward A., 15 Ross, William D., 961; and intuitionism, 368, 1278 Rotblat, Joseph, 1668 Roth v. United States (1957), 159, 206, 1159 Rothermere, Lord, 910 Roubiczek, Paul, 101 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 74, 445, 465, 1298-1299; on alienation, 44, 1386; and anti-Semitism, 70; on authenticity, 110; on evil, 1022; on government, 1165; on human goodness, 891; on human nature, 680; and Nussbaum, Martha, 1062; on social contract, 1385-1387, 1390; on sovereignty, 1404; on state of nature, 1414, 1602-1604 Rousset, David, 651 Royal Air Force, 404 Royce, Josiah, 707, 873, 1300; on loyalty, 872 RU-486, 6, 8 Ruby, Jack, 99 Ruddick, Sara, 526, 694; on trustworthiness, 1510 Ruether, Rosemary, 417 Rūmī, Jalāl al-Dīn, 1300-1301 Rummel, Rudolph, 583 Rupke, Nicolaas, 60 Rush, Benjamin, 914, 932 Rushdie, Salman, 160, 204 Russell, Bertrand, 708, 1301-1302, 1318; on truth, 1512 Russia; abortion in, 5; anti-Semitism in, 70; biochemical weapons, 135; environmental movement in, 457; famines, 697; nihilism in, 1041; pogroms in, 582, 1138, 1614; scorched-earth tactics in, 1323; suffrage in, 1427 Russian literature, 1324; Dostoevski, Fyodor, 403, 605, 852, 1041, 1326; Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 1396 Russian Revolution, 358, 1276-1277; and communism, 277; satire of, 1074 Russo, Anthony, Jr., 1106-1107 Ruth, Babe, 1195 Rwanda, 351, 583, 585, 1103, 1228, 1302-1304, 1573; rape, 1243; refugees, 696; religion, 33; and United Nations, 1526 S Sacrifice, 168, 300, 396, 604-605; and atonement, 1368; and bushido, 179-180; in Hinduism, 42; Rand, Ayn, on, 1236; and religion, 1259; and sincerity, 311; and the Upanisads, 1530. See also Self-sacrifice Sacrifice, animal, 96, 972, 998, 1258 Sacrifice, human, 594, 628, 812, 1227, 1248, 1258 Sadat, Anwar, 656; Nobel Peace Prize, 1667 Sade, Marquis de, 340 Safety and cell phones, 202 Said, Nuri al-, 770 Saint-Simon, Claude, 730, 1391 Sankara, 1531, 1542 Sākyamuni, 154, 401 Sales ethics, 1305-1306 SALT treaties, 1306-1308, 1523 Samaritan, Good, 602, 907, 939; and supererogation, 1435 Samurai warriors, 180-181, 1535 Sanāī, 1301, 1428 Sánchez, Oscar Arias, 1667 Sanctions, 1309-1310; and South Africa, 893 Sand Creek Massacre National Study Site Act of 1998, 1260 Sanger, Margaret, 150 Sakara, 1311-1312 Santayana, George, 1312-1313 Sanz del Rio, Julian, 1085 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 330, 471, 741 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 102, 604, 870, 1042, 1173, 1248, 1288, 1313-1314, 1425, 1537; on authenticity, 110; on bad faith, 115; and Beauvoir, Simon de, 116, 1326; Being and Nothingness, 121; and existentialism, 497-498; on God, 490; on human nature, 679; on meaning of life, 852; on personal relationships, 1116 Satō, Eisaku, 1667 Satan, 446, 489, 601, 1226; and mental illness, 933 Satyagraha, 96, 249, 559, 1154 Sauckel, Fritz, 1061 Saudi Arabia and capital punishment, 196 Saussure, Ferdinand, 359 Scaife, Richard Mellon, 18 Scalia, Antonin, 562, 796 Scandals, 671-672, 828, 1189, 1446-1447; congressional, 307, 672, 702, 1514; corporate, 328-330, 471-472, 1189, 1421; honor code, 676; insider trading, 29, 186, 1270; presidential, 331, 477, 672, 702, 792, 1189, 1514, 1578; religious, 510, 702, 1296-1297, 1468; sports, 125 Scapegoats, 58, 508, 582, 1259, 1368, 1410; and frustration-aggression theory of genocide, 582 Schacht, Hjalmar, 1061 Schachter, Stanley, 1095 Schenck v. United States (1919), 546 Schindler, Oskar, 1315-1316 Schirach, Baldur von, 1061 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 488 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 982; on realpolitik, 1189 Scholastic Aptitude Test, 270 Scholasticism, 48, 475, 553, 599, 705, 1163, 1408; and assassination, 98; on God, 1435; and Hobbes, Thomas, 646; and Locke, John, 865; and Spinoza, Baruch, 1408 Schönerer, Georg von, 644 School prayer, 1437 Schools; dress codes, 405-406; racial segregation, 170-171 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 47, 976, 1316, 1510; on cruelty, 340; on evil, 1587; on tragedy, 1503 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 571 Schweitzer, Albert, 982, 1317; Nobel Peace Prize, 1046, 1666 Science, 1317-1321; biotechnology, 147-148; and the Enlightenment, 445; and fraud, 1319; in Nazi Germany, 1027-1029; robotics, 1289-1291; and technology, 1456-1463 Scientific ethics, and Union of Concerned Scientists, 1523 Scientology, 1322-1323 SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership Conference Scopes, John T., 51 Scorched-earth policies, 520, 1323-1324 Scott, Dred, 1325 Scott v. Sandford (1857), 1325 Scottsboro case, 1325-1326 Scotus, John Duns, 113 Scythians, 1323 Sea Shepherds, 456 Searle, John, 93 SEC. See Securities and Exchange Commission Second Amendment, 130, 132, 251, 314 Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), 116, 1326, 1352; on dignity, 384; on love, 869 Secrecy and espionage, 470 Secular humanism. See Humanism Secularism, 1326-1328 Securities Act of 1933, 330 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 739, 740, 1270 Sedition, 1328 Sedition Act of 1798, 1328-1329 Sedition Act of 1918, 872 Segregation, 1329-1331; apartheid, 74-75; Brown v. Board of Education, 170-171; and Plessy v. Ferguson, 1136; and redlining, 1250 Selective Service Act of 1917, 314 Self, the; and alienation, 45; and ecofeminism, 417 Self-control, 1331-1332; and behavior modification, 118; and desire, 372; and moral development, 1332; and responsibility, 1264; and temperance, 1561 Self-deception, 1333-1334 Self-discipline and asceticism, 94 Self-fulfillment, Gewirth, Alan, on, 587 Self-identity; and gangs, 560; and nationalism, 1005 Self-interest, 1334-1335; and egoism, 424, 1335; and gangs, 559; and liberalism, 846; and selfishness, 1336; and utilitarianism, 1335 Selfishness, 1336-1337; and altruism, 46; and charity, 211; vs. common good, 274; and egotism, 425; and liberalism, 847; and Lincoln, Abraham, 1279; and narcissism, 995; and objectivism, 1066; and self-interest, 1336 Self-love, 1337-1339; and altruism, 48; and narcissism, 995 Self-ownership and distributive justice, 393 Self-preservation, 1339-1340 Self-regulation, 1341 Self-respect, 1341-1342 Self-righteousness, 1343; and hypocrisy, 1343 Self-sacrifice, 243, 305, 424, 493, 682, 788; and civic virtue, 1344; and collectivism, 1147; and freedom, 541; and love, 870; and mean/ends distinction, 909 Selig, Bud, 1383 Seminole people, 1010 Sen, Amartya, 377 Senate Select Committee on Ethics, 306 Seneca and suicide assistance, 1430 Seneca Falls Convention, 1413, 1426, 1599 Sentencing, 1274; "crimes of passion," 58; homicide, 661; and mental illness, 935; and three-strikes laws, 1485 Sentience, 1343-1344; animal consciousness, 59; and animal rights, 64; and exploitation, 503; and robotics, 1291 Separate but equal doctrine, 1437; and Plessy v. Ferguson, 1136 September 11, 2001, attacks. See Nine-Eleven Sepúlveda, Juan Gines de, 1012 Serbs, 163, 480; in Bosnia, 163-164; and concentration camps, 296; in Kosovo, 164, 817-818 Sermon on the Mount, 241-242, 558, 1079 Serrano, Andres, 89, 207 Service to others, 1344 Sesame Street, 235-236 "Seven deadly sins," 593, 875, 1182, 1546; envy, 458; gluttony, 592; greed, 606; lust, 875; sloth, 831 Seveners (Ismāītlites), 1361 Sex Pistols, 1398 Sex therapy, 1345-1346 Sexism, 1347-1348; and affirmative action, 29; and sexual stereotypes, 1351-1352; and Title IX, 1488 Sextus Empiricus, 1374 Sexual abuse, 13, 1348-1350; rape, 1237-1241; Roman Catholic priests scandal, 673, 702, 1296-1297 Sexual harassment, 1348-1350, 1381; and Clinton, Bill, 258; in the workplace, 440 Sexuality and sexual ethics, 1350-1351, 1353-1356, 1358; and Islam, 774; and lust, 875; premarital, 1179-1180; and promiscuity, 1206-1207; and prostitution, 1211-1213 Sexually transmitted diseases, 1357-1359; and promiscuity, 1207 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 1061 Shack, Dove, 1399 Shaftesbury, third earl of, 343, 505, 825, 1359; on altruism, 47; and Locke, John, 866; on moral philosophy, 964; on moral sense, 964 Shakespeare, William, 497, 1587; on assassination, 99; censorship of, 160; on love, 1115; on mercy, 939 Shame, 612-613; and collective guilt, 270; and Shintoism, 1362 Sharecropping, 1380 Sharīa, 1360; and environmental movement, 456 Sharon, Ariel, 779 Sharp, Granville, 1378 Sharpeville massacre, 892 Sharswood, George, 837 SHaS. See Mishnah Shaw, George Bernard, 342-343 Sher, George, 942 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 1324 Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, 73, 1181 Shiism, 1361; and Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 43; and Husayn, 43, 698; and Sunnīism, 43 Shiites, 769-770 Shin Buddhism, 177 Shinran, 1361 Shintoism, 1361-1363; and bushido, 179-180 Shoah (Holocaust), 647, 1518, 1588-1589; paradox of, 1589 Shona people, 33 SIBI. See International Society for Bioethics Sibling rivalry, 785 Sickle-cell anemia, 141, 151, 568, 714 Siddhārtha Gautama. See Buddha Sidgwick, Henry, 1363; on altruism, 47; on prudence, 1215 Sierra Club, 63, 140, 796, 1363-1364, 1681; and environmental movement, 456 Siger of Brabant, 113 Sikhism, 1364-1366; and golden rule, 597; and Nānak, 992; and suicide, 1429 Sikhs, 100 Silent Spring (Carson), 455, 503, 1367, 1458 Silver Springs Monkeys case, 1108 Sima Qian, 305, 1612 Simon, Julian, 858 Simon, Sidney, 954 Simpson, O. J., 1123 Sin, 1367-1371; Abelard, Peter, on, 1; Augustine, Saint, on, 108; and Christian ethics, 242; and cruelty, 340-341; envy, 458 Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories (1980), 1194 Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 622 Singer, Jerome, 1095 Singer, Peter, 907, 1107, 1371-1372, 1544; on affirmative action, 942; on animal rights, 61-62, 64-66, 503, 1343; on exploitation, 502; on infanticide, 735; on lifeboat ethics, 858 Sit-ins, 253 Sittler, Joseph, 456 Situational ethics, 281, 600, 908, 957, 1063, 1372-1373; and Dewey, John, 600; and honesty, 669; and liberalism, 846; and obedience, 1064; and premarital sex, 1179 Six-Day War, 778-779 Skepticism, 1374-1375; and Hume, David, 692, 1041; and postmodernism, 1167-1168; and relativism, 1252; and Smith, Adam, 1384; and Socrates, 10 Skilling, Jeffrey, 329 Skinner, B. F., 118-119, 680; and behaviorism, 120; on greed, 607 Skokie, Illinois, 204 Slander, 845 Slave trade, 1376, 1378, 1380 Slavery, 390, 1376-1381; and abolition, 1-2; ancient Roman, 276; and Christianity, 1231-1232; and Civil War, U.S., 434; and cloning, 571; and Constitution, U.S., 320; and cultural genocide, 581; and developing world, 376; and discrimination, 390; Du Bois, W. E. B., on, 412; and elitism, 433; and Emancipation Proclamation, 2, 434-435, 862; and existentialism, 500; and exploitation, 502; and gratitude, 604; and human dignity, 383; justifications, 1259; and Lincoln, Abraham, 434-435, 861; and modern child labor, 220; Nietzsche, Friedrich, on, 127; and racism, 1230-1232; and rape, 879; and relativism, 1253; and reparations, 77-78, 1260-1261; and Scott v. Sandford, 1325; and sex industry, 565; and surrogate motherhood, 1443; and Thirteenth Amendment, 435; and Uncle Tom's Cabin (Stowe), 1519; and Washington, Booker T., 1577 "Slippery-slope" arguments, 1382-1383; and logic, 1383; and medical research, 926 Slote, Michael, 907 Sloth, 458, 831, 1369, 1546 Slovenia, 164 Smallpox, 134-135, 443, 1014, 1606; Boston epidemic, 923; and Native Americans, 1015 "Smart weapons, 93 Smith, Adam, 419, 659, 674, 950, 964, 1383-1385, 1603; on the ideal observer, 706; on pride, 1182; on sales ethics, 1305; on sympathy, 965; Wealth of Nations, The, 421, 730, 951, 1384; on work, 1603-1604 Smith, Kiki, 89 Smith, Leighton, 765 Smith, William, 15 Smoking; addictive nature of, 1472; and advertising, 25; and biofeedback, 142; and birth defects, 153; effects of, 184, 440; and tobacco industry, 1489-1493. See also Tobacco industry Smuts, J. C., 834 SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Snepp, Frank W., 160 Snow, C. P., 1458 Soccer, Women's World Cup, 1489 Social contract theory, 1385-1387; and advertising, 24; and alienation, 44, 1386; and cheating, 213; and constitutional government, 321-322; and democracy, 366; and libertarianism, 848; and Rawls, John, 1480; and Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 1298-1299; and Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 1516 Social Darwinism, 354, 493, 682, 1387-1388; and charity, 211; Dewey, John, on, 378; and Hitler, Adolf, 1028-1029; and homelessness, 658-659; and Nazism, 1030; and racism, 1231; and Spencer, Herbert, 354, 378, 1387-1388; and vice, 1547 Social engineering and affirmative action, 30 Social gospel movement, 814, 1038 Social justice, 1389-1390; and distribution of resources, 392-393; and dictatorship, 393; and utilitarianism, 1390 Social Security Act, 38, 726; and Children's Bureau, 231; and disability rights, 387; and health care, 920 Socialism, 1391-1392; and conservatism, 316; and revolution, 1392 Socialist Humanism, 691 Socialist Realism, 203 Society for Business Ethics, 1681 Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA), 218, 343, 689, 1393. See also American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC), 218, 229, 1679 Society of Christian Philosophers, 1681 Society of Professional Journalists, 739, 793-794 Sociobiology, 1393-1394 Sociology and Comte, Auguste, 294 Socrates, 474, 631, 1263, 1374, 1395-1396; on absolutism, 10; on academic freedom, 14; and Apology, 78; and Aristotle, 49; and atheism, 101; on beauty, 87; on bribery, 169; and Cyrenaics, 347; death of, 169, 246, 433, 852, 1133, 1503; dialectic method, 1041, 1134; on elitism, 432; on evil, 1587; and existentialism, 851-852; on the good, 601; on incontinence, 1593; and inductive reasoning, 1133; on justice, 801-802, 1262; on language, 824; on legitimacy of the state, 248; on loyalty, 871; on meaning of life, 1173; on moral perfection, 371; on moral relativism, 1132-1133; on ethical self-consciousness, 347; on intellect, 496, 499; paradoxes, 1132-1133, 1395; on piety, 851, 1254, 1256; and Plato, 475, 1130-1132; on sin, 1133; on Sophism, 1252, 1401; and Sophists, 1395; on the soul, 10, 475; trial of, 78; on virtue, 1133-1135, 1560 Söderblom, Nathan, 1666 Sodomy, 562, 665, 668, 1188, 1448; laws, 662 Software piracy, 287 Soldiers of fortune. See Mercenary soldiers Solferino, Battle of, 759 Solidarity and United Nations, 1525 Solipsism, 117, 1424-1425 Solomon, Robert, 869 Solon, laws of, 321, 544 Solovyov, Vladimir S., 124 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 1396-1397; Gulag Archipelago, 614-615; and Nobel Prize, 747; and Stalin, Joseph, 204 Somalia, 1103; human rights in, 687 Song lyrics, 1397-1400 Songs and Napster, 994 Sophists, 1401; and Socrates, 1395; and subjectivism, 1424 Sophocles, 313, 1047, 1121; Antigone, 246, 1047, 1121, 1503; on natural rights, 1021 Sōphrosynī, 494, 1331-1332 Sorel, Georges, 1556 Sōtō zen, 401-402, 887, 1611 Soul, Aristotle on, 85 Souter, David, 91 South Africa; apartheid, 74-75; capital punishment, 196; elections, 893; and Gandhi, Mohandas K., 249; internal colonialism, 272; racial prejudice in, 1229; and sanctions, 893; torture in, 1501; Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 1401-1403; and Tutu, Desmond, 1516; and United Nations, 1526 Southern Baptist Convention, 166 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 253-254, 814 Southern Homestead Act of 1866, 1260 Southern Poverty Law Center, 1681 Sovereignty, 1403-1404; and developing world, 377; and intervention, 765; and national security, 1003-1004; and United Nations, 1524 Soviet psychiatry, 1405-1406 Soviet Union; anti-Semitism in, 70; biochemical weapons, 135; censorship in, 204; and the Cold War, 266-268; concentration camps, 295; famine, 520; gulags, 295-296, 614-615, 1397, 1498; under Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 839-842; New Economic Policy, 843; and North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1050; and nuclear arms race, 1054-1057; and Potsdam Conference, 1169; and SALT treaties, 1306-1308; Socialist Realism, 203; and Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 1396; and Stalin, Joseph, 381, 1409-1411; and Truman Doctrine, 1509 Spam, e-mail, 27, 428; and "Nigerian scam," 288 Spanish Civil War, 56 Sparshott, F. E., 1181 Sparta, 423, 665, 1324; infanticide in, 483 Spartacus, 276 SPCA. See Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals SPCC. See Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Speciesism, 62, 64, 503, 998, 1152, 1371; definition, 61 Speer, Albert, 1061 Spemann, Hans, 259 Spencer, Herbert, 354, 378, 493, 1012; and Social Darwinism, 354, 378, 1387-1388 Sperm banks, 1406-1407 Spider-Man, 1383 Spies, 1507 Spina bifida, 152, 385 Spingarn, Joel E., 1000 Spingarn Medal, 1000 Spinoza, Baruch, 1408-1409; Ethics, 476, 622, 1112, 1408; on hate, 622; on hedonism, 631; and Perry, R. B., 1112; on truth, 1513; on will, 1590-1591 Spiritual healing, 510 Spock, Benjamin, 229 Sports; athletes' incomes, 1195-1197; and eating, 593; and gambling, 125; hunting, 690; hypocrisy in, 702; and organized crime, 125; and patriotism, 1099; Title IX, 1600; Title IX, 1488, 1599; women in, 1354 Springer, Jerry, 1245 Ssu-ma Ch'ien. See Sima Qian Stalin, Joseph, 1169, 1405, 1409-1412; and anti-Semitism, 70; and atom bomb, 104; and communism, 277; and concentration camps, 295; dictatorship, 381, 1149; and famine, 520; gulags, 614, 1498; and Hussein, Saddam, 699; mass murders of, 583, 1513; and Potsdam Conference, 1169; and Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 204 Standard Oil, 73 Stanford University, 15 Stanley, Lawrence, 1400 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 1412-1413, 1426 Star, 1446 Stare decisis, 1438 Starvation and lifeboat ethics, 858 State of nature, 1413-1414; Locke, John, on, 1516 State supreme courts, 106-107 Stateless people, 1250-1251 Statute of Monopolies of 1623, 73 Stem cells; and Bush, George W., 1416; and cloning, 260; and genetic engineering, 569-570; and research, 8, 922, 926, 1415-1417 Stendhal, 730, 869 Steptoe, Patrick, 722 Sterba, James, 1170 Stereotypes; and advertising, 24; ageist, 37; gay, 663; male, 560; and oppression, 1071; racist, 3, 390-391, 996, 1609; sexist, 122, 1347, 1349, 1351-1352; and slavery, 1261 Sterilization; and eugenics, 483; and mental illness, 935; and sperm banks, 1407; of women, 1418-1419 Stern, William and Elizabeth, 1442 Stevenson, Charles L., 265, 437, 772, 824, 1042, 1112, 1538 Stewart, Martha, 1419-1420 Stewart, Potter, 1158 Stimson, Henry L., 785 Stock market, 1203; crash, 1269, 1470; insider trading, 740, 1269; profit taking, 1203; and retirement funds, 1269-1270 Stoic ethics, 156, 680, 1340, 1421-1422; Cicero, 245, 1017; Epictetus, 459; and equality, 685; on evil, 487; and future generations, 553; and integrity, 747; loyalty, 871; Marcus Aurelius, 898; mercy, 940; natural law, 1017; Pantheism, 1086; Philo of Alexandria, 1122; rationality, 465; sexual intercourse, 150; sōphrosynī, 1332; suicide, 1340; virtue, 1561 Stolypin, Peter, 100 Stone, Christopher, 1138 Stone, Lucy, 1426 Stonewall Inn riots, 562, 1423 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 80, 1519 Strasser, Adolf, 52 Strassmann, Fritz, 1057 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties. See SALT treaties Strauss, Richard, 1397 Strawson, P. F., 963 Streicher, Julius, 1061 Stresemann, Gustav, 1665 Strike, Kenneth A., 1180 Stroebel, Charles, 143 Structuralism, 358 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 253-254 Subjectivism, 264-265, 599, 763, 1278, 1372, 1424-1425, 1536-1537; and fact/value distinction, 506; and human nature, 681; Moore, G. E., on, 953; and Nagel, Thomas, 992; and naturalism, 1049; and right and wrong, 1278; and Russell, Bertrand, 1301 Submission; and humility, 694; and Islam, 773-774; and obedience, 1064; in Shintoism, 1362 Subsidiarity, 1525 Substantive rights, 251 Subversion and loyalty oaths, 873 Sudan and slavery, 1381 Suez Crisis, 1103; and Iraq, 770 Suffering; and Buddha, 174; and Buddhism, 154, 533; and existentialism, 498-499; and pain, 1081 Suffrage, 1426-1427; and poll taxes, 1150 Sufism, 95, 116, 587-588, 616-617, 1427-1428; and Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 43; and Ibn al-Arabī, 704-705; and Muhammad, 979; and mysticism, 587; and Rābiah al-Adawīyah, 1228; and Rūmī, Jalāl al-Dīn, 1300-1301 Suicide, 1428-1430; and depression, 430; and duty, 1342; and Hippocratic oath, 138; and pessimism, 1119; and rock and roll music, 1398; and self-preservation, 1339-1340; and self-respect, 1342 Suicide assistance, 1430-1432; and Kevorkian, Jack, 810 Sullivan, Anne, 810 Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 553, 1017, 1214, 1432-1433, 1474, 1482, 1561 Summerlin, William, 1319 Sumner, Charles, 1379 Sumner, William Graham, 15, 1388 Sun Tzu. See Sunzi Sunnīism, 43, 769, 1227, 1360-1361; and Abū Hanīfah, 12; and Shīism, 43 Sunnīs, 1434 "Sunshine laws," 1222 Sunzi, Art of War, The, 92 Superconducting Supercollider, 1318 Supererogation, 1434-1436; and maximal vs. minimal ethics, 908 Superfund, 1502 Superman (Übermensch), 1174, 1504 Superstition, Cynics on, 346 Supreme Being; in African religions, 31-33, 35; and deism, 364-365, 1163; in Hinduism, 637 Supreme Court, U.S., 1436-1438; on abortion, 1292-1293; on affirmative action, 30; and antitrust legislation, 73; and the arts, 91; and Bill of Rights, 130, 132; on birth control, 609; Brandeis, Louis D., 168; Brown v. Board of Education, 170-171; and campaign finance reform, 190; and capital punishment, 194; and censorship, 205-207; on child support, 400; and church-state separation, 244-245; and Civil Rights movement, 253; on conscientious objection, 314; on due process, 588, 603; and electronic surveillance, 429-430; and entitlements, 449; on erroneous convictions, 469; on film censorship, 973-974; on free expression, 546; on gay rights, 562; gender discrimination cases, 464; on genetic engineering, 571, 1461; justice selection, 1439-1440; and loyalty oaths, 873-874; and Pentagon Papers, 1106; and Plessy v. Ferguson, 1136; on pornography, 1159; on privacy, 1187-1188; and public's right to know, 1222; on right to die, 1283; on right to life, 484; on school desegregation, 744; and Scottsboro case, 1325; on sexual harassment, 440; on sterilization, 1418; on suicide assistance, 1432; and three-strikes laws, 1486; and voting fraud, 1566 Surgeon general, U.S., 256, 1490; and song lyrics, 1400 Surgery and robotics, 1289 Surrogate motherhood, 720, 1440-1443 "Survival of the fittest," 354, 493, 1025, 1030, 1388 Survivor, 1245 Sustainability of resources, 1443-1445 Suttner, Bertha von, 1044, 1665 Swaggert, Jimmy, 672, 702, 1467 Swann v. Board of Education (1971), 744 Sweatt v. Painter (1949), 1330 Sweden and Nobel Peace Prize, 1044-1045 Sweepstakes, 25 Swinburne, Richard, 1370 Swiss Reform movement, 1370 Sydenham, Thomas, 866 Sykes, Gresham, 486 Sympathy, 706 Syphilis, 1357; Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 927, 1000, 1321 Szasz, Thomas, 742, 934, 1217, 1430 T Tabloid journalism, 1447 Tabloid television, 1447 Taboos, 1447-1448; and adultery, 22 Tacitus, 1560 Taft, William H., 834, 1437 Taft-Hartley Act. See Labor-Management Relations Act Tagore, Rabindranath, 1449 Taliban, 657, 792, 1004, 1477; and refugees, 1251 Talmud, 789, 943, 1449-1452; Mishnah, 789, 889, 1449-1452; and Torah, 1496 Tanakh, 628 Taney, Roger B., 1325 Tankh. See Hebrew Bible Taoism. See Daoism Taub, Edward, 63 Taxes, 213, 419, 1453-1456; and citizenship, 246; deductions for charity, 122, 210; and "free-riding," 509; income, 419; and income distribution, 727; and lottery revenue, 867-869; on tobacco, 1454 Taylor, Harriet, 1495 Tay-Sachs disease, 141, 151, 568 Te. See De Teachers and loyalty oaths, 874 Technology, 1456-1463; biometrics, 144-146; and distribution of wealth, 1461; identity theft, 709-711; and postmodernism, 1167; robotics, 1289-1291. See also Information technology Telecommunications Act of 1996, 234 Telemarketing, 1464-1465; National Do Not Call Registry, 1465 Teleology, 116, 124, 599, 1020, 1432, 1465-1467; and Aristotle, 958, 1016, 1432; and consequentialism, 156, 367-368; vs. deontology, 367, 1466-1467; and Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 632; and libertarianism, 848; and natural law, 1020; and nirvana, 1042 Telephones; National Do Not Call Registry, 1465; and telemarketing, 1464 Televangelists, 1467-1468 Television; and aggressive behavior, 40; educational programming, 235; infomercials, 736; reality programming, 1246; tabloid journalism, 1447; and televangelists, 1467-1468; V-chips, 234 Temperance, 1469-1471; and self-control, 1561 Temptation, 1471-1472 Ten Commandments, 101, 282, 368, 529, 629, 875, 877, 958, 972, 1048, 1373, 1472-1473; and family values, 517; on fraud, 534; and moral rules, 958 Tenenbaum, Samuel, 623 Tenzin Gyatso. See Dalai Lama Teresa, Mother, 1667 Terrorism, 1474-1477; and anarchy, 56; and anti-Semitism, 71; and biochemical weapons, 132-133, 135-136; and electronic surveillance, 429; and homeland defense, 657 Terry, Randall, 1205 Tertullian, 922 Test Oath Cases (1867), 874 "Test-tube babies," 1440 Thalidomide, 733 Thanatology, 355 Theft; and computer crime, 287 Theism, 364-365, 395, 487, 1537, 1590; and atheism, 101; and deism, 364; and empiricism, 865; and evil, 489-490; and Locke, John, 866; in Old Testament, 972; and pantheism, 1085; and progressivism, 489; and Vaiknavism, 1542 Theodicy, 475, 487, 490, 599, 601, 629, 713, 968 Theodorus the Atheist, 348 Theory and practice, 1478-1479 Theory of Justice, A (Rawls), 368, 495, 508, 1244, 1479-1480, 1584; on impartiality, 720; on self-respect, 1342 Therapist-patient relationship, 297, 1216, 1480-1481 Therapy groups. See Group therapy Theravāda Buddhism, 154, 176-178, 809, 821; and humanism, 690 Third Lateran Council, 654 Third World. See Developing world Thirteenth Amendment, 2; and Lincoln, Abraham, 862 Thomas Aquinas, 475, 1482-1483; on altruism, 48; on assassination, 98; and Augustine, Saint, 108; on benevolence, 122; on conscience, 309; on courage, 635; on cruelty, 343; on divine command theory, 1278, 1435; on euthanasia, 484; on evil, 487; and Fārābī, al-, 521; on friendship, 553; on the good, 599, 1257; on humility, 694; on intention, 750; on just war theory, 800, 1474, 1554, 1568; on law, 827-828; on mercy, 939; on morality, 968, 970; on natural law, 1017-1019, 1022, 1340; on nature, 966; on prudence, 1214; on Pure Being, 113; on reason, 1018; on revelation, 1271; on suicide, 1340; Summa Theologica, 1432-1433; and Thomism, 48, 1257; on truth, 1513; on universalism, 1252; on value, 1536; on vice, 1547; on virtue, 1561; on will, 1590 Thomism, 599, 1257; and altruism, 48; and morality, 970 Thomson, James, 1415 Thoreau, Henry David, 436, 1484; on civil disobedience, 248; on conservation, 316; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1554; on nonviolence, 1047; and transcendentalism, 1505-1506; Walden, 1567 Thrasymachus, 474, 801, 967, 1132, 1134, 1173, 1263 Threats and coercion, 263 Three Mile Island, 457, 1057 Three-strikes laws, 1091, 1485-1486 Thrower, James, 102 Thuggees, 100 Tiantong Rujing, 402 Tibet; Buddhism, 112, 349-350, 886, 991; and Dalai Lama, 349-350 "Ticking time bomb" scenario, 1005 Tiglath-Pileser III, 480 Till, Emmett, 880, 1233 Tillich, Paul, 986, 1038, 1370, 1486-1487; and existentialism, 498; and situational ethics, 1373 Tillman, Ben, 879 Tillman Act of 1907, 190 Time magazine, 1123 Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago (1961), 206 Tinbergen, Nikolaas, 493 Tinker v. Des Moines (1969), 407 Tipping, 1487 Title IX, 1488, 1600, 1599; and World Cup, 1489 Tito, Josip Broz, 164 Tobacco industry, 183-184, 1489-1493; advertising, 25; "Joe Camel," 26, 185; and retirement funds, 1270; and second-hand smoke, 440; taxes on, 1454. See also Smoking Tocqueville, Alexis de, 730, 949, 959 Tokugawa era, 180 "Tokyo Rose," 1507 Tolerance, 1494-1495 Tolins, Jonathan, 667 Tolstoy, Leo, 1047; on anarchy, 56; War and Peace, 1324 Tooley, Michael; and infanticide, 735 Torah, 628, 1450, 1452, 1496-1497; on duty, 116; gemarah, 1452; law codes, 628-629; and moral law, 282; and Moses, 971-972; and Talmud, 1449; on truth, 761 Torres, Camilio, 1555 Torture, 55, 384, 686-687, 1498-1499, 1501; in Argentina, 389; and asceticism, 95; and concentration camps, 295; and dirty hands, 386; and evil, 1498; and Geneva Conventions, 580; in Iraq, 699; and mental illness, 933; and national security, 1004; Nietzsche, Friedrich, on, 341; in South Africa, 1402; in Soviet gulags, 615; and Soviet psychology, 1406; in Soviet Union, 1410; and utilitarianism, 1532 Totalitarianism, 110; Arendt, Hannah, on, 82; and assassination, 100; Camus, Albert, on, 191; and censorship, 203; and covert action, 335; and espionage, 471; and fascism, 522; and Lenin, V. I, 843; vs. libertarianism, 847; and liberty, 1145; and nationalism, 1007; Orwell, George, on, 1074; Skinner, B. F., on, 120; and Stalin, Joseph, 1409-1411; and vice, 1546 Totems, 1448 Toxic waste, 1502 Trade and World Trade Organization, 1607-1608 Trademarks, 748 Traffic fatalities and drug abuse, 408 Traficant, James A., 306 Tragedy, 341, 497, 1503-1504; Harding, Garrett, on, 858; and Nine-Eleven, 27; Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel, on, 1519 Tragedy of commons, 858, 1461 Transcendentalism, 1504-1506; and Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 436; and meaning of life, 850; and reason, 1505; and Thoreau, Henry David, 1484, 1505-1506; and utilitarianism, 1505; and Vedānta, 1541-1542 Treason, 1506-1508; in ancient Rome, 544; and art, 89; and capital punishment, 194; and Dreyfus, Alfred, 1614; and loyalty oaths, 873; and sedition, 1328; and U.S. Constitution, 251, 1506 Treaty of Versailles, 1508; and League of Nations, 834; and Nazi Germany, 1032 Trespassing and computer crime, 289 Triage, 1509 Trilling, Lionel, 110 Trimble, David, 1668 Trivers, Robert, 1394 Truman, Harry S., 744, 1169; and civil rights, 274; and the Cold War, 267; on health insurance, 467; and McCarthy, Joseph R., 882; and Potsdam Conference, 1169 Truman Doctrine, 1509 Trump, Donald, 1245 "Trump value," 65, 299, 413, 956 Trust and mentoring, 936 Trustworthiness, 1509-1511 Truth, 1511-1514; and advertising, 736; and intersubjectivity, 763-764; and intuitionist ethics, 766-767; and language, 823-824; and libel, 845; and news sources, 1035-1036; and nihilism, 1040-1041; and perjury, 1110 Truth and Reconciliation Commission. See South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission Truthfulness vs. trustworthiness, 1510 Tuberculosis, 698, 1607 Tucker, C. Delores, 1398 Tunney, Gene, 1196 Turgenev, Ivan, 1041 Turing, Alan, 92 Turkey; Armenian genocide, 583, 585, 839; Atatürk, 100; etiqette in, 481; secularism, 773 Turkmen, 769 Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 927, 1000, 1321 Tutsi, 1228, 1302 Tutu, Desmond, 1401, 1515-1516; Nobel Peace Prize, 1046, 1667 Twain, Mark, 160; and biometrics, 146 Twelve-step programs, 604, 930, 1471 Twelvers (Im3mis), 1361 Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 1516-1517 Tyco, 186, 329 Tylor, Edward, 1012 Tyranny, 1517, 1549; and assassination, 96-99 Tyrants; and International Criminal Court, 752 Tzaddik, 1517-1518 U Ukraine famine, 520, 585 Ulysses (Joyce), 159, 206, 1159 Umberto I, 56 Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de, 1519; on tragedy, 1504 Uncle Tom's Cabin (Stowe), 80, 1519-1520 Unconditional surrender, 1520-1522 Unemployment; and child abuse, 218; and free-market policies, 758; and minimum-wage laws, 949 UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, 1522-1523 Uniformity, Act of, 14 Union of Concerned Scientists, 1523, 1682 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See Soviet Union Unitarianism, 691, 1505 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF); Nobel Peace Prize, 1667 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of, 1666-1667 United Farm Workers, 165 United Nations, 1523-1526, 1682; and Bosnia, 163, 765; and human rights, 685-686; International Labor Office (ILO), 221; and Iraq, 699; and Israel, 777; and Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 778-779; and Kosovo, 818; Nobel Peace Prize, 1045, 1667-1668; peacekeeping missions, 1102-1103; and Rwanda genocide, 352, 1304; and sanctions, 1309-1310; and slavery, 1380; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1529 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 137 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 584, 1527; and Lemkin, Raphael, 839 United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1528 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, 1529 United Nations Development Program, 366 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and human genome research, 1522 United States v. Abrams (1919), 204 United States v. Chiarella (1980), 741 United States v. New York Times Company (1971), 794 United States v. One Book Entitled Ulysses (1934), 206 United States v. Seeger (1965), 314 United States v. Welch (1970), 314 United Steelworkers v. Weber (1979), 30 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 984, 1021, 1023, 1288, 1529-1530; and Amnesty International, 55; and children's rights, 231; and concentration camps, 296; and genocide, 584; and privacy, 430; on torture, 384; and United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1528 Universal Declaration on Human Rights; and slavery, 1380 Universal Negro Improvement Association, 996 Universalizability, 1530 University honor codes, 675-676 University of California and loyalty oaths, 874 Unsafe at Any Speed (Nader), 323 Untouchables, 199, 1259, 1447; and Poona Pact, 1154 Up from Slavery (Washington), 1577 Upanisads, 1530-1531, 1542; Ahimsā, 42; asceticism in, 95; and Aurobindo, Sri, 109; and Hinduism, 637; and karma, 808; and mysticism, 986, 988; and Sankara, 1311; and Tagore, Rabindranath, 1449 Uragami Gyokudo, 180 Urmson, J. O., 1435 Ur-nammu, Code of, 617 U.S.S.R. See Soviet Union Usury and Islam, 774 Utilitarianism, 1531-1532; and absolutism, 10; and animal rights, 62, 64; and Bentham, Jeremy, 124; and Bradley, F. H., 166; and business ethics, 182; and capital punishment, 195; and capitalism, 197-198; and censorship, 204; Dewey, John, on, 378; and distributive justice, 392; and drug testing, 410; and electronic surveillance, 429; and genetically modified foods, 575; and health care allocation, 627; and honor codes, 675; and immigration, 716; and impartiality, 720; and infanticide, 735; and integrity, 747; and lifeboat ethics, 858; and Mill, John Stuart, 948; on moral status of animals, 966; and "not in my backyard," 1052; and Nozick, Robert, 1054; and permissible acts, 1112; and premarital sex, 1180; and punishment, 337-338; and right and wrong, 1280; and self-interest, 1335; and service to others, 1344; and Sidgwick, Henry, 1363; and social justice, 1390; and supererogation, 1435; and technology, 1462; and torture, 1532; and transcendentalism, 1505; and triage, 1509; and Washington, Booker T., 1576-1577 Utopia, 45, 173, 179, 381, 713, 1165-1167, 1256, 1533-1534; and communism, 551; and economic equality, 1203; and messianism, 942; and punishment, 1224; and socialism, 1391-1392 Utopia (More), 78, 276, 1533-1534 V Valdez Principles, 452-453 Valenti, Jack, 974 Valuation, Dewey, John, on, 379 Value, 1535-1538; and advertising, 24; and Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche), 126; and lifestyles, 859; and Nagel, Thomas, 992; and perfectionism, 1109; and Perry, R. B., 1112; and pluralism, 1137; and political correctness, 1143; Wittgenstein, Ludwig, on, 1595 Values clarification, 1539-1540; and moral education, 954 Van Buren, Abigail, 28 Vandalism and computer crime, 287 Vanderbilt, Amy, 481 Vanity, 480, 1182, 1468, 1482, 1602 Vardhamāna, 781, 1541 Vasectomy, 149-150, 1284, 1407, 1418 Vatican Council II; and Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 729 V-chips, 234 Veatch, Robert M., 501, 856 Vedānta, 1449, 1541-1543; and mysticism, 988; and Sankara, 1311; and Tagore, Rabindranath, 1449 Vedas, 200, 636, 1531; Bhagavadgītā, 127; on caste, 199; and Jainism, 781; Upanisads, 95, 109, 637, 808, 986, 1311, 1530; and Vedānta, 1542 Veganism, 1543-1544 Vegetarianism, 42, 96, 1543-1544; and animal rights movement, 64, 66; and Buddhism, 177, 529; and Jainism, 782, 809; and Manichaeanism, 896 Verdi, Giuseppi, 1397 Verification principle, 114 Vespasian, 345 Veterans' rights, 1545-1546 Vice, 1546-1547; and narcissism, 995; and selfishness, 1336 Vichy France collaboration, 241 Victimless crimes, 1213; and drug use, 410; and Internet piracy, 762; and prostitution, 1213; and vice, 1546 Victims' rights, 1547-1549 Victoria, Queen, 343, 1576 Vienna Circle, 114 Vietnam War, 1549-1552; biochemical weapons in, 135; and civil disobedience, 250; and Civil Rights movement, 254; My Lai massacre, 1064, 1552; and Nobel Peace Prizes, 1045; and peace studies, 1101; and Pentagon Papers, 1106; and private vs. public morality, 1189 Vigilantism and international justice, 753 Vincennes, USS, 93 Viner, Jacob, 465 Violence, 1553-1556; and abuse, 12-13; and religion, 1258-1259; and children's television, 234-235; and just war theory, 1474; lynching, 879-881; and military ethics, 947; and nationalism, 1007; and pacifism, 1079-1080; police brutality, 1139-1141; and song lyrics, 1399; and terrorism, 1476; against women, 565. See also Nonviolence Virgil, 968 Virgin Mary. See Mary, Virgin Virginia, University of, honor code, 675 Virginity; in Africa, 35; in films, 974; and suicide, 1429 Virtual reality, 1557-1558 Virtue, 1559-1562; altruism, 46-49; and Aristotelian ethics, 83; Aristotle on, 85; and Buddhism, 177; and courage, 333-334; Cynics on, 346; and elitism, 432; and golden mean, 596; and gratitude, 604; and greatest good principle, 1562; and honesty, 669-673; and honor, 674; and humility, 694; and loyalty, 871; and mercy, 938-939; and military ethics, 947; and motivation, 975-976; and obedience, 1064; and patriotism, 1098-1099; and Platonic ethics, 1132-1133; and pride, 1182; and prudence, 1214; and role models, 1295; and self-control, 1331; Thomas Aquinas on, 1482; and tzaddik, 1517-1518 Virtue ethics, 1563-1564; and business ethics, 182 Viruses, computer, 287 Visnu, 127, 637, 1530-1531, 1542 Vivekānanda, 1543 Vivisection, 60, 922-923, 998, 1564 Voltaire, 445, 1022, 1501, 1565 Voter Education Project, 254 Voting. See Suffrage Voting fraud, 1566 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 254, 274, 819 W Wage discrimination, 1567 Wagner Act. See National Labor Relations Act Wagner, Richard, 645 Wagner, Robert, 1001 Wailing Wall, 790 Waksal, Samuel, 1420 Walden (Thoreau), 1567-1568 Wałesa, Lech, 1667 Walker, John Anthony, 1507 Wal-Mart, 186, 1399 Walt Disney Enterprises, 1364 Walzer, Michael, 1104, 1476, 1552; on dirty hands, 386; on immigration, 715-716; on war, 1572 Wang Yangming, 1568 War, 1568-1572; and Art of War, The (Sunzi), 92; biochemical weapons, 132-136; chemical weapons, 214-216; and conscientious objection, 313; and famines, 520; and Geneva conventions, 578-579; Grotius, Hugo, on, 610; holy war, 653-656; limited, 860; and military ethics, 946-947; and On War (Clausewitz), 1069; and pacifism, 1079-1080; and peace studies, 1100-1101; and realpolitik, 1246; and religion, 1258-1259; scorched-earth policies, 1323-1324; and "smart weapons," 93; and taxation, 1453; and unconditional surrender, 1520-1521; Vietnam War, 1549-1552 War crimes trials, 1573-1574; and Human Rights Watch, 689; Nuremberg, 1060-1061 War on Poverty, 625, 672, 1584 Warfield, Ethelbert D., 15 Warnock, Mary, 102 Warranties, 25, 738, 1574-1575 Warren, Earl, 170 Warren, Karen, 417 Warren, Samuel D., 1122 Warsaw Pact, 1051, 1055 Washington, Booker T., 1575-1577; and Du Bois, W. E. B., 412 Wasserstrom, Richard, 942 Water pollution; and Clean Water Act, 257; and toxic waste, 1502 Water Pollution Control Act of 1956, 257 Watergate scandal, 331, 702, 1189, 1514, 1578; and Freedom of Information Act, 549; and Pentagon Papers case, 1107; reporting of, 740, 792; and SALT treaties, 1308 Watson, J. B., 120 Watson, James, 568, 570 Watt, James, 456 Watts, Alan, 1611 Weakness of will, 1578-1579, 1593; and temptation, 1471 Wealth, 1171-1172; and charity, 211; distribution of, 375; and Islam, 774; and property, 1209-1210 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 421, 730, 951, 1384 Weapons; chemical, 214-216; nonconventional, 214 Weapons of mass destruction, 699; and the Cold War, 267; in Iraq, 770 Weapons research, 1579-1580 Weber, Max, 713, 1049, 1174, 1581; on Calvinism, 189; on private vs. public morality, 1189; on work, 1605 Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989), 1285, 1293 Welfare, 1582-1583; and distributive justice, 393; entitlements, 449; and families, 512-513; homeless care, 658-659; and poverty, 1170; rights, 1583-1584 Welfare state, and Nozick, Robert, 1054 Westminster, Statute of, 1403 Westmoreland v. Columbia Broadcasting System (1984), 795 Whistleblowing, 1585; and public's right to know, 1222 White, Leslie, 1458 White, Lynn, 456 White Citizens Council, 252 White-collar crime, 1586; and "everyone does it" justifications, 486 "White Rabbit," 1398 "White slavery," 40, 1381 Whitehead, Alfred North, 621, 707, 1131, 1586; and Russell, Bertrand, 1301 Whitehead, Mary Beth, 1442 WHO. See World Health Organization Wickedness, 1587-1588 Wiener, Norbert, 1458 Wiesel, Elie, 1588-1589; on evil, 490; foundation of, 1674; on the Holocaust, 649; Nobel Peace Prize, 1667 Wigglesworth, Edward, 15 Wilberforce, William, 1378 Wilde, Oscar, 1397, 1471 Wilderness Act of 1964, 1589 Wildlife, 454, 1027; endangered species, 441-442; extinctions, 361, 606 Wilke, Jack, 1205 Wilkins, Maurice, 568, 570 Wilkins, Roy, 999 Will, 1590-1593; and motivation, 975-976; Nietzsche, Friedrich, on, 1039; and reason, 1590 Willadsen, Steen, 259 William of Ockham, 750, 1592 Williams, Betty, 1667 Williams, Eric, 1378 Williams, Henry Sylvester, 1083 Williams, Jody, 1668 Williams, Roger, 244 Williams, Tennessee, 667 Wilmut, Ian, 259 Wilson, Bill, 604 Wilson, E. O., 46, 284, 1393-1394; on ethology, 493; on human nature, 681 Wilson, John, 954 Wilson, Woodrow, 81, 834; Fourteen Points, 833, 1508, 1521; and League of Nations, 833; Nobel Peace Prize, 1665; and women's suffrage, 1427 Winner, Langdon, 1460 Wisdom, 1594; and prudence, 1214 Wisdom literature, 629, 1602 Wise Use Movement, 456 Wissler, Clark, 1012 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 852, 1595 Wojnarowicz, David, 89 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 1351, 1426, 1595-1596 Wolpe, Joseph, 118 Woman's Rights Convention, 1413 Women; in advertising, 26; and care ethics, 122; and Civil Rights movement, 254; cultural biases against, 565; feminism, 526-527; and gender bias, 564-565; and hate-crime laws, 624; and Islam, 775, 979; and Jesus Christ, 789; and social contract theory, 1387; sports, 1489; sterilization of, 1418; and surrogate motherhood, 1440-1442; and wage discrimination, 1567 Women's ethics, 1596-1598; and postmodernism, 1168 Women's movement, 1598-1601; and rape, 1242; and suffrage, 1426-1427 Women's rights; and abolition movement, 3; and ecofeminism, 417; and National Organization for Women, 1002; and rape, 1243; and Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), 1326 Women's Social and Political Union, 1427 Woods, Tiger, 1197 Woodson, Carter, 1000 Woodstock music festival, 1350 Woodward, Bob, 739, 1578 Woolman, John, 1 Work, 1602-1605; and alienation, 45 Work ethic, 189, 513 Worker's compensation, 438-439 Workplace dress codes, 405-406 Works Progress Administration, 89 World Bank, 590, 592, 758, 1172 World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture, 31 World Conference on Music and Censorship, 1400 World economy; and World Trade Organization, 1607-1608 World Federation for the Protection of Animals, 1607 World Health Organization (WHO), 1606-1607, 1682; on suicide, 1428 World Medical Association; Declaration of Helsinki, 923 World Policy Institute, 1101 World Society for the Protection of Animals, 1607, 1682 World Trade Center, attack on, 72, 656, 775, 792, 1260, 1474-1475 World Trade Organization (WTO), 590, 592, 1607-1608; protests against, 591 World War I; Armenian genocide, 583, 585; chemical weapons, 214; and Germany, 582; and League of Nations, 833; Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, on, 842; and Red Cross, 760; Treaty of Versailles, 1508; unconditional surrender doctrine in, 1521 World War II; anti-Semitism during, 71; chemical weapons, 214; and conscientious objection, 314; Dresden firebombing, 404; and Geneva conventions, 580; Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, 641-645; and Hitler, Adolf, 643; human rights violations, 1021; and Japan, 1363; Japanese American internment, 783-784; Manhattan Project, 104, 894, 1320; Nazism, 1030-1032; and Nuremberg Trials, 1060-1061; Potsdam Conference, 1169; reparations issues, 1169; Soviet Union in, 1410-1412; and Treaty of Versailles, 1508; unconditional surrender doctrine in, 1520-1521 World Wide Web. See Internet World Zionist Organization, 168 WorldCom, 186, 329-330; and ethical codes, 471 Worldwatch Institute, 140 Worster, Donald, 606 Wretched of the Earth, The (Fanon), 1609 Wright, Jim, 307 Wright, Richard, 880, 1000 Wrongdoing and harm, 619 WTO. See World Trade Organization Wyatt v. Stickney (1971), 935 X Xenotransplantation, 149 Xun Qing. See Xunzi Xunzi, 303-304, 1610 Y Yale University, 15 Yamaga Soko, 180 Yamamoto Tsunetomo, 180 Yangism, 928 Yazid, 43 Yellow fever, 1607 Yeltsin, Boris, 135 Yi, 304, 928, 1610; Mencius on, 928 Yoder, John Howard, 1080 Yoga, 127, 1531 Yom Kippur War, 778 Yosemite National Park, 1364 Young Turks, 101, 583 Yugoslavia, 163; breakup of, 163, 1251; concentration camps, 295-296; Kosovo, 817 Z Zarathushtra. See Zoroaster Zen Buddhism, 991, 1611; and Bodhidharma, 153; and bushido, 180; and Daoism, 352, 1611; and Dōgen, 401, 887; and humanism, 690; and Mādhyamaka, 886-887; and wisdom, 1594. See also Buddhism Zeno of Citium, 1340, 1421-1422, 1561 Zero-base ethics, 300-301, 1612 Zero Population Growth, 1155 "Zero-sum" economics, 300, 1612 Zhu Xi, 1568, 1612 Zhuangzi, 352, 1613-1614 Zionism, 776, 1614-1615; and anti-Semitism, 70 Zola, Émile, 730 Zoos, 441, 690, 1607 Zoroaster, 1615; and Mani, 896 Zoroastrianism, 1615-1617; and evil, 489; and golden rule, 597; and homosexuality, 666; and Manichaeanism, 896; and Satan, 489 |
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