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Editor: John K. Roth, Claremont McKenna College ISBN: 978-1-58765-170-0 List Price: $364 December 2004 · 3 volumes · 1,773 pages · 8"x10" Ethics, Revised Edition Index A AARP. See American Association of Retired Persons ABA. See American Bar Association Abbey, Edward, 456 Abelard, Peter, 1, 1164 Abolition, 1-3 Abortion, 3-9, 356; and infanticide, 734; and murder, 1284-1285; and pro-choice movement, 1190-1191; and pro-life movement, 1204-1205; and right to life, 1284-1285; Roe v. Wade, 1292-1293; and sterilization, 1419; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1438; and surrogate motherhood, 1442 Abraham and Isaac, 396, 812, 1227, 1248, 1258, 1589; and Islam, 473 Absolutism, 10-11; and dictatorship, 381-382; Marx, Karl, on, 904; and permissible acts, 1111; and pluralism, 1137; vs. relativism, 1252-1253 Absurd, The, 11 Absurd, Theater of the, 1504 Absurdity; and ambiguity, 117 Abū Bakr, 12; on holy war, 655 Abū Hanīfah, 12 Abuse, 12-14; of children, 217-218 Academic freedom, 14-15 Accidents; and employee safety, 438-440; and good samaritan laws, 602 Accountability, 16-17; and autonomy, 110-111. See also Responsibility Accuracy in Media (AIM), 17-18, 1669 Accused, rights of, 18, 1548 Acheson, Dean, 882 Acid rain, 140 ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 19-21, 54, 143, 925, 1052, 1207, 1357, 1459, 1607; discovery of, 1320; and drug abuse, 409; drugs for, 1305; epidemics, 923; fear of, 1117; and health care, 626; and homosexuality, 666; and pharmaceutical industry, 186; and prisoners, 513; and prostitutes, 1213; research on, 1459; and Rwanda genocide, 1243; and sexual revolution, 1351; in South Africa, 893 Acton, H. B., 1146 Acupuncture, 647, 1082 Adam and Eve, 473, 489, 517, 875, 1471, 1578; and collective guilt, 270; fall of, 109, 488, 970, 1114, 1602; sin of, 1367 Adams, Carol, 417 Adams, John, 317, 787, 1328; and Declaration of Independence, 357 Adarand Constructors v. Peña (1995), 30 Addams, Jane, 1000, 1666 Adelson, John, 976 Adenauer, Konrad, 71 Adler, Felix, 283 Adler, Mortimer, 772 Adler, Samuel, 283 Adoption and surrogate motherhood, 1440, 1443 Adorno, Theodore, 339 Adultery, 22-23, 1355; and capital punishment, 193; and divorce, 397; and Islam, 773, 775, 1360; and marriage, 399 Adulthood, 209, 225-227, 231 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 160 Adversary system, 23; and divorce, 399-400 Advertising, 24-27, 185; and children's television, 235-236; deceptive, 736; and fraud, 535; infomercials, 736; and sales ethics, 1305-1306; and tobacco industry, 1490, 1493 Advertorials, 26 Advice columnists, 28-29 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission Aesthetics and art, 87 AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children Affirmative action, 29-30, 184, 744; and inequality, 734; and Title IX, 1489 Afghanistan, 657, 792; refugees, 1251; Soviet invasion of, 268; U.N. invasion of, 1004; U.S. intervention, 1525 AFL. See American Federation of Labor Africa, 1609; adultery in, 22; and American abolition movement, 2; colonialism in, 1008, 1380; and cultural genocide, 581; famines, 697; and imperialism, 272; and Pan-Africanism, 1082-1083; promiscuity in, 1206; and slave trade, 1376 African Americans; and abolition, 1-2; and affirmative action, 29; and capital punishment, 196; and citizenship, 1325; and civil disobedience, 249; Civil Rights movement, 252-254; and Ku Klux Klan, 819; and lynching, 879-881; and men's movement, 931; and Nation of Islam, 996-997; and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 999; and Pan-Africanism, 1082-1083; and redlining, 1250; and reparations for slavery, 78, 1260-1261; and reverse racism, 1274; and Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1000; and Washington, Booker T., 1576. See also Civil Rights movement; Slavery African ethics, 31-36 African National Congress (ANC), 75, 892; and Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 1401 Agape, 210-211, 242, 814, 869-870 Age Discrimination Act of 1975, 51 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 51 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1975, 440 Ageism, 37-38, 417, 1070; and Gray Panthers, 605 Agent Orange, 135, 1552 Aggression, 13, 38-40, 58, 120, 147, 582, 682, 865, 976, 1394, 1547; and games, 582; and rape, 1239 Agreement for the Suppression of White Slave Traffic, 40-41 Agribusiness, 41 Agriculture; genetically modified foods, 575-577 Ahimsā, 42; and Jainism, 782 Ahrens, Heinrich, 1085 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 233 AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Air pollution; Clean Air Act, 256; and toxic waste, 1502 Akamba people, 34 Akan people, 33 Akbar the Great, 42 Akrasia, 601, 1578-1579 Alabama state bar, 837 Albanians, 817 Alchemy, 1457 Alcoholics Anonymous, 604, 612, 1471 Alcoholism, 46, 408-409, 568, 581, 1471-1472; and gambling, 868; and Native Americans, 1016; and perfectionism, 1110 Alexander II, 1139 Alexander, Jane, 90 Alexander, Richard, 1394 Alexander the Great, 345 Algeria, 656 Ali, Noble Drew, 996 Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 43-44, 1361 Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, 130, 872, 1328 Alienation, 44-45, 121, 173, 275, 422, 499, 930, 1558; and authenticity, 110 Almohad Empire, 112, 889 Althusser, Louis, 713 Altruism, 46-49; and egoism, 424; and egotism, 426; and generosity, 566; vs. self-interest, 1334; vs. selfishness, 1336; and service to others, 1344; and sociobiology, 1394; and utopia, 1534; and Zen Buddhism, 1611 Alzheimer's disease, 8, 569, 735 AMA. See American Medical Association Amato, Joseph, 605 Ambulance chasers, 1113 American Friends Service Committee, 1666 American Academy of Religion, 1669 American Advertising Federation, 25 American Anti-Slavery Society, 2 American Arbitration Association, 82 American Association of Advertising Agencies, 24, 80 American Association of Engineering Societies, 80 American Association of Marriage and Family Therapists, 515 American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 38, 50-51, 1669 American Association of University Professors (AAUP), 15 American Bankers Association, 81 American Bar Association (ABA), 107, 261-262, 837-838, 1669; and capital punishment, 196; ethical code, 471; and judicial conduct code, 796; and professional ethics, 1201 American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), 912 American Catholic Philosophical Association, 1669 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 51-52, 1670; and American Nazi Party, 51; on book banning, 162; and campaign finance reform, 190; and censorship, 1400; and information access, 738 American College Test, 270 American Colonization Society, 2 American Counseling Association, 298 American Cyanamid Company, 1419 American Enterprise Institute, 1670 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 52; and Knights of Labor, 816 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 1670 American Hospital Association, 914 American Humanist Association, 691, 1670 American Inns of Court, 52-53, 1670 American Institute of Architects, 80 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 80, 1341 American Library Association, 849 American Marketing Association (AMA), 898, 899 American Medical Association (AMA), 53, 1670; on abortion, 4, 1285; codes of ethics, 53, 138, 914, 1184, 1201; on death, 355; Principles of Medical Ethics, 1183 American Nazi Party, 51 American Philosophical Association (APA), 15, 1671 American Psychiatric Association, 741, 932, 934; on homosexuality, 28, 561, 662 American Psychological Association, 15, 298, 355, 934, 1216, 1347; code of conduct, 473, 1481; on homosexuality, 663, 666 American Revolution; and equality, 466; loyalty oaths, 873; and natural law, 1022 American Society for Bioethics and Humanities, 1671 American Society for Public Administration, 81 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), 62, 344, 998, 1671. See also Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 218 American Society of Human Genetics, 568, 1125 American Society of Newspaper Editors, 53-54, 1671 American Tobacco Company, 73 American Union Against Militarism, 51 American Woman Suffrage Association, 1426 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 20, 54, 387, 440, 1001 America's Watch, 689 Améry, Jean, 652 Ames, Shawn C., 994 Amin, Idi, 480 Amnesty International, 54-55, 296, 687, 689, 1671; Nobel Peace Prize, 1667; on Peltier conviction, 1105; and Rwanda genocide, 1243; on torture, 1501 Amos, 629, 801 Anabaptism, 313, 1079-1080 Anarchism and treason, 1506 Anarchy, 55-57, 1040, 1068, 1331, 1549; and the Enlightenment, 1164; in Somalia, 687, 698 Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Nozick), 1054 ANC. See African National Congress Ancestors; in African societies, 31, 33-35; and family, 511; in Japan, 1362 Andersen & Company, 329 Anderson, Marian, 1000 Andrade, Leandro, 1486 Andrews, E. Benjamin, 15 Andrews Sisters, 1397 Andrus, Ethel Percy, 50 Angell, Norman, 1666 Anger, 57-58, 69, 284, 400, 1094, 1096, 1546; and forgiveness, 530; of parents, 218; and rape, 1239 Animal consciousness, 59-60; and sentience, 1343 Animal Legal Defense Fund, 63 Animal Liberation Front, 63, 1108 Animal Liberation Movement, 61 Animal research, 60-62; and biofeedback, 143; and National Anti-Vivisection Society, 998; and vivisection, 60, 1564 Animal rights, 62-66; and cruelty, 342-343; and endangered species, 441-442; and Humane Society of the United States, 689; and Singer, Peter, 1371; and vegetarianism, 64, 1543-1544; and vivisection, 60, 1564; and World Society for the Protection of Animals, 1607 Animal Rights Mobilization, 64 Animal Welfare Act of 1966, 63 Animals, moral status of, 965-967 Annan, Kofi, 1045-1046, 1668; and Rwanda, 1302 Anomie, 413 Anthony, Susan B., 1426 Anthrax, 134-135 Anthropocentrism, 66 Anthropology, 67-69; and Native Americans, 1012-1013 Anthropomorphism of the divine, 69-70 Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 1672 Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, 549 Antigone (Sophocles), 246, 313, 1047, 1121, 1503 Antiquities Act of 1906, 316 Anti-Semitism, 70-72, 776; and concentration camps, 295; and Hitler, Adolf, 643; and the Holocaust, 647-652; and Jackson, Jesse, 780; and Zionism, 1614 Antislavery International, 1378 Antislavery movement, 1378 Antisthenes, 345 Antitrust legislation, 72-73 AOL-Time Warner, 911 APA. See American Philosophical Association Apartheid, 74-76, 128, 1232, 1515; and internal colonialism, 272; and Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 1401-1402 Apel, Karl-Otto, 764, 1049 Aphrodite, 371 Apollo, 639 Apologizing for past wrongs, 76-78 Apology (Plato), 78-79; and meaning of life, 851 Applied ethics, 79-81; and Cohen, Randy, 266; and compassion, 284; and metaethics, 943; and normative ethics, 943; vs. situational ethics, 1372; and slippery-slope arguments, 1382; and technology, 1460 Arabs; in Iran, 770; in Iraq, 768; and Israel, 776-779 Arafat, Yasir, 1045, 1668 Arbitration, 81; and international justice, 754 Archard, David, 1089 Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, 387 Arendt, Hannah, 82, 270, 679 Argentina, 609; "dirty war," 389; Disappeared, the, 388-389 Arian, Edward, 91 Aries, Philippe, 227 Arif, Abdul Salam, 770 Aristippus of Cyrene, 347, 599; on hedonism, 631 Aristotelianism, 83-84; and motivation, 976; and Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 1120; and Thomas Aquinas, 1482 Aristotle, 83-86, 474; on absolutism, 49; on altruism, 49; on art, 87; on authority, 313; and Averroës, 112; and Avicenna, 113; and Butler, Joseph, 48-49; on courage, 333-334, 1037; on distributive justice, 392; on emotion, 284; on excellence, 495; on friendship, 552; and Ghazālī, al-, 587; on golden mean, 596; on the good, 599, 766; on humility, 695; on incommensurability, 729; on infanticide, 735; on intentionality, 750; on justice, 508; on loyalty, 871; on moral principles, 958; on moral virtue, 1594; on natural law, 1016; on natural rights, 1021; Nicomachean Ethics, 1037; on politics, 322; on practical reason, 1177; and pride, 1182; on prudence, 1214; on public interest, 1221; on reason, 1466; on role models, 1294; on self-control, 1331; on self-love, 1337-1339; and Socrates, 49; and Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 1432-1433; theoretical framework, 474; on tragedy, 1503; on truth, 1514; on value, 1112; on will, 1590; on wisdom, 1594; on work, 1603-1604 Arjuna, 127, 200, 636 Armenian genocide, 583, 585, 839 Armenians, 769, 1139 Arminianism, 14 Arminius, Jacobus, 1370 Army, U.S., and mercenary soldiers, 938 Army-McCarthy hearings, 882 Arnauld, Antoine, 1092 Arnold, Benedict, 1507 Arnoldson, Klas Pontus, 1665 Arrest records, 86-87 Art, 87-88; and censorship, 204-205; and postmodernism, 1168 Art and public policy, 88-91 Art of War, The (Sunzi), 92 Articles of Confederation, 319 Artificial insemination, 720; and eugenics, 483; and sperm banks, 1406-1407; and surrogate motherhood, 1440 Artificial intelligence, 92-94; and robotics, 1289-1291 Arusha Accords, 1303 Āryadeva, 886 Asbestos, 184, 439, 1490-1491 Asceticism, 94-96; and Buddha, 174; and Cynicism, 345-346; and Jesus Christ, 789 Asclepius, 638-639, 852 Ashoka. See Asoka Asian Americans; and Civil Rights movement, 254; and professions, 30 Asimov, Isaac, 1291-1292 Akoka, 96; and Buddhism, 178 ASPCA. See American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Assassination, 96-100; of Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 43; and anarchism, 56; and anarchy, 1506; and Central Intelligence Agency, 268; and espionage, 470; of Evers, Medgar, 485; in Iraq, 770; of Kennedy, John F., 250; of King, Martin Luther, Jr., 391; of Sadat, Anwar, 656; of Uthmān, 43, 1361 Assault statistics, 38 Asser, Tobias, 1665 Assisted suicide. See Suicide assistance Assmann, Hugo, 1555 Associated Press, 1123 Association for Behavior Analysis, 119 Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, 1672 Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 119 Association for the Prevention of Torture, 1672 Association of Southern White Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 880 Atatürk, 100-101 Atavism, 1547 Atheism, 101-102, 445, 646, 671; and Cynics, 346; and the Enlightenment, 445, 1163; and existentialism, 499; and loyalty oaths, 873; and Nietzsche, Friedrich, 497; and nihilism, 1041; Sartre, Jean-Paul, on, 498, 1313; and slavery, 1520; and Socrates, 78, 248; and Spinoza, Baruch, 1409 Athens, 345, 494, 1254; and Aristotle, 49; citizenship in, 246, 365; constitutionalism, 321; democracy in, 365; free speech in, 543; governing councils, 365, 1517; and Hipparchus, 97; law in, 345; and Socrates, 14, 78, 871; Sophists, 1401 Athletes; incomes, 1195-1197; as role models, 1206, 1295 Atman, 856 Atom bombs, 102-104, 405, 1057, 1318, 1320, 1412, 1458; and the Cold War, 268; and Einstein, Albert, 1317; Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 584, 641-645; invention, 102-104; and Manhattan Project, 104, 894, 1320; Pakistani, 1056; and scorched-earth tactics, 1324; Soviet, 1054 Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 105 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 105, 1059 Atomism, 460 Atonement and sin, 1368 Attār, 1301 Attica prison revolt, 337 Attorney-client privilege, 105-106, 297-298 Attorney misconduct, 106-107 Attorneys, 81, 261-262, 837-838 Auditors, 329-330 Audubon Society, 63 Augustine, Saint, 108-109, 324, 895; on absolutism, 707; City of God, The, 383, 1338, 1554; on dignity, 383; on euthanasia, 484; on evil, 487, 599; on free will, 488; on holy war, 654; and just war theory, 610, 641, 800, 947, 1568; on lying, 877; and Manichaeanism, 489, 877, 896; on murder, 1554; on natural law, 1017, 1019; on sin, 1369-1370; on suicide, 1429; on values, 1537; on virtue, 1561; on will, 1590; on women, 680 Aum Shinrikyo, 136, 215 Aung San Suu Kyi, 1668 Aurobindo, Sri, 109-110; and Vedānta philosophy, 1542 Austin, John, 620, 797, 824 Australian Aborigines, 1255 Authenticity, 110; and Beauvoir, Simone de, 116; and existentialism, 497 Authoritarianism and Utopia (More), 1534 Authority; and conscientious objection, 313; and Milgram experiment, 945 Automobile safety, 990 Autonomy, 110-111; and abortion, 1294; and biotechnology, 148; and experimentation, 501; and institutionalization of patients, 741; and mental illness, 935; of patients, 915; and rape, 1243 Avalokitesvara, 112; and Shinran, 1361 Averroës, 48, 112-113, 587 Aversion training, 119 Avicenna, 48, 113; and Ghazālī, al-, 587 "Axis Sally," 1507 Ayer, A. J., 113-114, 265, 379, 1112; on emotivism, 437; on fact/value distinction, 505-506, 1538; on moral discourse, 437, 1248 Azidothymidine (AZT), 925 Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 1084 AZT. See Azidothymidine B Baal Shem Tov, 622 Baath Party, 699, 770 Babeuf, Gracchus, 255, 276 "Baby Jane Doe," 385 Baby M., 1442 Babylon; and Hammurabi's code, 22, 193, 235, 336, 617-618, 628, 665, 972; and Manichaeanism, 895; and Talmud, 789, 1449, 1452 Bacon, Francis, 115, 1457, 1478; and the Enlightenment, 444; and Hobbes, Thomas, 115 Bad faith, 115-116, 117, 121, 497-498, 500; Sartre, Jean-Paul, on, 1314 Bagehot, Walter, 123 Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda, 116 Bait-and-switch advertising, 900 Bajer, Fredrik, 1665 Bakke case. See University of California v. Bakke Bakker, Jimmy, 672-673, 702, 1467-1468 Bakker, Tammy Faye, 1468 Bakr, Ahmad Hassan al-, 770 Bakunin, Mikhail; on anarchy, 56; on violence, 1556 Balch, Emily Greene, 1666 Baldwin, Roger, 51 Balfour Declaration of 1926, 1403 Baltimore, David, 1319 Banda, Hastings, 1084 Bandura, Albert, 39 Banking, 81, 739, 816, 1510 Baptism, 108, 901, 1370; and godparents, 595; and sin, 1370 Bar associations, 81, 107; and ethics, 106 Bar examinations, 107 Bard, Philip, 1094 Bard, Samuel, 914 Bargaining, 508; vs. compromise, 285; and consent, 314 Barkley, Charles, 1295 Barnard, Christiaan, 1072 Barron v. Baltimore (1833), 130 Barry, Brian, 1087 Barth, Karl, 1038 Baseball and advertising, 1383 Basil, Saint, 57 Battered child syndrome, 229 Beagle, HMS, 492 Beatles, 1397 Beauvoir, Simone de, 116-118, 1076; on authenticity, 110; on dignity, 384; on love, 869; Second Sex, The, 1326 Beaverbook, Lord, 910 Beccaria, Cesare, 1485 Becker, Ernest, 869 Becker, Gary, 419 Beckett, Samuel, 1504 Beecher, Henry K., 1081 Beernaert, Auguste, 1665 Begin, Menachem, 1667 Behavior; and character, 208-209; and emotions, 1094 Behavior therapy, 118-119 Behaviorism, 119-121; and animal consciousness, 59; and choice, 239; and existentialism, 498; founding of, 976; and motivation, 976 "Being," and Levinas, Emmanuel, 845 Being and Nothingness (Sartre), 121, 870, 1116, 1313 Belinski, Ivan, 1405 Bella Lewitzky Dance Foundation v. Frohnmayer et al. (1991), 207 Bellah, Robert, 279-280 Belmont Report, The, 923-924, 927-928 Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes, 1668 Bemis, Edward W., 15 Beneficence, 139, 299, 341, 501, 597, 805, 907, 914, 1177, 1436, 1560; and experimentation, 501; and institutionalization of patients, 741; and medical ethics, 916-917 Benevolence, 47, 122-123, 706, 1170; and altruism, 48; and Butler, Joseph, 188; and coercion, 264; and Confucianism, 283, 306, 928, 1559; and deities, 487-488; and despotism, 322, 381; and generosity, 566-567; and Hume, David, 122, 680; and justice, 448; and love, 1562; and public virtue, 674; and self-love, 1338. See also Charity Benn, S. I., 1587 Bennenson, Peter, 55 Bennett, William J., 123, 1398; on multiculturalism, 982 Bentham, Jeremy, 10, 124, 315, 671, 1393; on animals, 343, 503, 966; on cognitivism, 771; on criminal punishment, 195, 337; on distributive justice, 392; on hedonism, 599, 630-631, 681, 1049, 1466-1467, 1532; on incommensurability, 728; and Stuart, John, 948; on prudence, 1215; on three-strikes laws, 1485; on utilitarianism, 1531-1532 Berdyayev, Nikolay, 124, 498-499 Bergson, Henri, 109, 125 Berkeley, George, 448, 708, 1425 Berkowitz, Leonard, 39 Berlin Conference, 1380 Berlin Wall, fall of, 269, 1051 Bernard, Claude, 923 Bernstein, Carl, 739, 1578 Berrigan, Daniel, 1550 Berrigan, Philip, 1550 Best practices and ethical codes, 472 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 1000 Better Business Bureau, 183 Betting on sports, 125-126 Betts v. Brady (1942), 589 Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche), 126-127, 433, 907, 1038-1039, 1174 Bhagavadgītā, 127-128, 636, 1258, 1542; and Ahimsā, 42; and dharma, 200; and Gandhi, Mohandas K., 558; and karma, 808 Bhopal, India, 1502 Biafra, 697 Bible; and evangelicalism, 1467; assassination stories, 97; family values in, 517; on greed, 606; and Israel, 778; and Nation of Islam, 997; on punishment, 1223; on suicide, 1429; and Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 1432. See also Hebrew Bible Bigotry, 128-129; and hate crimes, 624; and racial prejudice, 1228-1229; and racism, 1230-1234 Biko, Stephen, 75, 1402 Bilingual education, 129 Bilingual Education Act of 1968, 129 Bilingualism, 384 Bill of Rights, English. See English Bill of Rights Bill of Rights, U.S., 130-132, 139, 251, 320, 331, 384, 610, 1022, 1188; First Amendment, 528; and privacy, 1187; and public's right to know, 1222 Binet, Alfred, 749 Biocentrism, 451 Biochemical weapons, 132-136. See also Chemical weapons Biocybernetic Universal System Tendency (BUST), 558 Biodiversity, 137, 140, 257, 362-363, 1444; and genetically modified foods, 577; and rain forests, 1235 Bioethics, 137-141; biometrics, 144-146; cloning, 259-260; eugenics, 482; euthanasia, 483-484; genetic testing, 572-574; genetically modified foods, 575-577; and in vitro fertilization, 720-722; and medical ethics, 914-918; "playing god," 1136; Singer, Peter, 1371; stem cell research, 1415-1417; surrogate motherhood, 1440-1442 Biofeedback, 142-144 Biography, 1295 Biological Weapons Convention of 1972, 132, 135 Biometrics, 144-147 Bion of Borysthenes, 345 Biotechnology, 138, 147-149 Bioterrorism, 133, 1463 Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002, 190 Bipolar disorder, 431 Birth control, 149-151; abortion, 3-9; and Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), 609; and pro-choice movement, 1190-1191; and pro-life movement, 1204-1205; and sexual revolution, 1350; and sterilization, 1419 Birth defects, 151-153; and toxic waste, 1502 Bismarck, Otto von, and realpolitik, 1246 Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne, 1045 "Black codes," 391, 1329, 1380 Black Consciousness Movement, 75 Black Muslims, 996. See Nation of Islam Black, Hugo L., 162, 873, 1106 Black Panthers, 605 Blackmail; and egoism, 425; and espionage, 470; and homosexuality, 562 Blackmun, Harry A., 1107, 1292 Blair, Jayson, 1126-1127 Bloch, Ernest, 622 Blue Cross, 920 Blue Shield, 920 Blume, Judy, 160 Blunt, Anthony, 1507 Bly, Robert, 930 Boas, Franz, 67-68, 1012 Bock, Audie, 607 Bodhidharma, 153-154, 1611 Bodhisattva, 112 Bodhisattva ideal, 154-155 Body Shop, 453 Boehme, Jacob, 124 Boesky, Ivan, 741 Boethius, 156, 1017 Bok, Sissela, 878 Bonar, James, 964 Bonaventure, Saint, 308 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 156-157 Bonino, José Miguez, 1556 Book banning, 158-163 Book of Virtues: A Treasury of Great Moral Stories, The (Bennett), 123 Border Patrol, U.S., 715, 717 Bork, Robert, 407 Borlaug, Norman E., 1667 Bormann, Martin, 1061 Bosnia, 163-165; ethnic cleansing in, 687, 1229, 1259; and genocide, 583; human rights in, 687; refugees, 1252; torture in, 1501; United Nations intervention in, 765, 1526 Bosnia-Herzegovina. See Bosnia Bostron, Nick, 94 Botha, P. W., 893, 1515 Bouma, Hessel, 907 Bourgeois, Léon, 1665 Bowdler, Thomas, 160 Bowdlerism, 160 Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), 562, 1188 Boycotts, 165-166; and Civil Rights movement, 249-250, 1234, 1554; and sanctions, 1309 Boyd-Orr, John, 1666 Boyle, Robert, 865, 1457 Boylston, Zebdeil, 923 Bradlee, Ben, 160 Bradley, F. H., 166 Brahe, Tycho, 1479 Braid, James, 700 Braille printing, 54, 387, 810 Brain death, 166-167, 355, 857; and organ transplants, 1073 "Brain drain," 717 Brainwashing, 224, 1217, 1322, 1540; and Scientology, 1323 Brandeis, Louis D., 168, 768, 831, 1122; on privacy, 1187 Brandt, Willy, 1667 Brandt, Richard, 706 Branham, William, 510 Branting, Karl Hjalmar, 1665 Breast implants, 1490 Brentano, Franz, 750 Bretton Woods Institutions, 758 Breuning, Stephen E., 1319 Brezhnev, Leonid, 1307-1308 Briand, Aristide, 1665 Bribery, 168-169; and business ethics, 186; and lobbying, 863; and multinational corporations, 983; and relativism, 1253 Bride-price and slavery, 1380 Briggs, Robert, 259 Broad, C. D., 1466 Bronowski, Jacob, 1458 Brookings Institution, 1672 Brooks, Roy L., 78 Brown, John, 3 Brown, Louise, 722 Brown, Robert McAfee, 1550 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 170-172, 391, 744, 798, 999, 1331, 1437; and Civil Rights movement, 252; and Ku Klux Klan, 819; and Plessy v. Ferguson, 1137 Brownback, Sam, 1399 Brussels Conference of 1889-1890, 1380 Bryant, Kobe, 18 B'tselem, 1499 Buber, Martin, 172-173, 497, 622; I and Thou, 704; on mysticism, 987 Buchanan, James, 848 Buck, Carrie, 1418 Buckley v. Valeo (1976), 190 Buddha, 112, 154, 174-176, 324, 401, 604, 821, 1361; on asceticism, 95; and Buddhism, 174-177; and compassion, 988, 1611; and duhkha, 1043; and five precepts, 529; and Mani, 896; and nirvana, 1042-1043, 1560; on the self, 1611; virtue of, 1560 Buddhism, 176-178, 282; and asceticism, 95; and Asoka, 96; and Avalokitesvara, 112; and Bodhidharma, 153; and Buddha, 174-175; and compassion, 154, 176-177, 402, 988, 1043, 1611; and Dalai Lama, 349-350; five precepts, 529; four noble truths, 532-533; and golden rule, 597; and gratitude, 604; and Hindu caste, 199; and humanism, 690; and Islam, 792; in Japan, 401; and karma, 809; and Mādhyamaka, 886; and Manichaeanism, 896; and mysticism, 987-988; and Nāgārjuna, 991; and nihilism, 1043; and nirvana, 1042-1043; and pacifism, 1079; Shingon school, 821; on suicide, 1429; and virtue, 1559; and Zoroastrianism, 1617. See also Zen Buddhism Buffalo, 1009; slaughter of, 1015-1016 Buisson, Ferdinand, 1665 Būkhārī, al-, 178, 616 Bullfighting, 343, 1538, 1607 Bultmann, Rudolf, 1370, 1373 Bunche, Ralph J., 1000, 1666 Bunyan, John, 1230 Burckhardt, Jacob, 674 Burger, Warren, 794, 1107; and American Inns of Court, 53 Burgess, Guy, 1507 Burke, Edmund, 179; on conservatism, 316-317; on the French Revolution, 1276; on honor, 674 Burns, Lucy, 1427 Burr, Aaron, 1507 Burundi, 1228 Bush, George H. W., 1189; and Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform, 478 Bush, George W., 171, 991; and bioethics, 1459; campaign advertising, 26; and counterterrorism, 1477; election of, 1566; on gay marriage, 563; and homeland defense, 657; and stem cell research, 569, 926, 1416-1417; and taxes, 1454, 1456 Bush, Vannevar, 895, 1321 Bush v. Gore (2000), 1566 Bushido, 179-181, 675 Business; antitrust legislation, 72-73; downsizing, 403; telemarketing, 1464 Business ethics, 181-187; advertising, 24-27, 185; capitalism, 197-198; corporate compensation, 326-327; corporate responsibility, 328; corporate scandal, 328-330; covert actions, 335; and electronic surveillance, 429; and the environment, 450; hiring practices, 640; marketing, 898-899; minimum-wage laws, 949; multinational corporations, 983-984; price fixing, 1181; and professional ethics, 1201; profit taking, 1203; sales ethics, 1305; and self-regulation, 1341; trustworthiness, 1510; and wage discrimination, 1567; warranties and guarantees, 1574 Business Roundtable, 80 Butler, Joseph, 187-188, 284, 1339; on altruism, 48-49; on benevolence, 1338-1339; on compassion, 284; on moral sense, 965; on self-love, 1338 Butler, Judith, 564 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 1666 Butler, Robert, 37 Buzhardt, J. Fred, 1189 Bystanders, 188; and genocide, 585; and police brutality, 1141 Byzantine Empire, 792 C Cabet, Étienne, 276 Cable News Network (CNN), 911 Calculus, discovery of, 1320 California; and affirmative action, 30; no-fault divorce law, 399; sterilization laws, 1418; three-strikes laws, 1485-1486 California Family Law Act of 1970, 399 Caligula, 98, 158, 345, 544 Calley, William, 1552 Callicles, 1252 Calvin, John, 48, 99, 189; and Augustine, Saint, 108; on duty, 1435; on equality, 465; and predestination, 1163; on sin, 1370; on work, 1605 Calvinism, 15; and Edwards, Jonathan, 422; and freedom of thought, 14; and predestination, 1581 Camara, Dom Helder, 1555 Cambodia, 382, 1501, 1552; genocide, 583, 1527 Camp David Accords, 779 Campaign finance reform, 189-191 Campbell, C. A., 963 Camus, Albert, 102, 191-192, 487, 497, 1042, 1076, 1248, 1537; and the absurd, 11, 490; on the "common good," 275; on integrity, 332; on meaning of life, 849; on suicide, 849, 1428 Canada; bilingualism, 384; human rights policies, 384 Cancer, 143, 356, 488, 568, 666, 1057, 1082, 1119, 1357, 1407, 1544; and genetic engineering, 569; and smoking, 1490, 1492, 1494 Cannibalism, 192-193, 346, 506, 581, 697-698, 1447-1448; "moral," 1236 Cannon, Carroll, 1102 Cannon, Nona, 1102 Cannon, Walter, 1094 Canons of Judicial Ethics, 796 Canons of Professional Ethics, 837 Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio, 56 Čapek, Karel, 1289 Capital punishment, 193-196; in China, 381; and custom, 344; and adultery, 22; and treason, 194 Capitalism, 197-198, 1149; advertising, 24-27; antitrust legislation, 72-73; and democracy, 366; and greed, 274; Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, on, 840; Marx, Karl, on, 903, 905; and postmodernism, 1167; and profit economy, 1203; and profit taking, 1203; and slavery, 1378; and stock market, 1270 Caracalla, 246 Cardinal virtues. See Virtue Care ethics, 122, 1117 Carens, Joseph, 717 Carlyle, Thomas, 1505 Carmichael, Stokely, 390 Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, 1672 Carritt, Edgar F., 368 Carson, Rachel, 503, 1458; Silent Spring, 455 Carter, Jimmy, 1045, 1307; and Amnesty International, 55; Nobel Peace Prize, 1668; and SALT treaties, 1308; and stem cell research, 1415 Cartesian method, 371, 1512, 1591 Cartwright, Samuel, 1377 Carver, George Washington, 1000 Casement, Roger, 1507 Casey, John, 102 Cassin, René, 1667 Caste system, Hindu, 128, 199-201, 637, 993, 1154, 1541; and Jainism, 781; and karma, 808; and Sikhism, 1364 Castiglione, Baldassare, 481 Castro, Fidel, 268 Casual Friday, 406 Casuistry, 201-202, 308, 628, 1092; and medical ethics, 917 Categorical imperative; and Kant, Immanuel, 1208; and reason, 804; Sidgwick, Henry, on, 1363 Catholic Church. See Roman Catholic Church Catholic University of America, 15 Catt, Carrie Chapman, 1427 CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cecil, Robert, 1666 Celebrities, 1108; and media, 429, 1446-1447; and photojournalists, 1123 Celibacy, 529; in Buddhism, 1361; and Hinduism, 636; and Roman Catholic priests, 1296-1297 Cell phones and copyright infringement, 326 Cell-phone etiquette, 202-203 Celsus, 922 Censorship, 203-207; and art, 87; and motion picture ratings systems, 973-974; and Pentagon Papers, 1106; and political correctness, 1143; and song lyrics, 1397-1400 Center for Bioethics, 1459 Center for Business Ethics, 186 Center for Disease Control, 134 Center for Environmental Philosophy, 1672 Center for Professional Responsibility, 1673 Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1673 Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, 472 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); and AIDS, 19 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 160, 671, 1189; and the Cold War, 267; in Guatemala, 268 Cercidas of Megalopolis, 345 CERES. See Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies Cesarean sections, 208 CFC. See Chlorofluorocarbons Ch'an. See Chan Chamberlain, Austen, 1665 Chamberlain, Houston, 1030 Chamberlain, Neville, 675 Chambers, Erve, 69 Chance, 874 Chāndogya Upanisad, 42 Chandragupta, 96 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), 206 Character, 208-210; and humility, 694; and hypocrisy, 702; and integrity, 746; and laziness, 832; and loyalty, 871; and luck, 956; and lying, 877-878; and merit, 940-941; and pride, 1182; and promises, 1208; and reason, 1433; and selfishness, 1336 Charity, 210-212; and benevolence, 122; and generosity, 566; and Islam, 773-774, 979; and mysticism, 988; and poverty, 1170; and United Nations, 1524. See also Benevolence Charles V, 203 Charles Martel, 792 Chase, Salmon P., 1379 Cheating, 212-214, 676; and character, 209; and plagiarism, 1127-1129 Chechyna, 100 Chelyabinsk accidents, 457 Chemical weapons and warfare, 103, 135, 214-217, 1320. See also Biochemical weapons Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, 135, 215 Cheney, Dick, 796 Cheney, Lynne, 1400 Chenrezig, 112 Chernobyl accident, 457, 1057 Chesterfield, Lord, 481 Child abuse, 217-219, 233; and family values, 517; and gay adoption, 563; and parenting, 1089 Child Abuse and Prevention Act of 1974, 229 Child custody, 514, 901; and divorce, 400; and drug use, 153; and gay rights, 662, 1001, 1356; joint, 225; and men's movement, 930; and mental illness, 934; and surrogate motherhood, 1442 Child custody suits, 222, 399-400, 722, 1217 Child labor, 186, 219-221, 230-231, 506, 816; and Amnesty International, 55; and multinational corporations, 984; and slavery, 1380; and welfare, 1582 Child pornography, 89, 1159 Child protective services (CPS), 228-229 Child psychology, 221-222 Child soldiers, 223-224 Child support, 224-225 Child welfare, 227-229, 233, 280 Childbirth; cesarean sections, 208 Childhood, 226-227, 231, 239, 413, 680, 1301 Children, 226-230; and advertising, 26, 185, 235-236; and ageism, 38; aggressive behavior of, 39; and Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1528-1529; education of, 953-954; and genetic testing, 574; and income distribution, 726-727; and infanticide, 734-735; parenting of, 1089; and United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1528 Children's Bureau, 230-231, 1673 Children's rights, 231-234 Children's television, 234-236 Children's Television Act of 1990, 234 Chiles, Lawton, 1493 Chin, Mel, 89 China; capital punishment in, 196; Confucianism, 303; Daoism, 352-353; emperors, 381; famines, 520, 697; feudalism, 304, 1613; Japanese invasion, 135; and Mao Zedong, 382; Mohism, 978; scorched-earth tactics in, 1324; sterilization in, 1419; and Tibet, 349-350 Chinese Americans, 512 Chirac, Jacques, 1459 Chivalry, 237-238, 675 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 1461 Choice, 96, 238-240, 479, 539, 601, 680-681, 1164; Aristotle on, 86; and authenticity, 110; and autonomy, 1116; and behaviorism, 119-120; and coercion, 263; and consent, 314-315; and cost-benefit analysis, 332; and determinism, 373; and dilemmas, 384-385; and economic analysis, 419; and existentialism, 498, 851, 853, 1373; and generosity, 567; and the good, 599; and incommensurability, 728; and individualism, 730; and inequality, 734; Kant, Immanuel, on, 806; Kierkegaard, Søren, on, 426, 812; and lifestyles, 859, 1155; and moral responsibility, 963, 967, 969, 1278; and prisoner's dilemma, 1185-1186; Rawls, John, on, 1480; Sartre, Jean-Paul, on, 1313-1314; and Stoicism, 1421-1422; and triage, 1509; and will, 1578-1579; and Zoroastrianism, 1615. See also Pro-choice movement Choiceless choices, 240 Choices, contracausal, 373 Cholera, 135, 698, 1607 Christian Coalition, 89 Christian ethics, 241-243; godparents, 595; just war theory, 800; and situational ethics, 1373; and slavery, 1519 Christian Humanism, 691 Christian Science, 487, 510-511 Christianity, 241-243, 282; and abortion, 4; in Africa, 35-36; and violence, 1258; and anger, 57; and asceticism, 95; and Augustine, Saint, 108; and birth control, 150; and casuistry, 202; and censorship, 203; and charity, 211; and citizenship, 246; and conscience, 968; and conscientious objection, 313; and courage, 334; and cruelty to animals, 343; and the Enlightenment, 446; and ethical monotheism, 473; and existentialism, 1370; and family values, 517-518; and free will, 601; and friendship, 552; and golden rule, 597; and gratitude, 604; and greed, 606; and holy war, 654; and human rights, 685; and humility, 694; and Islam, 792; and Jesus Christ, 787-788; and Jews, 70; and love, 869; and Luther, Martin, 876; and Manichaeanism, 896; and mercy, 939; and military ethics, 946; and morality, 968; and mysticism, 987; and normative ethics, 1048; and pacifism, 98, 1079-1080; and personal relationships, 1114; and pride, 1182; and primitive communism, 276; and the Qurān, 1226; and self-righteousness, 1343; and slavery, 1231-1232, 1378; and suicide, 1429; and televangelists, 1467-1468; and Tillich, Paul, 1486; and work, 1605; and Zoroastrianism, 1617 Christmas nativity scenes, 244 Chu Hsi. See Zhu Xi Chuang Chou. See Zhuangzi Chuang-tzu. See Zhuangzi Chün Tzu. See Junzi Churchill, Winston S., 1169, 1520 Church-state separation, 243-245; and Magna Carta, 888 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Cicero, 245, 544; on conscience, 308; on custom, 345; on formalism, 600; on friendship, 552-553; on gratitude, 604; on just war, 800; on natural law, 1017, 1019, 1021; on self-control, 1332 CIO. See Congress of Industrial Organizations Circumcision, 34 Citizenship, 245-247; and civic virtue, 1344; and democracy, 366; and slavery, 1380 City of God, The (Augustine), 108, 383, 1554; on self-love, 1338 Civil disobedience, 247-250, 837, 1555; and Greenpeace, 609; and Mandela, Nelson, 892; Thoreau, Henry David, on, 1484, 1554 Civil liberties, 251, 1144; and libertarianism, 847-848; and Magna Carta, 887-888; and privacy, 1187 Civil Liberties Act of 1988, 77 Civil rights, 251-252; and Americans with Disabilities Act, 54; and artificial intelligence, 93; Commission on Civil Rights, U.S., 273; and Constitution, U.S., 320; and integration, 743-745; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 751; and Jackson, Jesse, 780; and police brutality, 1139-1141 Civil Rights Act of 1866, 1380 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 250, 440; and affirmative action, 29; and business ethics, 184; and Civil Rights movement, 254; and disability rights, 54, 388; and discrimination, 391; and equal pay for equal work, 462; and gay rights, 561 Civil Rights movement, 252-254; and civil disobedience, 249; and equality, 466; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 814-815; and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 999; and violence, 1554 Civil service, 726 Civil Service Reform Act of 1883, 190 Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, 496 Civil War, U.S.; and abolition movement, 2; and electronic surveillance, 428; and Emancipation Proclamation, 2, 434-435, 862; and Lincoln, Abraham, 434-435, 862; and loyalty oaths, 874; and Native Americans, 1016; scorched-earth tactics, 1324; and temperance movement, 1469; and total war, 1521; veteran benefits, 1545 Civil wars and peacekeeping missions, 1103 Civitas, 544 Clap, Thomas, 15 Clark, Kenneth, 1000 Clarke, Samuel, 965 Class action lawsuits, 1194 Class structure and slavery, 1378 Class struggle, 255-256; and Marxism, 905 Classical liberalism, 846 Claudius, 544 Clausewitz, Carl von, 578; On War, 1069 Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, 73 Clean Air Act of 1963, 256-257 Clean Air Act of 1977, 455 Clean Air Act of 1990, 1153 Clean Water Act of 1972, 140, 257 Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966, 257 Cleanthes of Assos, 1340 Cleisthenes, 544 Cleland, John, 159 Clemency and erroneous convictions, 469 Cleveland, Grover, sexual improprieties of, 257 Clinton, Bill, 140, 257-258, 573, 738, 892, 1417; and bioethics, 1459; honesty of, 672; and Kosovo, 818; and Lewinsky, Monica, 258; and NEA, 90-91; and stem cell research, 1415; and tobacco industry, 1490 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 257 Clitoridectomy, 34, 581 Cloning, 259-261, 570, 678, 922, 926; of humans, 926; reproductive, 260; and stem cell research, 1416; therapeutic, 260 CNN. See Cable News Network Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES), 453 Cocaine, 153, 408; Freud, Sigmund, on, 1220 Code of Professional Responsibility, 261-262, 838 Code Pink, 911 Codes of civility, 262 Codes of conduct; and telemarketing, 1464 Coercion, 263-264; vs. consent, 315; and free enterprise, 536; and freedom, 540; and taxes, 727 Coetzee, J. M., 995 Coffin, William Sloane, 1550 Cognitivism, 264-265, 1112; and is/ought distinction, 771; and metaethics, 944 Cohen, Hermann, 806-807 Cohen, Randy, 266, 391 Cold War, 266-269; and antislavery movement, 1380; and biochemical weapons, 135; and doctrine of unconditional surrender, 1522; and electronic surveillance, 429; espionage, 1507; foreign policy agendas, 376; and mercenary soldiers, 937; and mutually assured destruction, 985; and North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1050; and nuclear arms race, 1054-1056; and peacekeeping missions, 1102-1103; and Potsdam Conference, 1169; and SALT treaties, 1306-1308; and United Nations, 1524 Cole v. Richardson (1972), 873 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 1505 Collateral damage, 800 Collective bargaining, 496, 1001; and free-riding, 537; and National Labor Relations Act, 1001 Collective guilt, 269-270 Collectivism, 497, 541-542, 731, 1147; and communism, 276, 520, 1411; and property, 1210 College applications, 270-271 Colonialism, 271-273, 580, 1007-1008, 1251, 1404, 1609; in Africa, 36, 1008, 1082; and developing world, 376; in India, 312, 558, 1154; in Middle East, 792; and nationalism, 1007; resistance to, 1006; in Rwanda, 1302; and Social Darwinism, 1387 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 912 Columbine High School massacre, 1399 Columbus, Christopher, 1013 Commission on Civil Rights, U.S., 273-274 Commission on Interracial Cooperation, 880 Common Cause, 191 Common good, 274-275; and public interest, 1221. See also Good, the Communication and terrorism, 1474 Communism, 276-277; and censorship, 203; and the Cold War, 266-268; and collectivism, 276, 520, 1411; and Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 839-842; and Marx, Karl, 903-904; and Marxism, 905; and neoconservatism, 316; and professional ethics, 1201; and slavery, 1380; Soviet, 296 Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 277-279, 421, 903, 906, 1556; censorship of, 203 Communist Party of the U.S.A., 874 Communitarianism, 279-281; and consent, 315; and drug testing, 410; and immigration, 715; and televangelism, 1468 Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, 1250 Comoro Islands, 937 Comparative ethics, 281-283 Compassion, 47, 95, 283-285; and Avalokitesvara, 112; and Buddhism, 154, 176-177, 402, 988, 1043, 1611; and Confucianism, 928; and health care, 1183; and mercy, 938-939; Plato on, 932; Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, on, 1414; and self-righteousness, 1343; and utopia, 1534; and value, 1535-1537 "Compassionate Conservatism," 658 Compatibilism, 1266, 1591-1592; and accountability, 16; and determinism, 373; and responsibility, 1265-1266 Competition and charity, 211 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, 1502 Compromise, 285-286; and Christianity, 242 Compulsory labor and slavery, 1380 Computer crime, 286-290, 291-292; and electronic mail, 427; and hackers, 287, 289, 326, 738, 1461; and identity theft, 709-711; and Internet piracy, 761-762; viruses, 93 Computer technology, 293-294; databases, 290-291; electronic mail, 427; and ethical dilemmas, 1461; and information access, 736-738; and Internet chat rooms, 760; and robotics, 1289-1291; and virtual reality, 1557-1558 Comstock, Anthony, 89 Comstock Act of 1873, 150, 159, 1159 Comte, Auguste, 294-295; on Humanism, 690 Concentration camps, 295-296; Bosnia, 164; and choiceless choices, 241; French Jews in, 71; and Nazi Germany, 1029, 1031 Concupiscence, 1, 1369-1370 Condé the Great, 1408 Condors, 441, 1607 Confessing Church, 156 Confessions (Augustine), 108, 324 Confidentiality, 297-299; and AIDS, 20; attorney-client privilege, 105; in child psychology, 222; and computer databases, 290; and diagnosis, 380; and ethical codes, 471; and mental illness, 934; and mentoring, 936; and therapist-patient relationship, 1481; and whistleblowing, 1585 Conflict and academic freedom, 14 Conflict of interest, 80, 299-300; and advertising, 25; and egoism, 424; and ethical codes, 471; government officials, 477-478; and lobbying, 863 Conflict resolution, 301-302; and arbitration, 81; and compromise, 285; and values clarification, 1539-1540 Conformity and authenticity, 110 Confucianism, 303-306; and chaos, 826; and Daoism, 352; and golden rule, 318, 597; and humanism, 690; in Japan, 1362; and Mencius, 928; and military ethics, 947; and morality, 283; and Mozi, 977; and virtue, 1559; and Wang Yangming, 1568; Weber, Max, on, 1581; and Zhu Xi, 1612; and Zhuangzi, 1613 Confucius, 303-305, 1559, 1568; on human nature, 303; and Mencius, 928; on reciprocity, 604; on virtue, 1559-1560; and Xunzi, 1610; and Zhu Xi, 1612 Congo, 1103; and United Nations, 1524 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 52 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 253-254, 308, 1673 Congress, U.S., 306-308; antitrust legislation, 72-73; and the arts, 88-90; and automobile safety, 990; and Constitution, U.S., 320; and copyright, 324; and corporate scandal, 330; and endangered species, 441; immigration law, 718; labor legislation, 506, 1001; on loyalty, 872; and lynch law, 880; and minimum-wage laws, 949; and song lyrics, 1398; and stem cell research, 1416; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1438; and tobacco industry, 1490; and veterans' rights, 1545 Conscience, 308-312, 968; Butler, Joseph, on, 187-188, 965; and citizenship, 246-247; and contractualism, 205; Emerson, Ralph Waldo, on, 436; freedom of, 55, 528, 540, 543, 687, 787, 982, 1163, 1187, 1228; and guilt, 613; and law, 828-829; and morality, 969; and natural law, 969; and self-deception, 1333; and Socrates, 499 Conscientious objection, 51, 313-314; vs. civil disobedience, 248 Consent, 314-315; and Declaration of Independence, 357; and government, 74. See also Doctrine of informed consent Consequentialism, 315-316; and Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 156; and censorship, 204; and duty, 414; and national security, 1004-1005; and teleology, 1466 Conservation, 316, 363, 418; and biodiversity, 137; and environmentalism, 138; and National Park System, 1003; and Nature Conservancy Council, 1027; and resources, 1443-1444; and Wilderness Act of 1964, 1589 Conservatism, 316-317; and Accuracy in Media, 17; and Burke, Edmund, 179; and libertarianism, 847; lifestyles, 859; and political correctness, 1142 Consistency, 318-319; and irrationality, 318-319; and reason, 318; and will, 1579 Constantine, 1079 Constitution, U.S., 319-321; Bill of Rights, 130-131; and Congress, 306; on copyright, 324; establishment clause, 244; interpretations of, 1438; and loyalty oaths, 873; and national security, 1004; proposed Victims' Rights Amendment, 1548; and right to know, 548; and slavery, 435, 861; and sovereignty, 1404; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1436, 1439; on treason, 1506 Constitutional government, 321-322; and Bill of Rights, 130-131; and Constitution, U.S., 319-320; and English Bill of Rights, 443; and Enlightenment, 444; and Magna Carta, 887-888 Consumerism, 181, 323, 361; and International Organization of Consumers Unions, 758 Contextual ethics. See Situational ethics Continental Congress, 357 Contractarianism, 368 Contracts, rights, and obligations, 1287 Contractualism and censorship, 204 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1021, 1501 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1528-1529 Conversion of one's system of beliefs, 323-324 Conway, Ruth, 1460 Cooper, Anthony Ashley. See Shaftesbury, third earl of Cooper, Thomas, 15 "Cop Killer," 1400 Copernicus, Nicholas, 1275, 1408 Copyright, 324-326, 748; and "fair use," 762; and Internet piracy, 761-762; and Napster, 994; and plagiarism, 1126, 1128 CORE. See Congress of Racial Equality Corporate compensation, 182, 326-328 Corporate responsibility, 16, 328; employee safety, 438-440; hiring practices, 640 Corporate scandal Corporate scandals, 328-330; and ethical codes, 471-472 Corrigan, Mairead, 1667 Corruption, 331-332; and politics, 1146; and power, 1146; and white-collar crime, 1586 Cost-benefit analysis, 182, 332-333; and national security, 1004-1005; and pollution permits, 1153 Council on Foreign Relations, 1673 Counterterrorism, 1474-1475 Country Music Foundation, 91 County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union (1989), 244 Courage, 333-334; and heroism, 634-635 Covert action, 335-336 Cowardice, 1560; Aristotle on, 85; vs. courage, 333-334; vs. heroism, 635; Thomas Aquinas on, 1483 Cows, 1544; cloning of, 570; and Hinduism, 638; hormone treatments of, 575; PETA on, 1108 CPS. See Child protective services Cranston, Alan, 307 Crates of Thebes, 345 Credibility and lobbying, 863 Credit ratings and identity theft, 709 Cremer, William, 1665 Crick, Francis, 568, 570 Crime; and computers, 286-289; and deterrence, 374; and "everyone does it" neutralizations, 486; and gambling, 125; gangs, 559-560; identity theft, 709-711; and paroled prisoners, 1090 Crime rates, 1224, 1485 Crimes against humanity; and International Criminal Court, 752 Criminal justice system; and AIDS, 20; erroneous convictions, 469; Gault, In re, 561; and jury system, 799 Criminal punishment, 336-338; capital punishment, 193-196; and mental illness, 935 Criminality and corruption, 331 Critical theory, 338-340, 378 Croatian refugees, 1252 Cromwell, Oliver, 22 Crowley, Mart, 667 Cruel and unusual punishment, 194; and English Bill of Rights, 443; and three-strikes laws, 1486 Cruelty, 340-341, 488, 1536; to animals, 60, 62-63, 342-344, 689, 923, 998, 1108, 1393, 1538, 1564, 1607; Machiavelli, Niccolò, on, 883-884; and political realism, 1146; and torture, 1498-1499, 1501 Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876, 60 Crusades, 238, 654-655; and Islam, 792; and Zionism, 778 Cryonics, 356 C-sections. See Cesarean sections Cultural anthropology, 394; and absolutism, 10 Cultural relativism, 11, 68, 201, 670, 983, 1252-1253; and diversity, 394; and religion, 1255. See also Ethical relativism; Relativism Culture; and anthropologists, 67; and custom, 344 Curran, Charles E., 15 Curses, 35, 112; divine, 1229; and Noah, 1231; and taboos, 1448 Custom, 344-345; and rights and obligations, 1288; and taboos, 1447-1448 Cybernetics, 1458 Cynicism, 345-347 Cyrenaics, 347-348; and hedonism, 631 Czolgosz, Leon, 56 D Daily Graphic, 1446 Daily Mirror, 1446 Dalai Lama, 349-350; Nobel Peace Prize, 1667; and universal responsibility, 270 Dalkon Shield, 1490 Dallaire, Roméo, 351-352, 1304 D'Amato, Alphonse, 307 Daniels, Norman, 941 Dante Alighieri, 1114 Daoism, 352-353; and environmental movement, 455; and Laozi, 825-826; and Manichaeanism, 896; and Zen Buddhism, 1611; and Zhuangzi, 1613 Darwin, Charles, 354, 394, 492, 1025; and Beagle, 492; and Dewey, John, 683; evolutionary theory of, 491-493; on facial feedback, 1095; influence of, 1318; and Social Darwinism, 1387-1388 Data Encryption Standard (DES), 738 Databases and biometrics, 145-146 Dawes, Charles G., 1665 Dawkins, Richard, 46, 284, 1394 Dayton Peace Agreement, 164 De, 353 de Klerk, F. W., 76, 893, 1668 de Man, Paul, 359-360 DEA. See Drug Enforcement Agency Dead Sea Scrolls, 943 De-alienation, 44 Death, 166-167, 355-356, 854-857; defined, 854-856; and existentialism, 499; and karma, 808; and organ transplants, 1071; and right to die, 1282-1283; and suicide, 1428-1429 "Death instinct," 1553, 1588 Decalogue, 629, 969, 972, 1448, 1472. See also Ten Commandments Deception in war, 92 Decision making and casuistry, 201 Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association, 915, 923 Declaration of Independence, 319, 357-358, 652, 659, 865, 1022, 1025, 1277, 1288, 1384, 1404; and democracy, 365; and egalitarianism, 423; and the Enlightenment, 446; and human rights, 684; and Jefferson, Thomas, 787; and Lincoln, Abraham, 862 Declaration of Sentiments, 1413 Deconstruction, 358-360, 369, 823; and Derrida, Jacques, 369; and nihilism, 359-360 Deep Blue, 1291 Deep ecology, 360-362; and ecofeminism, 418; and environmental movement, 456 Defamation, 845 Deforestation, 362-364 Deism, 364-365, 445, 491, 690; and philosophes, 1163; and Voltaire, 1565 Democide, 583-585; defined, 583. See also Genocide Democracy, 365-367; and citizenship, 366; and covert action, 335-336; and free speech, 204; and national security, 1003; and taxes, 1453; and trade, 1607; and World Trade Organization, 1608 Democracy Rising, 991 Democratic Party and liberalism, 317 Demosthenes, 345 Dempsey, Jack, 1196 Denard, Bob, 937 Denial and genocide, 585 Deontology, 367-368, 1335; and absolutism, 10; and altruism, 1066; and contractarianism, 368; and duty, 413; and Hippocrates, 638; of Kant, Immanuel, 475, 532, 600, 878, 970, 1138, 1530; and media ethics, 1036; and pluralism, 1137; and right to die, 1283; and self-interest, 1335; vs. teleology, 1466-1467; vs. utilitarianism, 1532 Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA Depression; and abuse, 13; and anger, 58; and electroshock therapy, 430-431; and laziness, 832; Mill, John Stuart, and, 1067; and pessimism, 1118-1119; and psychosurgery, 865; and rape, 1241; and suicide, 430 Derrida, Jacques, 369-370; and deconstruction, 358-359 Descartes, René, 113, 370-371, 1092, 1120, 1393, 1408, 1457; on cruelty to animals, 342; on dualism, 371, 1590-1591; and Gewirth, Alan, 586; and Locke, John, 866; and mathematics, 476; and Spinoza, Baruch, 1408; on truth, 1512; on will, 1591 Descriptive ethics, 1048-1049 Desegregation, 744, 999; Brown v. Board of Education, 170-171; and Civil Rights movement, 252-254; of U.S. military, 744 Desire, 371-372; and Buddhism, 533; and practical reason, 1177 Despotism and benevolence, 465 Destutt de Tracy, Antoine, 712 Determinism; and fatalism, 523; and freedom, 373-374; and Islam, 979; and morality, 970; and responsibility, 1264-1266 Deterrence, 374-375; and capital punishment, 195-196; and chemical weapons, 135; and Cold War, 1051 Developing world, 375-377; and business ethics, 186; and colonialism, 271; and International Monetary Fund, 758; and poverty, 1171; and World Trade Organization, 591, 1607 Dewey, John, 377-379; and Darwin, Charles, 683; on the good, 600; on human nature, 681, 683; Human Nature and Conduct, 683; on Humanism, 691; on pragmatism, 1177-1178; on truth, 1512 DeWitt, John L., 783 Dharma, 96, 128, 154, 200, 282, 401, 636; and karma, 200 Diabetes, 143, 151, 721, 1321; and genetic engineering, 569 Diagnosis, 380, 915, 1220; and AIDS, 21; and birth defects, 153; and genetic screening, 141; and genetic testing, 572, 574; and holistic medicine, 647; and illness, 714; and mental illness, 743, 933, 935, 1217-1218, 1405, 1481; and pain, 1081 Dialectical materialism, 903 Dialectics; and Abelard, Peter, 1 Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980), 571, 1461 "Dianetics," 1322 Dictatorship, 381-383; and corruption, 331; and social justice, 393; and tyranny, 1517 Diderot, Denis, 445 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1194 Dignity, 149, 383-384, 1098; and bioethics, 141; and drunkenness, 1341; and equality, 465-466; and honor, 674; and human rights, 684-685; Kant, Immanuel, on, 195; and moral autonomy, 110; and pride, 1182; and right to die, 484, 1282-1283, 1430-1431; and rule of law, 322, 365; and sexual harassment, 1350; and technology, 1462 Dilemmas, moral, 384-386; and leadership, 833; and Milgram experiment, 946; and punishment, 1223; and suicide assistance, 1430 Din-e-Ilahi, 42 Diogenes of Sinope, 345 DiOrio, Father, 510 Diphtheria, 1607 Direct Marketing Association, 80 Dirks v. Securities and Exchange Commission (1983), 741 Dirty hands, 386 "Dirty war," Argentina's, 389 Disability rights, 386-388; and United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, 1529 Disappeared, The, 388-389 Disbarment, 106, 1113 Discrimination, 390-392; ageism, 37; and Americans with Disabilities Act, 54; and business ethics, 183; gender bias, 564-565; and inequality, 733; and poll taxes, 1150; and redlining, 1250; and reparations, 1261; in wages, 1567 Disease; and genetic engineering, 677; sexually transmitted, 1357-1358 Disney Company, 327 Distributive justice, 392-393; and biotechnology, 148; and business ethics, 182; and corporate compensation, 327; and divorce, 397, 400; and fairness, 507; and health care, 626; and lifeboat ethics, 858 Diversity, 394-395; and affirmative action, 29; and bilingual education, 129; and communitarianism, 280; and Enlightenment, 446; and feminism, 527; and globalization, 592; and Hinduism, 638; and homosexuality, 561; and multiculturalism, 981-982; and postmodernism, 1168; and racial prejudice, 1230; and tolerance, 1494. See also Biodiversity Divine command theory, 265, 368, 395-396, 413, 1248, 1254, 1435; and the good, 601; and right and wrong, 1278-1279; Socrates on, 78 Divine law and Grotius, Hugo, 610 Divine right and deep ecology, 361 Divine right of kings, 443, 541; and Enlightenment, 444, 446, 1165; Hobbes, Thomas, on, 844; Locke, John, on, 1516 Divine will, 48, 1496; Ibn Gabirol on, 705; and Islam, 588 Divorce, 397-401, 514; and child support, 224-225; and group therapy, 612; "no-fault," 224-225, 399-400 Dix, Dorothea, 741 Dix, Dorothy, 28 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 138, 1461; discovery of, 570; double-helix structure, 568, 570; recombinant, 1459; and "secret of life," 1462; and stem cell research, 1416. See also Human Genome Project Doctrine of informed consent, 21, 111, 118, 139, 150, 222, 432, 474, 503, 1117, 1124, 1220, 1282, 1480; and abortion, 1285; and electroshock therapy, 431-432; and experimentation, 501-502, 1000; and genetic testing, 574; and medical ethics, 915; and mental illness, 931, 934-935; and physician-patient relationship, 1125; and sterilization, 1419; and therapist-patient relationship, 1481 Doenitz, Karl, 1061 Dōgen, 402, 887 Dollard, John, 39, 582 "Dolly," 259 Domitian, 98, 544 Dong Zhongshu, 303-304 Dostoevski, Fyodor, 403, 497, 605, 852, 1041, 1326 Double effect, principle of, 1476, 1569-1570; and medical ethics, 915 Doubt, 490, 1086, 1199, 1500; and conscience, 310; and skepticism, 1374-1375, 1613; and truth, 1512 Douglas, Stephen A., 861 Douglas, William O., 162, 546, 610; on privacy, 1188 Douglass, Frederick, 1071, 1379; and abolition movement, 3 Down syndrome, 152, 356 Downsizing, 403-404 Draco, laws of, 321 Dred Scott case. See Scott v. Sandford Dresden firebombing, 404-405 Dress codes, 405-407; Islamic, 775 Dreyfus, Alfred, 70, 1614 Dronenburg v. Zech, 407 Drug abuse, 407-409 Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 1004 Drug testing, 409-411 Drugs; and birth defects, 153; and gambling, 868; nicotine, 1491; and psychopharmacology, 1219-1220; and rock and rock music, 1398 Drumont, Edouard, 70 Du Bois, W. E. B., 411-412, 1000, 1083; and Civil Rights movement, 252; and Pan-Africanism, 1083; and Washington, Booker T., 1577 Ducommun, Élie, 1665 Due process, 130, 251, 412, 610; and abortion, 1294; in Argentina, 389; Gault, In re, 561; Gideon v. Wainwright, 588-589; Goss v. Lopez (1975), 603; and institutionalization of patients, 741, 935; and Japanese American internment, 783; and juvenile defendants, 228; and Magna Carta, 888; and privacy, 1187; and punishment, 1224; and Scottsboro case, 1325; and victims' rights, 1548 Dunant, Jean Henri, 578, 759; Nobel Peace Prize, 760, 1046, 1665 Duncan-Jones, Austin, 962 Dunster, Henry, 15 Durenberger, David, 307 Durkheim, Émile, 412-413; on education, 954; on socialism, 1391 Dutch Reformed Church, 76 Dutton, Donald, 13 Duty, 367-368, 413-414, 475, 1215, 1278, 1465, 1505; and accountability, 16; and bribery, 168-169; Cicero on, 245; and citizenship, 246, 248; and dharma, 128, 200, 282, 636; and elitism, 433; and fairness, 508; and family, 511-513; Gandhi, Mohandas K., on, 558; and generosity, 566-567; and gratitude, 604, 620; of the heart, 116; in Hinduism, 200, 282, 636; and Judaism, 789, 791, 871; Kant, Immanuel, on, 532, 551; and love, 870; and morality, 551, 967, 976; and obedience, 1064; and permissive acts, 1111-1112; and professional ethics, 1198-1202; and responsibility, 1389-1390; and social contract theory, 1386; and suicide, 1342; and supererogation, 1434-1435 Dworkin, Andrea, 160, 1160-1161 Dworkin, Ronald, 941; on distributive justice, 393; on natural law, 621 E Earth; and Gaia hypothesis, 558; and humanity, 415-416 Earth Day, 140, 417 Earth First!, 456 Earth Liberation Front, 456 Earth Summit, 137, 454 Earthwatch, 140 East Timor, 893 Eating competitions, 593 Eaubonne, Francois d', 417 Ebadi, Shirin, 1045, 1668 eBay, 571; and identity theft, 711 Ecclesiastes, 496, 629, 1517, 1602 Echelon, 429 Ecofeminism, 362, 417-418. See also Feminism Ecology, 418; and conservation, 316; endangered species, 441-442; environmental movement, 455-456; and greenhouse effect, 608; origin of term, 138; and rain forests, 1235; sustainability of resources, 1443-1445. See also Deep ecology Economic analysis, 419-420 Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, 625 Economics, 420-422; and communitarianism, 280; cost-benefit analysis, 332; free enterprise, 536; laissez-faire, 122, 493, 535, 658-659, 1584; and libertarianism, 848; and liberty, 541; Marx, Karl, on, 903; and Marxism, 905; and profit economy, 1203; and profit taking, 1203; and racism, 1232; Smith, Adam, on, 1383-1384; "zero-sum," 300, 1612 Edelstein, Ludwig, 640 Edict of Worms, 203 Education; and academic freedom, 14-15; and character, 209; college applications, 270; and the Enlightenment, 444-446; and Head Start, 625; and loyalty oaths, 874; moral, 953-954; and multiculturalism, 981-982; and plagiarism, 1126-1129; and political correctness, 1142-1143; and segregation, 170-171; and sports, 1489 Education, Department of; and Title IX, 1488-1489 Educational Excellence for All Children Act of 1999, 129 Edwards, Jonathan, 122, 422-423, 680 Edwards, R. G., 722 EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Egalitarianism, 423-424, 466; and democracy, 365; and fraud, 535; and minimum-wage laws, 949 Egas Moniz, António, 864, 933 Egoism, 424-425; and altruism, 48; vs. egotism, 425; and electronic surveillance, 429; and individualism, 730; Rand, Ayn, on, 1066; and right and wrong, 1279-1280; and self-interest, 1335 Egotist, 425-426 Egypt; and Israel, 779; political disorders, 656; and Suez Crisis, 1103 Egypt, ancient, 282, 665; famines, 696; medical knowledge, 932; and Moses, 971-972; religion, 31 Ehrlich, Paul, 457 Eichmann, Adolf, 1573 Einstein, Albert, 1317; and atom bomb, 895; theory of relativity, 1478 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 273, 672; and Commission on Civil Rights, U.S., 274; and Dresden firebombing, 404; and McCarthy, Joseph R., 882 Eisenhower, Milton S., 784 Eisner, Michael, 327 Either/Or (Kierkegaard), 426-427, 812 Elections, 198, 319; campaign finance reform, 189-190; and communitarianism, 280; and League of Women Voters, 836; and political liberty, 1144; and poll taxes, 1150; South African, 76; and suffrage, 1426; and U.S. Constitution, 320; voting fraud, 1566 Electoral College, 320 Electric shock therapy, 119 Electronic mail, 427-428, 1461; and advertising, 27; and computer crime, 287, 289; and identity theft, 710-711 Electronic surveillance, 293, 428-430; and Pentagon Papers case, 1107; and Watergate scandal, 1578 Electroshock therapy, 430-432; and mental illness, 933 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1968, 129 Elephants, 690 Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity, 1674 Elitism, 432-433; and jury system, 799; and wisdom, 1594 Ellender, Allan J., 881 Elliot, George, 162 Elliotson, John, 700 Ellis, Havelock, 995 Ellsberg, Daniel, 1106-1107 Ellul, Jacques, 1458 Elton, Charles, 138 Ely, Richard T., 15 E-mail. See Electronic mail Emanation doctrine, 1085 Emancipation Proclamation, 2, 252, 434-435, 862 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 357, 436; on conservation, 316; on idealism, 707; and Thoreau, Henry David, 1484; and transcendentalism, 1505-1506 Emerson, Thomas, 546 Eminem, 1399-1400 Emotion, 1093-1096; and irrationality, 1093-1096; and reason, 1247; and reason, 284, 437, 1093 Emotional abuse, 13 Emotions; anger, 57-58; compassion, 283-284; and forgiveness, 530; guilt, 612-613; jealousy, 785-786; pain, 1081; and self-control, 1331-1332; shame, 612-613; and tragedy, 1503 Emotivism, 114, 265, 436-438, 506, 619, 824, 1112, 1248, 1424; and fact/value distinction, 506; and the good, 600; Moore, G. E., on, 953; and naturalism, 1049; and skepticism, 1375 Empedocles, 622 Empiricism; Locke, John, on, 865-866 Employee safety and treatment, 438-440 Employment; and AIDS, 20; discrimination; and gay rights, 562; resumés, 1268 Endangered species, 63, 415, 441-443, 454; and biodiversity, 137; World Society for the Protection of Animals, 1607 Energy, U.S. Department of; Human Genome Project, 677-678 Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, 1059 Energy Research and Development Administration, 105, 1059 Engelberger, Joseph, 1289 Engels, Friedrich; on class struggle, 255-256; Communist Manifesto, The, 203, 277-278, 903, 906; on socialism, 1391-1392 England, Poor Laws, 891 English Bill of Rights, 384, 443 Enlightenment, 444-447, 1162-1166; and abolition, 1; and absolutism, 10; and Buddha, 174; and anti-Semitism, 70; and children, 227; and communitarianism, 280; and honor, 674; and idealism, 707; and Kant, Immanuel, 804-807; and Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 838; and Locke, John, 865-866; and Montesquieu, 952; and moral-sense theories, 964; and nationalism, 1006; and natural rights doctrine, 1021-1023; and religion, 1163; and slavery, 1378 Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, An (Hume), 447-449, 693, 1049 Enron scandal, 183, 186, 329-330, 472, 741; and ethical codes, 471; and Lay, Kenneth, 1421 Entitlements, 450, 868, 1286, 1288, 1389, 1545; and health care, 626 Environmental Defense Fund, 456 Environmental movement, 455-456; and civil disobedience, 609; Earth Day, 417; and future generations, 554; Green parties, 607; Greenpeace, 609; and Muir, John, 980; and Nature Conservancy Council, 1027; and Population Connection, 1155; Sierra Club, 1363; and Silent Spring (Carson), 1367 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1, 140, 455, 457-458, 1674; and Love Canal, 1502; and tobacco industry, 1490, 1492 Environmental racism, 1052 Environmentalism, 140, 450-454, 455-457, 1459; and bioethics, 138; and business ethics, 185; Clean Air Act, 256; and conservation, 316; and cost-benefit analysis, 332; and ecofeminism, 418; and Gaia hypothesis, 558; and incommensurability, 729; "not in my backyard," 1051-1052; and nuclear energy, 1057-1058; and Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1059; and pollution, 1151-1152; and realpolitik, 1246; sustainability of resources, 1443-1445; and taxes, 1455; and technology, 1456, 1458, 1460; and toxic waste, 1502; and Wilderness Act of 1964, 1589 Envy, 458-459, 477; and cruelty, 341. See also Jealousy EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency Epictetus, 459-460; and Butler, Joseph, 49 Epicureanism and Cyrenaics, 348 Epicurus, 101, 460, 487, 599; on hedonism, 631 Epilepsy, 151 Epistemology, 369, 433, 460-462, 825; and Descartes, René, 371; and existentialism, 498; and ideal observer, 706; and intuitionism, 825; and Kant, Immanuel, 804; and Locke, John, 865; and metaethics, 943-944; and Plato, 474, 1130; and subjectivism, 1424 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 387, 1567 Equal pay for equal work, 462, 466, 507, 816, 1023, 1356 Equal protection of the law, 462, 464, 686, 798; and affirmative action, 30; and civil rights, 254; Dronenburg v. Zech, 407; and education, 170; and egalitarianism, 423; and fairness, 507; and gay rights, 561, 662; and voting rights, 1566 Equal Rights Amendment, 462-464, 468 Equal Rights for Fathers, 225 Equality, 464-468; and distributive justice, 392-393; and Rawls, John, 1480; and socialism, 316; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1437 Erasistratus, 922 ERDA. See Energy Research and Development Administration Eros, 211, 814, 869-870 Eros (god), 371 Erroneous convictions, 469; and capital punishment, 195 Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio, 1092 Esdaile, James, 700 Eshnunna, Laws of, 617 Eskimos, 1347; and divorce, 397; and polygamy, 670; and wife lending, 22 Espionage, 470-471; and computer crime, 289 Esquivel, Adolfo Pérez, 1667 Estournelles de Constant, Paul d', 1665 Ethic cleansing, 295 Ethical codes of organizations, 80, 471-473 Ethical Culture movement, 283, 691 Ethical humanism and atheism, 102 Ethical monotheism, 473 Ethical Principles of Psychologists, 473-474 Ethical realism and Nagel, Thomas, 992 Ethical relativism, 600, 646, 713, 1252-1253, 1401; and bribery, 984; and child labor, 984; and multinational corporations, 983-984; and naturalism, 1049. See also Cultural relativism; Relativism Ethical theory, 474-475; absolutism, 10; and animal consciousness, 60; applied ethics, 79-80; Aristotelian ethics, 83; and choice, 239; cognitivism, 264-265; communitarianism, 279-280; comparative ethics, 281-282; and compassion, 284; Confucianism, 303; consequentialism, 315; and consistency, 318; critical theory, 338-339; and custom, 344; Cynicism, 345-346; deconstruction, 358-359; deontology, 367-368; Derrida, Jacques, 369; emotivism, 436-437; epistemology, 460-461; ethics/morality distinction, 479; existentialism, 496-500; Gewirth, Alan, 586; idealism, 707-708; ideology, 712; and inequality, 733; intuitionism, 766-767; just war theory, 800; Kantian, 806-807; Levinas, Emmanuel, 845; maximal vs. minimal ethics, 906-907; metaethics, 943-944; moral realism, 961; morality, 967-970; moral-sense theories, 964; Nagel, Thomas, 992; narrative ethics, 995; nihilism, 1040-1041; normative vs. descriptive ethics, 1048-1049; Nozick, Robert, 1053; objectivism, 1065-1066; paradoxes, 1086-1088; perfectionism, 1109; Perry, R. B., 1112; Platonic, 1132-1135; pluralism, 1137; post-Enlightenment, 1162-1166; postmodernism, 1167-1168; pragmatism, 1177-1178; prescriptivism, 1181; progressivism, 1204; relativism, 1252-1253; Rorty, Richard, 1298; Schopenhauer, Arthur, 1316; secularism, 1326-1327; situational, 1372-1373; skepticism, 1374-1375; social contract, 1385-1386; Social Darwinism, 1387-1388; sophistry, 1401; Stoicism, 1421-1422; subjectivism, 1424-1425; teleology, 1465-1466; theory and practice, 1478; transcendentalism, 1504-1505; universalizability, 1530; utilitarianism, 1531-1532; values clarification, 1539-1540; virtue ethics, 1563 Ethical theory, Hartshorne, Charles, 621 Ethicist, The (Cohen), 266 Ethics, 474-475; comparative, 281-282; vs. etiquette, 482; vs. law, 827; vs. morality, 479; normative, 474 Ethics (Spinoza), 476-477, 622, 1112, 1408 Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1674 Ethics in Government Act, 477-479 Ethics Resource Center, 1674 Ethiopia, 1308; and Eritrea, 697; Falasha Jews, 36; Italian invasion, 135, 215, 835 Ethnic cleansing, 479-480, 752, 822, 1251, 1259, 1513; in Bosnia, 163, 687; and concentration camps, 296; in Kosovo, 818; and pogroms, 1138 Ethnocentrism, 480, 982, 1012, 1164, 1388; and anthropology, 68; and racial prejudice, 1228 Ethology and animal consciousness, 59 Etiquette, 480-482; and Internet chat rooms, 760 Eudaimonia, 83, 85, 599 Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 83 Eugenia IV, Pope, 1231 Eugenics, 482-483, 556, 1028; and genetic counseling, 568; and genetic testing, 574; and intelligence testing, 750; Plato on, 1114; and right to die, 1283; and Social Darwinism, 1388; and sterilization, 1418 Euphemism. See Political correctness European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 204-205, 686 European Court of Justice, 754 European Union and migration, 715 Euthanasia, 153, 243, 283, 355-356, 437, 483-485, 660, 856-857, 916-917, 1028-1029, 1032, 1432; and Hippocratic oath, 639; and infanticide, 734-735; and Kevorkian, Jack, 810; and Nazis, 735; in Netherlands, 1201; passive, 355, 943, 1283, 1430; and Quinlan, Karen Ann, 1225; and relativism, 1252; and right to die, 1282-1283; and Roman Catholic Church, 1283; and Singer, Peter, 1372; and "slippery-slope" arguments, 1382; and suicide, 1429-1431; and taboos, 1448 Evangelicalism; and Fundamentalism, 1468; and televangelists, 1467-1468 Evers, Medgar, 485-486 "Everyone does it," 486-487 Evil, 58, 227, 229, 445, 448, 487-490, 680, 969-970, 1038, 1085, 1327, 1334, 1338, 1587; Abelard, Peter, on, 1; Augustine on, 108; and Daoism, 604; and dishonesty, 669; and divine command theory, 395-396; and existentialism, 498-500; and freedom, 542; and Hitler, Adolf, 643; and the Holocaust, 647, 651; and holy war, 653-654; and human will, 475; and karma, 808; and loyalty, 873; and mean/ends distinction, 909; Nietzsche, Friedrich, on, 126-127; and panentheism, 1085; Plato on, 1133-1135; and power, 382; and Shintoism, 1362; Thomas Aquinas on, 1482-1483; and torture, 1498; and virtue, 1559, 1561; Xunzi on, 303; and Zoroastrianism, 1615-1617 Evolutionary theory, 394, 491-493, 1025, 1318, 1553; and Darwin, Charles, 354; and human nature, 681; and Nazi science, 1028; and panentheism, 1085; and sociobiology, 1393; and vice, 1547 Ewing, Gary, 1486 Excellence, 494-495 Execution; and capital punishment, 340, 810, 1223; lethal injection, 194 Executive Order 9066, 783 Executive Order 10988, 496 Existence and Buddha, 174 Existentialism, 496-500; and atheism, 102; and Beauvoir, Simone de, 116-117; and Berdyayev, Nikolay, 124, 498-499; and Camus, Albert, 191; and choice, 853; and Christianity, 1370; on death, 499; and epistemology, 498; and freedom, 497, 500; and hedonism, 498; vs. Hinduism, 499; and humanism, 498; and irrationality, 496, 498; and Kierkegaard, Søren, 497-498, 811-812; and knowledge, 498; and logic, 497; and meaning of life, 850, 852; and Nietzsche, Friedrich, 497, 499; and pleasure, 498; and reason, 496, 498; and responsibility, 1267; and Sartre, Jean-Paul, 497-498, 1313-1314; and suffering, 498-499 Experimentation, 501-502; in Nazi Germany, 1027-1029 Exploitation, 502-504 Extinctions, 137, 140, 416, 1025-1026; and endangered species, 441-442; in human evolution, 415; and pollution, 1151-1152; of trees, 503 Extortion and bribery, 169 Eysenck, Hans, 118 Ezekiel, 361 F Facing History and Ourselves, 1674 Fact/value distinction, 505-506 FAIR. See Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1969, 737 Fair Housing Act of 1968, 20, 745 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 506-507, 949 Fairness, 507-509; and business ethics, 182; and cost-benefit analysis, 333; and discrimination, 390-391; equal pay for equal work, 462; and free-riding, 538; and justice, 507-508; and taxes, 1453-1455; and war, 1569; in the workplace, 440 Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), 18, 509, 1675 Faisal II, 770 Faith; and God, 593-594; Luther, Martin, on, 876; and reason, 1519 Faith healers, 509-511 Falkland Islands War, 861 Fall, the. See Adam and Eve Families, 511-515; and adultery, 22; child abuse, 217; and gangs, 560; and incest, 723-724; and marriage, 900-901; parenting, 1089; and personal relationships, 1114; and trustworthiness, 1510; and welfare, 512-513 Family Life Education for Peace, 1102 Family planning, 150, 1155, 1157, 1419. See also Birth control Family therapy, 515-516 Family values, 517-518 Famine, 41, 150, 377, 519-520, 555, 696, 1411, 1543-1544; and hunger, 695-697; in Ukraine, 585 Fanon, Frantz, 1609 Fārābī, al-, 520-521; and Ghazālī, al-, 587 Fard, Wallace D., 996 Farm Animal Reform Movement (FARM), 63 Farmer, James, 308 Farrakhan, Louis, 521, 996, 998, 1275; and Jackson, Jesse, 780 Farson, Richard, 1089 Fascism, 295, 522-523, 1148; and anti-Semitism, 70; and concentration camps, 295-296; and dictatorship, 542; Japanese, 180; and loyalty, 872; and Nazism, 1030-1032, 1147; and patriotism, 522 Fasting; and asceticism, 95; and Islam, 95, 116, 282, 773, 1560; in Manichaeanism, 896 Fatalism, 523, 1166; and Islam, 979; Mozi on, 978 Fātima, 523 Faubus, Orval, 253 Fawkes, Guy, 1507 Fay v. New York (1947), 1599 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation FCC. See Federal Communications Commission. See Federal Trade Commission FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Feagin, Joe, 78 Fear, 1094; and animal consciousness, 60 Fear in the workplace, 523-525; and genetic testing, 573 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); and censorship, 1397; and the Cold War, 269; fingerprint files, 145; and Ku Klux Klan, 819; and lynching, 880; National Crime Information Center, 737; and Peltier, Leonard, 1105; on rape, 1237; undercover operations, 792 Federal Communications Commission (FCC); and censorship, 1397; and educational television, 235; and media ownership, 780, 911; and V-chips, 234 Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1910, 190 Federal Drug Administration (FDA); and ImClone, 1420 Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, 190 Federal Election Commission, 190 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946, 862 Federal Reserve System, 81 Federal Trade Commission (FTC); and advertising, 27; and identity theft, 711; National Do Not Call Registry, 1465; and telemarketing, 1465 Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, 52 Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 525-526, 1599 Feminism, 526-527; and Beauvoir, Simone de, 116-117; and marriage, 1115; Marxist, 1597; and men's movement, 929-930; and pornography, 1158, 1160; and pro-choice movement, 1190; and rape, 1240, 1242; and trustworthiness, 1510; and women's movement, 1596-1597. See also Ecofeminism Ferkiss, Victor, 1458 Ferraro, Geraldine, 1600 Feudalism, 1165-1166, 1584; in China, 304, 1613; and chivalry, 237; and democracy, 365-366; in Japan, 180; and Magna Carta, 887; Marx, Karl, on, 903, 905 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 1019, 1425 Fifth Amendment, 784, 1437; and due process, 412 Film rating systems, 973-974 Fingerprints, 145; in fiction, 146 Finley, Karen, 90 Finley v. National Endowment for the Arts (1998), 91 Finney, Charles Grandison, 2 Finnis, John, 1019 Firearms industry, 184 Fire-related deaths, 1492 First Amendment, 130, 158, 162, 204, 251, 528-529, 545; church-state separation, 243-244; and libel, 845; and lobbying, 862; and loyalty oaths, 873; and pornography, 1158-1159; and rights of the accused, 18; and Sedition Act of 1798, 1328; and song lyrics, 1400; and spam, 428 Fitzhugh, George, 1378 Five Pillars of Islam, 95, 282, 773-774, 1226, 1560 Five precepts of Buddhism, 42, 175-176, 529 Fleck, John, 90 Fletcher, Joseph, 138, 915; on situational ethics, 1372-1373 Flett, Gordon, 1109 Flint, Austin, Sr., 914 Flory, Wendy Stallard, 71 Food and Drug Act of 1906, 732 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 927; and experimentation, 923; and genetically modified foods, 575 Foote, Philippa, 772 Ford, Gerald, 1308; and stem cell research, 1415 Foreign aid, 755, 836, 1172, 1583; and income distribution, 728; and Marshall Plan, 902 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, 169, 186 Forests. See also Deforestation Forgiveness, 529-530; and asceticism, 95; and reconciliation, 1249; vs. revenge, 1273 "Forty acres and a mule," 1260 Fossey, Dian, 352 Foucault, Michel, 110, 339, 359, 531-532, 1356; and genealogy, 531; on power, 1172, 1174-1176; on wisdom, 1594 Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (Kant), 532 Four-humors theory, 923 Four noble truths, 532-534 Fourier, Charles, 1391 Fourteen Points, 833, 1508, 1521 Fourteenth Amendment, 1380; and Bill of Rights, 132 Fourth Amendment, 251; and electronic surveillance, 429 Fox, Michael A., 62, 66 Fox, Michael J., 1415 Foxwoods Resort Casino, 1009-1010 France; Dreyfus affair, 70; and Suez Crisis, 1103 Francis Ferdinand, 100 Franco, Francisco, 56 Franco-Prussian War, 645 Frank, André Gundar, 272, 376 Frank, Hans, 1061 Frankel, Charles, 1189 Frankena, William K., 1215, 1339 Frankfurt School, 339, 447, 1175 Frankl, Victor, 499 Franklin, Benjamin, 741; on adultery, 399; on loyalty oaths, 873 Fraud, 534-535; and advertising, 535; and computer crime, 287, 289; corporate, 328-330; and plagiarism, 1126-1127, 1129; and science, 1319; and telemarketing, 1464 Free enterprise, 536-537 Free market; advertising, 24-27; and antitrust legislation, 73; and capitalism, 197-198; and infomercials, 736; and profit economy, 1203 Free Religion, 691 Free-riding, 509, 537-538, 1087 Free speech; and academic freedom, 14-15; and campaign finance reform, 190; and church-state separation, 244; and democracy, 204; and hate speech, 624; and loyalty oaths, 873; and political correctness, 1143 Free will, 539; and determinism, 373; and sexuality, 1354; and Zoroastrianism, 1615, 1617 Freedom, 121, 539-542; and choice, 239; and existentialism, 497, 500; and human rights, 586; and On Liberty (Mill), 1067-1068; and political liberty, 1144; and Rawls, John, 1480; and responsibility, 1264 Freedom of expression, 543-547 Freedom of Information Act of 1967, 548-549, 1222 Freedom rides, 250, 253-254, 308 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, 231, 365, 1022, 1277 French Revolution, 1276; and antislavery movement, 1378; and Burke, Edmund, 179; and class struggle, 255; and communism, 276; and egalitarianism, 423; and equality, 466; and Jews, 70; and nationalism, 1006; and total war, 1521 Freud, Sigmund, 549-551, 1405; on aggression, 39, 1553; on alienation, 44-45; on cocaine, 1220; on "death instinct," 1553, 1588; on gangs, 560; on homosexuality, 666; on human nature, 300, 680; on hypnosis, 700; and Jung, Carl, 796; on life's purpose, 976; on madness, 110; on narcissism, 995; on rape, 1239; on sexual stereotypes, 1352 Frey, Raymond G., 66, 1544 Frick, Wilhelm, 1061 Fried, Alfred, 1665 Friedan, Betty, 680, 1601; Feminine Mystique, The, 525, 1599 Friedman, Milton, 328, 848, 1454 Friends Service Council, 1666 Friendship, 48, 274, 552-553, 1113-1117; and gossip, 603; and self-love, 1337 Frisch, Karl von, 59 Frist, Bill, 563 Fritzsche, Hans, 1061 Frohnmayer, John, 89 Fromm, Erich, 606 Fruit of Islam, 996 Frustration-aggression theory, 39 FTC. See Federal Trade Commission Fuchs, Klaus Emil J., 1507 Fullinwider, Robert K., 940 Fund for Animals, 63 Fundamentalism; Christian, 1468; and faith healers, 510; lifestyles, 860; and violence, 1259 Fund-raising and televangelists, 1468 Funk, Walter, 1061 Furman v. Georgia (1972), 194 Future generations, 553-557; and global warming, 590 G Gabor, Thomas, 486 Gabriel, angel, 773, 1226 Gaddis, John Lewis, 267 Gaia hypothesis, 503, 558; and environmental movement, 456 Gaines v. Missouri (1938), 1330 Galambos, Robert, 59 Galen, 923, 932 Galileo Galilei, 203, 1318, 1408, 1478 Galla people, 33 Gallo, Robert, 1320 Galton, Francis, 482 Gambling; Bennett, William, 123; Native American casinos, 1009-1011; and Roman Catholic Church, 867; sweepstakes, 25. See also Lotteries Games and cheating, 212 Gandhi, Indira, 100 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 96, 249, 342, 349, 558-559, 636, 781-782, 814-815, 1154-1155; and civil disobedience, 248; and Hinduism, 638; on hunger, 696; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 250, 814; and nonviolence, 42, 1047; and Orwell, George, 1074; pacifism of, 1079; and Poona Pact, 1154; satyagraha, 1554; and untouchables, 1154 Ganges River, 637 Gangs, 559-560; and drug abuse, 409 Gangsta rap, 1400 García Robles, Alfonso, 1667 Garden of Eden, 680, 970, 1114, 1369, 1602 Gardner, John, 191 Garrison, William Lloyd, 2-3, 1379 Garrison v. Louisiana (1964), 546 Garry, Joan, 1400 Garvey, Marcus, 996, 1083 Gathas, 1615 GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gault, In re, 561 Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Discrimination (GLAAD), 1400 Gay rights, 561-564, 1356; and the arts, 89; and Civil Rights movement, 254; and Dronenburg v. Zech, 407; and homophobia, 661-663; and homosexuality, 664-668; and men's movement, 931; and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 1001; Stonewall Inn riots, 1423 Gearhart, John, 1415 Gender issues, 274; and aggressive behavior, 40; and benevolence, 122 bias, 564-566; and ecofeminism, 417; feminism, 526-527; and hate-crime laws, 624; and multiculturalism, 394; and rape, 1242; sexism, 1347; and sexual stereotypes, 1351-1352 Gene prospecting, 1461 Genealogy, 531 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 590, 1607 General Electric Ion Track, 216 General Motors advertising, 27 Generosity, 566-567; and asceticism, 95 Genetic counseling, 567-568; and genetic testing, 574 Genetic engineering, 141, 147, 568-572, 922, 924, 926, 1462; and biochemical weapons, 134, 136; and biodiversity, 137; cloning, 259-260; and DNA, 926; ethical dilemmas, 1461; and food, 575-577 Genetic profiling, 147 Genetic screening, 572-573 Genetic testing, 141, 151, 572-575, 723; and eugenics, 482; and genetic counseling, 568 Genetically modified foods, 148, 575-577 Genetics and race, 394 Geneva Conventions, 224, 578-580, 610, 757, 800; and International Criminal Court, 752; and Red Cross, 759-760; and war crimes, 1573 Geneva Protocol of 1925, 132, 135, 214 Genocide, 583-586; of Armenians, 583, 585, 839; cultural, 580-581; defined, 583, frustration-aggression theory of, 581-582; and International Criminal Court, 752; and Lemkin, Raphael, 839; of Native Americans, 1013-1015; Rwanda, 351, 583, 1103, 1302-1304, 1573; United Nations Convention on, 1527; and war crime trials, 1573. See also Holocaust Genovese, Kitty, 188 Germany; and the Cold War, 267; and frustration-aggression theory of genocide, 582; reparations to Jews, 1260. See also Nazi Germany Gerontology, 37-38 Gewirth, Alan, 587 Ghazālī, al-, 587-588, 1428; and Averroës, 112 G.I. Bill, 1545 Gibbon, Edward, 730 Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), 588-589 Gilgamesh Epic, 1367 Gilligan, Carol, 122, 526, 680, 816, 1115, 1352; on moral reasoning, 284; on women's morality, 526 Gingrich, Newt, 90 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 1600 Gisborne, Thomas, 912 Gitlow v. United States (1925), 130, 546 Gittings, Barbara, 666 Giuliani, Rudolph, 91 Giving; and charity, 210-211; and generosity, 566 GLAAD. See Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Discrimination Glazer, Nathan, 744 Glen Canyon Dam, 1364 Global Crossing, 329 Global Day of Action, 591 Global Trade Watch, 1608 Global warming, 140, 589-590, 608, 1025-1026; and automobiles, 1151; and greenhouse effect, 608; and nuclear energy, 1059 Globalization, 590-592; and business ethics, 186; multinational corporations, 983-984; and outsourcing, 1078; and postmodernism, 1167 Glorious Revolution, 179, 444, 1275 Gluttony, 458, 592-593; and greed, 606 Gnosticism, 803, 895 Gobat, Charles Albert, 1665 Gobind Singh, 993, 1365 Gobineau, Joseph-Arthur de, 1030 God, 593-595; and anthropomorphism, 69; and divine command theory, 395-396; and evil, 487-490; existence of, 719; and holy war, 653-656; and immortality, 718-719; and Judaism, 789-791; nature of, 621, 1084-1086; and panentheism, 1084-1085; and pantheism, 1086; and "playing god," 1136; proofs of existence, 621; and revelation, 1271-1272; and secularism, 1326-1327; sovereignty of, 189 "God is dead" (Nietzsche), 102, 489, 497, 1039-1040, 1326; movement, 1487 Godparents, 595 Godwin, William, 891 Goethe, Wolfgang von, 940, 1174, 1318 Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), 449 Golden mean, 596-597 Golden rule, 597-598, 788, 1559; and consistency, 318; and Freud, Sigmund, 551; and Jesus Christ, 720; and Muhammad, 1560 Golding, William, 160, 558 Goldman, Alvin I., 1077 Goldman, Emma, 56 Gompers, Samuel, 52, 538 Good, the, 598-601; and ideal observer, 706; Locke, John, on, 866; and Platonic ethics, 1134. See also Common good Good life, Aristotle on, 83 Good samaritan laws, 602 Goodman, Paul, 57 Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 1126 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1667 Gore, Al, 991 Gore, Tipper, 1398 Gorgias, 1252 Göring, Hermann, 1031, 1060 Gospel Music Association, 994 Goss v. Lopez (1975), 603 Gossip, 177, 213, 297-298, 603 Government; and the arts, 88-91; and consent, 315; and lobbying, 862; and science, 1458; theories of, 1480 Government officials and conflicts of interest, 477-478 Graham, Billy, 1467 Graham, Katharine, 160 Gramsci, Antonio, 712 "Grandfather" clauses, 391 Grant, Ulysses S., 1521 Gratitude, 604-605 Gray, Elizabeth Dodson, 417 Gray Panthers, 38, 605-606, 1675 Great Books Program, 1298 Great Britain and the Suez Crisis, 1103 Great Depression, 1457 Great Society programs, 467-468 Greatest good principle, 10, 599, 958; and Bentham, Jeremy, 124; and capitalism, 197; and distributive justice, 392; Epicurus on, 460; and hedonism, 630; and infanticide, 735; and mean/ends distinction, 908; and morality, 965; Nozick, Robert, on, 1054; and promises, 1209; and right and wrong, 1280-1281; and self-interest, 1335; Spinoza, Baruch, on, 476; and virtue, 1562. See also Utilitarianism Greece, ancient, 282; adultery in, 22; constitutional government of, 321; democracy, 365, 539; dictatorships, 381, 1517; egalitarianism in, 423; and the Enlightenment, 444; homosexuality in, 665; and international law, 756; justice in, 1021; markets in, 1181; military ethics, 946; scorched-earth tactics, 1324; sexual stereotypes in, 1351; slavery, 1376; Sophists, 1401; and Stoicism, 1421-1422; tragedies, 1503; and work, 1602 Greece, modern, and the Truman Doctrine, 1509 Greed, 278, 330, 606-607, 984, 1584; and capitalism, 274; and gluttony, 606 Green parties, 607 Green Party, 456; and Nader, Ralph, 991 Green Revolution, 41 Greenberg, Irving, 490 Greenhouse effect, 140, 608-609; and global warming, 590; illustrated, 608 Greenpeace, 140, 576, 609, 1675; revenues, 456 Greer, Germaine, 1599 Gregg v. Georgia (1976), 194 Gregory VII, Pope, 654 Gregory, John, 138, 912, 914 Griffin, Donald R., 59 Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), 609-610, 1187 Grote, John; on altruism, 47 Grotius, Hugo, 610, 878, 1019; on just war, 800; on lying, 878; on natural law, 1022; and Nussbaum, Martha, 1062 Group therapy, 611 Groves, Leslie R., 895 Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), 30 Guarantees, 25, 1574-1575; and Hammurabi's code, 618 Guilt, 612-614; and Shintoism, 1362 Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 614-615 Gulags, 295-296, 1397, 1498 Guthrie, Woody, 1397 Gutierrez, Gustavo, 1555 Gypsies, 295, 382, 522, 583-584, 647, 1032, 1250, 1388 H Habermas, Jürgen, 339, 713, 764, 806-808 Habyarimana, Juvenal, 1303 Hackers. See Computer hackers Hadīth, 178, 587, 773, 1226, 1360;, 588, 616; of Būkhārī, al-, 178 Haeckel, Ernst, 138 Haessly, Jacqueline, 1101 Hague Conventions and war crimes, 1573 Hahn, Otto, 1057 Haiman, Franklyn, 547 Haiti and United Nations, 1526 Halbritter, Ray, 1011 Hales, Stephen, 964 Hallāj, al-, 616-617 Hallie, Philip, 341 Hamas, 656, 779 Hamilton, Alexander, 1404, 1439 Hamilton, W. D., 1394 Hamm, Mia, 1489 Hammad ibn Abī Sulayman, 12 Hammarskjöld, Dag, 1103, 1666 Hammurabi's code, 235, 617-618, 660, 665, 972; and adultery, 22; and capital punishment, 193; and constitutional government, 321; on criminal punishment, 336; and Hebrew Bible, 628 Han Dynasty, 303, 305, 826, 1568 Han Wudi, 303 Hand, Learned, 1456 Hanks, Nancy, 89 Happiness; Aristotle on, 83, 85; Augustine, Saint, on, 108; Cynics on, 346; and Stoicism, 1421; Thomas Aquinas on, 1432, 1482; and work, 1603 Hardin, Garrett, 457, 858 Hardin, Russell, 1087, 1186 Hare, R. M., 619; on ought/can implication, 1076; and prescriptivism, 1181 Harlan, John M., 1136, 1329 Harlan, John M., III, 1107 Harm, 619-620; and computer databases, 290-291; and maximal vs. minimal ethics, 907; and self-preservation, 1339-1340; and violence, 1553-1556 Harris, Joseph, 1230 Harris, William T., 707 Hart, H. L. A., 620-621; on law, 828; and negligence, 1034 Hartshorne, Charles, 621-622 Hartshorne, Hugh, 209 Harvard University, 15 Harvey, William, 964 Hasidism, 622 Hastings Center, 1459, 1675 Hatch, John P., 143 Hatch, Orrin, 261 Hate, 622-623 Hate crime, 624; and the homeless, 659; lynching, 879-881; statistics, 1001 Hate speech, 624 Hayek, F. A., 730, 848, 1149 Haynes, Todd, 89 Hays Code, 973 Hays, Will, 973 Head Start, 625 Healing, 211, 914, 933, 1125; Avicenna, 113; and faith healers, 509-510; and Hippocratic oath, 639; holistic, 647; Jesus Christ, 242 Health and children's television, 236 Health and Human Services, Department of, 501, 920; and experimentation, 923; and medical experimentation, 924 Health care; allocation, 625-627; biofeedback, 142-143; Children's Bureau, 230; and cost-benefit analysis, 332; diagnosis, 380; electroshock therapy, 430-431; employee safety, 438-440; and faith healers, 509-510; and genetic information, 573; and holistic medicine, 647; and homosexuality, 666; and illness, 713-714; and medical bills of rights, 912-913; and medical ethics, 914-918; and medical insurance, 919-921; and mental illness, 931-935; and older people, 38; and prostitutes, 1212; and psychopharmacology, 1219-1220; and tobacco industry, 1490; and triage, 1509; and World Health Organization, 1606 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, 573, 921 HealthSouth, 329 Hearst, William Randolph, 795, 910-911 Heart disease, 488; and genetic engineering, 569; and smoking, 1490, 1492, 1494 Heaven, 465, 488, 719, 968; Buddhist concepts of, 821; Christian concepts of, 987, 1042, 1226, 1272, 1338; Confucian concepts of, 303, 928-929, 978, 1610; Hindu concepts of, 808; Islamic concepts of, 1226; Jewish concepts of, 1497; Thomist concepts of, 970; Zoroastrian concepts of, 489; Zulu concepts of, 32 Hebrew Bible, 628-630, 647, 939, 1368-1369, 1472-1473; on justice, 801; on mercy, 938-939; on sin, 1367-1369; Talmud, 789, 943, 1449-1452; Ten Commandments, 101, 282, 368, 517, 529, 534, 629, 875, 877, 958, 972, 1048, 1373, 1472-1473; Torah, 1496-1497; on tzaddik, 1517; on work, 1602 Hebrew language, 1368 Hecataeus, 101 Hedonism, 630-631; and Cyrenaics, 347-348; and existentialism, 498; and human nature, 681; and naturalism, 1049; and paradoxes, 631; and rationality, 599, 630, 970, 1248 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 44, 497, 632-633; on alienation, 44; and Bradley, F. H., 166; on collectivism, 1147; on history, 712; on idealism, 707; on Kantian idealism, 708; on morality, 708; Phenomenology of Spirit, 44, 708, 1120-1121; on politics, 1008; on tragedy, 1503; and transcendentalism, 707; on truth, 1511, 1513; on universalism, 1252; on work, 1602-1604 Hegesias, 347 Heidegger, Martin, 497, 634, 1519; and Arendt, Hannah, 82; and existentialism, 498; and Levinas, Emmanuel, 845; on personal relationships, 1116 Heisenberg, Werner, 104 Hell, 488, 672, 719, 968, 1226, 1228, 1615-1616; Christian concepts of, 1272 Hellman, Lillian, 667 Helms, Jesse, 89, 207 Helms Amendment, 89 Héloïse, 1 Helsinki Accords, 689 Helsinki Watch, 689 Hemophilia, 568 Henderson, Arthur, 1666 Henry VIII, 398 HerbaLife, 736 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 122 Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, 364 Hermogenes Tarsus, 544 Herodotus, 101, 1323 Heroin, 153, 1082, 1472 Heroism, 634-635, 995, 1339, 1435, 1614; components of, 635; and love, 869 Herophilus, 922 Herpes, 1357 Herrera v. Collins (1993), 469 Herzl, Theodor, 1614-1615 Hesiod, 1603 Hess, Rudolf, 1060, 1061 Hewitt, Paul, 1109 Hicklin test, 206, 1159 Hillman, James, 930 Himmler, Heinrich, 1031 Himstead, Ralph, 15 Hinduism, 282, 636-638; and adultery, 22; Ahimsā, 42; and asceticism, 95; Bhagavadgītā, 127; caste system, 128, 199-200, 637, 781, 808, 993, 1154, 1364, 1541; vs. existentialism, 499; and gratitude, 604; and Islam, 792; and karma, 808-809; and mysticism, 987; and nirvana, 1042; origins, 200; and Sankara, 1311; and Sikhism, 1364; and suicide, 1429; and Upanisads, 1530; Weber, Max, on, 1581 Hipparchia, 345 Hipparchus, assassination of, 97 Hippies, 1350 Hippocrates, 138, 638-640, 914, 922, 932; on confidentiality, 297 Hippocratic oath, 81, 138, 471, 912, 914, 923; and assisted suicide, 1431; and Hippocrates, 639; and professional ethics, 1201 Hiring practices, 640-641; and arrest records, 86; and biometrics, 146; and downsizing, 403; and drug testing, 410; fairness of, 440; and genetic testing, 573; and loyalty oaths, 873; minimum-wage laws, 949; resumés, 1268; and wage discrimination, 1567 Hiroshima bombing, 105, 405, 584, 641-643, 1057, 1320, 1324 Hispanics and the Civil Rights movement, 254 Hiss, Alger, 1507 History; Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, on, 44, 632-633, 1120, 1603; Hitler, Adolf, on, 645; Ibn Khaldūn on, 706; Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, on, 840-842; Marx, Karl, on, 903-906; Marxist views of, 296; and moral equivalence, 955 Hitler, Adolf, 381-382, 522, 582, 643-645, 647-650, 675, 1027, 1030-1032, 1061, 1148, 1388; anti-Semitism of, 582, 651, 1030, 1229; and atom bomb, 104; on Bolshevism, 1148; book burnings, 203; and concentration camps, 295; Final Solution, 1032; and the Holocaust, 647-648; and Hussein, Saddam, 699; and Social Darwinism, 1028-1029; suicide, 651; and surrender, 1521; and treason, 1508; worldview, 1028, 1029, 1148-1149 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus Hobbes, Thomas, 646-647, 1018, 1457; on absolutism, 381; on altruism, 46-47; on authoritarianism, 1553; and Bacon, Francis, 115; censorship of, 730; and descriptive ethics, 1049; on egalitarianism, 423; on egoism, 424; on equality, 465; and ethical egoism, 315, 1335; on ethical naturalism, 824; on fact/value distinction, 505; on free-riding, 538; on honor, 674; on human nature, 300, 680, 698, 1359; on human rights, 684-685; on individualism, 730, 1257; on justice, 801-802; on law, 248; Leviathan, 381, 505, 538, 646, 801, 844, 1174, 1221, 1334, 1413, 1553; on morality, 964; on politics, 1147, 1516; on power, 1173-1174; and practical reason, 1177; on self-interest, 448, 1334; on social contract theory, 1385-1386; on sovereignty, 1404; on state of nature, 1413-1414; on war, 1569; on will, 1591; on work, 1603-1604 Hobson, A. J., 272 Hoffman, David, 837 Holistic medicine, 647 Holley, Horace, 15 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 204, 1455 Holmes, Peter, 159 Holmes, Robert L., 1047, 1570-1572 Holocaust, 583, 647-652, 1288; and advertising, 27; and anti-Semitism, 70; and bystanders, 188; and choiceless choices, 241; and collective guilt, 269; concentration camps, 295; and concept of the "other," 1076; cruelty during, 341; and Eichmann, Adolf, 1573; and Hitler, Adolf, 643; and Israel, 777; reparations, 1260; and Schindler, Oskar, 1315-1316; and Wiesel, Elie, 1588 Holocaust denial, 586 Holy Land and Crusades, 654 Holy war, 653-657, 1259; jihad, 791; and suicide, 1429 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1977, 1250 Homeland defense, 657-658 Homeland Security, Department of, 657 Homeless care, 658-659 Homer; on courage, 494; on excellence, 494; on heroes, 1535; Odyssey, 968; and Plato, 158; poetry of, 1256 Homicide, 660-661; assassination, 96-99; and cannibalism, 192; and euthanasia, 483-484; moral justifications, 100; and robots, 1291; statistics, 38 Homophobia, 561, 564, 661-664, 931; and oppression, 1070; and political correctness, 1143; and Roman Catholic priests scandal, 1297 Homosexuality, 664-668; and adultery, 23; and AIDS, 19; gay rights, 561-563; and gender bias, 565; and hate-crime laws, 624; and homophobia, 661-663; and Islam, 773; and Landers, Ann, 28; and Roman Catholic priests scandal, 1296-1297; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1438 Hōnen, 1361 Honesty, 669-673; and leadership, 833; and plagiarism, 1127-1129; and polygraph tests, 1218 Hongren, 676 Honor, 674-675 Honor systems and codes, 675-676 Hooker, Worthington, 914 Hoover, Herbert, 659, 1269 Horkheimer, Max, 339 Horne, Herman Harrell, 707 Hosea, 629, 939 Hospers, John, 848 House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct, 306 House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC); and academic freedom, 15 Housing discrimination; and AIDS, 20 Hovevei Ziyyon, 1614 Hsün Tzu. See Xunzi HUAC. See House Committee on Un-American Activities Hubbard, L. Ron, 1322 Hubris, 995, 1182-1183 Hudson, Rock, 1358 Hughes, Holly, 90 Hughes, Langston, 1000 Huineng, 676 Hull, Cordell, 1666 Hull, Clark L., 700 Human genome, 568 Human Genome Project, 147, 570, 677-678, 1458; funding of, 1318; and genetic screening, 141; and genetic testing, 572, 575; launching of, 570 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 925; and Rwanda genocide, 1243 Human nature, 679-682; and behaviorism, 120; and conflicts of interest, 300; Dewey, John, on, 379; Freud, Sigmund, on, 551; and golden rule, 597; and hedonism, 681; and humanism, 690; and rationality, 1340; and reason, 681 Human Nature and Conduct (Dewey), 683-684 Human rights, 684-687; and biochemical weapons, 132-136; and dignity, 383; and diversity, 395; and English Bill of Rights, 443; and ethical relativism, 983; and famine, 519; and Gewirth, Alan, 586; International Criminal Court, 752; Lemkin, Raphael, 839; and multinational corporations, 983; and natural rights, 1021-1023; and prostitution, 1212; and realpolitik, 1246; and reparations, 1260-1261; and rights and obligations, 1287-1288; and slavery, 1376-1381; Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South African, 1401-1402; and United Nations, 1524, 1526; and war crimes, 1573 Human Rights Information and Documentation Systems, 1675 Human Rights Watch, 688-689, 1676 Humane Society of the United States, 62, 342, 689-690, 1676; and zoos, 690 Humanism, 102, 274, 416, 690-691; and the Enlightenment, 445; and existentialism, 498; and human nature, 690; and motivation, 976; and pacifism, 1080; and rationality, 691; secular, 159, 1540; and skepticism, 691; and Thomism, 1257; and Xunzi, 1610 Humbard, Rex, 1467 Humboldt, Alexander von, 418 Hume, John, 1668 Hume, David, 692-693, 1248, 1461; on altruism, 47; atheism of, 445; on benevolence, 122; censorship of, 730; on compassion, 284; on emotivism, 437; Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, An, 447-448; on evil, 488; on hedonism, 681; on honor, 674; on human nature, 681; on the ideal observer, 706; on impartiality, 720; on is/ought distinction, 771; on naturalism, 1049; on practical reason, 1177; on pride, 1182; skepticism of, 1041; on suicide, 1340; on suicide assistance, 1430; on value, 1536-1537; on will, 1590 Humility, 694-695; and televangelists, 1468 Humors theory, 57 Hunger, 695-698; and famine, 695-697; and lifeboat ethics, 858 Hunting, 63, 96, 342, 415, 450, 690, 1015-1016, 1255 Huntington's disease, 8, 571 Husayn, 698-699; and Yazid, 43 Hussein, Saddam, 382, 699-700, 770, 1453; and Kurds, 135; overthrow of, 770 Husserl, Edmund, 634, 1425 Hussites, 465 Hutcheson, Francis, 188, 706, 1359; on altruism, 47; on moral sense, 964 Hutu, 1228, 1302 Hydrogen bomb, 1054 Hypnosis, 700-701 Hypocrisy, 702-703; and self-righteousness, 1343 I I and Thou (Buber), 704-705 Ibn al-Arabī, 704 Ibn Gabirol, 705 Ibn Khaldūn, 706 Ibn Rushd. See Averroës Ibn Sīnā. See Avicenna Ideal observer, 706 Idealism, 707-709; and Zhu Xi, 1612 Identity and surrogate motherhood, 1443 Identity theft, 289, 709-711; and biometrics, 146; and telemarketing, 1465 Identity Theft Deterrence Act of 1998, 709, 711 Ideology, 712-713 Illinois Institute of Technology, 472 Illness, 713-715; vs. "disease," 714; and pessimism, 1119 ILO. See International Labor Office. See International Labour Organisation Imanishi-Kari, Thereza, 1319 ImClone, 1420 IMF. See International Monetary Fund Immigration, 715-717; and citizenship, 247; and Rorty, Richard, 1298; and slavery, 1381 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 715, 718 Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 718 Immorality and egoism, 425 Immortality, 113, 383, 718-719, 1132, 1134, 1457; Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de, on, 1519 Impartiality, 720 Imperativism, 824 Imperialism, 271-272, 1609; and developing world, 376; historical phases, 272; Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, on, 840-841; and racism, 1230, 1232; and realpolitik, 1246 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 720-723; and Brown, Louise, 722; and genetic testing, 574; and sperm banks, 1406-1407; and surrogate motherhood, 1440-1442 Incest, 9, 13, 346, 414, 514, 723-724; and infanticide, 228; and Islam, 775; and marriage, 969; and Rabbinic law, 1368; and taboos, 1447-1448 Income and tipping, 1487 Income distribution, 725-728; and minimum-wage laws, 949 Income levels and corporate compensation, 326-327 Incommensurability, 728-729 Incompatibilism. See Compatibilism Incontinence and will, 1578 Index librorum prohibitorum, 158, 203, 729-730 India; Asoka, 96; caste system, 199-200; child labor in, 220; civil disobedience, 248; famines, 696; Gandhi, Mohandas K., 558; independence movement, 249; Islam in, 792; Jainism in, 781; Poona Pact, 1154; Sikhism in, 1364-1366; Thuggees, 100 Individual sovereignty, 846-847 Individualism, 730-731, 1149; and Beauvoir, Simone de, 117; and communitarianism, 279; and egoism, 730; and professional ethics, 1200; and property, 1210 Industrial research, 732-733 Industrial Revolution, 1457; and business ethics, 181; and child labor legislation, 219; and children's rights, 231; and communism, 276; and free-market economy, 421; and imperialism, 272; and postmodernism, 1167; and progressivism, 1204 Inequality, 733-734; and free enterprise, 537; and socialism, 1391 Infanticide, 734-735; and birth defects, 153; among Eskimos, 670; and personhood, 6; and Singer, Peter, 1372 Infidelity. See Adultery Infomercials, 26, 736 Information access, 736-738; Freedom of Information Act, 548; and technology, 1462 Initiation rites, African, 34 Innocence, 1298-1299; childhood, 227; and war, 1570-1572 Innocent III, Pope, 654, 887-888 Inns of Court, English, 837. See also American Inns of Court Inquisition, 544, 933; and Galileo, 203; and Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 729; torture in, 1499 INS. See Immigration and Naturalization Service Insanity. See Mental illness Insanity plea, 100 Insecurity; and adultery, 22; and aggression, 582; and bigotry, 129; and group therapy, 611; and jealousy, 786; and social contract theory, 1385 Inside information, 739-740 Insider trading, 740-741; and advice columnists, 29; criminalization of, 1270; Stewart, Martha, 1420 Institute for Global Ethics, 1676 Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, 1676 Institute for World Order, 1101 Institute of International Law, 1665 Institutional review boards, 923-924, 927 Institutionalization of patients, 741-743 Insurance; medical, 919-921; unemployment, 403 Integral Nondualism, 1542 Integralism, Philosophy of, 1542 Integration, 743-745 Integrity, 746-747; and mentoring, 936 Intel Corporation v. Hamidi (2003), 428 Intellectual freedom; and Cynicism, 345-346 Intellectual property, 748-749, 1211; and computer technology, 294; and copyright, 324-325; and Internet piracy, 761-762; and musicians, 183 Intelligence and robotics, 1291 Intelligence testing, 749-750 Intent; and libel, 845; and motivation, 975-976 Intention, 750-751; and morality, 970 Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1676 International Arbitration Court, 1046 International Biometric Industry Association, 145 International Business Ethics Institute, 1676 International Campaign to Ban Landmines, 1668 International Council Against Bullfighting, 1607 International Court of Justice, 752, 754 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 751 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), 450 International Criminal Court, 232, 752-753, 1573; and genocide, 583 International Humanist and Ethical Union, 691 International justice, 753-755; International Criminal Court, 752; and vigilantism, 753 International Labor Office (ILO), 221 International Labour Organisation (ILO), 755, 1667, 1677; and slavery, 220, 1380 International Labour Organization (ILO) International law, 756-757; and developing world, 377; and entitlements, 450; and genocide, 839; and Grotius, Hugo, 610; International Criminal Court, 752; and justice, 753-754; and Lemkin, Raphael, 839; and mercenary soldiers, 938; and military ethics, 948; and Nussbaum, Martha, 1062-1063; and rights and obligations, 1287; and sanctions, 1309-1310; and sovereignty, 1403-1404 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 590, 758, 1172 International Nuclear Freeze Campaign, 1101 International Organization of Consumers Unions, 758-759 International Peace Bureau, 1046 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1667 International Red Cross, 578, 580, 687, 757, 759-760, 1046, 1677; and Geneva Conventions, 578; Nobel Peace Prize, 1665-1667 International relations; Cold War, 266-268; and dete