To return to this sets' summary click Overview. For the general product directory, click Directory. Articles Anthrax Bioinformatics Biological Weapons DNA Fingerprinting Genetically Modified Foods Genetics in TV and Films Molecular Clock Hypothesis Stem Cells Transgenic Organisms Other Elements Publisher's Note Index Table of Contents If you need help with products and ordering, setting up a new account or working with this website, call or email us: Phone: (800) 221-1592 Email: csr@salempress.com An excellent starting point for basic information about genetics, particularly those aspects commonly reported in the news, this is recommended for all libraries. Library Journal   Recommended. References for Students   Gale Group   The Salem set provides clear explanations and is recommended for college and high-school libraries as well as any public library that has a large science collection. Booklist   Recommended. General readers; undergraduates. Choice   ...covering an immense range of subjects in sufficient detail to engage serious students, this set will not only make a significant addition to deeper collections, but contains enough new material to justify replacing its predecessor. School Library Journal

Editor: Bryan D. Ness, Pacific Union College ISBN: 978-1-58765-149-6 List Price: $235 February 2004 · 2 volumes · 896 pages · 8"x10" ALA/RUSA Outstanding Reference Source Encyclopedia of Genetics, Rev. Ed. Index A page range in boldface indicates a full article devoted to the topic. A A1PI deficiency. See Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) deficiency AAT gene, 329 ABO blood types, 466. See also Blood groups Abortion. See Spontaneous abortion ACE gene, 395 Achondroplasia, 249, 601 Acquired characteristics, 486 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 41, 106, 243, 252, 590, 672, 680 Acromegaly, 433 Activators, 298 Acute leukemia, 106, 245 ADA. See Adenosine deaminase Adaptation, 267, 568-569 Adaptive advantage, 592 Addison's disease, 52 Adenine, 549, 640 Adenosine deaminase (ADA), 329, 338 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 300, 504-506, 680 Adenoviruses, 197, 306, 330 ADHD. See Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Adleman, Leonard, 243 Adoption studies, 475 Adult-onset diabetes, 209 Adult stem cells, 710. See also Stem cells AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission AFP. See Alpha fetoprotein African Americans, 661 African clawed frog. See Xenopus laevis Africans, 659, 661 Agenesis, 734 Aggression, 1-2, 765 Aging, 3-9, 728; crop plants, 333 Agonistic behavior. See Aggression Agriculture; and chloroplast genes, 136; genetic engineering, 332-335 Agrobacterium rhizogenes, 177 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 92-93, 122, 177, 330, 332, 514, 553, 608, 740 AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Aire gene, 209 Albinism, 9-11, 71, 185, 460, 556 Alcoholism, 11-13; and aggression, 1; and criminality, 193; genetic tests, 365 Aldosteronism, 720 Algae, 77. See also Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Algorithms, 80 Alkaptonuria, 183, 586 Alkylation, 132 Allele frequencies, 389-390 Alleles; biochemical mutations, 70; complementation testing, 181; complete dominance, 184; consanguinity and genetic disease, 191; dihybrid inheritance, 210; dwarfism, 248; epistasis, 255; forensic genetics, 279; gene regulation, 291; genetic screening, 357; inbreeding and assortative mating, 461; incomplete dominance, 465; linkage maps, 491; monohybrid inheritance, 555; multiple, 559-561; organ transplants and HLA genes, 589; pedigree analysis, 599; population genetics, 617 Allelic variation, 618 Allen, Garland, 261 Allergens, 13 Allergies, 13-16, 454 Allinen, Minna, 103 Allison, A. C., 392 Allopatric isolation, 709 Allopatric speciation, 650, 652, 708 Allopolyploidy, 614 Alpha fetoprotein (AFP), 628 Alpha helix, 636 Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) deficiency, 98 Alpha-globin gene family, 290 Alternation of generations, 512 Alternative splicing, 297 Altman, Sidney, 130, 679, 687, 767 Altruism, 16-19; in gay men, 420; and kin selection, 571; and sociobiology, 704 Alu sequences, 665 Alwine, James, 100 Alzheimer, Alois, 20 Alzheimer's disease, 19-23, 67, 83, 243, 246, 324, 338, 471-472, 519; and prion diseases, 633 Amaya, Enrique, 543 American Eugenics Society, 261 Americans with Disabilities Act, 363 Ames, Bruce, 132 Ames test, 132, 565 Amino acids, 319, 550, 634, 638 Amish people, 192 Amniocentesis, 23-27, 323, 360 Amniotic fluid, 24, 626 Amphibians as model organisms, 543 Amphidiploid organisms, 615 Amyloid plaques, 19 Anabolic steroids, 718 Analysis of variance, 408 Anaphase (mitosis), 123, 127, 199, 511 Anaphylaxis, 14, 214 Andrews, Tommy Lee, 280 Androgen-insensitivity syndrome, 732 Androgen receptors, 731 Androgenesis, 736 Androgens, 718, 731 Anemia; pernicious, 52; sickle-cell, 692-696. See also Sickle-cell disease Anencephalus, 573-574 Anencephaly, 360, 735 Aneuploidy, 244, 402, 579-582, 614, 627, 764-765 Anfinsen, Christian B., 635, 767 Angelman, Harry, 623 Angelman syndrome (AS), 623-626 Angina pectoris, 392 Angiogenesis, 110 Angiogenesis inhibitors, 113 Angiotensin-cleaving enzyme (ACE), 392 Angiotensin II, 395 Animal cloning, 31-35, 738. See also Cloning Animal experimentation, 352 Animal organs, 761 Animal rights, 763 Ankylosing spondylitis, 52, 453 Annotation (genomic libraries), 386 Antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging, 6 Antennapedia, 417 Anthrax, 35-37, 88, 608 Antibacterial resistance, 61-65, 608 Antibacterial soaps, 63 Antibiotic resistance, 175, 252, 348, 745 Antibiotic resistance genes, 691 Antibiotics, 347; cholera, 137; overuse, 61-65 Antibodies, 38-42; allergies, 13; and autoimmunity, 51; blood groups, 560; cloning, 166; diphtheria, 214; genetic engineering, 338; HLA genes, 590; humanized, 96; immunogenetics, 450; molecular structure, 553; monoclonal, 441-445; synthetic, 723-725 Anticodons, 316, 319, 551, 679 Antigenic drift, 720-721 Antigenic shift, 720 Antigens, 441; allergies, 13; autoimmune disorders, 51; blood groups, 466, 560; clonal selection theory, 450; genetically engineered, 340; immune response, 39; neonatal, 52; organ transplants, 589; and synthetic antibodies, 723 Anti-inflammatory drugs, 719 Antimicrobial drugs, 61 Antimiscegenation laws, 501-503 Antioxidants, 3 Antiparallel structure of DNA, 240 Antirejection drugs, 591, 724, 761 Antisense, 42 Antisense RNA, 42-45, 577, 680 Antisense technology, 295, 297 Antisera, 441 Antisocial behaviors (ASBs), 1-2, 68 Antiterminators, 302 Antitoxin, 214 Anxiety, 67 APC gene, 112, 747 Ape-human genetics, 146 APO A1. See Apolipoproteins APOA1 gene, 393 Apolipoproteins, 393, 445 Apoptosis, 6, 151, 450, 747 Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 515 Arabidopsis thaliana, 513-516, 546 Arabinose operon, 293 Aralast (biopharmaceutical), 98 Arber, Werner, 338, 767 Archaea, 45-48, 54; relationship with bacteria, 489 Aristotle, 767 Arms of chromosomes, 148 Aromatic amines, 132 Arthritis, 52 Artificial chromosomes, 178 Artificial selection, 48-51, 568; breeding programs, 271; and eugenics, 260; gene therapy, 305; plants, 710 Aryan "race," 264 AS. See Angelman syndrome ASBs. See Antisocial behaviors Ascomycetes, 537 Ascus, 539 Asexual reproduction, 31, 125; bacteria, 56 Asilomar Conference (1975), 168, 337 Assortative mating, 461-465, 618-619 AT gene, 102 Ataxia telangiectasia, 4, 102 Atherosclerosis, 393 Athma, Prasanna, 103 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 428 Atopy, 454 ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate ATP synthase, 136, 505-506 ATT gene, 344 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 68 Auerbach, Charlotte, 131, 767 Autoimmune disorders, 15, 51-53, 453 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 52 Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), 209 Autoimmune response, 207 Automated sequencing, 233, 236, 430 Autopolyploidy, 614 Autosomal dominant alleles, 248, 558, 599 Autosomal dominant disorders; albinism, 10 Autosomal recessive alleles, 248, 558, 599 Autosomal recessive disorders, 4, 460; albinism, 10; Tay-Sachs disease, 727 Autosomes, 479, 499 Auxins, 121 Auxotrophic organisms, 537 Avery, Oswald, 57, 227, 238, 372, 725, 767 Azathioprine, 591 Azidothymidine (AZT), 130 Azoospermia, 479 AZT. See Azidothymidine B B cells, 38, 52, 106-107, 450, 482, 723 B memory cells, 38 B vitamins, 689 Baby Fay case (1984), 762 Bacilli, 54 Bacillus anthracis, 608 Bacillus cereuss, 342 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 92, 93, 332, 366, 741 Back-mutation, 565 Backcrossing. See Introgression BACs. See Bacterial artificial chromosomes Bacteria, 54-60, 527-533; relationship with archaea, 489; gene regulation, 291-295 Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), 384, 520 Bacterial gene swapping, 254 Bacterial transformation, 489 Bacteriophage, 301; antibodies, 444; archaea, 47; cloning vectors, 174; DNA, 227; lambda, 327, 383; restriction, 667; RNA, 130; transduction, 57, 489. See also Lambda (λ) phage Baculoviruses, 92, 94, 118 Bailey, Catherine, 767 Baker's yeast. See Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) Bakewell, Robert, 50 Baltimore, David, 103, 116, 130, 670, 767 Barr, Murray, 759, 767 Barr bodies, 499, 759 Basal transcription factor, 295 Base pairing, 129, 224, 228, 233, 240, 326, 641, 677 Bases, 129, 223, 228, 319, 549 Basson, Craig, 206 Bateson, William, 154, 255, 260, 372, 767 Baur, Erwin, 274 Beadle, George, 183, 372, 537, 587, 767 Beagle, HMS, 371 Beckwith, Jonathan R., 767 Bees; circadian rhythms, 83; haplodiploidy and diploidy, 17; parthenogenesis, 592; social status gene, 67; sociobiology, 705 Behavior, 65-70; biological determinism, 86-88; criminality, 193-195; homosexuality, 419; human, 409; XYY syndrome, 764-766 Behavioral ecology, 705 Behavioral genomics, 68 Behaviorism, 263 Bell, Julia, 767 Benacerraf, Baruj, 768 Bender, William, 417 Berg, Paul, 336, 768 Beta sheets, 636 Beta-amyloid peptide, 19 Beta-galactosidase, 175, 292, 299, 484, 529 Beta-globin gene family, 290 Beta-thalassemia, 142, 684 Bickel, Horst, 606 Bicoid gene, 203 Binary fission, 56, 126, 199, 509 Binet, Alfred, 86, 409 Biochemical pathways, 70 Biodiversity, 50, 351, 708-710 Bioethics, 73-77, 309-313; cloning, 170; stem cell research, 713 Biofertilizers, 77-79 Biofuels, 341 Bioinformatics, 79-83, 421 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (1972), 89 Biological clocks, 83-85 Biological determinism, 86-88 Biological species concept, 708 Biological weapons, 88-92 Biomass, 339 Biometry, 259 Biopesticide resistance, 95 Biopesticides, 92-96 Biopharmaceuticals, 96-98 Bioremediation, 339 Biotechnology, 326, 351. See also Genetic engineering Bioterrorism, 88, 90, 700 Birth defects. See Congenital defects; Diseases (hereditary) Birth weight, 655 Bishop, J. Michael, 103, 768 Bithorax complex, 417 Black Death, 88 Blastocysts, 710 Blastulas, 202 Bleeding and hemophilia, 396-399 Blood clotting factors. See Clotting factors Blood groups; ABO, 71, 185; forensic analysis, 279; multiple alleles, 559-561; paternity testing, 162, 596 Blood pressure, 395 Blotting techniques, 98-101 Bluhm, Agnes, 768 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 658 Bonnet, Charles, 268 Boring, Alice Middleton, 768 Borlaug, Norman, 370, 656, 768 Botstein, David, 157, 768 Bouchard, T. J., Jr., 475 Boveri, Theodor, 147, 201, 523, 809 Boyer, Herbert, 174, 340, 351, 768 Brachydactyly, 734 Brachyury gene, 206 Bradley, Allan, 104 Brain; and aggression, 1; Alzheimer's disease, 20; androgens, 419; anencephaly, 360, 735; atherosclerosis, 445; and behavior, 65; cells, 711; and criminality, 193; DES, 419; diseases, 4; and Down syndrome, 246; of gay men, 420; Hex A, 727; Huntington's disease, 435; hypothalamus, 83; and intelligence, 477; mouse models, 536; neural tube, 573; phenylketonuria, 357, 361, 460; pituitary gland, 432; Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, 624; prion diseases, 631; stem cells, 738 Brakefield, Paul, 408 Brassicaceae, 513 Braun, A., 514 Brave New World (Huxley), 262 BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, 101, 112, 226, 746 BRCA3 gene, 103 Bread mold. See Neurospora crassa Breast cancer, 101-106; genes, 103, 112, 226, 338, 746; genetic testing, 365; insurance, 472 Breggin, Peter, 194 Brennan, William J., Jr., 595 Brenner, Sydney, 205, 319, 768 Brewer's yeast. See Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bridges, Calvin, 144, 147, 155, 372, 499 Brigham, C. C., 476 Broca, Paul, 86 Brody, William R., 473 Bromouracil, 131 Bronstein, M. H., 103 Brown, Louise, 456 Brown, Michael S., 768 Brown, Nicole, 281 Bt. See Bacillus thuringiensis BTWC. See Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Buck v. Bell (1927), 716 Budding; megakarocytes, 616; viral, 756; yeast, 539 Buffon, comte de, 268, 487 Bunyaviruses, 756 Burger, Warren, 594 Burke, David, 178 Burkitt, Denis, 106 Burkitt's lymphoma, 106-108, 583 Burnet, Frank Macfarlane, 450, 768 Burnette, W. N., 100 Bush, George W., 714 Bussey Institute, Harvard University, 533 Butterflies, 93 C C-value paradox, 379 Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode), 43, 205, 516-520, 546 CAG expansion, 434 CAH. See Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Cairns, John, 530, 768 Calgene (Davis, California), 333 Callus cells, 120, 737 cAMP. See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Campath (biopharmaceutical), 98 Cancer, 109-115; and aging, 4; antisense RNA, 45; breast, 101-106, 338; and the cell cycle, 124; cell division, 127; chromsomal modifications, 151; compared to embryonic cells, 206; gene therapy, 330; genetic testing, 365, 423; homeobox genes, 418; immortal cells, 731; insurance, 472; mouse studies, 534; oncogenes, 583-586; proto-oncogenes, 685; skin, 9; somatic mutations, 562; stem cell research, 712; synthetic antibodies, 725; tumor-suppressor genes, 746-748 Cancer Genetics Network (National Cancer Institute), 105 Cann, Rebecca, 508, 661 Cannibalism, 632 Cano, Raúl, 30 Canola, 368 Capecchi, Mario, 329, 481 Capsid, 754 Capsules (bacteria), 55 Carcinogens, 109 Carcinoma, 112 Carrel, Alexis, 117 Carrier screening, 358 Carrier testing, 361 Carroll, Christiane Mendrez, 768 Catalytic receptors, 698 Caucasians, 662 CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cdk's. See Cyclin-dependent protein kinases cDNA. See Complementary DNA cDNA libraries, 115-117, 522, 578, 675, 692. See also Complementary DNA; Genomic libraries Cech, Thomas R., 130, 679, 687, 768 Celera Genomics, 430 Cell culture; animal cells, 117-120; plant cells, 120-122 Cell cycle, 122-125; breast cancer, 101; cell division, 127; cytokinesis, 199; DNA replication, 229; mitosis and meiosis, 510; proto-oncogenes, 111; signal transduction, 699; tumor-suppressor genes, 746 Cell differentiation, 517, 710, 736 Cell division, 125-128, 579; and aging, 3; binary fission, 56; and cancer, 4, 125, 424; chromosomes, 551; cytokinesis, 198-200; DNA in, 242; errors, 564; eukaryotes, 229; gametes, 500; meiosis, 455; and plasmids, 607; polyploidy, 614; proto-oncogenes, 107, 111; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 540; telomeres, 729; and tumor-suppressor genes, 746. See also Binary fission; Cytokinesis; Mitosis; Meiosis Cell-division-cycle-2 (cdc2) gene, 124 Cell lines, 117-118. See also Germ cells; Stem cells Cell plates, 512 Cell signaling, 696 Cell strains, 118 Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 254, 703 Centerwall, Willard, 606 CentiMorgan (cM), 492 Central dogma of molecular biology, 128-131, 670, 678, 686 Centromeres, 148, 199, 509-510, 551 Ceramics, bioactive, 342 CF. See Cystic fibrosis Chakrabarty, Ananda M., 340, 594 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 265 Chargaff, Erwin, 240, 373, 768 Chase, Martha, 57, 227, 239, 725 CHD. See Coronary heart disease Checkpoint (cell cycle), 122 Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 10 CHEK2 gene, 103 Chemical mutagens, 131-133, 527, 565 Chemolithotrophic bacteria, 342 Chemotherapy, 112 Chernobyl nuclear accident (1986), 356, 581 Chiasmas, 553 Chiasmata, 512 Chimerism, 412 Chimpanzee-human genetics, 146 Chinchilla coat mutations (rabbits), 71, 186, 465 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 277, 520-522 Chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (CIA), 221 Chlorophyll, 134 Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), 133-137, 276, 385; isolation, 222 Chloroplasts, 133, 275; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 520 Cholera, 137-139 Cholesterol, 393 Chondrodystrophic dwarfism, 249 Chorionic gonadotropin, 542 Chorionic villi, 24 Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), 23-27, 324, 360, 628 Choroideremia gene, 160 Christmas disease, 397 Chromatids, 126-127, 509-510 Chromatin, 126, 140, 149, 511, 550 Chromatin packaging, 140-144, 296 Chromatin remodeling, 295 Chromatography, 643 Chromosomal defects, 399 Chromosome mutations, 144-147, 563-564 Chromosome painting, 149 Chromosome theory of heredity, 147, 152-158, 370, 523 Chromosomes, 126, 160, 378, 550; in cell division, 199; replication, 509; structure, 147-152 "Chromosomes in Heredity, The" (Sutton), 154 Chronic illness, 471 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 98 Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 151, 583 Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), 504 Chymosin, 167 CIA. See Chloroform/isoamyl alcohol Circadian rhythm, 83 Circular DNA. See Plasmids Cirrhosis, 12, 52 Cis-platinum, 132 Cistrons, 182 Claiciviruses, 756 Classification, Linnaean, 659 Claus, Elizabeth, 103 Cleft lip, 324 Cleft palate, 189, 400, 735 Climate change; plankton proliferation, 138 Clinical genetics, 425 Clinical trials; biopharmaceuticals, 96; gene therapy, 306, 311 CLOCK mutation, 84 Clonaid, 169 Clonal deletion theory, 52 Clonal selection theory, 450 Cloning, 54, 166-170, 326, 332, 336; animals, 31-35; biopharmaceuticals, 343; Escherichia coli, 575; ethical issues, 170-174; vs. gene therapy, 305; genes, 58, 166; human, 74; organisms, 166; parthenogenesis, 592-594; shotgun, 691-692 Cloning vectors, 59, 116, 166, 174-179, 339, 691. See also Vectors; Viral vectors Clotting factor VIII, 59, 167, 330, 398 Clotting factor IX, 167, 397 Clotting factor XII, 396 Clotting factors, 167; heart disease risks, 394; hemophilia, 396-399 Clubfoot, 734 cM. See CentiMorgan CML. See Chronic myelogenous leukemia Coat color, 467; cats, 566; mice, 533; rabbits, 71, 186, 465, 560 Cocci, 54 Cockayne syndrome, 4 Coding regions, 640, 679. See also Exons CODIS. See Combined DNA Index System Codominance, 71, 186, 465, 557, 559 Codons, 128, 313, 319, 547, 575, 640, 678; mitochondrial, 276 Coenzymes, 689 Cohen, Stanley, 174, 340, 351, 769 Colinearity, 128 Collins, Francis S., 158, 429, 769 Colonies of bacteria, 56 Color blindness, 179-181, 212, 400, 557 Colorectal cancer, 111, 747 Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), 219 Commensalism, 606 Comparative genomics, 387, 515 Complementary base pairing. See Base pairing Complementary bases, 129 Complementary DNA (cDNA), 115, 520, 675. See also cDNA libraries Complementary gene action, 257 Complementation testing, 181-184 Complete dominance, 184-187, 465 Composite transposons, 742, 745 Concerted evolution, 289 Concordance, 419 Condensation, 149 Conditional knockout mice, 483 Cones, 180 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 419, 649, 719 Congenital defects, 187-191, 399-400; chromosomal abnormalities, 374; inborn errors of metabolism, 458-461; lactose intolerance, 484; neural tube defects, 572-575; prenatal testing, 23-27, 324, 360, 626-628, 630-631; thalidomide, 733-736 Conjugal plasmids, 608 Conjugation, 45, 489, 531; in archaea, 47; in bacteria, 56 Connor, J. Michael, 400 Consanguinity, 191-193 Constrictions (centromeres), 148 Contact dermatitis, 15 Controlling site, 291 Cooley's anemia, 685 Copepods, 138 Copy-choice recombination, 254 Copy DNA. See cDNA libraries; Complementary DNA Core promoters, 295 Corn. See Maize; Zea mays (maize) Coronary heart disease (CHD), 392-396 Correns, Carl Erich, 134, 153, 274, 372, 465, 769 Cortisol, 719 Coryell, Charles, 693 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 214 Cosmids, 520 Cosuppression, 553 Cotton, genetically modified, 341 Council for Responsible Genetics (Boston), 353 cpDNA. See Chloroplast DNA CPEO. See Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Craniosynostosis, 206 Creighton, Harriet, 156, 743 Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome, 631-634 CRG. See Council for Responsible Genetics Cri du chat syndrome, 146, 148, 403; detection, 25 Crick, Francis, 129, 147, 228, 234, 239, 319, 322, 336, 351, 374, 639, 678, 686, 725, 745, 769 Crime; and aggression, 2 Criminality, 193-195 Crop plants; polyploidy, 616 Crop yields, 367. See also High-yield crops; Transgenic organisms Crossbreeding, 161 Crossed eyes. See Strabismus Crossing over, 152, 491, 512, 537 Crossover frequency, 491 Crossover maps. See Linkage maps Cryopreservation, 457 Cuénot, Lucien, 533 CVS. See Chorionic villus sampling Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 138, 300 Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (cdk's), 126 Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (cdk's), 124, 128 Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk's), 699 Cyclins, 122, 126 Cyclosporine, 591 Cystic fibrosis, 195-198, 328, 358; amniocentesis, 25; carriers, 460; gene therapy, 197; genetic testing, 365; incidence, 459; multiple alleles, 561; single-gene defect, 189, 400; testing, 324 Cytochromes, 505 Cytogenetics, 479, 537 Cytokines, 40, 450 Cytokinesis, 123, 127, 198-200, 512; polyploidy, 614 Cytokinins, 121 Cytoplasm, 274 Cytosine, 549, 640 Cytosol, 319 Cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction, 15 D D'Andrea, Alan, 103 Danio rerio, 546 Darlington, Cyril, 769 Darre, R. Walther, 265 Darwin, Charles, 17, 61, 259, 268, 371, 488, 568-572, 650, 704, 708, 769 Darwin, Erasmus, 769 Darwin, Horace, 260 Darwin, Leonard, 260 Darwinism, 498 Databases; genomics, 80; Icelandic, 447-449; proteomics, 645 Daughter cells, 199, 509 Dausset, Jean, 769 Davenport, Charles, 260, 715 Dawkins, Richard, 270, 570 DBA mice, 533 DCC gene, 112 DDAVP. See Desmopressin acetate Deamination, 131 Death genes, 205 deCODE Genetics, 447 Defensin (antibiotic), 196 De Gobineau, Joseph-Arthur, 265 Delbrück, Max, 769 Deleterious alleles, 354-357, 391 Deletions, 144, 564, 623 Delihas, Nicholas, 680 Dementia, 631 Demerec, Milislav, 769 Denaturing, 285, 675 Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, 143 Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), 670 Department of Energy (DOE), 428 Depew, David J., 260 Depression, 67 DES. See Diethylstilbestrol Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), 398 Determinism, 86; biological, 86-88 Deterministic mutations, 19 Deuteranopes, 180 Development, 566; Drosophila melanogaster studies, 526; pseudohermaphrodism, 648 Developmental biology; amphibian studies, 543 Developmental genetics, 201-207; homeotic genes, 416-418 Developmental rate, 379 De Vries, Hugo, 153, 372, 769 DHT. See Dihydrotestosterone Diabetes mellitus, 52, 59, 97, 207-210, 328, 343, 479, 504 Diagnosis, medical, 344 Diamond, Sidney A., 594 Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 594-596 Diastropic dysplasia, 249 Dichromats, 180 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 419, 734 Differentiated cell, 31 Differentiation, 201, 732 Dight, Charles F., 322 Dihybrid inheritance, 210-214 Dihybrids, 72, 210-214, 255, 491 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 649 Diphtheria, 138, 214-216 Diploid cells, 153, 455, 509, 537, 539, 592 Diploid organisms, 613 Directional selection, 621 Diseases, emerging, 61, 252-255 Diseases, hereditary, 311, 328, 360, 399-406, 457, 692-696, 727-728, 731-733, 748-750; albinism, 9-11; autoimmune disorders, 51-53; breast cancer, 101-106; Burkitt's lymphoma, 106-108; consanguinity, 191-193; cystic fibrosis, 195-198; Down syndrome, 244-248; Fragile X syndrome, 282-284; genetic counseling and, 321-326; genetic testing and, 360-366; hemophilia, 396-399; inborn errors of metabolism, 458-461; Klinefelter syndrome, 479-480; lactose intolerance, 484-485; neural tube defects, 572-575; nondisjunction, 579-582; prenatal diagnosis, 324, 626-628, 630-631; protein markers, 645; XYY syndrome, 764-766 Diseases, mitochondrial, 503-505 Diseases, prion, 631-634 Disomy, 623 Disposable soma theory of aging, 6 Dizygotic organism, 474, 750 DNA, 237-244; ancient, 27-31; damage to, 223-227, 552, 564; double helical structure, 129; early studies, 57; isolation, 220-223; repair, 223-227, 552; repetitive, 664-667; replication, 131, 140-144, 174, 224, 227-233, 509; structure and function, 140-144, 223, 227, 373; synthesis, 229. See also Double helix DNA cloning, 166 DNA fingerprinting, 216-220, 279, 363, 426, 596, 666 DNA hybridization, 166 DNA immunization, 179 DNA isolation, 220-223, 673 DNA libraries, 115-117 DNA ligase, 327, 336 DNA microarrays, 345, 520 DNA polymerase, 27, 224, 230, 611, 670 DNA repair, 48, 223-227; and cancer, 424; and life span, 7 DNA replication, 126, 227-233, 242; Escherichia coli, 529 DNA sequence analysis, 326-327 DNA sequencers, 429 DNA sequencing technology, 80, 233-236 DNA structure, 140, 237-244 dNTP. See Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 263, 622, 769 Doctrine of similitudes, 96 DOE. See Department of Energy Dolly the sheep, 32-33, 168, 171, 232, 456, 730, 738 Dominance; absence of, 213; complete, 184-187; incomplete, 465-468 Dominant alleles, 71, 364, 555, 559, 599; pea plants, 495 Doolittle, W. Ford, 745 Dosage compensation, 759 Double helix (DNA), 140, 237 Double knockout mice, 482 Double-minutes (DMs), 583 Down-regulation, 42 Down syndrome, 146, 189, 244-248, 323, 360, 374, 400, 403, 563, 579; and aging, 4; detection, 25; familial, 247 Driesch, Hans, 201 Drosophila melanogaster, 84, 131, 144, 154, 203, 372, 417, 463, 522-527, 546, 564-565, 569, 618; crossover, 492; lateral gene transfer, 490 Drug resistance, 62, 252 Druse, 192 Duchenne muscular dystrophy. See Muscular dystrophy Dulbecco, Renato, 770 Dunkers, 192 Duplicate gene interaction, 258 Duplications, 144, 157, 290, 564 Dwarfism, 248-251, 330, 432; and consanguinity, 192 Dysmorphology, 421 E E. coli Genome Project, 530 Ebola virus, 252 EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus EcoRI enzyme, 668 Edwards' syndrome, 360, 374, 403, 580 Ehrlich, Paul, 61 Eight-cell stage, 171, 457, 627 Einstein, Albert, 594 El Niño, 138 Eldredge, Niles, 271-272, 651 Electron transport chain, 505 Electrophoresis, 99, 285-287, 672, 693. See also Gel electrophoresis Electroporation, 329, 332 Eli Lilly, 340 Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, 192 Elongation phase, 642 Embryo transfer, 454-458 Embryology, 542 Embryonic development, 201-207, 418 Embryonic stem cells, 481, 533, 710. See also Stem cells Emerging diseases, 61, 252-255. See also Viruses Emery, Alan, 400 Encephalocele, 574 Endemic, 137 Enders, John, 119 Endocrine glands, 432 Endomitosis, 616 Endosymbiont theory, 277 Englesberg, Ellis, 293 Enhancers, 295, 301 Enterococcus, 63 Entrez system, 80 Environment, heredity and, 406-411. See also Nature vs. nurture Enzymes, 466, 550, 634, 667. See also specific names EPCs. See Epiphysial plate cells Epidermal growth factor, 59 Epigenesis, 201 Epilepsy, 504 Epiphysial plate cells (EPCs), 433 Epistasis, 72, 255-259 Epithelial cells, 195 Epitopes, 39 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 106, 724 Error catastrophe of aging, 7 Erythropoietin, 167 Escherich, Theodor, 528 Escherichia coli, 527-533; beta-galactosidase, 299; biopharmaceuticals, 374; cloning vectors, 174, 340; DNA repair, 545; genetic code research, 316; genetic mapping, 155; genome sequencing, 530; lateral gene transfer, 489; monoclonal antibodies, 41; mutualisms, 54; pathogenic, 62; plasmids, 336, 608; rRNA, 290; synthetic genes, 726. See also E. coli Genome Project Estradiol, 718 Estrogens, 718, 748; DES, 419 ESTs. See Expressed sequence tags Ethanol, 78 Ethnic weapons, 88 Etiology, 573 Euchromatin, 149 "Eugenical Sterilization" (Laughlin), 263 Eugenics, 65, 259-264, 322, 353, 376, 392, 501-502, 658, 715; Nazi Germany, 264-267, 392, 716; progeny, 312 Eugenics Education Society of London, 260 Eukaryotes, 54, 682, 728; DNA, 729; gene regulation, 295-298; lateral gene transfer, 490 Euphenics, 263 Eusociality, 704 Euthanasia, 265-266 Evolution, 267, 568-572; and altruism, 16; ape-human genetics, 146; and biological determinism, 87; chloroplasts, 136; concerted, 289; and gene families, 290; human, 426; plasmids' role, 608 Evolutionary biology, 267-274, 420, 486, 568, 622; ancient DNA, 27-31; artificial selection, 48-51; and genetics, 370-376; Lamarckianism, 485-489; molecular clock hypothesis, 547-549; natural selection, 568-572; punctuated equilibrium, 650-653; RNA world, 686-690 Evolutionary theory, 371 Exogenous genes, 332 Exons, 101, 129-130, 297, 551, 679, 684 Explants, 120 Expressed sequence tags (ESTs), 522; library, 384 Expression cassettes, 304, 306 Expression vectors, 177 Expressivity, 602, 604 Extra X aneuploidy. See Metafemales Extrachromosomal inheritance, 274-278 Extreme halophiles, 45 Eye color; fruit flies, 72, 183, 467, 523; humans, 659 F F plasmid, 608 F1 generation, 255 F2 generation, 255 Fabry disease, 727 Factors (genes), 162, 184 Factors, clotting. See Clotting factors FAD. See Familial Down syndrome Familial Alzheimer's disease, 19 Familial Down syndrome, 247, 403 Familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD), 719 Familial hypercholesterolemia, 446 Fate maps, 202, 542-543 FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Ferguson, Margaret Clay, 770 Fermentation (biofertilization), 78 Fertilization, 455, 592 Fertilizers, 77-79 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 12, 189 Fetal blood sampling, 324 FGD. See Familial glucocorticoid deficiency FGFR1 gene, 103 Fibroblast growth factor receptor gene 1. See FGFR1 gene Film depictions of genetics, 376-378 Filoviruses, 756 Fink, Gerald R., 770 First International Peace Conference (1899), 88 FISH. See Fluorescent in situ hybridization Fishel, Richard, 225 Fisher, Ronald A., 260, 408, 569, 610, 618, 654, 770 Fission, 144 Fitness, 267, 347, 568-569, 617. See also Natural selection Flagellin operons, 294 Flaviviruses, 756 Flavr Savr tomato, 168, 351, 741 Fleming, Alexander, 61 Fleming, Walter, 372 Flu. See Influenza Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), 116, 623, 628 FMR1 gene, 282 Følling, Asbjørn, 605 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 169, 311 Food safety, 369 For gene (bees), 67 Ford, C. E., 748 Foreign DNA, 174 Forensic genetics, 279-282, 421, 426, 596, 674; DNA fingerprinting, 219; PCR, 613 Fossil record, 272, 651 Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, The (Chamberlain), 265 Four-o'clock plants, 134, 274, 465 Fragile X syndrome, 67, 143, 232, 282-284, 666 Frame shifts, 563. See also Open reading frames; Reading frames Frankenstein (Shelley), 351 Franklin, Rosalind, 228, 239, 322, 374, 428, 770 Fraternal twins, 475. See also Twin studies Free radical theory of aging, 7 Free radicals, 3 Free-running cycle, 83 Frogs. See Xenopus laevis Fruit fly. See Drosophila melanogaster Functional genomics, 387 Fungal Genome Initiative, 538 Fungi; biopesticides, 94; sequencing projects, 385. See also Neurospora crassa Fusion, 144 G G1. See Gap 1 G2. See Gap 2 GAL1 gene, 541 Galactosemia, 25, 71, 358, 484 Galápagos Islands, 371 Gallie, Daniel, 642 Galton, Francis, 259, 265, 502, 654, 715, 750, 770 Gametes, 455, 494 Gametophytes, 512 Gap 1 (G1), 123, 127 Gap 2 (G2), 123, 127 Gap genes, 204 Gardner, Howard, 476 Garnjobst, Laura Flora, 770 Garrod, Archibald, 183, 372, 458, 586, 770 Gartner, Carl Friedrich von, 770 Gastrulation, 202 Gaucher disease, 727 Gay orientation. See Homosexuality Gebhard, Paul, 288 Gel electrophoresis, 99, 285-287, 672. See also Electrophoresis GenBank, 79, 385, 423 Gender identity, 287-289, 411-413, 648, 731-733, 759-761 Gene expression, 201, 237, 242, 299; masking, 256 Gene families, 289-291 Gene flow, 389; GM to wild outcrossing, 349-350, 369, 438, 490; isolating mechanisms, 652 Gene guns, 122. See also Shotgun cloning Gene mutations, 563; APP, 21; CF gene, 160; vs. chromosome mutations, 144; circadian rhythms, 84; sexual phenotypes, 287. See also Chromosome mutations; Mutations Gene pool, 389, 561, 617 Gene regulation; bacteria and, 59, 291-295; eukaryotes, 295-298; lac operon and, 298-300; viruses, 301-304 Gene replacement therapy, 197, 424 Gene silencing, 42, 553 Gene splicing. See Genetic engineering Gene swapping, 254 Gene targeting, 343 Gene therapy, 178, 243, 304-309, 338, 343, 345, 421, 554, 689; and antisense RNA, 45; cancer, 113; cystic fibrosis, 197; dominant disorders, 187; ethical and economic issues, 309-313, 352; pre-implantation, 457; stem cell research, 713 Gene transfer, 56, 329, 421, 489; lateral, 489-490 Genentech, 337, 340, 351 General Electric, 594 Genes, defined, 161, 291, 606 Genetic anticipation, 434 Genetic code, 313-318; cracking of, 319-321; second, 317 Genetic counseling, 321-326, 425, 601 Genetic database, 447 Genetic determinism, 376 Genetic discrimination, 325 Genetic disorders, 357. See also Congenital defects; Diseases Genetic diversity; artifical selection, 48; ethnic and racial, 658; genetic engineering, 350; genetic load, 355; mutagenesis, 561; patents on life-forms, 595; speciation, 709. See also Biodiversity Genetic drift; evolutionary biology, 267; Hardy-Weinberg law, 389; population genetics, 620; speciation, 709 Genetic engineering, 326-331, 366, 554; agriculture, 332-335, 414; biological weapons, 88; historical development, 335-339; industrial applications, 339-343; medicine, 343-347; risks, 347-350; social and ethical issues, 351-354 Genetic load, 354-357 Genetic mapping, 153, 513. See also Fate maps; Genome maps; Linkage maps Genetic merit, 48 Genetic profile, 447 Genetic recombination, 744 Genetic screening, 323, 357-360, 421; insurance, 471; prenatal diagnosis, 626-628, 630-631; Tay-Sachs disease, 727; XYY syndrome, 764 Genetic testing, 360-364, 421; amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, 23-27; bioethics, 73; cystic fibrosis, 198; ethical and economic issues, 364-366; prenatal diagnosis, 626-628, 630-631 Genetic toxicology, 131 Genetic transformation, 339 Genetic variation, 48, 656 Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, The (Fisher), 260 Genetically modified (GM) foods, 332, 351, 366-370; allergenicity, 347 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 168, 306, 366, 437, 489-490; patents, 594-596; plants, 122. See also Transgenic organisms Geneva Protocol (1925), 89 Genitalia, ambiguous, 648 Genome maps, 50 Genomes, 133, 274, 332, 347; Arabidopsis thaliana, 514; bacteria, 56; bacteriophage, 130; bioinformatics, 79; Caenorhabditis elegans, 519; cDNA library probes, 116; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 277, 521; chloroplast, 135; Drosophila melanogaster, 527; duplications, 144; Escherichia coli, 532; eukaryotes, 729; gene therapy, 305; human, 140; Human Genome Project, 428-432; influenza, 254; knockouts, 481; mechanisms of change, 552; mitochondrial, 356, 507; model organisms, 545; Mus musculus, 535; Neurospora crassa, 538; nuclear vs. organelle, 550; patenting, 595; plasmons, 275; prokaryotes, 728; pseudogenes, 646; repetitive DNA, 548, 664; retroviruses, 116; RNA, 670; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 539; sequencing, 234; size, 378-380; smallpox, 700; trangenics, 739; transposition, 744; variation among individuals, 473; viral, 178, 301, 754; Xenopus laevis, 543. See also Cloning vectors; Genetic engineering; Human Genome Project Genomic libraries, 58-59, 158, 326, 380-384, 691. See also cDNA libraries Genomic mutations, 563-564 Genomic walking, 383 Genomics, 79, 97, 384-388, 421, 428, 431, 533; medical, 473 Genotypes, 70, 184, 267, 347, 407, 411, 617, 648, 654 Genotypic variation, 618 Germ cells, 309, 730. See also Cell lines; Stem cells Germ-line gene therapy, 343 Germ-line mutation, 101 Germ-plasm theory of development, 201 Germany, Nazi, 264; eugenics, 264-267 Germinal mutation, 562 Germ-line therapy, 309 Gey, George, 118 Gibberellins, 121 Giblett, Eloise, 770 Giemsa staining, 149 Gigantism, 433 Gilbert, Walter, 428, 687, 770 Gilman, Alfred G., 770 Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 666 Global Influenza Surveillance Network, 722 Glomerulonephritis, 52 Glucocorticoids, 718 Glycomics, 645 Glyphosate, 333, 368, 440 GM foods. See Genetically modified (GM) foods GMOs. See Genetically modified organisms Goddard, Henry, 261 Golden rice, 333, 368, 741 Goldman, Ronald, 281 Goldschmidt, Richard B., 770 Goldstein, Joseph L., 770 Golenberg, Edward, 30 Gonads, 411, 648 Gonorrhea, 61 Goodfellow, Peter, 143 Goodwin, Frederick, 194 Göring, Hermann, 266 Gould, Stephen Jay, 86, 263, 272, 651 Gradualism, 272, 650 Grain yield, 656 Gram, Hans Christian, 55 Gram stain technique, 55 Grammar of Science (Pearson), 260 Graves' disease, 52 Green manure, 78 Green Revolution, 413, 656 Greenblatt, Charles L., 30 Greenpeace, 353 Griffith, Frederick, 56, 238, 372, 489, 725, 770 gRNAs. See Guide RNAs Group selection, 568 Growth factors, 641. See also Epidermal growth factor Growth hormone. See Human growth hormone Gruhn, Ruth, 771 Grunberg-Manago, Marianne, 725 GTP-binding proteins, 697 Guanine, 549, 640 Guide RNAs (gRNAs), 577 Guthrie, Robert, 606 Guthrie test, 357, 606 Gynecomastia, 479 H H5N1 influenza virus, 252 Habitat destruction, 93 Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, 771 Haemophilus influenzae, 430 Hageman factor, 396 Haldane, J. B. S., 569, 610, 618, 771 Halobacteria, 55 Halobacterium salinarum, 47 Haloferax volcanii, 47 Hamilton, W. D., 17 Hanafusa, Hidesaburo, 771 Hanawalt, Philip C., 771 Haplodiploidy, 16-17 Haploid cells, 153, 455, 509, 537, 539, 592 Haplotype, 450 Happy puppet syndrome. See Angelman syndrome Hardy, Godfrey, 372, 389, 462, 617, 771 Hardy-Weinberg law, 389-392, 462, 569, 617 Harrison, Ross, 117 Hartwell, Leland H., 771 Harvey, William, 734 Harvey rat sarcoma oncogene 1. See HRAS1 gene Hasty, Paul, 104 Hayes, William, 56 Hayflick, Leonard, 3, 119 Hayflick limit, 3, 119 Haynes, Robert Hall, 771 Head-to-tail arrays, 664 Health insurance, 471-474 Heart disease, 392-396, 400 Heart transplants, 762 Height genes, 465 HeLa cells, 117-118 Hemagluttinin, 720 Hemizygotes, 599 Hemizygous, 399 Hemoglobin, 693 Hemoglobin gene, 466 Hemophilia, 25, 146, 330, 396-399, 666; hemophilia A, 396; hemophilia B, 396 Hemostasis, 396 Henson, Jim, 254 Hepadnaviruses, 301, 756 Hepatitis; vaccine, 338, 344 HER-2/neu growth factor gene, 103 Herbicide resistance, 366, 439 Herceptin, 103 Hereditary Genius (Galton), 260, 502 Heredity and environment, 66, 406-411. See also Environment; Nature vs. nurture Heritability, 48, 65, 407, 419, 609, 654 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, 10 Hermaphrodism, 287-288, 411-413, 648-650, 735; Caenorhabditis elegans, 517 Herpesviruses, 306, 756 Herrick, James B., 693 Herrnstein, Richard, 86, 477 Hershberger, Scott L., 753 Hershey, Alfred D., 57, 227, 239, 725, 771 Herskowitz, Ira, 771 Hertwig, Paula, 771 Heterochromatin, 149 Heterochrony, 650, 652 Heteroplasmy, 503-504 Heterozygote advantage, 693 Heterozygotes, 70-71, 184, 210, 400, 462, 465, 599, 621, 693 Hex A. See Hexosaminidase A Hexosaminidase A (Hex A), 727 Heydrich, Reinhard, 266 High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 393, 445 High risk (insurance term), 471 High-yield crops, 333, 413-416 Himmler, Heinrich, 265 HindII nuclease, 667 Hippocampus, 19 Hippocrates, 161, 771 Histocompatibility antigens, 589 Histone proteins, 140, 147, 149, 290, 550 History of genetics, 370-376 Hitler, Adolf, 263, 265, 392 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus HLA. See Human leukocyte antigen Hogness, David S., 771 Holley, Robert W., 725, 771 Holocaust, 266 Homeoboxes, 526 Homeotic genes, 203, 272, 416-418, 526 Homo sapiens, 659. See also Human Genome Project Homogeneously staining regions (HSRs), 583 Homologous chromosomes, 147, 491, 614 Homologous organisms, 545 Homologous pairs, 509 Homologs, 509 Homosexuality, 68, 288, 419-421; twin studies, 67 Homozygotes, 70, 184, 210, 400, 462, 465, 599, 621, 693 Homunculus, 201 Hong Kong flu, 252. See also Influenza Horizontal gene transfer. See Lateral gene transfer Hormonal therapy, 250, 480 Hormones, 718; and autoimmune disorders, 52; and homosexuality, 419; human growth, 432-434; plant, 121, 177, 737; signal transduction, 696-699; steroid, 717-720. See also specific hormones Horvitz, H. Robert, 205, 771 Hostility, 67 HRAS1 gene, 102-103 HSRs. See Homogeneously staining regions Human Cloning Prohibition Act, 74, 169 Human genetics, 421-428; nature vs. nurture, 409 Human Genome Diversity Project, 658, 662 Human Genome Project, 428-432; bioinformatics, 80; cloning vectors, 178; comparative genomics, 490; gene therapy, 305; genetic counseling, 323, 601; hereditary diseases, 328, 405; immune system, 91; QTLs, 67; RFLP analysis, 157 Human growth hormone, 59, 167, 250, 330, 338, 432-434, 748; genetically engineered, 374 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 41, 252, 330, 680 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 452, 561, 588-591, 596 Human Proteome Organization (HUPO), 645 Humulin, 343 Hunchback gene, 204 Hunt, R. Timothy, 771 Hunter-Thompson chondrodysplasia, 250 Hunter's syndrome, 727 Huntington's disease, 67, 83-84, 143, 160, 232, 324, 362, 364, 434-437, 472, 602, 666; single-gene defect, 400 HUPO. See Human Proteome Organization Hurler's syndrome, 25, 727 Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, 4 Hutterites, 192 Huxley, Aldous, 262 Huxley, Julian, 269 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 260 Hybrid vigor, 655 Hybridization, 99, 437-440, 501, 709; in situ, 115; probe, 326 Hybridomas, 40, 441-445, 723 Hybrids, 494 Hydrocephaly, 735 Hydrogen bonding, 129, 240, 634, 636, 641 Hypercholesterolemia, 393, 445-446, 666 Hypersensitivity, 13 Hypertension, 395, 719 Hypogonadism, 479 Hypophysectomy, 432 Hypophysis. See Pituitary gland Hypopituitarism, 250 Hypostatic genes, 256 Hypothalamus, 83 I Icelandic Genetic Database, 447-449 Identical twins, 475. See also Twin studies Immigration, and eugenics, 259 Immortal cells, 731 Immune complex hypersensitivity reaction, 15 Immune response, 39, 453, 589; cloning vectors, 179; monoclonal antibodies, 443; organ transplants, 589; signal transduction, 698; swine flu, 721; vaccines, 344 Immune system, 14, 51, 88, 179; and aging, 4; and cancer, 113; monoclonal antibodies, 443; mouse studies, 482; organ transplants, 761 Immunization, 215; passive, 723. See also Vaccination Immunogenetics, 449-454 Immunogens, 13 Immunoglobulins, 38, 441, 450; IgE, 52. See also Antibodies Imprinting, 623 Impulsiveness, 67; and aggression, 1 In situ hybridization, 115 In vitro, 481 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 454-458, 468 In vivo, 481 Inborn errors of metabolism, 71, 182, 357, 361, 372, 400, 458-461. See also Mendelian defects; Single-gene defects Inbreeding, 462, 533, 618; and assortative mating, 461-465 Inbreeding depression, 355-356, 462, 655 Inclusive fitness, 16-17 Incomplete dominance, 71, 184, 187, 465-468 Independent assortment, 153, 214, 275, 491, 494, 497 Induced mutant strains, 482 Induction, 201-202 Infertility, 468-470, 479, 719; nuclear transplantation, 456; and Turner syndrome, 749. See also Klinefelter syndrome Influenza, 252, 590; 1918 pandemic, 253; swine flu, 720-723; viruses, 304 Informed consent, 73, 447 Ingram, Vernon, 694 Inhibiting gene action, 257 Initiation codons, 640 Inouye, Masayori, 680 Insects; pests, 92, 348; social, 592 Insert DNA, 174 Insertion, 744 Insertion elements, 531 Insertion sequence, 45 Insertional mutagenesis, 520 Institute for Genome Research. See The Institute for Genome Research Insulators, 295 Insulin, 309; and diabetes, 207-210; genetically engineered, 59, 97, 167, 329, 337, 340, 374 Insulin (human), 294, 328 Insulin, genetically engineered, 343 Insulin-dependent diabetes, 208 Insulin-like growth factors, 433 Insurance, 325, 363, 365, 471-474, 630 Intelligence, 68, 194, 283, 409, 474-478, 655, 765; metafemales, 500 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 68, 86, 474, 477, 655 Intelligence testing, 86, 261, 409, 476 Intercalating agents, 132 Interference RNA. See RNA interference Interferon, 167, 338 Interphase, 199, 510 Interphase (mitosis), 123, 127, 199 Interphase chromosomes, 142 Interracial marriage, 501-503 Interrupted mating, 56 Interspecific transmission, 252 Introgression, 437-440 Introns, 115-116, 129-130, 297, 547, 551, 575-576, 646, 679, 684 Inversions, 144, 149, 157, 553, 564 IQ. See Intelligence quotient Iraq and biological weapons, 90 Irritability and aggression, 1 Isolating mechanisms, reproductive, 192, 438, 652, 708-709 Isolation, RNA, 674-676 Itano, Harvey, 693 ITGB3 gene, 394 IVF. See In vitro fertilization J Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Maine), 482 Jacob, François, 56, 59, 291, 299, 374, 771 Jeffreys, Sir Alec, 218, 597, 772 Jensen, Arthur R., 86, 476 Johannsen, Wilhelm, 164, 372, 407, 772 Johnson Act (1924), 261 Jumping genes, 158-160. See also Transposable elements; Transposons Junk DNA, 378, 425, 578, 666. See also Repetitive DNA; Selfish DNA Juvenile-onset diabetes, 208 K Kainu, Tommi, 103 Karyotyping, 147, 149, 411, 479, 579, 628, 648, 748 Katskee v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska (1994), 471 kb. See Kilobase pairs Kearn-Sayre syndrome, 278, 504 Kellogg, John Harvey, 262 Kelsey, Frances O., 735 Kennedy's disease, 143 Kenyon, Cynthia, 772 Khorana, Har Gobind, 314, 320, 374, 726, 772 Kilobase pairs (kb), 158 Kimura, Motoo, 270, 548, 622 Kin recognition, 18 Kin selection, 16-17, 571, 704 Kinases, 122, 229 Kinetochores, 511, 551 King, Helen Dean, 772 King, Mary Claire, 103 Klebs, Edwin, 214 Klee, Harry, 516 Klinefelter, Harry, Jr., 479 Klinefelter syndrome, 400, 470, 479-480, 564, 580, 760 Klug, Aaron, 772 Knight, Thomas Andrew, 772 Knirps gene, 204 Knockout genetics, 343, 345, 481-483 Knockout mice, 329, 481-483 Knudsen, Alfred, 746 Köhler, Georges, 441, 723 Kölreuter, Josef Gottlieb, 437, 772 Kornberg, Arthur, 374, 725, 772 Kossel, Albrecht, 725, 772 Kozak, Marilyn, 640 Kroll, Kristen L., 543 Krontiris, Theodore, 103 Krüppel gene, 204 Kunkel, Louis, 160 Kuru disease, 631-634 L Labhart, Alexis, 624 Laboratory for Experimental Evolution, 260 lac operon, 59, 292, 298-300, 529, 682 Lactase, 484 Lactose, 291, 484, 682 Lactose intolerance, 484-485 Lagging-strand synthesis, 230 Laibach, Freidrich, 514 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 268, 485, 772 Lamarckianism, 485-489 Lambda (λ) phage, 291, 301-304, 327, 380, 383. See also Bacteriophage Landsteiner, Karl, 372 Langridge, Peter, 515 Lanza, Robert, 730 Lateral gene transfer, 47, 489-490, 553 Laughlin, Harry, 261 Lazy eye. See Strabismus LDLR gene, 393 Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), 504 Leclerc, Georges-Louis. See Buffon, comte de Leder, Philip, 320, 772 Lederberg, Esther, 57 Lederberg, Joshua, 56, 772 Lee, Nancy, 293 Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 394 Lehrach, Hans, 158 Leigh disease, 278 Lejeune, Jérôme, 244, 323 Lentiviruses, 306 Lenz, Widukind, 735 Lesbian orientation. See Homosexuality Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 25, 481, 483 Lethal alleles, 354-357, 391, 601 Leukemia; acute, 245; chronic lymphocytic, 98; chronic myelogenous, 151 Levene, Phoebus Aaron, 773 Levine, Arnold, 103 Lewis, Edward B., 203, 417, 773 LHON. See Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy Li, Quan Yi, 206 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 102, 746 Liability, 1 Liaw, Danny, 103 Libraries, genomic, 380-384 Liddle syndrome, 720 Life span, 6 Ligase, 166 Ligation, 380 Lindegren, Carl, 537 LINES. See Long interspersed sequences Linkage, 65, 67, 153, 161, 214 Linkage analysis, 361 Linkage groups, 151 Linkage maps, 153, 155, 491-493, 524, 537 Linked traits, 523 Linnaeus, Carolus, 268, 501, 658, 773 Linnean Society, 371 Liposomes, 329, 740 Little, Clarence, 533 Livestock pedigrees, 50 Livingston, David, 104 Locus concept, 182, 184, 208, 255, 357, 491 Locus control regions, 142 Loehlin, John C., 752 Löffler, Friedrich, 214 Lombroso, Cesare, 193 Long interspersed sequences (LINES), 646-647, 665 Lovell-Badge, Robin, 143 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 393, 445 Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), 393 Lung cancer, 112 Lupus erythematosus, 52 Luria, Salvador E., 773 LVH. See Left ventricular hypertrophy Lwoff, André, 773 Lyell, Charles, 488 Lymphocytes, 38, 51, 482. See also B cells; T cells Lymphoma; Burkitt's, 106-108; non-Hodgkins, 725 Lynch, Henry, 103 Lyon, Mary Frances, 759, 773 Lyon hypothesis, 499, 759 Lyonization, 759 Lysenkoism, 486-487 Lysis, 221, 675; organelle preservation, 222 Lysogeny, 301 Lysosomes, 727 M McCarty, Maclyn, 57, 227, 372, 725 McClintock, Barbara, 156, 490, 564, 742, 743, 773 McClung, Clarence, 372 McGinnis, William, 417 McGue, Matt, 475 Macklin, Madge Thurlow, 773 McKusick, Victor A., 558, 773 MacLeod, Colin, 57, 227, 372, 725 Macroevolution, 272, 391 Mad cow disease, 631 Maize, 742-743; Bt maize, 368; cpDNA, 278. See also Zea mays Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 18, 51, 452, 590 Malaria, 392 MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, 645 Male infertility, 469 Malkin, David, 103 Manx allele, 187 MAOA. See Monoamine oxidase A Maps. See Fate maps; Genome maps; Linkage maps; Physical mapping; Restriction maps Margulis, Lynn, 278, 506, 773 Markers, 158, 360, 691 Marks, Joan, 322 Marriage, interracial, 501-503 Martienssen, Robert, 516 Masking gene action, 258 Mass spectroscopy, 81, 643 Maternal altruism, 16 Maternal effect genes, 204 Maternal inheritance, 503 Mather, Kenneth, 610 Mating types (yeast), 539 Matthaei, Heinrich, 314, 319, 725 Maturation promoting factor (MPF), 124, 128 Maxam-Gilbert sequencing, 233, 235 Maxson, Robert, 206 Mayr, Ernst, 269, 652, 708 MCH. See Molecular clock hypothesis Medical genetics, 343-347 Medical genomics, 473 Megakaryocytes, 616 Meiosis, 126, 509-513; chromosome disjoining, 155; chromosome structure, 151; classical transmission genetics, 161; crossing over, 537; cytokinesis, 199; Down syndrome, 244; Drosophila melanogaster, 525; in vitro fertilization, 455; linkage maps, 491; metafemales, 499; nondisjunction and aneuploidy, 579; parthenogenesis, 592; XYY syndrome, 764. See also Cell division; Mitosis Melanin, 185, 658 Melanism, 9 Melanoma, 747 Mendel, Gregor, 50, 88, 134, 147, 153, 161, 184, 210, 260, 336, 371, 400, 407, 465, 491, 494-499, 523, 546, 555, 559, 568, 654, 773 Mendelian defects. See also Inborn errors of metabolism; Single-gene defects Mendelian genetics, 134, 153, 162, 184, 210, 268, 370, 389, 494-499, 555, 568 Mendelian Inheritance in Man (McKusick), 558 "Mendelian Proportions in a Mixed Population" (Hardy), 389 Mendelian traits, 399 Mendelism vs. Darwinism, 568 Meningocele, 574 Meningomyelocele, 574 Mental retardation, 470. See Chromosomal disorders; Cri du chat syndrome; Down syndrome; Fragile X syndrome; Galactosemia; Klinefelter syndrome; Nondisjunction; Phenylketonuria; X chromosome inactivation Mercury II, 340 Meristic traits, 609 MERRF. See Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fiber disease Meselson, Matthew, 234, 374, 529, 550, 773 Messenger RNA (mRNA), 551; central dogma of molecular biology, 129; DNA structure and function, 242; Escherichia coli, 531; gene regulation, 298; genetic code, 316, 319; mutation and mutagenesis, 562; Northern blotting, 100; processing, 681-686; protein synthesis, 639; RNA structure and function, 676; synthetic genes, 725 Metabolic pathways, 193, 458, 586 Metabolic rate and longevity, 6 Metabolism, 458 Metafemales, 403, 499-501, 760. See also Multiple-X syndrome Metals, toxic, 340 Metaphase (mitosis), 123, 127, 199, 511; chromosome structure, 142 Metaphase plate, 511 Metarhizium anisopliae, 94 Metastasis, 109 Methane, 341 Methanococcus voltae, 47 Methanogens, 45, 55 Methionine, 320 Methylation, 667, 760 Metric traits, 654. See also Quantitative traits Meyerowitz, Elliot M., 774 MHC. See Major histocompatibility complex Mice. See Mouse; Mus musculus Michurin, Ivan V., 487 Microarray analysis, 675 Microarrays, 79, 345, 520 Microbes, genetically modified, 341 Microcephaly, 735 Microevolution, 272, 389-392 Microinjection, 329 Micropropagation, 117 microRNA (miRNA), 43 Microsatellites, 216, 665 Miescher, Johann Friedrich, 221, 725, 774 Migration. See Gene flow Miki, Yoshio, 103 Milk, 484-485 Milstein, Cesar, 441, 723 Mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, 720 Mineralocorticoids, 718 Minimal media, 537 Minisatellites, 216, 665 Minnesota Twin Registry, 752 Mintz, Beatrice, 774 Mirabilis jalapa, 134, 274 Miracle rice, 333 miRNA. See microRNA Miscarriage. See Spontaneous abortion Miscegenation, 501-503 Mismatch repair, 225 Mitchell, Peter, 506 Mitchell-Olds, Thomas, 409 Mitochondria, 274, 503, 550 Mitochondrial chromosomes, 506 Mitochondrial diseases, 399-400, 503-505; extrachromosomal inheritance, 278 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 3, 7, 276, 356, 456, 504, 505-509, 661; clones, 33; evolution, 426; human origins, 29 Mitochondrial genome, 31 Mitochondrial ribosomes, 505 Mitogens, 108 Mitosis, 123, 126, 509-513; chromosome theory of heredity, 153; cytokinesis, 199; DNA structure and function, 242; nondisjunction and aneuploidy, 579. See also Cell division; Meiosis Miyashita, Norikazu, 730 Mode of inheritance, 399 Model organisms, 545-547; and aging, 3; Arabidopsis thaliana, 513-516; Caenorhabditis elegans, 205, 516-520; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 520-522; Drosophila melanogaster, 522-527; Escherichia coli, 527-533; Mus musculus, 533-536; Neurospora crassa, 536-539; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 539-542; Xenopus laevis, 542-544 Modern synthesis, 270, 498, 568, 617 Modifying gene action, 257 Mold. See Neurospora crassa Molecular biology, 242 Molecular clock hypothesis (MCH), 547-549, 730 Molecular cloning, 611 Molecular genetics, 59, 336, 428, 549-555 Mongolism, 244 Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), 68 Monoclonal antibodies, 40, 441-445, 454, 723 Monoculture, 413 Monod, Jacques, 59, 291, 299, 374, 774 Monohybrid inheritance, 210, 400, 555-559 Monosomy, 403, 579 Monozygotic organisms, 474, 750 Moore, Stanford, 774 Morgan, Lilian Vaughan, 774 Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 154, 164, 238, 372, 523, 774 Morphogenesis, 120 Morphogens, 201 Morphology (embryonic development), 202 Morquio syndrome, 249 Morton, Samuel George, 86 Mosaicism; development, 201; hermaphrodites, 288, 412; Klinefelter syndrome, 479; mutation and mutagenesis, 562; trisomy 21, 247; X chromosome inactivation, 759 Moth, peppered, 570 Mouse; knockout mice, 481-483; model organisms, 533-536. See also Mus musculus Mouse antibodies, 724. See also Hybridomas; Monoclonal antibodies Mouse-ear cress. See Arabidopsis thaliana MPF. See Maturation promoting factor MPS. See Mucopolysaccharidosis mRNA. See Messenger RNA MSX2 gene, 206 mtDNA. See Mitochondrial DNA Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), 249 Müller, Hermann J., 262, 372, 564, 774 Müller's ratchet, 356 Mullis, Kary B., 27, 130, 428, 611, 774 Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains, 608 Multifactorial traits, 189, 328, 399, 573, 601, 609-611. See also Polygenic traits Multinational Coordinated Arabidopsis Genome Research Project, 515 Multiple alleles, 559-561 Multiple cloning site, 175 Multiple intelligence, 476-477 Multiple-resistant bacteria, 63 Multiple sclerosis, 453 Multiple X syndrome, 499-501. See also Metafemales Multipotent cells, 710, 736 Murray, Charles, 86, 477 Mus musculus (mouse), 18, 533-536, 546 Muscular dystrophy, 25, 160, 328; Duchenne, 232, 328, 666 Mustard gas, 131 Mutagenesis, 561-567; insertional, 347, 520 Mutagens, 562; chemical, 131-133 Mutation and mutagenesis, 561-567 Mutation rates, 562 Mutations, 54, 131-133, 374, 552; and aging, 3, 7; biochemical, 70-73; cancer, 424; disease-causing, 338; dominant alleles, 186; genetic diversity, 355; homeobox genes, 418; mtDNA, 278; neutral, 547; petite, 275; random, 659 Myasthenia gravis, 52, 453 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 62, 252 Myelomas; multiple, 40 Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fiber disease (MERRF), 504 Myotonic dystrophy, 142 N Nanotechnology, 340, 342 Nathans, Daniel, 338, 351, 774 National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 169 National Cancer Institute, 105 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 79, 385, 423 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 429 National Society of Genetic Counselors, 324 Natural selection, 16, 146, 267, 269, 347, 355, 568-572, 621, 658; vs. artificial selection, 49; and molecular clock hypothesis, 548; and social Darwinism, 259; and speciation, 708 Nature vs. nurture, 67, 86-88, 161, 406, 474, 603, 750; heart disease, 395 Nazi Germany, 264; eugenics, 262, 264-267 NCBI. See National Center for Biotechnology Information ncRNA. See Noncoding RNA molecules Neanderthals, 426 Neel, James, 391, 774 Nefertiti, 29 Negative eugenics, 259, 501, 715 Nelson, Oliver Evans, Jr., 774 Nematodes. See Caenorhabditis elegans Neo-Darwinian synthesis. See Modern synthesis Neonatal screening, 357. See also Prenatal diagnosis Neonatal testing, 361 Neufeld, Elizabeth F., 774 Neural tube defects, 572-575, 628 Neural tubes, 573, 626 Neuraminidase, 720 Neuroendocrine theory, 419 Neurofibrillary tangles, 19 Neurofibromatosis, 160, 666, 746 Neuropores, 573 Neurospora crassa, 183, 276, 536-539, 587, 743 Neurotic behavior, 67 Neurotransmitters, 65, 193; and aggression, 1; and behavior, 68 Neutral mutations, 547 Neutral theory of evolution, 548, 617, 622 Neutral theory of molecular evolution, 646 Newton, Sir Isaac, 389, 594 NF1 gene, 746 Nichols, Robert C., 752 Nieuwkoop, Pieter, 543 NIH. See National Institutes of Health Nilsson-Ehle, Herman, 609, 654 Nirenberg, Marshall, 314, 319, 374, 725, 774 Nitrogen fixation, 78, 531 Nitrous acid, 131 N-myc gene, 583 Nobel Prize winners, 780 Noller, Harry, 688 Noncoding DNA molecules, 425. See also Repetitive DNA Noncoding RNA molecules, 43, 575-579; table, 576 Nondirective counseling, 322 Nondisjunction, 155, 244, 499, 579-582, 764; Down syndrome, 247 Nonhistone proteins, 140 Nonprocessed pseudogenes, 647 Nonrandom mating, 391, 619 Nonsense codons, 642. See also Stop codons Nontarget species; and biopesticies, 93 Nordic, 265 Norms of reaction, 602 Norris Cancer Center, 206 Northern blotting, 98-101 Nppa gene, 395 Nuclear division, 512 Nuclear genome, 31 Nuclear transplantation, 456 Nucleases, 667 Nucleic acids, 221, 237, 549. See also DNA; RNA Nucleoli, 511 Nucleosomes, 140, 141, 149, 550 Nucleotides, 140, 223, 237, 313, 319, 549, 640, 664, 667; and mutation, 562 Nurse, Paul M., 775 Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane, 203, 417, 775 Nystagmus, 9 O Ochoa, Severo, 374, 725, 775 Ocular albinism, 10 Oil recovery, 342 Oil spills, 340 Okazaki, Reiji, 230 Okazaki fragments, 230 Oligonucleotides, 344 Olins, Ada, 141 Olins, Donald, 141 Olson, Maynard V., 178, 775 On the Natural Variety of Mankind (Blumenbach), 658 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 61, 259, 268, 371, 568 Oncogenes, 101-106, 109-110, 122, 125, 308, 424, 583-586, 746; discovery, 119 Oncoretroviruses, 304, 306 One gene-one enzyme hypothesis, 183, 373, 537, 586-588 One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis, 183, 588 Oocyte maturation, 123 Oparin, Aleksandr, 687 Open reading frames (ORFs), 134, 136, 316, 665 Operators, 298, 301 Operons, 59, 291, 298, 528; Escherichia coli, 529 Ophthalmoplegia, 504 Optic neuropathy, 504 ORC. See Origin recognition complex ORFs. See Open reading frames Organ transplants, 588-591; xenotransplants, 761-764 Organelle DNA, 274-278; isolation, 222. See also Chloroplast DNA; Mitochondrial DNA Organismal cloning, 168 Organogenesis, 202, 418 Orgel, Leslie, 745 Origin of replication (plasmid sequence), 174 Origin recognition complex (ORC), 229 Osborn, Frederick, 263 Osmotic shock, 221 Out of Africa theory, 426 Ovarian cancer, 103 Oxidizing agents, 132 P P elements, 490 p16 gene, 747 p53 gene, 101, 103, 112, 125, 746-747 Packaging DNA, 176 PAH gene, 605 Painter, Thomas S., 157 Pair-rule genes, 204 Pandemics, 137, 253, 720 Parasites and lateral gene transfer, 490 Parathyroid hormone, 167 Parthenogenesis, 592-594, 736 Partial dominance. See Incomplete dominance Particle bombardment, 329 Parvoviruses, 756 Patau syndrome, 360, 374, 403, 580 Patents on life-forms, 594-596; human genes, 352; mice, 535 Paternity exclusion, 596 Paternity testing, 220, 280, 596-599, 674; blood type, 561 Pauling, Linus, 547, 644, 693, 775 PB2 gene, 253 PCR. See Polymerase chain reacion PDGF. See Platelet derived growth factor Pea-plant experiments, 134, 162, 210, 371, 495, 545, 559 Pearson, Karl, 260 Pearson's syndrome, 278 Pedigree analysis, 50, 322, 560, 599-602; familial Down syndrome, 247; homosexuality, 419 Pelargonium geraniums, 274 Pemphigus vulgaris, 52 Penetrance, 602-604 Penrose, Lionel, 244 Peppered moth, 570 Peptide bonding, 635, 638 Peripheral proteins, 643 Pernicious anemia, 52 Peromelia, 734-735 Pesticides, 92-96 Petite mutations, 275 PGD. See Preimplantation genetic diagnosis PGRs. See Plant growth regulators Phage. See Bacteriophage; Lambda (λ) phage Pharm animals, 740 Pharmaceuticals; cloning vectors, 177; genetically engineered, 343-347; proteins, 368; transgenic, 740 Pharmacogenomics, 96, 98, 421, 447-448 Phases of cell division, 126 Phases of the cell cycle, 126 Phenol, 221 Phenotypes; biochemical mutations, 70; complete dominance, 184; heredity and environment, 407; hermaphrodites, 411; incomplete dominance, 465; Mus musculus, 533; mutation and mutagenesis, 562; penetrance, 602; pseudohermaphrodites, 648; quantitative inheritance, 654; testicular feminization syndrome, 732 Phenotypic plasticity, 407, 602 Phenylalanine, 604 Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 605 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 71, 357, 361, 400, 459-460, 604-606 Phenylpyruvic acid, 605 Phi X174 virus, 428 Philadelphia chromosome, 146, 151 Phocomelia, 735 Phosphorylation, 124, 126, 747 Photodynamic therapy, 113 Photophobia, 9 Photoreactivation, 224 Photosynthesis, 134 Phragmoplasts, 200 Phyletic gradualism, 650 Phylogenetic systematics, 270 Phylogenomics, 388 Phylogeny, 267, 426, 547 Physical mapping, 153, 157, 386, 493, 515, 526 Phytochromes, 409 Piebaldism, 9 Pigliucci, Massimo, 409 Pigmentation; cats, 71, 566; flowers, 257; fruit flies, 72; humans, 467, 658; maize, 742; skin, 185. See also Coat color; Eye color; Skin color Pituitary gland, 432 Pizarro, Francisco, 88 PKU. See Phenylketonuria Placenta, 626 Plague, 28, 88, 608. See also Yersinia pestis Plankton, and cholera, 138 Plant growth regulators (PGRs), 120, 121 Plant hormones, 177 Plant protoplasts, 122 Plants, 133-137; hormones, 737; poloyploidy, 615. See also Agriculture; Crop plants; Genetically modified (GM) foods; High-yield crops Plasma cells, 38 Plasmacytoma, 441 Plasmagenes, 274 Plasmids, 606-609; anthrax, 35; antisense RNA, 43; bacterial genetics, 54; bacterial resistance, 61; biopharmaceuticals, 97; cloning vectors, 59, 166, 174, 327, 332, 336, 340; extrachromosomal inheritance, 275; prokaryotes, 380; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 540; shotgun cloning, 691; transgenic organisms, 739; transposable elements, 745 Plasmons, 274 Plastics, genetically engineered, 342 Plastids, 274, 550; inheritance, 274; isolation, 222 Plastomes, 274 Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), 584 Pleiotropy, 3, 601 Pluripotent cells, 710, 736 Point mutations, 563 Poison gas, 131 Poliovirus, 119 Pollender, Aloys-Antoine, 35 Pollination; lateral gene transfer, 490 Poly-A-binding protein (PABP), 642 Poly-A tails, 551, 640, 679, 684 Polyarteritis nodosa, 52 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 341 Polyclonal antibodies, 39-40 Polydactyly, 186 Polygenic traits, 609-611. See also Multifactorial traits Polyglutamine tract, 434 Polyhydroxybutyrate, 342 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 27, 35, 79, 216, 338, 428, 457, 611-613, 665, 674; automated sequencing, 236; and blotting, 101; synthetic antibodies, 724 Polymorphism, 157, 589, 664 Polypeptides, 586, 634, 638 Polyploidy, 380, 402, 613-617, 709 Polyproteins, 552 Population databases, 447 Population genetics, 270, 498, 569, 617-623; race, 658; speciation, 708 Positive eugenics, 259, 501, 715 Post-transcriptional control, 297 Post-transcriptional gene silencing, 577 Post-translational modification, 586 Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), 757 Pott, Percivall, 132 Potter, Van Rensselaer, 170 Poxviruses, 302, 700, 755 Prader, Andrea, 624 Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), 148, 623-626 Prairie dogs, 705 Pre-diabetes, 208 Preembryonic stage, 188 Preexisting conditions, 471 Preformationism hypothesis of embryonic development, 201 Pregnancy, 188; and age, 470 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 457, 627 Pre-messenger RNA, 297, 679, 683 Prenatal diagnosis, 322, 324, 360, 626-631, 727; sickle-cell disease, 673 Prenatal testing, 24 Presenilin, 21, 519 President's Council on Bioethics (est. 2001), 74 Primary cells, 117 Primary protein structure, 635 Primers, 27, 234, 670 Prions; discovery of, 632; diseases, 631-634 Privacy issues, 425; Icelandic Genetic Database, 448 Probe, 99 Probe hybridization, 326 Processed pseudogenes, 647 Progeroid syndromes, 4, 730 Progesterone, 718 Progestins, 718 Programmed senescence theory of aging, 6 Progressive Era eugenics, 262 Prokaryotes, 45, 54, 682, 728; DNA, 729; Escherichia coli, 527-533; gene regulation, 291-295; gene transfer, 489; and mitochondria, 277 Prokaryotic cells, 546. See also Prokaryotes Prolastin, 167 Prometaphase (mitosis), 511 Promoters, 296, 298, 301, 416, 551, 678 Proofreading, 232, 424, 670 Prophase (mitosis), 123, 127, 199, 511 Prophylaxis, 137 Prostate cancer, 112, 338 Protanopes, 180 Protein folding structure, 643 Protein genetic code, 314 Protein markers, 643 Protein synthesis, 319, 551, 563, 638-643; mitochondrial, 507; RNA world, 688. See also Translation Proteins; composition, 319; functions, 637; structure, 550, 634-638 Proteomics, 79, 81, 387, 421, 428, 431, 643-646 Proto-oncogenes, 107, 125, 583-584, 685; and aging, 4 Protoplasts, 332 Proviruses, 680 Prozac, 193 Prusiner, Stanley B., 632 Pseudogenes, 289-290, 646-648 Pseudohermaphrodites, 648-650, 685 Pseudomona originosa, 594 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 62 Psoralens, 132 PSTVd. See Potato spindle tuber viroid Psychometricians, 474 PTEN gene, 103 Punctuated equilibrium, 272, 532, 650-653 Punnett, Reginald C., 154, 256, 372, 775 Punnett squares, 390 PWS. See Prader-Willi syndrome Pyeritz, Reed, 400 Pyrenoids, 520 Q QTLs. See Quantitative trait loci Quantitative genetics, 408 Quantitative inheritance, 654-657 Quantitative trait loci (QTLs), 67, 393, 407, 609 Quantitative traits, 567, 609 Quaternary protein structure, 637 R R factors. See Resistance factors (R factors) R groups, 634 R plasmids. See Resistance factors (R factors) Rabbits; brachydactyly, 734; coat color, 71, 186, 465, 560 Race, 86, 501, 658-664; and eugenics, 259 Race Betterment Foundation, 262 Racial discrimination, 358 Racial Hygiene Society, 265 Radiation therapy, 113 Random mating, 462 ras gene, 112, 124, 585 Rb gene, 125, 746 rbcL gene, 136 rDNA. See Recombinant DNA Reaction norms, 407 Reading frames, 313, 316, 563, 640 Reassociation kinetics, 378 Reassortment; influenza viruses, 254 Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), 698 Receptors, 696 Recessive alleles; biochemical mutations, 71; consanguinity, 192; cystic fibrosis, 195; genetic load, 355; genetic testing, 364; incomplete dominance, 465; monohybrid inheritance, 555; multiple alleles, 559; pea plants, 495; pedigree analysis, 599 Reciprocal altruism, 17, 704 Reciprocal translocation, 106 Recombinant DNA; bacterial genetics, 54; biological weapons, 88; cloning vectors, 174; gene therapy, 305, 309; GM foods, 332, 366; historical development, 336; industrial applications, 340; restriction enzymes, 669; shotgun cloning, 691; social and ethical issues, 351; technology, 166 Recombinant DNA technology. See Genetic engineering Recombinant factor VIII. See Clotting factor VIII Recombination, 512, 553 Recombinational repair process, 226 Redei, George, 515 Reductional division, 163 Reductionism, 86 Reed, Sheldon, 322 Regulative development, 201 Regulators, 643 Reification, 86 Reinholz, Erna, 515 Rejection, 761 Rennin, 167 Reoviruses, 756 Repeat-induced point (RIP) mutations, 538 Repetitive DNA, 151, 289, 379, 548, 664-667, 729; LINES and SINES, 647; telomeres, 3 Replication, 129, 227, 528, 549; plasmids, 607; semiconservative, 550. See also DNA replication Replication slippage, 290 Replicative segregation, 504 Replicons, 229 Repressor protein, 292 Repressors, 298 Reproduction technologies; parthenogenesis, 592-594 Reproductive cloning, 166 Reproductive isolating mechanisms. See Isolating mechanisms, reproductive Reproductive technology; in vitro fertilization, 454-458; infertility, 468-470; prenatal diagnosis, 324 Resistance. See Antibacterial resistance; Biopesticide resistance; Resistance factors Resistance factors (R factors), 61-62, 608, 742, 745 Resistance plasmids. See Resistance factors (R factors) Restriction endonucleases. See Restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes, 667-670; bacterial genetics, 58, 552; biopharmaceuticals, 96; chromosome theory of heredity, 157; cloning, 166, 174, 691; genetic engineering, 326; genetic testing, 362; genomic libraries, 382; historical development, 336, 374; RFLP analysis, 672; social and ethical issues, 351; synthetic genes, 725 Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. See RFLP analysis Restriction maps, 669 Retinoblastoma, 111, 125, 746 Retroposons. See Retrotransposons Retropseudogenes, 665 Retrotransposition, 664 Retrotransposons, 553, 646-647, 744 Retroviruses; central dogma of molecular biology, 129; gene therapy, 306; genetically engineered, 329; HIV, 41; oncogenes, 583; pseudogenes, 647; reverse transcriptase, 670; RNA structure and function, 676; RNA world, 689; transposable elements, 744; vectors, 176; viral genetics, 756 Reverse transcriptase (RT), 115, 646, 670-672, 680. See also RT inhibitors Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 675 Reverse transcription, 129, 725 Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 130 RFLP analysis, 100, 157, 287, 327, 362, 611, 669, 672-674 Rhabar, Shemooil, 775 Rheumatic fever, 52 Rheumatoid arthritis, 52, 453 Ri plasmid, 177 Ribonuclease. See RNase Ribonucleic acid. See RNA Ribonucleoprotein complexes, 680 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 319, 639, 677, 686; repetitive, 290 Ribosomes, 319, 505, 551, 562, 639, 677, 686, 754 Ribozymes, 129-130, 346, 576, 677, 686-687 Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (RuBP carboxylase). See Rubisco Rice; genetically engineered, 333 Rich, Alexander, 242 Richter, Melissa, 322 Rifkin, Jeremy, 351 Rimoin, David, 400 RISC. See RNA-induced silencing complex RNA, 3, 237, 313-314, 638, 675; antisense, 42-45; chloroplast, 276; early studies, 57; mitochondrial, 276, 504; noncoding, 575-579; structure and function, 676-681 RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), 44 RNA interference (RNAi), 43-44, 295, 297, 346, 519, 577, 680 RNA isolation, 674-676 RNA polymerase, 142, 295, 298, 301, 678, 682, 756 RNA replicase, 687 RNA transcription, 681-686 RNA world, 686-690 RNAi. See RNA interference RNase, 57, 222, 635, 675, 678, 756 RNase H, 116, 671 RNase P, 576, 687 RNomics, 578 Robbelen, G., 515 Roberts, Richard J., 775 Robertsonian translocation, 145 Rodbell, Martin, 775 Rotaviruses, 254 Roundworms. See Caenorhabditis elegans Rous, Peyton, 110, 583 Rous sarcoma virus, 110, 583, 670 Rowley, Janet, 775 rRNA. See Ribosomal RNA RS enzymes, 316-317 RT. See Reverse transcriptase RT inhibitors, 672 RTKs. See Receptor tyrosine kinases RT-PCR. See Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Rubin, Gerald M., 775 Rubisco, 136, 276 Russell, Bertrand, 262 Russell, Elizabeth Shull, 775 Russell, William, 775 Ryan, Clarence, 95 S Sabin, Albert, 119 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), 178, 275, 493, 539-542, 546, 553, 576. See also Yeast Sachs, Bernard, 727 Sager, Ruth, 277, 775 Sageret, Augustin, 775 Saiki, R. K., 27 Saint-Hilaire, Étienne and Isidore, 734 Salk, Jonas, 119 Salmonella, 90 Sandhoff disease, 666 Sanger, Frederick, 428, 775 Sanger sequencing, 234-235 Sapienza, Carmen, 745 Sarcomas, 106, 110, 583, 670 SARS. See Severe acute respiratory syndrome Satellite DNA, 665, 729 Satellite RNA, 757 Schizophrenia, 68, 338 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 546 Schleif, Robert, 293 Schlichting, Carl, 409 Schmalhausen, Ivan, 408 Schutzstaffel (SS), 265 SCID. See Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder SCID-X. See Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome X Scleroderma, 52 SCN. See Suprachiasmatic nucleus SCNT. See Somatic cell nuclear transfer Scott, Ronald B., 695 Scrapie, 631 Secondary protein structure, 636 Segment polarity genes, 204 Segmentation genes, 204 Segregation, 211, 371, 494, 496, 556 Selection. See Artificial selection; Natural selection Selective markers, 175 Self-fertilization, 463 Self-incompatibility, 655 Selfish DNA, 271, 425, 666, 705, 742. See also Junk DNA Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins), 270, 570 Semidominance. See Incomplete dominance Senescence. See Aging Senile plaques, 643 Sensitive period, 187 Sequenced organisms, 385. See also Genomes; Genomics Serotonin, 67, 193; and aggression, 1 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 252 Severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID), 306, 329, 338, 359, 453 Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID-X), 307 Sewer sludge (biofertilizer), 78 Sex chromosomes; Drosophila melanogaster, 523; fragile X syndrome, 282; hereditary diseases, 402; infertility, 468; Klinefelter syndrome, 479; metafemales, 499; mutation and mutagenesis, 564; Turner syndrome, 748; X chromosome inactivation, 759; XYY syndrome, 764. See also Gender identity; Sex-linked traits; X-linked traits Sex determination, 287, 732 Sex differences and aggression, 2 Sex linkage, 557 Sex-linked traits, 211, 460, 467, 524, 558, 599; eye color, 155; fragile X syndrome, 282, 419; gender identity, 287-289; hemophilia, 396 Sexual identity, 411-413, 648, 731-733, 759-761. See also Gender identity Sexual orientation, 287 Sexual reproduction, 161; cell division, 200. See also Cell division; Meiosis; Sex chromosomes Sharp, Phillip A., 776 Shaw, George Bernard, 262 Sheared DNA, 382 Sheldon, Peter, 651 Shelley, Mary, 351 Short interspersed sequences (SINES), 646-647, 664 Short-limb dwarfism, 249 Shotgun cloning, 691-692 Shotgun sequencing, 386 Sibling mating, 463 Sickle-cell disease, 25, 96, 328, 358, 363, 391, 467, 563, 673, 692-696 Signal transduction, 696-699 Silicon chips, 342 Simpson, George Gaylord, 269, 776 Simpson, O. J., trial, 281 Sinclair, Andrew, 160 SINES. See Short interspersed sequences Singer, Maxine, 776 Single-gene defects, 305, 400. See also Inborn errors of metabolism; Mendelian defects Single-gene traits, 555-559 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 35, 82, 428 siRNAs. See Small interfering RNAs sis oncogene, 584 Sister chromatids, 199, 510 Site-directed mutagenesis, 726 Skeletal dysplasias, 249 Skin cancer, 9, 112 Skin color (human), 658 Slamon, Dennis, 103 Slippage, 290 Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), 44, 577 Small non-messenger RNAs (snmRNAs), 576 Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), 576, 684 Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), 43, 576, 680, 684 Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), 43 Small RNAs (sRNAs), 576 Small subunit ribosomal RNAs (ssu rRNAs), 45 Smallpox, 88, 700-704 SMaRT gene therapy, 197 Smith, Hamilton O., 338, 351, 667, 776 Smith, Harry, 409 Smith, Michael, 776 Smithies, Oliver, 481 Snell, George D., 776 snmRNAs. See Small non-messenger RNAs snoRNAs. See Small nucleolar RNAs SNPs. See Single nucleotide polymorphisms snRNAs. See Small nuclear RNAs snRNPs. See Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins SNRPN gene, 624 Social Darwinism, 259 Society, 704 Sociobiology, 409, 704-708 Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Wilson), 704 Sociopathic behavior, 480 Solenoids, 141 Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), 714 Somatic cell therapy, 309, 343 Somatic cells, 738 Somatic embryos, 120 Somatic mutation/DNA damage theory of aging, 7 Somatic mutations, 562 Somatomedin, 433 Somatostatin, 337, 532 Sonenberg, Nahum, 640 Sonneborn, Tracy Morton, 776 SOS response, 226 Southern, Ed, 99 Southern blotting, 98-101, 665, 672 Soviet Union; biological weapons, 90; evolutionary theory, 487 Soybeans, 368 Spacers, 505 Spanish flu pandemic (1918), 253 Speciation, 272, 652, 708-710 Specific-locus test, 565 Spemann, Hans, 543, 776 Spencer, Herbert, 259, 776 Sperling, Karl, 581 Sperm cells, 469 Spin columns, 222 Spina bifida, 324, 360, 573, 735 Spindle apparatus, 511 Spindle fibers, 127, 147 Spinocerebellar ataxia, 143 Spirilla, 54 Spirochetes, 54 Spliceosomes, 575, 679, 684 Splicing, 679 Split genes, 679. See also Introns Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, 249 Spontaneous abortion, 24, 189, 402, 470, 479, 581 Spontaneous mutations, 565 Sporophytes, 512 src gene, 583 sRNAs. See Small RNAs SRY gene, 143, 648 SS. See Schutzstaffel ssu rRNAs. See Small subunit ribosomal RNAs Stadler, Lewis, 743 Stahl, Franklin, 234, 374, 529, 550 Stanley, Wendell Meredith, 776 Staphylococcus bacteria, 62, 64 Start codons, 320 Stebbins, G. Ledyard, 269 Steffánsson, Kári, 447 Stein, William H., 776 Steitz, Joan, 680 Stem cells, 166, 168, 343, 346, 436, 710-715; totipotency, 738 Sterilization laws, 262, 265, 715-717 Stern, Curt, 157 Steroid hormones, 697, 717-720 Stevens, Nettie Maria, 776 Sticky ends, 96, 116, 225, 668 Stop codons, 320 Strabismus, 10 Streptococcus bacteria, 41, 56, 238, 254 Stress hormones, 420 Strobell, Ella Church, 777 Structural genomics, 387 Stt7 gene, 522 Sturtevant, Alfred H., 144, 154, 164, 372, 525, 777 Sulfolobus, 47 Sullenger, Bruce, 689 Sullivan, Louis, 194 Sulston, John E., 205, 777 Super bacteria, 61-65 Superfemales. See Metafemales; Multiple X syndrome Superweeds, 349, 369 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 83 Supreme Court, U.S., 716 Surrogates, 455 Survival of the fittest, 568 Sutton, Walter, 147, 152-158, 322, 372, 523, 777, 809 Svedberg units, 640 Swanson, Robert, 340 Swift, Michael, 103 Swine flu, 253, 720-723 sxl gene, 588 Symbiosis, 77 Sympatric speciation, 708 Syndrome, 748 Syntenic genes, 491 Synthesis (S), 123 Synthetic antibodies, 723-725 Synthetic genes, 532, 725-726 Syphilis, 62 T T-cell receptors, 452 T cells, 38, 52, 452, 482 T2 phage, 57, 239 Tammes, Jantine, 777 Tan Jiazhen (C. C. Tan), 777 Tandem repetitive DNA (TR-DNA), 664 Taq polymerase, 27 Target cells, 696 Target species; biopesticides, 93 Targeted gene inactivation, 481 Tatum, Edward, 56, 183, 372, 537, 587, 777 Tau protein, 19 Taussig, Helen Brooke, 735 Tautomerization, 131 Taxon, 547 Tay, Warren, 727 Tay-Sachs disease, 324, 360, 460, 628, 666, 727-728; genetic testing, 365; screening, 358 TBX5 gene, 206 T-DNA. See Transferred DNA Television depictions of genetics, 376-378 Telocentric chromosomes, 148 Telomerase, 232, 729 Telomeres, 550, 728-731; aging, 3; animal cloning, 31; chromosome structure, 151, 232; discovery, 743; length in clones, 32, 730; reverse transcriptase, 672 Telophase (mitosis), 123, 127, 199, 511 Temin, Howard, 116, 119, 130, 670, 777 Teratogens, 187, 733-736 Teratology, 187 Terman, Lewis M., 86, 261 Termination, 642 Terminator, 678 Tertiary period, 652 Tertiary protein structure, 636 Testicular feminization syndrome, 288, 731-733 Testosterone, 648, 718 Tetrads (chromatids), 512 Thalassemia, 142, 560. See also Beta-thalassemia Thalidomide, 733-736 The Institute for Genome Research (TIGR), 430 Theologis, Athanasios, 515 Theraputic cloning, 166 Thermal cyclers, 27 Thermophilic bacteria, 55, 342, 489 Threshold traits, 609 Thrombate III, 167 Thrombospondin (TSP), 394 Thymine, 550 Thymocytes, 453 Thymus, 452 Ti plasmid, 93, 177, 330, 332, 608 TIGR. See The Institute for Genome Research Tissue culture. See Cell culture Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 97, 167, 295, 329, 338, 344, 740 Tobacco; genetically engineered, 95; heart disease, 395 Todd, Alexander Robertus, 777 Togaviruses, 756 Toluene, 340 Tomatoes, 95 Tomizawa, Jun-ichi, 680 Tonegawa, Susumu, 450, 777 Totipotency, 120, 710, 736-739 Toxicogenomics, 421 tPA. See Tissue plasminogen activator Transcription, 129, 227, 237, 298, 314, 530, 549, 643, 677, 681-686; bacteria, 291; and DNA repair, 224 Transcription factors, 295, 301, 416, 456 Transduction, 57, 489, 531 Transfer RNA (tRNA), 129, 313, 316, 320, 531, 551, 588, 639, 677, 679, 725 Transformation, 56, 92, 116-117, 327, 531, 739; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, 520, 522; plants, 122 Transformist theory of evolution, 486 Transgenes, 329, 351, 437, 739 Transgenic human growth hormone, 433 Transgenic organisms, 326, 328, 739-742; animals, 343, 351, 739; biopesticides, 92; crop plants, 332; crops, 348; frogs, 542; genetic code, 318; GM foods, 367; mice, 481, 535; plants, 41, 94, 740; risks, 347. See also Genetically modified organisms Transgenic pharming, 344 Transgenic proteins, 432 Transgenics, 533 Transition, 131 Translation, 129, 227, 237, 242, 291, 313, 531, 549, 551, 638, 640, 643, 677, 682; prevention of, 297. See also Protein synthesis Translocation, 144, 151, 157, 564, 623, 642 Transmissibility, 700 Transmission genetics, 160-165 Trans-NIH Xenopus Initiative, 544 Transplant rejection, 589 Transplantation, 589 Transplants, 588-591 Transposable elements, 553, 564; SINES, 665. See also Transposons Transposase, 742 Transposons, 61, 450, 489-490, 531, 606, 742-746. See also Jumping genes; Transposable elements Transsexualism, 288 TR-DNA. See Tandem repetitive DNA Trichoderma reese, 41 Trichromats, 180 Triplet repeat diseases, 232 Triploid organisms, 614 Trisomy, 244, 403, 579, 626 Trisomy 13. See Patau syndrome Trisomy 18. See Edwards' syndrome Trisomy 21. See Down syndrome Tritanopes, 180 Triticale, 616 Triticum aestivum, 616 tRNA. See Transfer RNA trp operon, 293, 529 Tryptophan, 293 Tschermak von Seysenegg, Erich, 153, 372 TSP. See Thrombospondin Tsui, Lap-Chee, 159 Tuberculosis, 55, 62, 252 Tuberous sclerosis, 10 Tumor-suppressor genes, 102, 109, 122, 424, 585, 746-748; mouse studies, 535; retinoblastoma, 111 Tumors, 109 Turner, Henry H., 748 Turner syndrome, 250, 400, 403, 469, 564, 579-580, 748-750, 759; detection, 25 Twin studies, 750-753; diabetes, 209; heart disease, 395; intelligence, 475; QTLs, 68; sexual orientation, 67, 288, 419 Two-hybrid system, 541 Type I diabetes, 208 Type II diabetes, 209 Typological species concept, 708 Tyrosine, 605 U UBE3A gene, 624 Ugolini, François, 103 Ultrasound for prenatal testing, 324, 360, 628 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 563 Unequal crossing over, 290 Uniparental disomy (UPD), 624 Unipotent cells, 736 United States v. Yee (1990-1991), 280 Up-regulation, 43 UPD. See Uniparental disomy Uracil, 132, 550, 640 V Vaccination, 179. See also Immunization Vaccines, 340; edible, 344 Vaccinia virus, 330, 703 Van der Veen, J. H., 515 Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), 35, 216, 664 Varmus, Harold E., 103, 777 Vectors. See also Cloning vectors; Viral vectors Vectors, cloning, 116, 174-179, 304, 326-327, 332, 739 Vegetative petites, 275 Veleminsky, J., 515 Venter, Craig, 430 Vernalization of wheat, 487 Verticillium lecanii, 94 Very highly repetitive segments (VRS's), 729 Vibrio cholerae, 137-138 Violence Initiative, 194 Vir genes, 177 Viral genetics, 754-756; RNA, 550 Viral vectors, 306, 327; for cystic fibrosis, 197. See also Cloning vectors; Vectors Virginia Twin Registry, 752 Virions, 754; smallpox, 701 Viroids, 756-758 Viruses, 57, 590; bacterial, 754; and cancer, 746; cancer-causing, 110; cell culture techniques, 119; emerging, 252-255; gene regulation, 301-304; influenza, 720-723; retroviruses, 329, 583, 680; smallpox, 700-704; T2, 239; as transposons, 744; vaccinia, 703. See also Bacteriophages; Retroviruses Virusoids, 756-758 VNTRs. See Variable number tandem repeats Vogelstein, Bert, 225 Vogt, Peter, 103 Von Gierke's disease, 459 Von Behring, Emil Adolf, 214 Von Nägeli, Carl, 497 Vrba, Elisabeth, 271 VRS's. See Very highly repetitive segments W Waardenberg syndrome, 9 Waelsch, Salome Gluecksohn, 777 Wakayama, Teruhiko, 730 Walking (chromosomes), 158-160 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 269, 371, 568 Wallace, Douglas C., 508 Wasserman, David, 194 Waste management, 341 Waterston, Robert, 777 Watson, James, 129, 147, 228, 234, 239, 322, 336, 351, 374, 429, 639, 686, 725, 778 Weapons; biological, 88-92 Weber, Bruce H., 260 Weeds, 348 Weinberg, Robert Allan, 778 Weinberg, Wilhelm, 372, 389, 462, 617, 778 Weiner, J., 417 Weismann, August, 147, 201, 778 Weissman, Sherman, 158 Weldon, Walter Frank, 260 Werner's syndrome, 4 Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome, 12 Western blotting, 98-101 Wheat, 616 Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, 538 WHO. See World Health Organization Wieschaus, Eric, 203, 417, 778 Wild-type genes, 562 Wilkins, Maurice, 228, 239, 322, 374, 778 Willi, Heinrich, 624 Williamson, Peter, 652 Wilmut, Ian, 171, 778 Wilson, Allan C., 508 Wilson, Edmund Beecher, 778 Wilson, Edward O., 409, 704-708 Witkin, Evelyn Maisel, 778 Woese, Carl R., 45, 778 Wolff, Kaspar Friedrich, 201 Wollman, Elie, 56 Woodcock, Chris, 141 Wooster, Richard, 103 World Health Organization (WHO), 254, 703, 722 Wright, Sewall, 263, 463, 610, 778 X X chromosome. See Sex chromosomes; Sex-linked traits; X-linked traits X chromosome inactivation, 759-761 X inactivation center (XIC), 760 X-linked traits, 557, 599; albinism, 10 X radiation, 564 X-ray diffraction, 227 Xenopus laevis (frog), 542-544, 546, 576, 738 Xenotransplants, 761-764 Xeroderma pigmentosa, 112 XIC. See X inactivation center XIST gene, 760 XXX syndrome. See Metafemales; Multiple-X syndrome XXY syndrome, 479-480. See also Klinefelter syndrome. XYY syndrome, 155, 194, 764-766 Y Y chromosome. See Sex chromosomes; Sex-linked traits; X-linked traits YAC. See Yeast artificial chromosome Yanofsky, Charles, 319, 779 Yanofsky, Martin, 516 Yaswen, Paul, 103 Yeast, 124, 677; genetically modified, 342. See also Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), 178, 327 Yerkes, Robert M., 86, 261 Yersinia pestis (plague), 28, 608 Z Z-DNA. See Zigzag DNA Zea mays, 493, 579. See also Maize ZFN127 gene, 624 Zigzag DNA (Z-DNA), 242 Zinder, Norton, 57, 779 ZNF217 gene, 103 Zoological Philosophy (Lamarck), 488 Zuckerkandl, Émile, 547 Zygosity, 750 Zygotes, 455, 592, 750

SALEM PRESS, INC. · 131 North El Molino Avenue · Pasadena · CA 91101 © Salem Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved.