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Encyclopedia of the Ancient World Table of Contents Publisher's Note, ix Contributors, xiii Key to Pronunciation, xxi List of Maps, xxiii Complete List of Contents, xxv OVERVIEWS Agriculture and animal husbandry, 1 Art and architecture: The Americas, 6 Art and architecture: East Asia, 9 Art and architecture: Europe and the Mediterranean region, 13 Art and architecture: India, 20 Art and architecture: Southeast Asia, 25 Art and architecture: West and South Africa, 28 Calendars and chronology, 31 Daily life and customs, 40 Death and burial, 46 Education and training, 51 Government and law, 57 Languages and literature, 64 Medicine and health, 74 Navigation and transportation, 86 Performing arts, 92 Philosophy, 100 Religion and ritual, 106 Science, 114 Settlements and social structure, 124 Sports and entertainment, 130 Technology, 138 Trade and commerce, 144 War and weapons, 151 Women's life, 160 Writing systems, 166 A Abd al-Malik, 177 Abd Allāh ibn al-Abbās, 178 Abd Allāh ibn az-Zubayr, 179 Abd Allāh ibn Sad ibn Abī Sarh, 179 Abipón, 180 Abraha, 181 Abū Bakr, 181 Accius, Lucius, 182 Achaean League, 182 Achaean War, 183 Achaemenian Dynasty, 183 Achilles Painter, 185 Achilles Tatius, 185 Acte, Claudia, 186 Actium, Battle of, 187 Adena culture, 187 Adrianople, Battle of, 188 Advaita, 188 Aegospotami, Battle of, 189 Ælle, 190 Aemilius Paullus, Lucius, 191 Aeneas, 191 Aeschines, 192 Aeschylus, 193 Aesop, 194 Æthelbert, 195 Aetolian League, 196 Afanasievo culture, 196 Afrasans, 197 Africa, East and South, 198 Africa, North, 201 Africa, West, 203 African rock art, southern and eastern, 206 Agapetus, Saint, 207 Agariste, 207 Agathias, 208 Agathon, 209 Agaw, 209 Agesilaus II of Sparta, 210 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 211 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 211 Agrippina the Elder, 212 Agrippina the Younger, 213 Ahab, 213 Aidan, Saint, 214 Ainkururnūru, 215 Ainu, 215 Āishah bint Abī Bakr, 216 Ājīvikas, 217 Akanānūru, 218 Akapana pyramid, 218 Akhenaton, 219 Akiba ben Joseph, 220 Akkadians, 220 Alani, 221 Alaric I, 222 Alaric II, 223 Alboin, 223 Alcaeus of Lesbos, 224 Alcibiades of Athens, 225 Alcman, 225 Alesia, Battle of, 226 Aleutian tradition, 227 Alexander Polyhistor, Lucius Cornelius, 228 Alexander the Great, 228 Alexandrian library, 230 Alexandrian patriarchs, 231 Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 231 Allemanni, 232 Altar de Sacrificios, 232 Alwa, 233 Amaravātī school, 233 Amaru, 234 Amasis Painter, 235 Amazonia, 235 Ambrose, 237 American Paleo-Arctic tradition, 237 Ammianus Marcellinus, 238 Amos, 239 Amr ibn al-Ās Mosque, 239 Anacreon, 240 Ānanda, 240 Anasazi, 241 Anastasius I, 242 Anatolia, 243 Andes, central, 244 Andes, south, 246 Andhradesha school, 248 Andocides, 248 Andronovo culture, 249 Aneirin, 250 Angles, Saxons, Jutes, 250 Ankhesenamen, 251 Antae, 252 Anthemius of Tralles, 253 Anthony of Egypt, Saint, 253 Antigonid Dynasty, 254 Antiochus the Great, 255 Antipater, 255 Antipater of Idumaea, 256 Antiphon, 257 Antonia the Elder, 257 Antonia the Younger, 258 Antoninus Pius, 258 Antony, Marc, 259 Anyte of Tegea, 260 Apedemak, 260 Apollodorus of Athens (artist), 261 Apollodorus of Athens (scholar), 261 Apollodorus the Architect, 262 Apollonius of Perga, 263 Apollonius of Tyana, 263 Apollonius Rhodius, 264 Appar, 265 Appian, 265 Appian Way, 266 Apuleius, Lucius, 266 Aqhat epic, 267 Ara Pacis, 268 Arabia, 268 Arakanese, 270 Arameans, 271 Āranyakas, 272 Aratus, 273 Arausio, Battle of, 273 Arawak, 274 Archaic North American culture, 275 Archaic South American culture, 275 Archaic tradition, northern, 276 Archidamian War, 277 Archidamus II of Sparta, 278 Archidamus III of Sparta, 278 Archilochus of Paros, 279 Archimedes, 279 Archytas of Tarentum, 280 Arctic Small Tool tradition, 281 Ardashīr I, 281 Aretaeus of Cappadocia, 282 Argead Dynasty, 283 Argishti I, 283 Arianism, 284 Aristarchus of Samos, 285 Aristarchus of Samothrace, 286 Aristides, 286 Aristides of Athens, 287 Aristides of Miletus, 287 Aristophanes, 288 Aristotle, 289 Arkamani, 290 Armenia, 291 Arminius, 292 Arria the Elder, 293 Arrian, 294 Arsacid Dynasty, 294 Artabanus I-V, 295 Artavasdes II of Armenia, 296 Artemis, temple of, at Ephesus, 296 Artemisia I, 297 Artemisia II, 298 Arthur, 298 Āryabhata, 299 Asanga, 299 Ashurbanipal, 300 Ashvaghosa, 301 Aśoka, 301 Aspasia of Miletus, 302 Assyria, 303 Astyages, 306 Āśvalāyana, 307 Athanasius of Alexandria, Saint, 307 Athens, 308 Atlatl, 311 Atossa, 311 Atrahasis epic, 312 Attalid Dynasty, 312 Atticus, Titus Pomponius, 313 Attila, 314 Augustine, Saint, 315 Augustine of Canterbury, Saint, 316 Augustus, 317 Aurelianus, Lucius Domitius, 318 Ausonius, Decimus Magnus, 318 Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, 319 Avesta, 322 Avitus, Eparchius, 322 Axum, 323 B Babylonia, 325 Bacchylides, 328 Bactria, 329 Ball game, Mesoamerican, 330 Ban Gu, 331 Bāna, 331 Banpocun culture, 332 Bantu, Congo Basin, 333 Bantu, Mashariki, 334 Bar Kokhba, 335 Basil of Cappadocia, Saint, 335 Bathsheba, 336 BaTwa, 337 Beaker people, 338 Beja, 338 Belisarius, 339 Ben-Hadad I, 340 Benedict Biscop, Saint, 340 Benedict of Nursia, Saint, 341 Berbers, 342 Bhagavadgītā, 343 Bharata Muni, 344 Bhāravi, 344 Bhartrhari, 345 Bhāsa, 345 Bhavabhūti, 346 Bible: Jewish, 347 Bible: New Testament, 348 Black Pottery culture, 349 Bodhidharma, 350 Boethius, 350 Book of the Dead, 351 Boudicca, 352 Boylston Street weir, 353 Brāhmanas, 354 Brahmanism, 354 Brasidas of Sparta, 355 Brazil, eastern, 356 Britain, 357 Brutus, 360 Buddha, 360 Buddhism, 362 Buddhist cave temples, 364 Budhasvāmin, 364 Byzantine Empire, 365 C Caesar, Julius, 369 Cai Lun, 370 Cajamarca pottery, 370 California peoples, 371 Caligula, 372 Callicrates, 373 Callimachus of Cyrene, 374 Calpurnius Siculus, Titus, 374 Camillus, Marcus Furius, 375 Campantar, 375 Canaanites, 376 Cankam, 377 Cannae, Battle of, 377 Cao Cao, 378 Cao Zhi, 379 Capella, Martianus, 379 Caracalla, 380 Caratacus, 380 Caribbean, 381 Carrhae, Battle of, 382 Carthage, 382 Cartimandua, 385 Cassander, 386 Cassian, 387 Cassiodorus, 387 Cassius, 388 Cassivellaunus, 389 Cātanār, 389 Catiline, 390 Cato the Censor, 390 Cato the Younger, 391 Catullus, 392 Celsus, 393 Celsus, Aulus Cornelius, 393 Celts, 394 Chadic peoples, 398 Chaeronea, Battle of, 399 Chalcedon, Council of, 399 Châlons, Battle of, 400 Chandragupta Maurya, 401 Chavín de Huántar, 402 Chichén Itzá, 402 Chifumbaze culture, 403 China, 404 Chinchorro mummies, 409 Chlotar I, 410 Cholula, 410 Christianity, 411 Chunqiu, 414 Cicero, 414 Cimmerians, 416 Cimon, 416 Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, 417 Claudian, 418 Claudius, 418 Claudius Caecus, Appius, 419 Cleisthenes of Athens, 420 Cleisthenes of Sicyon, 420 Clement of Alexandria, 421 Clement I, 421 Cleon of Athens, 422 Cleopatra VII, 423 Clodia, 424 Clodius Pulcher, Publius, 425 Clovis, 425 Clovis technological complex, 426 Cobá, 427 Cochise culture, 428 Colossus of Rhodes, 429 Columba, Saint, 430 Columella, 430 Commius, 431 Confucianism, 431 Confucius, 434 Constans I, 435 Constantine the Great, 435 Constantinople, 436 Constantius I-III, 437 Copán, 438 Copper Belt, 439 Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius, 439 Corinthian War, 440 Coriolanus, Gnaeus Marcius, 441 Cornelia, 441 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 442 Crates of Athens, 442 Cratinus, 443 Crete, 443 Critias of Athens, 447 Croesus, 448 Cunaxa, Battle of, 449 Cunobelinus, 449 Curtius Rufus, Quintus, 450 Cushites, 451 Cyaxares, 452 Cyclades, 452 Cynoscephalae, Battle of, 453 Cyprian of Carthage, Saint, 454 Cyprus, 455 Cypselus of Corinth, 457 Cyril of Alexandria, Saint, 457 Cyrus the Great, 458 D Dallán Forgaill, 460 Dalton tradition, 460 Damascus document, 461 Dandin, 461 Daoism, 462 Darius the Great, 463 Darius III, 464 David, 465 Dead Sea Scrolls, 465 Delphi, 466 Demetrius Phalereus, 467 Demetrius Poliorcetes, 468 Democritus, 468 Demosthenes, 469 Denis, Saint, 470 Deptford culture, 470 Dhammapada, 471 Diadochi, 472 Dido, 473 Dio Cassius, 474 Dio Chrysostom, 475 Diocles of Carystus, 475 Diocletian, 476 Diogenes of Sinope, 476 Dionysius I the Elder of Syracuse, 478 Dionysius the Younger, 478 Divinity, 479 Djanggawul cycle, 479 Domitian, 480 Donatism, 480 Donatus, Aelius, 481 Dong Zhongshu, 482 Dorset phase, 482 Draco, 483 Dreaming, 483 Dzibilchaltún, 484 E Eastern African Microlithic/Khoisan peoples, 485 Eastern peoples, 485 Edwin, 488 Egypt, Pharaonic, 488 Egypt, Prepharaonic, 494 Egypt, Ptolemaic and Roman, 496 El Tajín, 499 Eleusinian mysteries, 499 Elijah, 500 Ennius, Quintus, 501 Epaminondas, 501 Ephialtes of Athens, 502 Epictetus, 503 Epicurus, 503 Erasistratus, 504 Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 505 Erinna, 506 Esarhaddon, 506 Essenes, 507 Ethiopia, 508 Etruscans, 510 Euclid, 513 Eudocia, 514 Eudoxia, Aelia, 514 Eudoxus, 515 Eumenes II, 516 Eupalinus of Megara, 516 Eupolis, 517 Euripides, 517 Eusebius of Caesarea, 518 Eutropius, 519 Exodus, 520 Ezana, 521 Ezekiel, 521 Ezra, 522 F Fabius, 523 Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 523 Fabius Pictor, Quintus, 524 Faustina I, 525 Faustina II, 525 Faxian, 526 Fertile Crescent, 526 Figulus, Publius Nigidius, 528 Finnic peoples, 528 Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 529 Flavian Amphitheater, 530 Folsom technological complex, 531 Fortunatus, Venantius, 532 Four Emperors, Year of the, 532 Four Hundred, 533 France, 534 Franks, 537 Fremont culture, 539 Frontinus, Sextus Julius, 539 Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, 540 Frumentius, Saint, 541 Fu Hao's tomb, 541 Fulgentius, Fabius Planciades, 542 Fulvia, 542 Funan, 543 G Galen, 545 Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Gaius, 546 Gallic Wars, 546 Gallienus, 547 Gandhāra art, 548 Garamantes, 548 Gash civilization, 549 Gaudapāda, 550 Gaugamela, Battle of, 550 Gauls, 551 Ge Hong, 553 Gellius, Aulus, 553 Gelon of Syracuse, 554 Germany, 554 Ghana, 556 Gigaku, 557 Gilgamesh epic, 557 Gnosticism, 558 Gorgias, 559 Gortyn, law code of, 559 Gośāla Maskarīputra, 560 Goths, 561 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, and Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, 563 Granicus, Battle of, 564 Gratian, 565 Great Basin peoples, 566 Great Wall of China, 567 Greco-Persian Wars, 568 Greece, Archaic, 569 Greece, Classical, 572 Greece, Hellenistic and Roman, 578 Greece, Mycenaean, 583 Gregory of Nazianzus, 586 Gregory the Great, 587 Gu Kaizhi, 587 Guang Wudi, 588 Gunādhya, 589 Gupta emperors, 589 Gyges, 590 H Hadrian, 592 Hadrian's villa, 593 Haghia Sophia, 593 Halafian culture, 595 Halicarnassus mausoleum, 595 Hallstatt culture, 596 Hammurabi's code, 597 Han Dynasty, 599 Han Feizi, 600 Haniwa, 600 Hannibal, 601 Harivamśa, 602 Harkhuf, 602 Harmodius and Aristogiton, 603 Harsa, 603 Hatshepsut, 604 Hattusilis I, 605 Hawaii, 606 He Yan, 606 Hecataeus of Miletus, 607 Helena, Saint, 608 Heliodorus of Emesa, 608 Helton phase, 609 Henotheism, 609 Herodas, 610 Herodian, 610 Herodian Dynasty, 611 Herodotus, 611 Heron, 613 Herophilus, 613 Hesiod, 614 Hesychius of Alexandria, 614 Hezekiah, 615 Hieron I of Syracuse, 616 Hieron II of Syracuse, 617 Hilary of Poitiers, Saint, 617 Himiko, 618 Hinduism, 618 Hipparchus, 620 Hippias of Athens, 621 Hippocrates, 622 Histiaeus of Miletus, 622 Hittites, 623 Hohokam culture, 625 Homer, 626 Horace, 627 Hortensia, 628 Hosea, 629 Huaca de la Luna, 629 Huaca del Sol, 630 Huainanzi, 630 Huangdi, 631 Hui Shi, 632 Huiyuan, 632 Huns, 633 Hurrians, 634 Husayn, 635 Hydaspes, Battle of, 635 Hyginus, 637 Hyginus, Gaius Julius, 637 Hyksos, 638 Hypatia, 639 I Iamblichus of Syria, 640 Ibycus, 640 Ictinus, 641 Ignatius of Antioch, 641 Ilankō Atikal, 642 Imhotep, 642 India, 643 Indian temple architecture, 648 Indus Valley civilization, 650 Ion of Chios, 651 Ionian Revolt, 652 Ipiutak, 652 Ireland, 653 Irenaeus, Saint, 655 Isaeus, 656 Isaiah, 657 Isidore of Seville, Saint, 658 Isis, cult of, 658 Islam, 659 Isocrates, 661 Israel, 662 Issus, Battle of, 666 J Jainism, 668 James the Apostle, 669 Japan, 669 Jātakas, 673 Java, 674 Jehu, 675 Jeremiah, 675 Jeroboam I, 676 Jerome, Saint, 676 Jerusalem, temple of, 677 Jesus Christ, 678 Jewish diaspora, 679 Jimmu Tennō, 680 Jingū, 680 Johanan ben Zakkai, 681 John Chrysostom, Saint, 682 John the Baptist, Saint, 682 John the Evangelist, Saint, 683 Jōmon, 684 Jordanes, 684 Josephus, Flavius, 685 Josiah, 686 Juba I of Numidia, 687 Juba II of Mauretania, 687 Judaism, 688 Jugurtha, 690 Julia (daughter of Augustus), 690 Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar), 691 Julia Domna, 692 Julia Mamaea, 692 Julian the Apostate, 693 Junius Brutus, Lucius, 693 Justin Martyr, Saint, 694 Justinian I, 695 Justinian's codes, 695 Juvenal, 696 K Kachemak tradition, 697 Kadesh, Battle of, 697 Kaleb, 698 Kālidāsa, 698 Kalittokai, 699 Kaniska, 700 Karaikkal Ammaiyar, 701 Karasuk culture, 701 Kaska, 702 Kassites, 702 Kautilya, 703 Kelteminar culture, 703 Kerma, 704 Khoikhoi, 706 Khoisan, 707 King's Peace, 708 Kitoi culture, 708 Kofun period, 709 Koguryŏ style, 710 Korea, 710 Kuruntokai, 713 Kushān Dynasty, 714 L La Florida pyramid, 715 La Tène culture, 715 Labarnas I, 716 Lactantius, Lucius Caelius Firmianus, 716 Langobards, 717 Laos, 718 Laozi, 719 Latin League and War, 720 Laurel culture, 720 Legalists, 721 Leo I (emperor), 722 Leo I, Saint, 722 Leonidas, 723 Leucippus, 724 Leuctra, Battle of, 724 Leyden plate, 725 Liangzhu culture, 725 Licinius, Valerius Licinianus, 726 Licinius Lucullus, Lucius, 726 Lima culture, 727 Linear B, 727 Ling Lun, 728 Liu Xie, 729 Liu Yiqing, 729 Livia Drusilla, 730 Livius Andronicus, Lucius, 730 Livy, 731 Locarno Beach, 731 Longinus, 732 Longshan culture, 732 Longus, 733 Lü Buwei, 733 Lu Ji, 734 Lucan, 735 Lucian, 735 Lucilius, Gaius (poet), 736 Lucilius, Gaius (satirist), 737 Lucretia, 737 Lucretius, 738 Luwians, 738 Lycia, 739 Lycurgus of Sparta, 740 Lydia, 741 Lysander of Sparta, 742 Lysias, 743 Lysimachus, 743 Lysippus, 744 M Maccabees, 745 Macedonia, 745 Macrobius, Aurelius Theodosius, 748 Madagascar, 749 Maecenas, Gaius, 750 Magna Graecia, 751 Magnesia ad Sipylum, Battle of, 753 Mahābhārata, 753 Mahābodhi temple, 754 Mahendravarman I, 755 Makouria, 756 Malalas, John, 757 Malay, 757 Mande, 758 Manichaeanism, 759 Manilius, Marcus, 760 Mantinea, Battles of, 760 Mao Shan revelations, 761 Marathon, Battle of, 762 Marcus Aurelius, 763 Marcus Aurelius's column, 764 Maritime Archaic, 764 Marius, Gaius, 765 Maroboduus, 765 Marpole phase, 766 Martial, 766 Mary, 767 Masada, Battle of, 768 Mauryan Dynasty, 769 Mausolus, 769 Maxentius, 770 Maximian, 770 Maya, 771 Mela, Pomponius, 775 Melanesia, 775 Meleager of Gadara, 777 Menander (Greco-Bactrian king), 778 Menander (playwright), 779 Mencius, 780 Menelaus of Alexandria, 780 Menippus of Gadara, 781 Merenptah, 781 Merovingian Dynasty, 782 Messallina, Valeria, 783 Messenian Wars, 784 Microblade tradition, Northwest, 784 Micronesia, 785 Midas, 787 Middle Woodland tradition, 787 Milan, Edict of, 789 Milinda-pañha, 790 Miltiades the Younger, 790 Milvian Bridge, Battle of, 791 Mimaji, 792 Mimnermus, 792 Minucius Felix, Marcus, 793 Mitanni, 794 Mithradates I, 795 Mithradates II, 795 Mithradates VI Eupator, 796 Mithrism, 797 Mixtecs, 798 Moabites, 800 Moche culture, 801 Mogollon culture, 802 Mon-Khmer, 803 Mongolia, 804 Monophysitism, 806 Montanism, 807 Monte Albán, 807 Montuhotep I, 809 Moschus of Syracuse, 809 Moses, 810 Mozi, 811 Muallaqāt, Al-, 811 Muhammad, 812 Mulanshi, 813 Mummius, Lucius, 814 Muwatallis, 814 Mycenae, palace of, 815 Myron, 817 N Naevius, Gnaeus, 818 Napata and Meroe, 818 Nārāyana, 821 Narrinai, 822 Narses (Byzantine military leader), 822 Narses (Sāsānian emperor), 823 Nasca culture, 824 Natufian culture, 825 Nātya-śāstra, 825 Nebuchadnezzar II, 826 Nefertiti, 827 Nemesianus, 828 Neolithic Age Europe, 828 Neoplatonism, 830 Nepos, Cornelius, 831 Nero, 831 Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, 832 Nestorius, 833 Nicaea, Council of, 833 Nicander of Colophon, 834 Nicias of Athens, 835 Nicolaus of Damascus, 835 Nicomachus of Gerasa, 836 Niger-Congo, 836 Nihon shoki, 838 Nilo-Saharans, 839 Nilotes, 840 Nine Saints, 841 Nintoku, 842 Nobatae, 842 Nok culture, 843 Nonnus of Panopolis, 844 Northern Wei Dynasty, 844 Norton tradition, 845 Nubia, 846 O Octavia, 849 Odoacer, 849 Ōjin Tennō, 850 Old Copper complex, 851 Olmecs, 851 Olympias, 854 Olympic Games, 855 Omotic peoples, 856 Oribasius, 856 Origen, 857 Orphism, 857 Ovid, 858 P Pachomius, Saint, 860 Pacuvius, Marcus, 860 Paeonius, 861 Pak Hyŏkkŏse, 861 Palenque, 862 Paleo-Indians in North America, 863 Paleo-Indians in South America, 864 Palermo stone, 865 Palladius, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus, 865 Pallava Dynasty, 866 Panaetius of Rhodes, 867 Pānini, 867 Pantheon, 868 Paripātal, 869 Parmenides, 869 Parthenon, 870 Parthia, 871 Pārvatī Devī temple, 873 Patinenkīlkkanakku, 873 Patirruppattu, 874 Patrick, Saint, 875 Paul, Saint, 875 Paulinus, Saint, 877 Paulinus of Nola, Saint, 877 Pausanias of Sparta, 878 Pausanias the Traveler, 878 Pelagianism, 879 Peloponnesian War, 880 Periander of Corinth, 881 Pericles, 881 Persia, 882 Persius Flaccus, Aulus, 886 Perunkatai, 887 Peter, Saint, 887 Petronius Arbiter, 889 Peyar, 890 Phaedrus, 890 Pharos of Alexandria, 891 Pharsalus, Battle of, 892 Phidias, 893 Philip II, 893 Philip V, 894 Philippi, Battle of, 895 Philistines, 895 Philo of Alexandria, 896 Philochorus, 897 Philodemus, 897 Philostratus, Flavius, 898 Phineas, 898 Phoenicia, 899 Phrygia, 902 Picts, 903 Pindar, 904 Pisistratus, 905 Pittacus of Mytilene, 905 Piye, 906 Plains peoples, 906 Plataea, Battle of, 908 Plateau peoples, 909 Plato, 910 Plautus, 911 Plebeian secession, 912 Pliny the Elder, 912 Pliny the Younger, 913 Plotinus, 914 Plutarch, 914 Polybius, 915 Polyclitus, 916 Polycrates of Samos, 916 Polygnotus, 917 Polynesia, 918 Pompeii and Herculaneum, 920 Pompey the Great, 921 Poppaea Sabina, 922 Porphyry, 923 Posidonius, 923 Poverty Point, 924 Poykai, 925 Praxiteles, 926 Pre-Socratic philosophers, 926 Priscian, 928 Priscillian, 928 Procopius, 929 Propertius, 929 Protagoras, 930 Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens, 931 Ptolemaic Dynasty, 931 Ptolemy, 933 Publilius Syrus, 933 Punic Wars, 934 Puranānūru, 935 Purānas, 936 Pūtān, 937 Pyramid of the Moon, 937 Pyramids and the Sphinx, 938 Pyrrhon of Elis, 939 Pythagoras, 940 Pytheas, 941 Pyu, 942 Q Qijia culture, 943 Qin Dynasty, 943 Qin tomb, 944 Qu Yuan, 945 Quinctilius Varus, Publius, 946 Quintilian, 946 Quintus Smyrnaeus, 947 Qurān, 947 R Radegunda, Saint, 949 Raimondi stone, 949 Rāmāyana, 950 Rameses II, 951 Rameses III, 952 Recuay, 953 Res Gestae Divi Augusti, 953 Rift Valley system, 954 Roman arch, 955 Roman Forum, 955 Rome, Imperial, 957 Rome, Prerepublican, 962 Rome, Republican, 964 Romulus and Remus, 969 Romulus Augustulus, 970 Rosetta stone, 971 Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, 972 S Sabina, Vibia, 973 Sacred Wars, 973 Saharan rock art, 974 Saint Mungo phase, 975 Saite Dynasty, 975 Salamis, Battle of, 976 Sallust, 977 Salvianus, 978 Samarran culture, 978 Sammu-ramat, 979 Samson, 980 Samuel, 981 Sappho, 982 Saracen conquest, 982 Sarduri I, 983 Sarduri II, 983 Sarduri III, 984 Sargon of Akkad, 984 Sargon II, 984 Sarmatians, 985 Sāsānian Empire, 986 Sātavāhana Dynasty, 987 Saul, 988 Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Auger), 988 Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Pontifex), 989 Scipio Aemilianus, 989 Scipio Africanus, 990 Scopas, 991 Scribonia, 991 Scylax of Caryanda, 992 Scythia, 993 Sea Peoples, 994 Second Sophistic, 995 Seleucid Dynasty, 995 Seleucus I, 997 Semonides, 998 Sempronia, 998 Seneca the Elder, 999 Seneca the Younger, 999 Sennacherib, 1000 Septuagint, 1001 Sesostris III, 1002 Seti I, 1002 Severus, Lucius Septimius, 1003 Severus, Sulpicius, 1004 Shabaka, 1004 Shang Dynasty, 1005 Shang Yang, 1006 Shāpūr I, 1007 Shāpūr II, 1007 Sheba, Queen of, 1008 Shi Huangdi, 1009 Shintō, 1010 Shōtoku Taishi, 1011 Shulgi, 1012 Sibylline Books, 1012 Sidonius Apollinaris, 1013 Silk Road, 1014 Sima Qian, 1015 Sima Xiangru, 1015 Simon Magus, 1016 Simonides, 1017 Six Dynasties, 1017 Slavs, 1018 Snefru, 1020 Social War, 1020 Socrates, 1021 Solomon, 1021 Solon, 1022 Sonota culture, 1023 Sophocles, 1024 Sophonisba of Numidia, 1025 Soranus of Ephesus, 1025 South America, southern, 1026 South American Intermediate Area, 1027 Southwest peoples, 1029 Spain, 1030 Spartacus, 1033 Speusippus, 1034 Sri Lanka, 1034 Srong-brtsan-sgam-po, 1036 Statius, Publius Papinius, 1037 Stesichorus, 1037 Stilicho, Flavius, 1038 Stonehenge, 1038 Strabo, 1040 Subarctic peoples, 1041 Śūdraka, 1042 Suebi, 1043 Suetonius, 1044 Sui Dynasty, 1044 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 1045 Sulpicia, 1045 Sumerians, 1046 Śunga Dynasty, 1047 Suppiluliumas I, 1048 Sūtras, 1048 Sūttanipāta, 1049 Sutton Hoo, 1050 Śyāmilaka, 1050 Sylvester I, Saint, 1051 Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, 1052 T Ta-Seti, 1053 Tacitus, 1053 Taharqa, 1054 Tai, 1055 Taizong, 1056 Tale of the Two Brothers, The, 1057 Taliesin, 1057 Talmud, 1058 Tang Dynasty, 1059 Tantras, 1060 Tao Hongjing, 1060 Tao Qian, 1061 Tarquins, 1062 Telipinus, 1062 Teotihuacán, 1063 Terence, 1065 Terpander of Lesbos, 1066 Tertullian, 1066 Teutoburg Forest, Battle of, 1067 Thapsus, Battle of, 1067 Themistius, 1068 Themistocles, 1068 Theocritus of Syracuse, 1069 Theoderic the Great, 1070 Theodora, 1070 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 1071 Theodosius of Alexandria, 1071 Theodosius the Great, 1072 Theodosius II, 1073 Theognis, 1074 Theophrastus, 1074 Thera, 1075 Thermopylae, Battle of, 1077 Theron of Acragas, 1077 Thespis, 1078 Thirty Tyrants, 1079 Thom's Creek, 1079 Three Kingdoms, 1080 Thucydides, 1080 Thutmose III, 1081 Tiberius, 1082 Tibet, 1083 Tibu, 1085 Tibullus, Albius, 1085 Tiglath-pileser III, 1086 Tigranes the Great, 1087 Tikal, 1087 Timoleon of Corinth, 1088 Tipitaka, 1089 Tiruttakkatevar, 1090 Tiruvalluvar, 1090 Tissa, Dēvānampiya, 1091 Titus, 1091 Tiwanaku, 1092 Tōlāmolittēvar, 1093 Tolkāppiyam, 1094 Totila, 1095 Trajan, 1095 Trajan's column, 1096 Triumvirate, 1097 Troy, 1098 Tullius Tiro, Marcus, 1100 Tutankhamen, 1101 Twelve Tables, The, 1102 Tyrtaeus, 1102 U Ubaid culture, 1104 Ulpian, 1104 Umar ibn al-Khattāb, 1105 Umayyad Dynasty, 1106 Upanisads, 1106 Ur-Namma, 1107 Urartu, 1108 Uthmān ibn Affān, 1109 Uxmal, 1109 V Vākātaka Dynasty, 1111 Valens, 1111 Valentinian I, 1112 Valentinian III, 1112 Valerian, 1113 Valerius Flaccus, Gaius, 1114 Valerius Maximus, 1114 Valerius Probus, Marcus, 1115 Vālmīki, 1115 Vandals, 1116 Vardhamāna, 1117 Varro, Marcus Terentius, 1118 Vasubandhu, 1118 Vātsyāyana, 1119 Vattagāmani, 1120 Vedas, 1120 Vedism, 1121 Vegetius Renatus, Flavius, 1123 Velleius Paterculus, Marcus, 1123 Vendae, 1124 Vercingetorix, 1124 Vergil, 1125 Verginia, 1127 Vespasian, 1127 Vietnam, 1128 Villanovan culture, 1129 Vindolanda tablets, 1130 Viśākhadatta, 1130 Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, 1131 W Wallia, 1132 Wang Bi, 1132 Wang Chong, 1133 Wang Xizhi, 1133 Wawat, 1134 Weiyang palace, 1135 Wendi, 1135 Wu Hou, 1136 Wudi, 1136 Wujing, 1137 X Xenophanes, 1139 Xenophon, 1139 Xerxes I, 1140 Xia Dynasty, 1141 Xiaowen Di, 1142 Xie He, 1142 Xie Lingyun, 1143 Xin Zhui's tomb, 1144 Xiongnu, 1144 Xuanzang, 1145 Xunzi, 1146 Xushen, 1146 Y Yam, 1148 Yamato court, 1148 Yan Liben, 1149 Yang Di, 1150 Yang Xiong, 1150 Yangshao culture, 1151 Yannai, 1151 Yayoi culture, 1152 Yose ben Yose, 1153 Yue, 1153 Yue ware, 1154 Yuezhi culture, 1155 Z Zama, Battle of, 1156 Zapotecs, 1156 Zealots, 1160 Zengzi, 1160 Zeno of Citium, 1161 Zeno of Elea, 1162 Zenobia, 1162 Zeus at Pergamum, Great Altar of, 1163 Zeuxis of Heraclea, 1163 Zhangdi, 1164 Zhiyi, 1164 Zhou Dynasty, 1165 Zhou style, 1166 Zhuangzi, 1166 Zhuge Liang, 1167 Zi Si, 1168 Znaga, 1168 Zoroaster, 1169 Zoroastrianism, 1170 Zoskales, 1171 Zurvanism, 1171 Time Line, 1173 Glossary, 1193 Geographical Guide to the Ancient World, 1199 Chronological List of Entries, 1208 Web Sites, 1223 Bibliography, 1229 Categorized List of Entries, III Personages Index, XV Subject Index, XXXI |
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