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Editor: Thomas J. Sienkewicz, Monmouth College ISBN: 978-0-89356-038-6 List Price: $341 November 2001 · 3 volumes · 1,343 pages · 8"x10" Editor's Choice, Booklist Encyclopedia of the Ancient World Index A Ab excessu divi Augusti (Tacitus), 678, 962, 1054 Ab urbe condita libre (Livy), 417, 731, 962 Abba Salama. See Frumentius, Saint Abbāsids, 178, 661, 1106 Abd al-Malik, 177-179, 456, 948 Abd al-Malik ibn Marwān. See Abd al-Malik Abd Allāh ibn al-Abbās, 178 Abd Allāh ibn az-Zubayr, 177-179 Abd Allāh ibn Sad ibn Abī Sarh, 179-180 Abhayagiri Vihāra, 1036, 1120 Abhidharmakoka (Vasubandhu), 1119 Abhijñānaśākuntala (Kālidāsa), 699 Abipón, 180 Aborigines, 320, 479, 483; education, 51 Abraha, 181 Abraham, 348 Absalom, 465 Abū al-Qāsim Muhammad ibn Abd Allāh. See Muhammad Abū Bakr, 179, 181-182, 216, 231, 270, 661, 948, 1105 Abu Simbel temple, 493, 951 Abū Tālib, 812 Abuna. See Frumentius, Saint Abydos temples, 1002 Abyssinia. See Ethiopia Abyssinian Church, 323 Accius, Lucius, 182 Achaean League, 182-183, 579, 814, 894, 915 Achaean War, 183 Achaeans, 761 Achaemenes, 183 Achaemenian Dynasty, 183-185, 244, 329, 459, 463, 739, 882, 1171 Achilleid (Statius), 1037 Achilles Painter, 185 Achilles Statius. See Achilles Tatius Achilles Tatius, 185-186 Acte, Claudia, 186 Actium, Battle of, 187, 211, 260, 317, 456, 835, 957, 966, 1097 Acts of the Apostles, 875 Ad Ecclesiam (Salvianus), 978 Ad edictum praetoris (Ulpian), 1104 Ad Sabinum (Ulpian), 1104 Adad-nirari II, 304 Adad-nirari III, 979 Adelphoe (Terence), 1065 Adena culture, 7, 187-188, 789 Adherbal, 690 Adminius, 450 Adnan, 268 Adrianople, Battle of, 188, 561, 1072, 1111 Advaita, 188-189, 550 Advaita Vedānta, 189, 1107 Adversus haereses (Saint Irenaeus), 413, 656 Aegean peoples, 243 Aegidius of Soissons, 538 Aegospotami, Battle of, 189-190, 573, 742 Aelius Seianus, Lucius. See Seianus, Lucius Aelius Ælle, 190, 488 Aelurus, Timothy, 806 Aemilius Aemilianus, Marcus, 1113 Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus, 187, 259, 317, 628, 895, 966, 1097 Aemilius Paullus, Lucius, 191, 378, 860, 915, 989 Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Lucius, 191 Aeneas, 191-192, 383, 473-474, 970 Aeneid (Vergil), 71, 191, 390, 473, 501, 750, 961, 1086, 1100, 1126 Aeschines, 192, 310, 974 Aeschylus, 70, 96, 133, 193-194, 288, 310, 517, 575, 616, 651, 1024, 1037 Aesculapius, cult of, 80 Aesop, 194 Aesop's Fables (collected by Phaedrus), 891 Æthelbert, 195 Æthelbert I of Kent, 316, 877 Æthelfrith of Northumbria, 488 Aethiopica (Heliodorus of Emesa), 582, 608 Aetius, Flavius, 314, 400, 1113 Aetolian League, 196, 579, 753, 894 Aezana. See Ezana Afanasievo culture, 196-197 Afar, 451 Afar Triangle, 954 Afrasans, 197-198, 451, 839 Africa, East, 198-200; animal husbandry, 4; Rift Valley system, 954 Africa, North, 201-203, 315, 339, 542; Afrasans, 197; agriculture, 3; art, 1085; Berbers, 342; Juba II of Mauretania, 688; languages, 66; Republican Rome, 690; Vandals, 1116; writing, 171 Africa, South, 198-200; dance, 93; Khoikhoi, 706; Khoisan, 707; rock art, 28 Africa, sub-Saharan; agriculture, 3; education, 51; medicine, 85; settlements, 128; social structure, 128; warfare, 159; weapons, 159 Africa, West, 203-206, 556; agriculture, 3; Nok culture, 843; religion, 111 Afroasiatics. See Afrasans Against the Christians (Porphyry), 923 Against the Galileans (Julian the Apostate), 693 Against the Stepmother (Antiphon), 257 Agamemnon, 583, 815 Agamemnōn (Aeschylus), 96 Agapetus, Saint, 207 Agariste, 207-208, 421 Agathias, 208 Agathon, 209 Agau. See Agaw Agaw, 209-210, 451, 508 Ageladas, 817, 916 Agesilaus II of Sparta, 210-211, 278, 440, 501, 574, 724, 742, 1139 Agew. See Agaw Agis II, 760 Agis III, 256 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 211, 540, 1054 Agriculture, 1-6; Amazonia, 236; Anasazi, 241; Arawak, 274; Britain, 357; Carthage, 384; China, 404, 725; Congo Basin Bantu, 333; Cushites, 451; East Africa, 198; Ethiopia, 510; France, 536; Germany, 556; Imperial Rome, 430, 865; Ireland, 653; Korea, 711; Maya, 772; Middle Eastern, 197, 451; Middle Woodland tradition, 788; Mycenaean Greece, 585; Niger-Congo, 837; Nilo-Saharans, 839; Nilotes, 840; North Africa, 202; Omotic peoples, 197, 856; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Republican Rome, 968; Shang Dynasty, 1005; Slavs, 1019; South Africa, 198; South Andes, 247; southern South America, 1026; Southwest peoples, 1029; Sumerians, 1046; Taino, 381; Tiwanaku, 1093; Zapotec, 1159 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 211-212, 268, 313, 690, 868, 946, 992, 1123 Agrippina Minor. See Agrippina the Younger Agrippina the Elder, 212-213, 258, 690 Agrippina the Younger, 186, 213, 257, 419, 441, 831, 922, 999 Aha, 846 Ahab, 213-214, 304, 500, 662, 675, 900 Ahasuerus. See Xerxes I Ahicchattrā, 21 Ahimsā, 619, 668, 1093, 1117 Ahmose I, 490, 638, 847 Ahura Mazda, 322, 797, 885, 1169-1170 Aias (Sophocles), 1024 Aidan (king of Dalriada), 430 Aidan, Saint, 214-215, 460 Ainkururnūru, 215 Ainu, 215-216 Āishah bint Abī Bakr, 179, 216-217, 813 Aitiōn (Callimachus of Cyrene), 374 Ajanta caves, 649 Ajātivāda, 550 Ājīvikas, 217-218, 563 Akam (internal) genre, 215, 218, 377, 699, 713, 869, 873, 1090 Akanānūru (Uruthirasanman), 218, 389 Akapana pyramid, 218-219, 247 Akhenaton, 15, 107, 117, 219-220, 251, 492, 703, 827, 1048, 1101 Akiba ben Joseph, 220 Akiva ben Joseph. See Akiba ben Joseph Akkadians, 14, 124, 220-221, 303, 325, 597, 984; language, 65 Akroteri, 1076 Aksum. See Axum Al-Hārith ibn Hilliza. See Hārith ibn Hilliza, al- Al-Husayn ibn Alī. See Husayn Al-Qādisīyah, Battle of. See Qādisīyah, Battle of, al- Al-Yamama, Battle of. See Yamama, Battle of, al- Alamanni. See Allemanni Alani, 221-222, 294, 401, 536, 1032, 1132 Alans. See Alani Alaric I, 222-223, 519, 564, 959, 1038 Alaric II, 223, 536 Alaska, 237, 281, 652 Alboin, 223-224 Alcaeus of Lesbos, 224, 905 Alcibiades of Athens, 210, 225, 421, 447, 517, 533, 742, 835, 880 Alcmaeon of Croton, 79 Alcman, 225-226 Alemanni. See Allemanni Alesia, Battle of, 226-227, 396, 431, 535, 547, 1125 Alēthēs Logos (Celsus), 393 Alēthōn diēgēmatōn (Lucian), 736 Aleutian tradition, 227-228 Aleuts, 281, 1041 Alexander I (Macedonian king), 283 Alexander I (son of Amyntas I), 745 Alexander III of Macedonia. See Alexander the Great Alexander IV, 256, 386, 747, 854 Alexander Jannaeus, 256 Alexander Polyhistor, Lucius Cornelius, 228, 637 Alexander the Great, 154, 228-229, 244, 255, 283, 289, 291, 294, 329, 399, 450, 456, 464, 469, 477, 491, 496, 503, 550, 635, 663, 666, 689, 739, 741, 744, 746, 819, 854, 884, 894, 903, 939, 997; after death of, 254, 290, 395, 456, 468, 470, 496, 795, 871, 931, 995; lieutenants, 386, 467, 472, 743; mother of, 386 Alexandria, Caracalla's rampage in, 380 Alexandrian library, 230, 262, 264, 286, 374, 467, 497, 505, 931, 1001, 1040 Alexandrian patriarchs, 231, 307, 457, 497, 806 Alexipharmaca (Nicander of Colophon), 834 Algonquian, 764 Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 178, 217, 231-232, 635, 661, 1106, 1109 Alice Boer site, 1026 AliKosh, 527 Alkaios. See Alcaeus of Lesbos Alkibiades. See Alcibiades of Athens Alkman. See Alcman Allectus, 437 Allemanni, 232, 425, 536, 555, 693, 1043 Alluwamnas, 1063 Almagest (Ptolemy), 933, 961 Alodia. See Alwa Alphabets; Canaanites, 376; Greek, 172; Phoenicia, 901 Altar de Sacrificios, 232-233 Altar of Peace. See Ara Pacis Altar Vase, 232 Ālvārs, 890, 925, 937 Alwa, 233, 756, 840, 843 Alyattes, 448, 741 Amaravātī school, 233-234 Amarna letters, 794 Amarna style, 15, 219 Amaru, 234 Amaruka. See Amaru Amaru-śataka (Amaru), 234 Amasis (pharaoh), 455 Amasis Painter, 235 Amaterasu Ōmikami, 160, 670, 680, 1010 Amazonia, 235-236; Archaic South American culture, 276 Amazons, 163 Amber Road, 146 Ambra Choluim Kille (Dallán), 460 Ambrose, 237, 315, 336, 413, 877, 928, 1052, 1072 Amenemhet I, 847 Amenhotep I, 8470 Amenhotep II, 1082 Amenhotep III, 703, 794 Amenhotep IV. See Akhenaton Amenophis IV. See Akhenaton American Paleo-Arctic tradition, 237-238, 784 Americas; settlements, 129; social structure, 129; transportation, 89 Ammianus Marcellinus, 238-239, 455 Ammunas, 1063 Amores (Ovid), 858 Amorites, 303, 325 Amos, 239, 689 Amphictyonic League, 466, 973 Amphipolis, 880, 893 Amr ibn al-Ās, 179, 230, 239, 982 Amr ibn al-Ās; Mosque, 239-240 Amr ibn Kulthūm, 811 Amun, 290, 820, 1101. See also Amun-Re Amun-Re, 847, 906 Amyntas I, 283, 745 Amyntas II, 289 An Lushan, 805, 1059 Anabasis of Alexander, The (Arrian), 294 Anacreon, 240, 917 Anakreon. See Anacreon Analects (Confucius). See Lunyu (Confucius) Ānanda, 240-241 Anasazi, 7, 241-242, 802, 1030 Anastasius I, 242, 928, 1050 Anātman, 471 Anatolia, 243-244, 623, 902; literature, 68 Anaxagoras, 517, 870, 910, 927 Anaximander, 118, 607, 926, 940 Anaximenes, 926 Andes, central, 244-246, 727; clothing, 43; food and drink, 42 Andes, south, 246-248 Andhra Dynasty. See S3tav3hana Dynasty Andhradesha school, 233, 248, 649, 987 Andocides, 248-249, 447 Andria (Terence), 1065 Andronovo culture, 249, 701 Anecdota (Procopius), 929 Aneirin, 250 Anekāntvādis, 668 Angkor, 543, 803 Angkor Wat, 27 Angles, 250-251 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 190 Anglo-Saxons, 316 Animal husbandry, 1-6; Cushites, 197; Ethiopia, 510; Germany, 556; Korea, 711; Macedonia, 747; Niger-Congo, 837; North Africa, 202; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Republican Rome, 968; Tiwanaku, 1093; Zapotec, 1159 Animals, for transportation, 87 Anittas, 623 Ankhesenamen, 251-252, 1101 Ankhesenpaaton. See Ankhesenamen Annaeus Cornutus, Lucius, 886 Annaeus Seneca, Lucius (c. 55 b.c.e.-c. 39 c.e.). See Seneca the Elder Annaeus Seneca, Lucius (c. 4 b.c.e.-65 c.e.). See Seneca the Younger Annales (Ennius), 501 Annales (Velleius Paterculus), 1123 Annia Galeria Faustina I. See Faustina I Annia Galeria Faustina II. See Faustina II Annius Milo, Titus, 425, 727 Antae, 252 Antalcidas, Peace of. See King's Peace Antara, 811 Anthemius, 1013, 1073 Anthemius of Tralles, 253, 594 Anthimus I, 207 Anthony of Egypt, Saint, 253-254, 860 Antigonē (Sophocles), 1024 Antigonid Dynasty, 254-255, 456, 468, 472, 747 Antigonus I Monophthalmos, 254, 386, 468, 472, 743, 995 Antigonus II Gonatas, 254, 273, 747, 897 Antigonus III Doson, 254, 894 Antiochus I Epiphanes, 996 Antiochus I Soter, 329, 996-997 Antiochus II, 996 Antiochus III. See Antiochus the Great Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 663, 678, 745, 872, 932 Antiochus VII, 872 Antiochus the Great, 196, 255, 291, 295, 329, 516, 529, 739, 741, 753, 872, 966, 991, 996 Antipater (Macedonian general), 255-256, 386, 472, 854 Antipater II. See Antipater of Idumaea Antipater of Idumaea, 256, 611 Antipater of Sidon, 260, 506, 777 Antiphon, 257 Antiquitates Judaicae (Josephus), 685 Antisthenes, 476, 1021 Antonia Major. See Antonia the Elder Antonia Minor. See Antonia the Younger Antonia the Elder, 257-258 Antonia the Younger, 258 Antonine constitution, 1104 Antoninus Pius, 258-259, 265, 525, 540, 593, 694, 763 Antonios. See Anthony of Egypt, Saint Antonius Hybrida, Gaius, 390 Antonius Liberalis; on Lycia, 739 Antonius Musa, 80 Antonius Pius, 959 Antony. See Anthony of Egypt, Saint Antony, Marc, 187, 257-260, 296, 313, 317, 360, 415, 418, 423, 456, 496, 542, 628, 750, 835, 849, 895, 957, 966, 1097, 1118, 1126 Anyang, 406, 541 Anyte of Tegea, 162, 260 Aoukar. See Ghana Apamea, Peace of, 255 Apedemak, 260-261, 820 Aper, Lucius, 476 Aphrodite of Knidos (Praxiteles), 926 Apirigraham, 668 Apocolcyntosis divi Claudii (Seneca the Younger), 1000 Apollinarianism, 399 Apollo, temple of, 466, 641 Apollo II (cave), 28, 206 Apollodorus of Artemita; on Menander (Greco-Bactrian king), 778 Apollodorus of Athens (artist), 261, 1163 Apollodorus of Athens (scholar), 261-262 Apollodorus of Damascus. See Apollodorus the Architect Apollodorus the Architect, 262, 1096 Apollonius of Alexander, 928 Apollonius of Perga, 263 Apollonius of Rhodes. See Apollonius Rhodius Apollonius of Tyana, 263-264, 898 Apollonius Rhodius, 264, 273, 809, 1114 Apologetics, Christian, 694 Apologeticus (Tertullian), 793 Apologia (Apuleius), 267 Apologists, Christian, 807 Appar, 265 Appian, 265-266, 628, 1033 Appian Way, 91, 266, 424, 959, 968 Appianos of Alexandria. See Appian Appianus. See Appian Apsines, 995 Apuleius, Lucius, 266-267, 287, 836 Apuleius, Philosophus Platonicus. See Apuleius, Lucius Aqhat epic, 267 Aqiba ben Joseph. See Akiba ben Joseph Aquatic tradition, 839-840 Aqueducts; Imperial Rome, 539, 961; Olmecs, 852; Republican Rome, 419 Aquitani, 552 Ara Pacis, 257-258, 268 Arab invasion; North Africa, 202 Arabia, 268-270, 659, 1095; literature, 68; science, 120; trade, 147; writing, 171 Arabic script, 171 Arakanese, 270-271 Aramaeans. See Arameans Aramaic script, 171 Arameans, 243, 271-272, 304, 624 Āranyakas, 66, 272-273, 1120 Aratus (poet), 273 Aratus of Sicyon, 182 Arausio, Battle of, 273-274 Arawak, 274-275, 381 Arbela, 303 Arbogast, 1072 Arcadius, 222, 514, 519, 1073 Arch, discovery of, 142 Archagatus, 80 Archaic North American culture, 275, 353, 486, 609 Archaic South American culture, 275-276 Archaic tradition, northern, 276-277, 851 Archelaus (Macedonian king), 283, 517, 746 Archelaus (philosopher), 651 Archidamian War, 277-278, 355, 835 Archidamus II of Sparta, 210, 277-278 Archidamus III of Sparta, 278-279 Archilochus of Paros, 279 Archimedes, 279-280, 285, 505, 617 Architecture; the Americas, 6-9; Athens, 641; Babylonia, 327; Byzantine Empire, 253, 367-368, 594; Chavín de Huántar, 245, 402; Chichén Itzá, 403; China, 1135; Classical Greece, 374, 596; Cobá, 427; Crete, 444; Dzibilchaltún, 484; East Asia, 9-13; El Tajín, 499; Ethiopia, 510; Etruscans, 512; Europe, 13-20; Hellenistic Greece, 891, 1163; Imperial Rome, 262, 268, 317, 530, 593, 764, 868, 961, 1097, 1131; India, 20-25, 755; Israel, 665; Japan, 671; Jeroboam I, 676; Kerma, 705; Koguryo, 710; La Florida pyramid, 715; Lima culture, 727; Maya, 771-772; Mediterranean, 13-20; Mixtecs, 799; Moche culture, 629; Mogollon culture, 802; Monte Albán, 808; Muslim, 239; Mycenaean Greece, 815; Niger-Congo, 837; Olmecs, 853; Palenque, 862; Pallava Dynasty, 866; Pharaonic Egypt, 493, 1020; Phoenicia, 900; Polynesia, 919; religious, 648; Republican Rome, 956, 969; South Africa, 28-31; Southeast Asia, 25-28; Teotihuacán, 1063; Uxmal, 1109; West Africa, 28-31; Zapotecs, 1158. See also Indian temple architecture Archytas of Tarentum, 280-281, 515 Arctic cultures, 697 Arctic Small Tool tradition, 281, 482, 845 Ardashīr I, 281-282, 295, 872, 884, 986, 1007 Aretaeus of Cappadocia, 282 Aretaiou Kappadokou ta Sozomena (Aretaeus of Cappadocia), 282 Argead Dynasty, 283 Argentina, 180 Argishti I, 283-284, 983, 1108 Argishti II, 416 Argonautica (Apollonius Rhodius), 264 Argonautica (Valerius Flaccus), 1114 Arianism, 207, 223, 284, 307, 336, 384, 399, 413, 426, 536, 541, 617, 717, 833-834, 1043, 1051, 1070, 1072 Ariovistus, 546 Aristagoras, 622, 652 Aristarchus of Samos, 285, 582 Aristarchus of Samothrace, 230, 261, 286, 581, 809 Aristides (sophist), 286-287, 995 Aristides of Athens, 287 Aristides of Miletus, 287-288 Aristides Quintilianus, 99 Aristides the Just. See Aristides of Athens Aristides Theodorus, Publius Aelius. See Aristides (Sophist) Aristocles. See Plato Aristogiton, 603 Aristophanes (comic poet), 70, 94, 134, 193, 288-289, 310, 422, 443, 517, 651, 1021; on Agathon, 209; on Crates of Athens, 443 Aristophanes of Byzantium, 230, 286 Aristotle, 69, 102, 119, 134, 193, 289-290, 310, 443, 467, 469, 910, 917, 941, 1034, 1074, 1139, 1164; on Agathon, 209; on Draco, 483; on Leucippus, 724; on Pittacus of Mytilene, 905; on Pre-Socratic philosophers, 926; on Zeno, 1162 Arithmētikē eisagōgē (Nicomachus), 836 Arius, 284, 413, 834 Ark of the Covenant, 323 Arkamani, 290 Arkhidamos son of Zeuxidamos. See Archidamus II of Sparta Arles, Council of, 1051 Armenia, 291-292, 296, 464, 823, 884, 1007, 1087 Armenian church, 292 Armies; Byzantine Empire, 367; Etruscan, 511; Imperial Rome, 959; Republican Rome, 765, 967 Armin. See Arminius Arminius, 292, 766, 1067 Arnuwandas III, 623 Arpad, 1086 Arqamani. See Arkamani Arria Major. See Arria the Elder Arria the Elder, 293-294 Arria the Younger, 293 Arrian, 294, 503; on Lycia, 739 Ars amatoria (Ovid), 858 Ars major (Donatus), 481 Ars minor (Donatus), 481 Ars poetica (Horace), 628 Arsaces, 871, 884 Arsaces II. See Artabanus I Arsaces IV. See Mithradates I Arsacid Dynasty, 294-295 Arshtivaiga. See Astyages Arsinoë, 743, 932 Art; Amarna style, 219, 1101; the Americas, 6-9; Archaic Greece, 235, 570; Australia, 320; Berbers, 342; Buddhist, 248, 364; California peoples, 372; Celts, 397; Chadic peoples, 398; Chavín de Huántar, 402, 949; Chichén Itzá, 403; Classical Greece, 185, 578; Cyclades, 453; East Asia, 9-13; Europe, 13-20; Fremont culture, 539; Funan, 543; Gandhāra, 23, 548, 714; Great Basin peoples, 567; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 582; India, 20-25, 233-248; Ipiutak, 653; Japan, 600, 672; Khoisan, 485; Lima culture, 727; Mathurā, 714; Maya, 725, 774; Mediterranean, 13-20; Melanesia, 776; Mixtecs, 800; Mycenaean Greece, 585; Moche culture, 801; Nasca culture, 246; Neolithic Age Europe, 830; Nok culture, 844; North Africa, 974; Old Kingdom, 975; Olmecs, 853; Pharaonic Egypt, 493; Phoenicia, 902; Republican Rome, 969; Scythia, 994; South Africa, 28-31, 200; Southeast Asia, 25-28; Sri Lanka, 1035; Thebes, 809; Vākātaka Dynasty, 1111; West Africa, 28-31, 205; Zapotecs, 1159 Artabanus I, 295-296, 795, 872 Artabanus II, 295-296 Artabanus III, 295-296 Artabanus IV, 295-296 Artabanus V, 281, 295-296, 872, 884 Artatarma I, 794 Artavasdes II of Armenia, 296, 1087 Artaxerxes I, 184, 522 Artaxerxes II, 184, 449, 575, 708, 742 Artaxerxes III, 184, 464 Artemis, temple of, at Ephesus, 296-297 Artemisia I, 297-298 Artemisia II, 298, 769 Arthaśāstra (Kautilya), 401, 703, 1119 Arthur, 250, 298-299 Āryabhata, 299 Āryabhata the Elder. See Āryabhata Āryabhatīya (Āryabhata), 299 Aryans, 126, 645; Indus Valley civilization, 651 Āryasanga. See Asanga Asa of Judah, 340 Asanga, 299-300, 1119 Asceticism, 677, 860, 928 Asclepiades, 777 Asclepius, cult of, 79, 577 Ashoka. See Aśoka Ashur, 303, 305 Ashur-Dan, 304 Ashur-bani-apli. See Ashurbanipal Ashur-uballit I, 303 Ashurbanipal, 243, 300-301, 305, 507, 591, 848, 984, 1054 Ashurnasirpal II, 304 Ashvaghosa, 301, 700 Asinaria (Plautus), 911 Aśoka, 22, 126, 217, 234, 248, 301-302, 362, 647-648, 700, 754, 769, 1035, 1089, 1091 Aspar, 722 Aspasia of Miletus, 302-303, 576 Assurakhidina. See Esarhaddon Assyria, 14, 243, 303-306, 452, 455, 507, 615, 657, 662, 686, 689, 787, 895, 979, 984, 1000, 1005, 1054, 1086; versus Armenia, 291; destruction of, 305; versus Urartu, 1108; warfare, 152; weapons, 152 Astādhyāyī (Pānini), 67, 867 Astronomica (Marcus Manilius), 760 Astronomy, 32; China, 38; Hellenistic Greece, 285, 620; India, 38, 299; Maya, 121; origin of, 115; Pharaonic Egypt, 492; Roman Egypt, 933 Astyages, 184, 306, 458 Asuka period, 671 Aśvaghosa. See Ashvaghosa Āśva1āyana, 307 Āśvalāyana Grhya Sūtra (Āśvalāyana), 307 Āśva1āyana Śrauta Sūtra (Āśva1āyana), 307 Atal-shen, 634 Ataulphus, 438, 562, 1132 Ateas, 993 Athanasius of Alexandria, Saint, 111, 231, 254, 284, 307-308, 413, 434, 541, 617, 835, 1004 Athapaskans, 276, 281, 482, 697, 1041 Atharvaveda, 82, 344, 1120-1121 Athenais. See Eudocia Athens, 190, 208, 308-310, 416, 440, 533, 568-569, 573, 739, 880, 893, 905, 1022; education, 55; literature, 69; versus Sparta, 973; theater, 95 Atlantis myth, 1076 Atlatl, 311 Ātman, 102, 112, 189, 343, 471, 1107, 1121-1122 Atomism, 468, 724, 927 Aton (object of worship), 219, 492, 1101 Atossa, 311-312 Atrahasis epic, 312 Atrebates, 431 Attalid Dynasty, 312-313, 516, 1163 Attalus I, 312, 516, 1163 Attalus II, 313 Attalus III, 313 Atthis (Philochorus), 897 Attic orators, 257, 469, 575, 656 Atticus, Titus Pomponius, 313-314, 424, 831 Attila, 314, 400, 536, 634, 722, 805 Auger. See Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Auger) Augusta. See Julia Domna Augustine of Canterbury, Saint, 195, 251, 316, 359, 413, 877 Augustine, Saint, 71, 110, 203, 223, 315-316, 384, 387, 413, 481, 617, 759, 879, 962, 1118; on Claudian, 418; on Epicurus, 504 Augustus, 132, 187, 211-213, 259, 268, 313, 317-318, 360, 388, 415, 456, 496, 543, 627, 637, 690, 730, 750, 765, 767, 849, 858, 868, 890, 895, 953, 956-957, 966, 991-992, 1013, 1067, 1082, 1097, 1118, 1123, 1126; arch, 955; biography, 835; literature, 731; model for Hadrian, 592; month, 35; North Africa, 202 Aurelian. See Aurelianus, Lucius Domitius Aurelianus, Lucius Domitius, 318, 476, 497, 515, 1013, 1162 Aurelius Augustinus. See Augustine, Saint Aurelius Severus Alexander, Marcus, 692, 995, 1105, 1113 Ausonius, Decimus Magnus, 318-319, 877 Australia, 319-322; oral literature, 72 Australopithecus afarensis, 508, 954 Australopithecus africanus, 508 Australopithecus boisei, 954 Austronesian, 757, 785 Auvaiyar, 935 Avars, 224, 1018 Avenue of the Dead, 937, 1063 Avesta (Zoroaster), 68, 113, 322, 885, 1170 Avianus, 891 Avidyā, 189 Avitus, Eparchius, 322-323, 1013 Axum, 323-324, 451, 508, 521, 541, 698, 841-842, 1171 Ay, 252, 1101 Ayurvedic medicine, 82, 700 B Bāla-carita (Bhāsa), 345 Baal, 267, 500, 675 Baasha of Israel, 340 Babylonia, 14, 303, 325-328, 458, 558, 663, 689, 826, 895, 1086; Assyrian destruction of, 305; commerce, 145; education, 53; Kassite occupation of, 702; laws, 58; science, 116 Babyloniaca (Iamblichus of Syria), 640 Bacchiadae, 457 Bacchylides, 328-329, 575, 616, 1037 Bactria, 329-330 Badarian culture, 494, 846 Badr, Battle of, 813, 1105 Baduila. See Totila Bagaos, 464 Bahr, al- (the sea). See Abd Al1āh ibn al-Abbās Bahrām I, 759 Bahrām II, 823 Bahrām III, 823 Bahrām VI, 884 Bakchai (Euripides), 518 Bakchylides. See Bacchylides Ba1ādhurī, 982 Balangoda culture, 1035 Ball game, Mesoamerican, 135, 330-331, 774, 799, 853, 1159 Ballana culture, 338, 843 Ban Biao, 331 Ban Chao, 331, 1164 Ban Gu, 331 Ban Kao culture, 758 Ban Mengjian. See Ban Gu Ban Zhao, 162, 331 Bāna, 331-332, 603 Bānabhatta. See Bāna Banpo, 406, 1151 Banpocun culture, 332 Bantu; BaTwa, 337; Chifumbaze culture, 403; Congo Basin, 198, 333-334, 836; Mashariki, 200, 333-335, 485 Bantu speakers, 198 Baopuzi. See Ge Hong Baopuzi (Ge Hong), 553 Baptae (Eupolis), 517 Baqt, 756 Bar Kokhba, 220, 335, 664 Bardiya, 463 Bards, 460, 1057 Barnabas, 876 Basil of Caesarea. See Basil of Cappadocia, Saint Basil of Cappadocia, Saint, 335-336, 413, 586, 860 Basil the Great. See Basil of Cappadocia, Saint Basketmaker II, 7, 241 Basketmaker III, 241 Basketry; Americas, 7; California peoples, 372 Bat Zabbai. See Zenobia Baths, Roman, 18 Bathsheba, 336, 465, 1021 Bathshua. See Bathsheba Batrachoi (Aristophanes), 193, 209, 288 Battle Ax people, 338 Battle Formation Against the Alans (Arrian), 294 Battle of Kadesh, The, 66 BaTwa, 337 Bavarians, 555 Beaker people, 338, 554, 653, 829, 1039 Bede, 190, 250, 340; on Æthelbert, 195; on Edwin, 488; on Picts, 903; on Saint Paulinus, 877 Bedriacum, Battle of, 533 Behistun inscription, 885 Bei Wei. See Northern Wei Dynasty Beja, 209, 338-339, 451, 820. See also Blemmyes Belgae, 552 Belisarius, 339, 366, 384, 717, 822, 929, 1095, 1116 Bellum Catilinae (Sallust), 977 Bellum Civile (Lucan), 735 Bellum Iugurthinum (Sallust), 977 Bellum Judaium (Josephus), 685 Ben-Hadad I, 213, 340 Benadad. See Ben-Hadad I Benedict Biscop, Saint, 340 Benedict of Nursia, Saint, 341, 387, 413, 860 Benedictine Rule, 341, 387 Benteshina, 814 Benue-Kwa, 838 Beowulf, 251 Berber script, 171 Berbers, 201, 342, 548, 758, 1168; ancestors of, 197 Beringia, 1041 Besant culture, 1023 Bethsabee. See Bathsheba Bhagavadajjukam (Mahendravarman I), 755 Bhagavadgītā, 67, 102, 154, 189, 343, 619, 754, 1107 Bhagwān. See Buddha Bhakti (devotional) genre, 343, 869 Bhakti Movement, 265, 701, 890 Bharata Muni, 344, 825 Bhāravi, 344-345 Bhartrhari, 345 Bhartrharinirveda (Harihari), 345 Bhāsa, 345-346, 1042 Bhattī kāvya (Bhartrhari), 345 Bhavabhūti, 346 Bhavavarman, 543 Bhoodath. See Pūtān Bhutam. See P ūtān Bianwang (Lu), 734 Bible; Greek, 1001; Hebrew, 348; Jewish, 68, 107, 267, 347-348, 461, 662, 666, 1058; New Testament, 70, 348-349, 412 Bidatsu, 1011 Big Wild Goose pagoda, 12, 1014, 1145 Bilqīs. See Sheba, Queen of Bio sophiston (Philostratus), 898 Biography, Imperial Rome, 831, 915, 1044 Bioi paralleloi (Plutarch), 915, 1033 Bion, 809 Bison hunting; Folsom technological complex, 531; Plains peoples, 907; Plateau peoples, 910; Sonota culture, 1023 Bithynia, 796 Black Pottery culture, 349, 732 Bleda, 314 Blemmyes, 338, 451, 659, 820, 843. See also Beja Block and tackle, 139 Boadicea. See Boudicca Bocchus I, 690, 1045 Bodhi tree, 361-362, 754, 1035, 1091 Bodhidharma, 350, 363 Bodhisattvas, 363 Boethius, 72, 350-351, 781, 836, 1070 Bon (Tibetan religion), 112, 363, 1084 Book burning, 721, 943, 1015, 1137 Book of Going Forth by Day, Coming Into Day. See Book of the Dead Book of Kells, 655 Book of Taliesin, The (Taliesin), 1057 Book of the Dead, 15, 66, 107, 351-352, 492 Borabodur (Buddhist monument), 27, 674 Boudicca, 164, 352-353, 397 Bow and arrow; California peoples, 372; Great Basin peoples, 567; Khoisan, 485; Marpole phase, 766 Boylston Street weir, 353 Braga, Council of, 929 Brahmā, 355, 619, 1122 Brahman, 102, 112, 189, 354, 471, 1049, 1107, 1121-1122 Brāhmanas, 66, 272, 354, 1049, 1120, 1122 Brahmanism, 354-355, 1122 Brahmāsūtras, 189 Brahmi script, 172 Brasidas of Sparta, 277, 355, 880 Brasidas son of Tellis. See Brasidas of Sparta Brazil, eastern, 356-357, 1026 Breviarum Alaricianum, 223 Brhadārasnyaka Upanisad, 189 Brhatkathā (Gunādhya), 365, 589, 887 Brhatkathāślokasamgraha (Budhasvāmin), 364 Brigantes, 385 Britain, 211, 298, 357-359, 1038, 1072; invasion of, 389, 431, 450, 533, 547, 1127; laws, 64 Britannicus, 832 Bronze, 143 Brundisium, Pact of, 849 Brutus, 313, 360, 388, 895, 966 Bubaline period, 29 Buddha, 240, 301, 360-362, 364, 471, 548, 550, 560, 603, 647, 668, 673-674, 700, 714, 754, 778, 1049, 1089, 1091, 1117 Buddhacarita (Ashvaghosa), 301 Buddhism, 49, 103, 241, 355, 360, 362-363, 389, 407, 432, 526, 550, 557, 599, 603, 632, 647, 671, 674, 709, 714, 729, 761, 792, 850, 1011, 1014, 1017, 1036, 1056, 1083, 1135, 1142-1143, 1145, 1149, 1164; Arakan, 271; architecture, 23; art, 12; Aśoka's conversion to, 302, 769; China, 112; Gupta Dynasty, 590; Hināyāna, 234, 362, 471, 1035, 1089, 1091; India, 113; Japan, 112; Kaniska, 700; Korea, 712; Mahāyāna, 234, 300-301, 362, 471, 700, 714, 1118-1120; Mon, 803; Pure Land, 632; Pyu, 942; Sātavāhana Dynasty, 987; social structures of India, 126; Śunga Dynasty, 1048; Tantras, 1060; Vietnam, 1129; Zen, 350 Buddhist cave temples, 12, 24, 364 Buddhist Council, Second, 1089 Buddhist Council, Third, 362, 1089 Buddhist Council, Fourth, 301, 714, 1089 Buddhist literature, 1049 Budhasvāmin, 364-365 Bugaku, 94 Building projects, 140 Bulgarian Empire, 1018 Burgundians, 535 Burial mounds; Adena culture, 7, 187; Ballana culture, 843; France, 537; Hopewell culture, 7; Japan, 600, 670, 709; Kerma, 705; Kofun period, 13; Koguryo, 710; Korea, 712; Laurel culture, 720; Middle Woodland tradition, 789; Nintoku, 842; Ōjin, 850; Plains peoples, 907 Burials, 46-50; Afanasievo culture, 196; Andronovo culture, 249; Anglo-Saxon, 1050; Axum, 324; Beaker people, 338; Celts, 397; China, 406, 945; Clovis technological complex, 426; Deptford culture, 471; Eastern peoples, 486; Egypt, 15, 939; Etruscans, 512; Finnic peoples, 529; France, 537; Hallstatt culture, 597; Helton phase, 609; Hyksos, 639; Indus Valley civilization, 651; Ireland, 653; Israel, 665; Karasuk culture, 701; Kerma, 1148; Kitoi culture, 708; Korea, 711; Laos, 26, 718; Lycia, 739; Maritime Archaic, 764; Maya, 772; Meroe, 820; Mixtecs, 799; Moche culture, 801; Mycenaean Greece, 585; Napata, 820; Natufian culture, 825; Neolithic Age Europe, 829; Persia, 885; Pharaonic Egypt, 840, 1002-1003; Phoenicia, 901; Plateau peoples, 909; Republican Rome, 955; San Agustín, 1028; Scythia, 993; Shang Dynasty, 10, 541; Slavs, 1019; Sonota clture, 1023; southern South America, 1027; Sri Lanka, 1035; Tibet, 1036; Tierradentro, 1028; Vietnam, 26; Zapotecs, 1158; Zhou Dynasty, 10 Burma, 942 Burnaburiash II, 703 Bushmen. See San Busta Gallorum, Battle of, 823 Butana, 549 Byblos, 900 Byzantine Empire, 207-208, 223, 339, 365-368, 437, 456, 593, 682, 684, 695, 747, 783, 806, 833, 1070, 1095; architecture, 19; art, 19; Lycia, 740 C C-Group, 847 Caecilius Metellus Celer, Quintus, 424 Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus, 183, 814 Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintus, 921, 1067 "Cædmon's Hymn," 71 Caelius Rufus, Marcus, 424 Caesar, Julius, 33, 59, 71, 80, 187, 226, 230, 256-257, 259, 317, 358, 360, 369-370, 382, 388-389, 391, 396, 415, 423, 425, 431, 442, 456, 496, 528, 535, 542, 546, 552, 579, 627-628, 691, 727, 743, 892, 895, 921, 933, 956-957, 966, 977, 998, 1040, 1043, 1045, 1067, 1097, 1118, 1123-1125; Juba I of Numidia, 687; Juba II of Mauretania, 687 Caesar Augustus. See Augustus Caesar Domitianus Augustus. See Domitian Caesarius of Arles, 538 Cahokia civilization, 37, 487 Cahuachi, 824 Cai Lun, 370 Cajamarca culture, 370-371 Calakmul, 158 Calendars, 31-39; Athenian, 577; Celts, 397; Jewish, 665; Maya, 772; Mixtecs, 799; Monte Albán, 808; Neolithic Age Europe, 830; Olmecs, 853; Pharaonic Egypt, 492; Phoenicia, 902; Roman Greece, 581; Zapotecs, 1159 California peoples, 371-372 Caligula, 212-213, 258, 268, 372-373, 419, 450, 730, 736, 849, 896, 957 Calima culture, 1028 Callaga. See Abipón Callias, Peace of, 184 Callicrates, 17, 373-374, 577, 641, 870 Callicratidas, 742 Calligraphy, 167, 1134 Callimachus of Cyrene, 273, 374, 581, 610, 777, 793 Callistratus, 249; on Scopas, 991 Calpurnius Piso, Gaius, 886 Calpurnius Siculus, Titus, 374-375 Cālukyas, 650, 755, 866 Cambodia. See Funan Cambyses I, 183 Cambyses II, 153, 184, 311, 455, 459, 463, 612, 882 Camel, Battle of, 178-179, 217 Camel period, 30 Camelids, domestication of, 276 Camels, 338 Camillus, Marcus Furius, 375 Campantar, 375-376 Canaanites, 376-377, 662; writing, 171 Cānakya. See Kautilya Candaules, 590 Candīshataka (Bāna), 332 Candra Gupta. See Chandragupta Maurya Cankam, 215, 218, 377, 389, 642, 699, 713, 822, 866, 869, 874, 935, 1090 Cannae, Battle of, 191, 377-378, 524, 601, 935, 1156 Cannibalism, 47, 242, 381; eastern Brazil, 357; Melanesia, 776 Canoes, 89; Polynesia, 919; Tai, 1056 Cao Cao, 378-379, 606, 1080, 1167 Cao Pei, 378-379 Cao Zhi, 379 Capella, Martianus, 379 Capsian tradition, 197 Caracalla, 295, 380, 497, 692, 1104; Edict of, 580 Caracalla, baths of, 18 Caractacus. See Caratacus Caraka, 82 Caraka-samhitā (Caraka), 700 Caratacus, 380, 386, 450 Carausius, 437 Carib, 274, 381 Caribbean, 381-382 Cariyā Pitaka, 673 Carnac, 13 Carolingian Dynasty, 783, 1124 Carrhae, Battle of, 382, 388, 442, 795, 872, 884 Carthage, 157, 191, 201, 315, 377, 379, 382-385, 454, 473, 478, 573, 601, 747, 814, 899, 965, 990, 1025, 1031, 1062, 1065, 1116, 1156; religion, 110; Council of, 481 Cartimandua, 380, 385-386, 397 Cārudata (Bhāsa), 346, 1043 Cascade phase, 909 Casimoiroid Indians, 381 Cassander, 386, 467-468, 472, 579, 743, 854 Cassian, 387, 978 Cassiodorus, 207, 387-388, 685 Cassius, 360, 388, 895, 966 Cassius Charea, 373 Cassius Dio. See Dio Cassius Cassius Dio Cocceianus. See Dio Cassius Cassivellaunus, 389, 431 Caste system; India, 61, 126, 354, 646, 1122; Tamil, 935 Çatal Hüyük, 243 Catalaunian Fields, Battle of. See Châlons, Battle of Çatalhüyük, 14 Cātanār, 389-390, 642 Cataphracts, 872 Cathemerinon (Prudentius), 931 Catilinarian Conspiracy, 390 Catiline, 390-391, 414, 442, 966, 977, 998 Cato the Censor, 79, 390-391, 501, 540, 552, 691, 831, 866, 901, 969 Cato the Elder. See Cato the Censor Cato the Younger, 360, 391-392, 966 Cato Uticensis. See Cato the Younger Catraeth, Battle of, 250 Cattle period, 29 Cattle, domestication of, 197, 839 Catullus, 71, 134, 374, 392-393, 424, 778, 831, 930, 969 Catullus, Gaius Valerius. See Catullus Catuvellauni, 389, 450 Cave paintings; Andes, 8; eastern Brazil, 356 Cayonu, 1 Celsus (philosopher), 393, 793 Celsus, Aulus Cornelius, 393-394 Celtiberians, 1031 Celts, 250, 394-398, 534, 546, 551, 554, 596, 715, 1124; Britain, 358; education, 52; Ireland, 654; religion, 113; Spain, 1031; transportation, 88; writing, 71 Cenkuttuvan, 642, 874 Census, Prerepublican Rome, 963 Cēra kings, 874 Cerro Blanco, 629, 801 Cettakāri. See Mahendravarman I Ceylon. See Sri Lanka Chadic peoples, 197, 398-399 Chaeronea, Battle of, 192, 228, 256, 310, 399, 469, 574, 662, 746, 893, 974 Chaga, 199 Chalcedon, Council of, 231, 399-400, 413, 722, 806, 833, 1071 Chaldean Chronicle of Nabonidus of Babylonia, 306 Chaldeans, 452 Châlons, Battle of, 400-401, 634 Champa, 543, 718 Chāndogya Upanisad, 188 Chandra Dynasty, 271 Chandragupta I, 589 Chandragupta II, 589, 648, 698, 1130 Chandragupta Maurya, 155, 301, 401, 647, 703, 769 Chang-ti. See Zhangdi Changqing. See Sima Xiangru Chares of Lindos, 429 Charibert, 410 Chariot, development of, 88 Charlemagne, 555 Charles culture, 975 Charles Martel, 536 Chauci, 440 Chavín de Huántar, 244, 247, 402, 801, 949; architecture, 9; technology, 141 Chen Dynasty, 1017 Chengziyai, 732 Chenla, 543, 803; art, 28 Chersiphron, 296 Cheruscans, 292 Cherusci, 766 Ch'i-chia culture. See Qijia culture Chibi, Battle of, 1080 Chichén Itzá, 330, 402-403, 774 Chifumbaze culture, 403 Chih-i. See Zhiyi Childebert, 410, 536 Childeric I, 425, 536, 538 Childeric III, 783 Chilperic, 410 Chimubegan, 630 Ch'in Dynasty. See Qin Dynasty China, 331, 404-407, 409; architecture, 9; art, 9; Buddhism in, 363-364; clothing, 44; commerce, 145; education, 53; families, 41; food and drink, 43; government, 62; influence on Malaya, 757; influence on Vietnam, 1128; literature, 67; medicine, 81; navigation, 90; religion, 112; roads, 92; science, 121; settlements, 128; social structure, 128; theater, 97; transportation, 88; unification of, 944; warfare, 155; weapons, 155; work, 44; writing, 167. See also specific dynasties Chinese lunar calendar, 38 Chinese zodiac, 39 Chlodovech. See Clovis (Frankish king) Chlodovic. See Clovis (Frankish king) Chlotar I, 223, 410, 536, 538, 783, 949 Chlotar II, 783 Cholula, 410-411 Choris culture, 845 Chorus Boy, The (Antiphon), 257 Choson chiefdom, 710 Chou Dynasty. See Zhou Dynasty Chramn, 410 Chremonidean War, 579 Christianity, 110, 411-414, 659, 797, 1007; Alexandria, 231, 457; Alwa, 233; Anglo-Saxons, 251; Arabia, 181, 269; architecture, 18; Armenia, 823; art, 18; Axum, 841; Berbers, 342; Britain, 214, 316, 340, 359, 488; conversion of Æthelbert, 195; conversion of Clement of Alexandria, 421; conversion of Clovis, 425, 783; conversion of Constantine the Great, 365, 436, 792, 959; conversion of Cyprian of Carthage, 454; conversion of Ezana, 323, 509, 521; conversion of Northumbrians, 877; conversion of Saint Augustine, 315; conversion of Saint Helena, 608; conversion of Saint Paul, 876; conversion of Simon Magus, 1016; conversion of Tertullian, 1066; conversion of Tiridates III, 291; Cyprus, 456; Eastern Roman Empire, 1072-1073; education, 56; Egypt, 497; France, 470; Germany, 555; Imperial Rome, 237, 253, 264, 284, 350, 565, 789, 793, 961, 1051; literature, 70; Lycia, 739; Macedonia, 747; music, 100; North Africa, 203; Nubia, 845; versus paganism, 393, 693; Roman Britain, 359; Scotland, 430; Spain, 1032 Christians, persecution of, 454, 476, 481, 546, 641, 726, 889, 959, 961 Chronica (Apollodorus of Athens), 262 Chronica (Severus), 1004 Chronicle of Nestor, 1019 Chronicon (Eusebius of Caesarea), 518 Chronographia (Malalas), 757 Chronology, 31-39 Chrysippus, 1161 Chu, 945 Chu-ko Liang. See Zhuge Liang Ch'ü P'ing. See Qu Yuan Ch'u Yuan. See Qu Yuan Chuang Chou. See Zhuangzi Chuang people of Kwangsi, 1055 Chuang-tzu. See Zhuangzi Chuci (Qu Yuan), 945 Chulla Vagga, 673 Chumash, 371 Chunqiu, 67, 104, 414, 1138 Church of the Holy Apostles, 437 Ciboney, 381 Cicero, 59, 71, 182, 259, 313, 315, 390-391, 414-416, 425, 442, 575, 580, 662, 738, 748, 867, 923, 933, 966, 989, 1100, 1161; on Clodia, 424 Cilappatikāram (Ilankō Atikal), 389, 642, 713 Cimbri, 273, 765 Cimmerians, 243, 416, 787, 903, 993 Cimon, 416-417, 502, 573, 651, 791 Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, 417 Circumnavigation of the Black Sea (Arrian), 294 Circus Maximus, 97, 963 Cissa, 190 Cities (Eupolis), 517 City-states; Archaic Greece, 569 Cittrakārapulli. See Mahendravarman I Cīvakacintāmani (Tiruttakkatevar), 1090 Civil law systems, 59 Civil war, Roman, 687 Claudian, 418, 519 Claudius I, 186, 213, 258, 293, 358, 380, 396, 418-419, 440, 450, 730, 739, 775, 783, 831, 957, 999, 1127 Claudius II, 318, 437 Claudius Atticus Herodes, Tiberius, 995 Claudius Caecus, Appius, 266, 419-420, 424, 523 Claudius Claudianus. See Claudian Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus, Appius, 1127 Claudius Drusus, Nero, 258, 765 Claudius Marcellus, Gaius, 849 Claudius Marcellus, Marcus, 690, 849, 992 Claudius Ptolemaeus. See Ptolemy (mathematician) Claudius Pulcher, Appius, 563 Cleanthes, 1161 Cleisthenes of Athens, 208, 309, 420-421, 573, 621 Cleisthenes of Sicyon, 207, 420-421 Clemens Romanus. See Clement I Clement, Saint. See Clement I Clement I, 421-422 Clement of Alexandria, 421, 896 Clement of Rome. See Clement I Cleombrotus, 210, 724, 878 Cleomenes, 420, 576, 621 Cleon of Athens, 134, 277, 288, 355, 422-423, 835, 861, 880 Cleopatra VII, 163, 187, 260, 296, 317, 369, 423-424, 456, 472, 496, 543, 835, 849, 931-932, 957, 966 Cleopatra Philopator. See Cleopatra VII Clientage system, 529 Cliff paintings, Chadic peoples, 398 Clinias (Kleinias), Son of. See Alcibiades of Athens Clodia, 424-425 Clodius Pulcher, Publius, 415, 424-425, 456, 542 Clodius Thrasea Paetus, Publius, 293 Clodomir, 410, 536 Clothing, 43 Clotilda, 425, 536 Clovis (Frankish king), 223, 410, 425-426, 538, 555, 562, 783; conversion to Christianity, 536 Clovis technological complex, 426-427, 485, 531, 788, 864, 909, 1029 Cobá, 402, 427-428 Cochabamha, 1092 Cochise culture, 7, 428, 802 Codex Iustinianus (Justinian I), 695-696, 1073 Codex Theodosiusianus (Theodosius II), 223, 1073 Codices, Mixtec, 800 Codommanus. See Darius III Coinage; Archaic Greece, 569; Arsacid Dynasty, 295; Axum, 324; Britain, 431; Celts, 397; Classical Greece, 576; Darius the Great, 464; Greco-Bactrian, 329; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 580; Lydia, 741 Cōlas, 866 Colaxis, 993 Colima culture, 8 Cologne Mani Codex, 759 Colombia, 1028 Colonies, Archaic Greece, 146, 308, 571, 751 Colosseum, 641. See also Flavian Amphitheater Colossus of Rhodes, 429 Columba, Saint, 430, 460, 903 Columcille. See Columba, Saint Columella, 430-431, 866 Comedy, Greek and Roman, 134 Comentarii de bello Gallico (Caesar), 369, 397, 552, 1040, 1043 Comentarii in Somnium Scipionis (Macrobius), 748 Comm. See Commius Commerce, 144-151 Commius, 431 Commodus, Lucius Aurelius, 135, 474, 525, 764, 959 Concrete, 142, 961 Concubinage, 161 Confessio (Saint Patrick), 875 Confessiones (Saint Augustine), 203, 316 Confucianism, 41, 67, 104, 112, 431-434, 482, 599, 631, 1017, 1056, 1132, 1138, 1146, 1168; versus Daoism, 719; Korea, 712; versus Legalism, 721; science, 122; state ideology, 1137; Vietnam, 1129; Wang Chong, 1133 Confucius, 10, 67, 103, 112, 129, 407, 414, 431, 434-435, 482, 719, 780, 1137, 1168 Conlationes (Cassian), 387 Constans I, 435, 437 Constantine, arch of, 955 Constantine the Great, 18, 110, 128, 284, 307, 349, 359, 365, 413, 435-437, 481, 497, 519, 538, 608, 659, 693, 716, 726, 770-771, 789, 791, 797, 834, 955, 959, 1032, 1051, 1100 Constantinople, 244, 365, 436-437, 928, 959, 1070 Constantinople, Council of, 284, 586 Constantinople, Third Council of, 413 Constantius I, 435, 437-438, 476, 546, 608 Constantius II, 238, 284, 435, 437-438, 541, 593, 617, 693, 1112 Constantius III, 437-438, 1112, 1132 Contra academics (Saint Augustine), 315 Contra Apionem (Josephus), 686 Contra Arianos (Athanasius of Alexander), 307 Contra Symachum (Prudentius), 931 Controversiae (Seneca the Elder), 999 Copán, 438, 499, 1064 Copper, North America, 143 Copper Belt, 439 Coptic Church, 231, 421 Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius, 439-440 Corded Ware culture, 554, 829 Corenlius Celsus, Aulus. See Celsus, Aulus Cornelius Corinth, 457, 573, 881, 1088; razing of, 183; religious festivals, 570 Corinthian War, 249, 440, 708 Corinthios I (Clement I), 422 Coriolanus, Gnaeus Marcius, 441 Cornelia, 441-442, 565 Cornelius Celsus, Aulus, 80 Cornelius Cinna, Lucius, 313 Cornelius Fronto, Marcus. See Fronto, Marcus Cornelius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus, Publius. See Scipio Aemilianus Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Publius. See Scipio Africanus Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, Publius, 563 Cornelius Sulla Felix, Lucius. See Sulla, Lucius Cornelius Coronea, Battle of, 974 Corpus Hippocraticum, 79 Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian I), 59, 695-696 Corupedium, Battle of, 743 Cosmas Indicopleustes, 698 Cosmogonic myths; Australia, 72, 479, 483; Babylonia, 328; Hinduism, 936; Indo-European, 1120; Korea, 712; Slavs, 1019; Tiwanaku, 219, 246 Cotton, domestication of, 276 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 369, 382, 388, 391, 415, 442, 727, 872, 884, 921, 966, 1033 Crates of Athens, 442-443 Crates the Cynic, 580, 1161 Cratinus, 442-443, 517 Cratylus, 910 Cremation, 49 Crete, 15, 443-447, 559, 583, 728, 1075; dance, 93-94; trade, 146; writing, 69, 167. See also Minoa Critias of Athens, 447-448, 910, 1079 Crocus Field, Battle of the, 974 Croesus, 244, 296, 448-449, 458, 466, 741 Croton, 751 Crucifixion, 411 Cuello, 771 Cūlamāni (Tōlāmolittēvar), 1093 Culdrevny, Battle of, 430 Cumae, 751 Cunaxa, Battle of, 184, 449 Cunctator. See Fabius Cuneiform, 65, 168 Cunimund, 224 Cunobelinus, 380, 449-450 Currency, Copper Belt, 439 Curtius Rufus, Quintus, 450, 826 Cushites, 197, 209, 334, 451-452, 485, 508; Divinity, 479; Eastern, 199; Omotic peoples, 856 Customs. See Daily life and customs Cyaxares, 452 Cyclades, 452-453, 1076; art, 16 Cycle (Agathias), 208 Cymbeline. See Cunobelinus Cynegetica (Nemesianus), 828 Cynicism, 476, 1161 Cynoscephalae, Battle of, 255, 453-454, 529, 579, 894 Cyprian of Carthage, Saint, 454 Cypriot script, 167 Cyprus, 455-456; writing, 167 Cypselus of Corinth, 457, 881 Cyril of Alexandria, Saint, 231, 457-458, 639, 806, 833, 1071 Cyrus the Great, 153-154, 183, 244, 306, 311, 329, 448, 458-459, 568, 612, 652, 663, 679, 741, 871, 882, 900, 1139 Cyrus the Younger, 184, 449, 742 D Da Xue, 1160 Dacian Wars, 480, 592, 1095-1096 Dagobert I, 536, 783 Daian-Ashur, 983 Daily life and customs, 40-46; Scythia, 993; Zapotecs, 1158 Daiva inscription, 885 Dāksīputra Pānini. See Panini Dallán Forgaill, 460 Dalton tradition, 460-461 Damascus document, 461, 466 Damo. See Bodhidharma Dance, 93; India, 344; Melanesia, 776 Dandin, 461-462 Dao An, 632 Dao De Jing (Laozi), 68, 105, 407, 462, 719, 1132, 1143 Daoism, 10, 68, 105, 112, 407, 432, 462-463, 553, 607, 630, 719, 729, 761, 1017, 1060, 1132; Korea, 712; science, 122; Vietnam, 1129 Dapenkeng culture, 405 Daphnis and Chloe (Longus), 733 Dardanus, Treaty of, 797 Darius I. See Darius the Great Darius II, 184, 449 Darius III, 154, 184, 229, 450, 464, 550, 564, 574, 666, 884 Darius the Great, 153-154, 184, 244, 291, 311, 329, 463-464, 568, 573, 612, 622, 762, 791, 871, 882, 976, 992-993, 1140, 1170 Dark Ages of Greece, 308 Darśanas, 1049 Daruma. See Bodhidharma Daśakumāracarita (Dandin), 461 Dashabhūmikashastra (Vasubandhu), 1119 Dashavatara temple, 649 Datang Xiyouji (Xuanzang), 1014, 1145 David, 272, 336, 465, 662, 800, 981, 988, 1021 Daxi culture, 405 De aedificiis (Procopius). See Peri Ktismaton (Procopius) De agricultura (Cato the Censor), 79, 391 De agricultura (Columella), 430 De aquis urbis Romae (Frontinus), 540 De arboribus (Columella), 430 De architectura (Vitruvius Pollio), 1131 De bellis (Procopius). See Polemon (Procopius) De bello Getico (Claudian), 418 De bello Gildonico (Claudian), 418 De chorographia (Pomponius Mela), 775 De civitate Dei (Saint Augustine), 203, 223, 316 De consolatione philosophize (Boethius), 71, 350 De gubernatione Dei (Salvianus), 978 De incarnatione domini contra Nestorium (Cassian), 387 De incarnatione Verbi Dei (Athanasius of Alexander), 307 De institutis coenobiorum (Cassian), 387 De medicina (Celsus), 394 De mortibus persecutorum (Lactantius), 717 De musica (Aristides Quintilianus), 99 De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii (Martianus Capella), 379 De officiis (Cicero), 867 De origine et situ Germanorum (Tacitus), 529, 962, 1054 De poetica (Aristotle), 134, 193, 209, 443, 917 De providentia, 736 De re militari (Vegetius Renatus), 1123 De re rustica (Varro), 1118 De redito suo (Namatianus), 972 De Republica (Cicero), 748 De rerum natura (Lucretius), 71, 738 De Trinitate (Saint Augustine), 316 De viris illustrious (Nepos), 831 De viris illustrious urbis Romeo (Suetonius), 1044 De vita Caesarum (Suetonius), 1044 De vita Julii Agricolae (Tacitus), 1054 Dead Sea Scrolls, 171, 411, 461, 465-466, 507, 666, 689, 1002 Death, 46-50; Pharaonic Egypt, 352 Debt slavery, Archaic Greece, 905, 1022 Decimus Junius Juvenalis. See Juvenal Decius, 454, 857 Delia (Tibullus), 1085 Delian League, 244, 287, 310, 416, 453, 569, 573, 870, 881, 884 Delilah, 980 Delphi, 448, 466-467, 570, 575 Demes (Eupolis), 517 Demeter, 499, 576 Demetrius, 297, 329 Demetrius II, 254, 795 Demetrius of Pharos, 191 Demetrius Phalereus, 230, 467-468, 579, 779 Demetrius Poliorcetes, 254, 386, 429, 456, 467-468, 472, 579, 743, 995 Democracy, 58, 310, 420 Democritus, 468-469, 503, 724, 927 Democritus of Abdera. See Democritus Demosthenes (Athenian general), 422, 835, 861, 880 Demosthenes (orator), 192, 310, 469-470, 575, 656, 662 Demotic script, 492 Denali complex, 238, 784 Denis, Saint, 470, 536 Deptford culture, 470-471 Desert culture, 6 Devī Māhātmya, 1060 Devotion (Hinduism), 619 Dhammapada, 471-472, 1089 Dharma, 62, 302, 354, 471, 1089 Dharmapada. See Dhammapada Dharmar ājika Stupa, 23 Dhātusena, 1036 Dhu Nuwas, 509, 698 Diadochi, 472-473, 578, 743, 995, 997 Diadumenus (Polyclitus), 916 Dialogi (Severus), 1004 Dialogue of a Man with His Soul, The, 66 Dialogue with Trypho (Saint Justin Martyr), 694 Dialogues (Gregory the Great), 341, 587 Diao Weiwudi Wen (Lu), 734 Diarmit, 430 Dice, 137 Dido, 191, 383, 473-474, 1025 Digesta (Justinian I), 367, 695-696, 1105 Dikran. See Tigranes the Great Dināga, 1119 Dingo, 319 Dio Cassius, 474, 582, 611; on Arria the Elder, 293; on Faustina II, 525; on Ulpian, 1105 Dio Chrysostom, 475, 582, 995 Dio Cocceianus of Prusa. See Dio Chrysostom Diocles. See Diocletian Diocles of Carystus, 475-476 Diocletian, 128, 338, 365, 435, 437, 476, 481, 497, 546, 716, 742, 759, 770, 791, 923, 959, 1051, 1113 Diodorus Siculus, 290, 826 Diodotus I, 329 Diogenes Laertius; on Diogenes of Sinope, 477; on Menippus of Gadara, 781; on Parmenides, 869; on Pyrrhon of Elis, 940; on Zeno of Citium, 1161 Diogenes of Sinope, 476-478, 580 Diogenes the Cynic. See Diogenes of Sinope Diogenianus of Heraclea, 615 Dion, 478, 575 Dionysia festival, 95, 132, 288, 442, 517, 575-576, 1024, 1078 Dionysiaca (Nonnus of Panopolis), 844 Dionysius, Saint. See Denis, Saint Dionysius, Theater of, 584 Dionysius I the Elder of Syracuse, 478, 575, 751, 910 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 920, 1012 Dionysius the Younger, 478-479, 575, 1088 Diophysites, 756 Dioscorus, 806, 1071 Discobolos (Myron), 817 Discource on Kingship (Dio Chrysostom), 475 Diuktai culture, 238, 784 Divinae institutions (Lactantius), 716 Divinity, 479, 820; Nilo-Saharans, 839 Divorce, 161 Djanggawul cycle, 479-480 Djer, 846 Djoser, 15, 75, 489, 642 Dobunni, 380 Doctrine of the Mean, 1168 Dōgu, 13 Dolmen, Korea, 711 Domitian, 211, 422, 475, 480, 503, 530, 592, 684, 767, 832, 946, 957, 1037, 1092, 1095, 1114, 1127 Domitius Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus, 213, 257, 543, 831 Domitius Ahenobarbus, Lucius, 257 Domitius Corbulo, Gnaeus. See Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius Donatism, 316, 480-481 Donatus (religious leader), 480 Donatus, Aelius, 481, 676, 928 Dong Son; architecture, 25; art, 25 Dong Zhongshu, 482, 1133, 1137 Donkey, domestication of, 197 Dorians, invasion of, 444, 584 Dorset culture, 281 Dorset phase, 482 Doryphorus (Polyclitus), 916 Draco, 309, 483 Drama, 95; Athens, 442-443, 517; Classical Greece, 132, 209, 517, 651, 1024, 1078; Hellenistic Greece, 582, 779; Imperial Rome, 818, 911, 933, 999, 1065; Japan, 557, 792 Dravida style, 650 Dravidians, 154, 645 Dream of the Rood, 71 Dreaming, 72, 320, 480, 483. See also Dreamtime Dreamtime, 319, 479. See also Dreaming Druids, 48, 52, 113, 358, 397, 536, 1124 Drum cultures; Pyu, 942 Drusus, Julius Caesar, 258 Drusus the Younger. See Drusus, Julius Caesar Dunhuang, 364, 1014 Durga. See Kali Dutthagāmanī, 1035 Dvaravati, 803 Dyskolos (Menander), 779 Dzibilchaltún, 484, 771 E Eadwine. See Edwin Earthworks, Poverty Point, 924 East Asia; agriculture, 4; animal husbandry, 4; settlements, 128; social structure, 128 East Wenatchee site, 909 Eastern African Microlithic peoples, 485. See also Khoisan Eastern Han Dynasty, 1146 Eastern Jin Dynasty, 587, 729, 1017, 1061 Eastern peoples, 485-488 Eastern Zhou, 1165 Ebers papyrus, 76 Ecclesiastical History (John of Ephesus), 233, 756 Eclogues (Calpurnius Siculus), 374 Eclogues (Vergil), 374, 1126 Economics; Afanasievo culture, 196; Archaic Greece, 571; Assyria, 305; Babylonia, 327; Byzantine Empire, 368; France, 536; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 580; Imperial Rome, 592; Israel, 664; Macedonia, 747; Mixtecs, 799; Neolithic Age Europe, 829; Phoenicia, 900; Republican Rome, 968; Seleucid Dynasty, 997 Education, 51-57; Classical Greece, 576; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 580; Israel, 666; Korea, 712; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Pyu, 942; women, 162 Edwin, 488, 877 Edwin Smith papyrus, 76 Egypt, 201; agriculture, 1; animal husbandry, 1; architecture, 14; art, 14; calendar, 33; clothing, 43; education, 52; government, 61; laws, 61; medicine, 75; Muslim conquest of, 982; performing arts, 92; Pharaonic, 488-493, 520, 697, 705, 810, 1005, 1134; Prepharaonic, 494-495, 549, 846, 1053; Ptolemaic, 40, 496-499, 579, 819; religion, 107; Roman, 496-499; science, 116; settlements, 128; social structure, 128; sports, 136; trade, 148; Twenty-fifth Dynasty, 818; warfare, 151; weapons, 151; writing, 169 Egyptians, ancestors of, 197 Eighteenth Dynasty, 1081 Eightfold Path, 103, 113, 362, 647 Eirēnē (Aristophanes), 288 El Tajín, 499 Elagabalus, 692 Elamites, 325, 703, 984 Elara, 1035 Eleatic school, 1162 Elegabalus, 1105 Elegies (Propertius), 929 Ēlektra (Sophocles), 1024 Eleusinian mysteries, 109, 499-500, 576, 593 Elia. See Elijah Elias. See Elijah Elijah, 214, 500-501, 689 Elissa. See Dido Eliyyahu. See Elijah Ella Amida IV, 841 Ella Asbeha. See Kaleb Ellēnika (Xenophon), 575, 1140 Ellesbaan. See Kaleb Empedocles, 79, 559, 870, 910, 927 Enchiridion (Arrian), 294, 503 Enchiridion harmonikēs (Nicomachus), 836 Enneads (Plotinus), 914, 923 Ennius, Quintus, 391, 501, 540, 860, 969 Entertainment, 44, 130-138; Imperial Rome, 961; Melanesia, 777 Enuma Elish, 65 Epaminondas, 278, 501-502, 574, 724, 761 Ephesus, Council of, 457, 833, 1071 Ephialtes of Athens, 310, 417, 502, 573 Epi-Olmec script, 168 Epictetus, 294, 503, 962, 1161 Epicureans, 580, 592, 897, 1161 Epicurus, 469, 503-504, 724, 738, 897 Epigrammaton liber (Martial), 766 Epigrams; Byzantine Empire, 208; Classical Greece, 260; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 777; Imperial Rome, 766 Epikouros. See Epicurus Epiktetos. See Epictetus Epinikia (Pindar), 575 Epistulae (Pliny the Younger), 913, 1044 Epistulae ex Ponto (Ovid), 859 Epitadas, 861 Epitrepontes (Menander), 779 Epodes (Horace), 627, 750 Erasistratus, 504-505, 582 Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 505-506, 581-582, 1040 Erechtheum, 17, 309, 577 Erga kai Emerai (Hesiod), 78, 614, 1126 Ergamenes. See Arkamani Erinna, 162, 506 Erishum, 243 Erlitou culture, 1141 Esarhaddon, 300, 305, 506-507, 848, 900, 1054 Eskimos, 281, 1041 Espositio sermonum antiquorum (Fabius Planciades Fulgentius), 542 Essenes, 461, 465, 507, 666, 689 Esther, 1140 Ethelbert. See Æthelbert Ethica Nicomachea (Aristotle), 575 Ethika (Plutarch), 915 Ethiopia, 323, 508-510, 521, 608; Cushites, 451; Omotic peoples, 856; Queen of Sheba, 1008; religion, 111; writing, 172 Ethiopic script, 172 Etowah, 487 Etruscan script, 172 Etruscans, 510-513, 965, 1062 Ettūtokai, 215, 377, 699, 713, 869, 874 Etymologiae (Isidore of Spain), 658 Euboicus (Dio Chrysostom), 475 Euclid, 119, 280, 513-515, 582, 613, 639 Euclides, 1021 Eucratides, 329 Eudocia, 514 Eudokia. See Eudocia Eudoxia, Aelia, 514-515, 682 Eudoxia the Elder. See Eudoxia, Aelia Eudoxia the Younger, 1073 Eudoxus, 273, 515, 1040 Eugenius, Flavius, 1072 Eumenes I, 312 Eumenes II, 313, 516, 1163 Eunomia (Tyrtaeus), 1102 Eunouchus (Terence), 1065 Eupalinus of Megara, 516 Eupolis, 443, 517 Euripides, 70, 96, 133, 193, 288, 310, 501, 517-518, 571, 575, 746, 1024, 1037 Europe; agriculture, 2; animal husbandry, 2 Eurymedon, Battle of, 569 Eusebius Hieronymus. See Jerome, Saint Eusebius of Caesarea, 228, 422, 436, 518-519, 790, 855, 962; on Olympic Games, 131 Euthydemus, 295, 329 Eutropius, 418, 514, 519 Eutyches of Constantinople, 399, 806 Eutychius, 594 Evagoras I, 455 Events After Alexander (Arrian), 294 Examination system, China, 62, 1137 Exile, Jewish, 461, 521, 663, 676, 689 Exodus, 520, 688, 800, 810 Expositio continentiae Virgilianae secundum philosophos moralis (Fabius Planciades Fulgentius), 542 Ezana, 233, 323, 509, 521, 541, 756, 821; conversion to Christianity, 1009. See Ezana Ezekiel, 521-522, 666 Ezra, 522, 663, 689 F Fa Ngum, 718 Fabius, 384, 523, 965 Fabius Furius Planciades Fulgentius. See Fulgentius, Fabius Planciades Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 157, 419, 523-524 Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Quintas. See Fabius Maximum, Quintas Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quintus. See Fabius Fabius Pictor, Quintus, 524 Fables, 194 Fa-hsien. See Faxian Fajia. See Legalists Falasha, 209 Fan Shih-man, 543 Faruk, al-. See Umar ibn al-Khattāb Fasti (Ovid), 858 Fātima, 231, 635 Fatorum et dictorum memorabilium libri ix (Valerius Maximus), 1114 Faustina I, 525 Faustina II, 525-526 Faustina the Elder. See Faustina I Faustina the Younger. See Faustina II Faxian, 526, 590, 754, 1014 Fayum, 494 Fell's cave, 1026 Feng, Dowager Empress, 1142 Fertile Crescent, 1, 526-528 Feudalism, 3 Fiction, Imperial Rome, 287 Figulus, Publius Nigidius, 528 Fiji, 776 Filial piety, 1160 Finland, 528 Finnic peoples, 528-529 Firmicus Maternus, Julius, 760 First Apology (Saint Justin Martyr), 694 First Dynasty, 846 Fish weir, Saint Mungo phase, 975 Fishing; American Paleo-Arctic tradition, 238; Kitoi culture, 708; Middle Woodland tradition, 788; northern Archaic tradition, 276; Polynesia, 919; Subarctic peoples, 1042 Five Classics. See Wujing Five Mile Rapids, 909 Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 454, 529-530, 579 Flavian Amphitheater, 18, 530-531, 766, 1092, 1127 Flavian Dynasty, 533, 957 Flavius Arrianus. See Arrian Flavius Claudius Julianus. See Julian the Apostate Flavius Gratianus. See Gratian Flavius Julius Constans. See Constans I Flavius Momyllus Romulus Augustus. See Romulus Augustulus Flavius Placidius Valentinianus. See Valentinian III Flavius Valentinianus. See Valentinian I Flavius Valerius Constantinus. See Constantine the Great Fo Guo Ji (Faxian), 526 Folsom technological complex, 531-532, 1029 Food and drink, 41 Fortunatus, Venantius, 532 Four Emperors, Year of the, 532-533, 957, 1127 Four Hundred, 447, 533-534 Four Noble Truths, 103, 361-362 France, 534-537 Frankincense Trail, 148 Franks, 223, 401, 410, 425, 534, 537-539, 555, 693, 782, 978, 1032, 1124 Fremont culture, 539, 567 Fritigern, 188 Frontinus, Sextus Julius, 539-540, 637 Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, 265, 540 Frumentius, Saint, 111, 323, 509, 521, 541 Fu (genre), 734, 1015, 1061 Fu Hao's tomb, 541-542 Fulgentius, Fabius Planciades, 542 Fulgentius the Mythographer. See Fulgentius, Fabius Planciades Fulvia, 542-543, 849 Fulvius Nobilior, Marcus, 501 Funan, 543-544, 718, 803 G Gaiseric, 384, 1116 Gaius (law teacher), 959 Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus. See Diocletian Gaius Caesar Germanicus. See Caligula Gaius Cassius Longinus. See Cassius Gaius Iulius Phaeder. See Phaedrus Gaius Octavius. See Augustus Gaius Petronius Arbiter. See Petronius Arbiter Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus. See Pliny the Younger Gaius Plinius Secundus. See Pliny the Elder Gaius Sollius Apollinaris Sidonius. See Sidonius Apollinaris Gaius Suetonius Tranquillius. See Suetonius Galba, Servius Sulpicus, 533, 946 Galen, 71, 79, 475, 505, 545, 692, 961, 1026 Galen of Pergamum. See Galen Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Gaius, 476, 497, 546, 726, 770-771, 789 Galla Placidia, 438, 1132 Galli, 552 Gallic Wars, 369, 546-547 Gallienus, 547-548, 1113 Gallus, 1086 Gambling, India, 137 Games; China, 136; Europe, 137; India, 137; Mesoamerican, 135; North America, 135 Gandhāra art. See Art; Gandhāra Ganesha, 620 Gaozong, 1136, 1149 Gaozu, 1056, 1059 Garamantes, 548-549 Garamantis. See Garamantes Gārgi Samhitā, 778 Gash civilization, 549-550 Gaudapāda, 550 Gaugamela, Battle of, 229, 550-551, 574, 667 Gauls, 226, 292, 322, 359, 375, 396, 431, 534, 551-552, 555, 562, 965, 1038, 1116, 1132, 1163 Gaumata, 463 Ge Hong, 553, 1060 Ge Xuan, 553 Gebel Barkal, 846 Geez, 324, 510 Gelasius I, 413 Gellius, Aulus, 553, 637, 891 Gelon of Syracuse, 554, 573, 616, 1077 Genealogia (Hecataeus of Miletus), 607 Genghis Khan, 805 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 298 Geoglyphs, 9; Nasca culture, 246, 824 Geōgraphica (Strabo), 445, 992, 1040 Geography; Hellenistic Greece, 941; Imperial Rome, 775, 1040 Geometry, creation of, 115 Georgics (Vergil), 614, 750, 1126 Gepids, 224, 401 Germanic tribes, 232, 359, 537, 561, 717, 765, 1113, 1116; art, 19; religion, 110 Germanicus. See Julius Caesar, Germanicus Germanicus, Nero Claudius Drusus. See Julius Caesar, Germanicus Germany, 440, 536, 554-556, 1112, 1124; literature, 71 Gerzean. See Naqadah II Geta, Publius Septimius, 380, 692 Getica (Jordanes), 685 Ghana, 205, 556-557, 840; trade, 147 Gigaku, 557, 792 Gikuyu. See Kikuyu Gildo, 1038 Gilgamesh epic, 65, 312, 328, 557-558 Gladiatorial competitions, 135, 592, 961, 1033; Etruscans, 512; Imperial Rome, 530 Glazkovo culture, 708 Glenrose cannery site, 975 Globular Amphora culture, 829 Gnam-ri srong-brtsan, 1084 GNiya'-khri, 1084 Gnosticism, 558-559 Gnya'-khri brtsan-po. See GNiya'-khri Gold; Beja, 338; Egypt, 338 Goliath, 465 Gongsun Shu, 588 Gongwang (Muwang's son), 407 Gongwang (third Zhou king), 406 Gordian, 884 Gordius, 903 Gorgias, 209, 559, 661 Gorgias (Plato), 559 Gortyn, law code of, 444-445, 559-560, 576 Gośāla Makkhali. See Gośāla Maskarīputra Gośāla Mankhaliputto. See Gośāla Maskarīputra Gośāla Maskarīputra, 217, 560, 1117 Gothic Wars, 563, 717, 929 Goths, 456, 555, 561-563, 685, 849, 985, 1100, 1111; Arianism, 284. See also Ostrogoths Government, 57-64; Archaic Greece, 570; Athens, 309, 420, 423; Axum, 324; Babylonia, 326; Byzantine Empire, 367; Carthage, 385; China, 721, 811, 1056; Classical Greece, 576; Confucianism, 433; Congo Basin Bantu, 334; Etruscans, 511; France, 536; Germany, 556; Hawaii, 606; Hellenistic Greece, 579; Imperial Rome, 959; Ireland, 655; Island Carib, 381; Japan, 671, 1011; Java, 674; Langobards, 717; Macedonia, 747; Maya, 773; Meroe, 820; Mixtecs, 798; Monte Albán, 807; Napata, 820; Nasca culture, 824; Niger-Congo, 838; Nilo-Saharans, 840; Omotic peoples, 856; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Phoenicia, 900; Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, 498; Pyu, 942; Republican Rome, 964; Roman Greece, 580; Scythia, 993; Seleucid Dynasty, 997; Sumerians, 1046; Tai, 1056; Teotihuacán, 1064; Tiwanaku, 1092 Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, 441, 563-564, 966, 990 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, 441, 563-564, 966, 990 Grammar; Imperial Rome, 481, 542, 614, 928, 1115; Sanskrit, 867; Tamil, 1094 Gran Chaco, 180 Granicus, Battle of, 154, 229, 550, 564-565, 575, 666 Gratian, 188, 318, 514, 565, 1052, 1072 Great Basin peoples, 539, 566-567 Great Persecution, 19, 437, 497, 519, 716, 771, 789, 832, 1051 Great Plains, Battle of the, 1025 Great Revolt of the Satraps, 769 Great Sphinx, 15, 493, 938, 939 Great Stupa, 23, 234, 248, 649 Great Wall of China, 10, 63, 143, 149, 409, 567-568, 943, 1009, 1044, 1135, 1137, 1144, 1150 Greco-Bactrian kingdom, 329, 330 Greco-Persian Wars, 153, 244, 277, 310, 453, 568-569, 573, 575, 611, 652, 762, 880, 882, 908, 976, 1077, 1140 Greece, Archaic, 569-572; government, 58; medicine, 78; science, 118; settlements, 127; social structure, 127 Greece, Classical, 572-578, 663; versus Anatolia, 244; architecture, 16; art, 16; clothing, 43; dance, 94; eduation, 55; families, 40; food and drink, 43; religion, 109; transportation, 88; writing, 172 Greece, Hellenistic, 578-583 Greece, Mycenaean, 583-586, 727; architecture, 16; art, 16; settlements, 126; Troy, 1098; warfare, 152; weapons, 152 Greece, Roman, 578-583 Greek city-states, destruction of, 702 Greek fire, 367 Gregorian calendar, 36 Gregory, Saint, 291 Gregory I, Saint. See Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus, 110, 335, 413, 582, 586, 940 Gregory of Nyssa, 336, 586 Gregory of Tours, 532 Gregory the Great, 316, 341, 413, 587, 877 Gu Kaizhi, 11, 587-588 Guanahatabey, 381 Guandu, Battle of, 378 Guang Wudi, 588 Guanzi (Guanzi), 721 Guhyasmāja Tantra, 1060 Gui Yuantian Ju (Tao Qian), 1061 Guiqulai Ci (Tao Qian), 1061 Gunādhya, 365, 589, 887 Gundobad, 538 Guntram, 410 Guo Maoqian, 813 Guo Shentong, 588 Gupta Dynasty, 589-590, 604, 648-649, 873, 936; architecture, 23; art, 23 Gupta script, 172 Gwallawg of Elfin, 1057 Gyges, 590-591, 741 H Haab civil calendar, 37 Hachiman, 680, 850 Hacilar, 243 Hadadezer of Aram, 272 Hadrian, 220, 258, 262, 294, 310, 335, 497, 503, 525, 540, 580, 592-593, 615, 735, 868, 895, 959, 973, 985, 1032, 1044, 1095 Hadrian's villa, 593 Hadrian's Wall, 299, 359, 903 Hafsah, 948 Haghia Eirene, 437 Haghia Sophia, 19, 253, 366, 593-595 Hagiography, 1004 Haji ware, 601, 709 Hakhamanishiya. See Achaemenian Dynasty Halafian culture, 527, 595, 978 Haliartus, Battle of, 440 Halicarnassus, 297 Halicarnassus mausoleum, 595-596, 991 Hallstatt culture, 394, 534, 554, 596-597, 715 Hallucinogens; Argentina, 1027; Zapotecs, 1158 Hamath, 985 Hamilcar, 554, 601, 1078, 1156 Hammād ar-Rāwiyah, 811 Hammurabi, 57, 325, 597 Hammurabi's code, 58, 65, 77, 125, 145, 325, 597-598 Han Dynasty, 129, 331, 370, 378, 406-407, 433, 482, 588, 599-600, 606, 633, 711, 721, 729, 805, 943, 1006, 1014, 1017, 1044, 1080, 1128, 1133, 1135-1137, 1144, 1150, 1164, 1167; art, 11; in Parthia, 795 Han Fei, 600, 721 Han Fei-tzu. See Han Feizi (Hanfei) Han Feizi (Hanfei), 600, 721, 1006 Han Hedi, 370 Han Shi Waizhuan, 780 Han Shu (Ban Gu), 331 Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 452, 826 Haniwa, 13, 600-601, 672, 709, 842 Hannibal, 157, 191, 201, 255, 377, 384, 523-524, 529, 601, 752, 894, 935, 965, 990, 1025, 1031, 1156 Hanno, 901 Hantilis I, 1063 Harappā, 4, 21, 125, 644; technology, 141. See also Indus Valley civilization Hardaway point, 460 Harem conspiracy, 952 Harihara, 345 Harisena, 649 Hārith ibn Hilliza, al-, 811 Harivamśa (Vyāsa), 602 Harkhuf, 602, 1134, 1148 Harkuf. See Harkhuf Harmodius, 603 Harmonia (Perictione), 165 Harp, 98 Harpastum, 137 Harsa, 332, 603-604, 648 Harsacarita (B āna), 332, 603 Harsavardhana. See Harsa Harsha. See Harsa Hasdrubal, 601, 1025, 1156 Hasmonean Dynasty, 663, 689, 996 Hassan, 661 Hastināpura, 21 Hatchepsut. See Hatshepsut Hatshepsut, 15, 163, 604-605, 1009, 1081 Hatshipsitu. See Hatshepsut Hatthalhāka Vihāra, 1091 Hattusilis I, 605, 623, 716, 1063 Hattusilis III, 623, 815 Hausa, 197, 398 Hawaii, 606 He Yan, 606-607, 1132 Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, 907 Health, 74-86 Heautontimorumenos (Terence), 1065 Hebrew laws, 58 Hecataeus of Miletus, 607 Hecatompylos, 295 Hecyra (Terence), 1065 Hedi, 1164 Hegesippus, Saint, 421 Helena, Saint, 435, 608 Heliodorus of Emesa, 582, 608-609 Hellenic League, 399 Hellesthaios. See Kaleb Helton phase, 609 Helvetii, 546 Hemudu culture, 4, 405 Henotheism, 609-610; Afrasans, 197; Hebrews, 198 Hera, temple of, 917 Heraclea, 751 Heraclitus, 101, 571, 926 Heraclius, 366, 884, 982, 1018 Herculaneum, 920-921, 1076, 1092 Hermann. See Arminius Hermes (Praxiteles), 926 Hermias of Assos, 289 Hero of Alexandria. See Heron Herod Agrippa I, 611 Herod Agrippa II, 611 Herod Antipas, 611, 683 Herod Archelaus, 611 Herod Philip, 611 Herod the Great, 108, 212, 256, 411, 611, 663, 678, 768, 835, 946, 1160 Herodas, 610 Herodian (historian), 610-611 Herodian Dynasty, 256, 611 Herodotus, 70, 286, 309, 575, 611-612, 1080; on Achaemenians, 886; on Artemisia I, 297; on Cimmerians, 416; on Croesus, 741; on Cyaxares, 452; on Cyrus the Great, 306; on Darius the Great, 463; on Egypt, 488, 494; on Garamantes, 548; on Gyges, 590; on Hellenic public works, 516; on Histiaeus of Miletus, 622; on Ionian Revolt, 652; on Leonidas, 723; on Lycia, 739; on Lydia, 243; on medicine in Egypt, 76; on Pisistratus, 905; on Saite temples, 975; on Scylax of Caryanda, 992; on Scythians, 993; on Thera, 569; on Thermopylae, 1077; on Xerxes I, 1140 Herodotus of Halicarnassus. See Herodotus Heroides (Ovid), 858 Heron, 139, 613 Herondas. See Herodas Herophilus, 79, 582, 613-614 Herophilus of Chalcedon. See Herophilus Herulians, 310 Hesiod, 78, 108, 273, 614, 866, 879, 1074, 1126, 1139 Hesychius of Alexandria, 614-615 Hexaëmeron (Basil of Cappadocia), 336 Hezekiah, 305, 615-616, 657, 663, 1001, 1005 Hibr, al- (the doctor). See Abd Al1āh ibn al-Abbās Hiempsal, 690 Hieratic writing, 492 Hiero. See Hieron I of Syracuse Hieroglyphics, 169, 492 Hieron I of Syracuse, 193, 328, 554, 616, 904, 1078 Hieron II of Syracuse, 617 Hijrah, 36, 181, 660, 813, 948 Hijrah calendar, 36, 813, 1105 Hilary of Poitiers, Saint, 617-618 Hime-gami, 680 Himera, Battle of, 201, 554, 1078 Himiko, 618, 672, 1152 Himyaritic kingdoms, 269 Hindu calendar, 38 Hinduism, 102, 113, 188-189, 355, 602, 618-620, 645, 674, 936-937, 1119, 1121; Campantar, 376; conversion of Mahendravarman I, 755; dance, 93; Tantras, 1060 Hipparchia, 580 Hipparchus (astronomer), 582, 620-621 Hipparchus (tyrant of Athens), 240, 603, 621 Hippēs (Aristophanes), 517 Hippias of Athens, 420, 603, 621, 790, 905 Hippocleides of Athens, 208 Hippocrates (physician), 79, 282, 475, 545, 577, 622, 905 Hippocrates (tyrant of Gela), 554, 577 Hippocrates of Cos. See Hippocrates (physician) Hippocratic Oath, 79, 622 Hippodamus of Miletus, 89, 577 Hippodrome, 437 Hippolytos (Euripides), 518 Hiram, 900 Histiaeus of Miletus, 607, 622-623, 652 Historia Alexandri Magni (Curtius Rufus), 450 Historia arcana (Procopius). See Anecdota (Procopius) Historia Augusta, 525 Historia de Regibus Gothorum, Wandalorum, et Suevorum (Isidore of Spain), 658 Historia ecclesiastica (Eusebius of Caesarea), 518 Historia ecclesiastica (Theodoret of Cyrrhus), 1071 Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Bede), 250, 340 Historia tou Apolloniou (Philostratus), 898 Historia tou Peloponnesiacou polemou (Thucydides), 355, 1081 Historiae (Sallust), 977, 1033 Historiae (Tacitus), 962, 1054 Historiai Herodotou (Herodotus), 575, 612, 652 Historians; Byzantine Empire, 757; China, 1015; Hellenistic Greece, 941; Imperial Rome, 238, 265, 294, 390, 450, 474, 524, 610, 731, 775, 977, 1004, 1053, 1071, 1123; Jewish, 685 Historiarum adversus paganos libri VII (Orosius), 223 Historical legitimacy, 433 Histories (Agathias), 208 Histories, The (Polybius), 915, 1040 History of the Empire After Marcus (Herodian), 610 Hittites, 243, 291, 326, 605, 623-625, 697, 716, 738-739, 902, 951, 1062, 1108; destruction of, 702; literature, 69 Hizqiyya. See Hezekiah Ho Yen. See He Yan Hoabinhian tradition, 758 Hohokam culture, 5, 7, 625-626, 1030 Holistic medicine, China, 81 Holocene era, West Africa, 836 Homer, 56, 69, 108, 152, 191, 286, 514, 571, 614, 626-627, 730, 844, 879, 889, 902, 947, 968, 970, 1066, 1126, 1139; on medicine, 78; on Mycenaean Greece, 583; on sport, 130; on Troy, 1098 Homo erectus, 954 Homo habilis, 508, 954 Homo sapiens, 508 Homuda. See Ōjin Tennō Honda Wake no Mikoto. See Ōjin Tennō Hongshan, 10, 404 Honorius (emperor), 135, 222, 359, 418, 438, 879, 1013, 1038, 1112, 1132 Honorius I, Pope, 413 Hopewell culture, 7, 129, 187, 486, 789, 1023 Horace, 71, 134, 224, 279, 627-628, 737, 750, 886, 897, 961, 1085, 1115; on Pindar, 904 Horkhuf. See Harkhuf Horonw, 759 Horse period, 30 Horses, 87; Scythia, 993; Troy, 1098 Hortensia, 628-629 Hortensian law, 60 Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus, 313, 415, 628 Horus, 491, 494, 495, 638, 658 Hosea, 629, 675 Hossein. See Wusayn Hostilius, Tullus, 963 Hottentots. See Khoikhoi Hsia Dynasty. See Xia Dynasty Hsiao-wen ti. See Xiaowen Di Hsieh Ho. See Xie He Hsieh K'ang-lo. See Xie Lingyun Hsieh Ling-yün. See Xie Lingyun Hsin Chui. See Xin Zhui Hsiung-nu. See Xiongnu Hsü Shen. See Xushen Hsüan-chuang. See Xuanzang Hsüan-tsang. See Xuanzang Hsün Ch'ing. See Xunzi Hsün K'uang. See Xunzi Hsün-tzu. See Xunzi Huaca de la Luna, 629-630, 801 Huaca del Sol, 629-630, 801 Huaca San Marcos, 727 Huai Nan Hong Lie. See Huainanzi (Liu An) Huai-nan-tzu. See Huainanzi (Liu An) Huainanzi (Liu An), 630-631 Huangdi, 81, 631, 728 Huari. See Wari Hudaybiyyah, Treaty of, 813, 1105 Hui Shi, 632 Hui Shih. See Hui Shi Hui-yüan. See Huiyuan Huidi. See Liu Xie Huiyuan, 632 Humairah. See Āishah bint Abī Bakr Huns, 221, 314, 400, 413, 519, 535-536, 561, 590, 633-634, 722, 985, 1073; versus the Guptas, 1111 Hunter-gatherers; Adena culture, 187; Amazonia, 235; BaTwa, 337; Ciboney, 381; East Africa, 198; eastern Brazil, 356; Khoisan, 707; West Africa, 205 Hunting; American Paleo-Arctic tradition, 238; California peoples, 371; Clovis technological complex, 426; Dalton tradition, 460; Middle Woodland tradition, 788; northern Archaic tradition, 276; Subarctic peoples, 1042 Hurrians, 605, 634-635, 794 Husayn, 178, 635, 661 Hussain. See Husayn Huzziyas I, 1063 Hydaspes, Battle of, 229, 635-636 Hyginus (land surveyor), 637 Hyginus, Gaius Julius, 637-638 Hyginus Gromaticus. See Hyginus (land surveyor) Hyksos, 489, 638-639, 847 Hymn to Demeter (Homer), 499 Hypatia, 165, 639 Hyperbolus, 517 Hystaspes, 1170 I Iamblichus of Syria, 640 Iberian scripts, 171 Iberians, 534, 1031; writing, 171 Ibn Abbas. See Abd Allāh ibn al-Abbās Ibn Abd al-Hakam, 982 Ibn az-Zubayr. See Abd Allāh ibn az-Zubayr Ibycus, 640-641 Iceni, 352 Ictinus, 17, 373, 577, 641, 870 Idanthyrus, 993 Ideographs, 166 Ignatius of Antioch, 641-642 Iindus Valley civilization; art, 20 Ikhernofret stone, 92 Ikhnaton. See Akhenaton Iksersa. See Xerxes I Iksvāku Dynasty, 248 Iktinos. See Ictinus Ilangovatikal. See Ilankō Atikal Ilankō Atikal, 642 Iliad (Homer), 69, 78, 191, 286, 445, 571, 582-583, 626, 739, 748, 902, 947, 970, 1066, 1098, 1126 Illyrian War, Second, 191 Imhotep, 14, 75, 642-643 Impressed ware, 828 Imrual-Qays, 811 In Catilinam (Cicero), 390, 415 Incense, Arabia, 269 India, 643-648; Alexander the Great's campaign, 636; clothing, 44; cremation, 49; education, 54; families, 40; food and drink, 42; government, 62; Henotheism, 609; influence on Khmer, 803; influence on Laos, 718; influence on Mon, 803; influence on Pyu, 942; literature, 66; music, 98; roads, 92; science, 117; theater, 97; trade, 148; unification of, 401; warfare, 154; weapons, 154; writing, 172 Indian temple architecture, 648-650, 873 Indo-European people, 154 Indus script, 167 Indus Valley civilization, 644, 650-651; architecture, 20; writing, 167 Institutio Oratoria (Quintilian), 946 Institutiones (Justinian I), 59, 695-696 Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum (Cassiodorus), 387 Institutiones Grammaticae (Priscian), 928 Insular script, 173 Inuits, 227, 482, 652 Ion of Chios, 651-652 Ionian Revolt, 184, 244, 455, 573, 607, 622, 652, 762 Ionic script, 172 Ipiutak, 652-653, 845 Ipsus, Battle of, 743, 995 Ireland, 653-655, 875; art, 20 Irenaeus, Saint, 413, 421, 655-656 Ironworking, 143; Anatolia, 243; Bantu, 334; Chifumbaze, 403; East Africa, 200; Meroe, 819; Napata, 819; Nilotes, 841; Nok culture, 843; South Africa, 200; West Africa, 205 Irrigation, 140; Anatolia, 243; Arabia, 269; Axum, 324; Bactria, 329; Egypt, 2; Etruscans, 512; Funan, 543; Hohokam culture, 5, 626; Korea, 711; Meroe, 820; Mesoamerica, 5; Mesopotamia, 1; Moche (Peru), 6; Monte Albán, 808; Nasca culture, 824; Pyu, 942; Samarran culture, 979; Sumerians, 1046; Vietnam, 1128 Isaeus, 656 Isagoras, 420 Isaiah, 657, 666 Isanavarman, 543 Ise, shrine at, 13, 1010 Ishango culture, 32 Ishtumegu. See Astyages Isidore of Seville, Saint, 658 Isidoros of Miletus, 253, 594 Isidorus Hispalensis. See Isidore of Seville, Saint Isis, cult of, 580, 658-659, 843, 961 Islam, 268, 367, 509, 659-661, 884, 947, 1014, 1105-1106; Arabia, 181; Axum, 323; Berbers, 342; Chadic peoples, 398; conversion of Uthmān, 1109; dance, 93; founder of, 813; Ghana, 557; North Africa, 201; science, 120; succession struggle, 635; Znaga, 1168 Islamic conquest of Egypt. See Saracen conquest Island Caribs, 381 Isocrates, 278, 310, 559, 574, 656, 661-662 Israel, 213, 239, 340, 347, 465, 500, 507, 520, 615, 629, 662-666, 675, 677, 689, 745, 781, 800, 980-981, 988, 1022; education, 53 Issus, Battle of, 154, 229, 464, 550, 574, 666-667 Isthmian Games, 131, 570, 577, 579, 855 Isthmian script, 168 Italic War. See Social War Italy, 510, 717, 751 Itaparica tradition, 276 Iugurtha. See Jugurtha J Jāhilīyah, al-, 268, 811 Jainism, 103, 113, 647, 668, 887, 1093, 1117; converion of Chandragupta Maurya, 401 James the Apostle, 669, 876 Jamnia rabbinic academy, 681 Japan, 129, 215, 669-673; architecture, 12; art, 12; China, 136; Confucianism, 433; dance, 94; literature, 72; religion, 112 Jarmo, 527 Jastorf culture, 555 Jātakas, 673, 1089 Java, 674 Jayavarman II, 803 Jehoshaphat, 213 Jehu, 675 Jeremiah, 666, 675-676, 689 Jericho, 14, 124, 527 Jeroboam I, 676 Jeroboam II, 239, 629 Jerome, Saint, 110, 336, 413, 421, 676-677, 877, 934, 962, 1004 Jerusalem, 465, 521, 616, 657, 662; temple of, 107, 335, 611, 663, 665, 677-678, 689, 1022, 1058 Jesus Christ, 348, 411, 559, 617, 657, 669, 678, 682-683, 689, 694, 767, 876, 879, 887, 1002; as expression of God, 421; nature of, 242, 367, 399, 722, 806, 833, 841, 1071 Jewish blacks. See Falasha Jewish calendar, 36 Jewish diaspora, 679, 689 Jewish Revolt, First, 664, 679, 681, 689, 768, 1160 Jewish Revolt, Second, 220, 335, 664, 679, 689 Jews; Alexandria, 497, 679, 896; release of, 184, 459, 521, 663, 678, 882 Jezebel, 214, 500, 675, 900 Ji Jing, 993 Jiangzhai, 406 Jimmu Tennō, 680, 1148 Jingō. See Jingū Jingū, 672, 680-681 Jingū Kōgō. See Jingū Job, Book of, 587 Johanan ben Zakkai, 681-682 Johannes Cassianus. See Cassian Johanson, Donald, 954 John Cassian, Saint. See Cassian John Chrysostom, Saint, 99, 110, 387, 413, 515, 682 John of Biclarum, 756 John of Nikiou, 982 John the Apostle. See John the Evangelist, Saint John the Baptist, Saint, 611, 678, 682-683 John the Evangelist, Saint, 349, 678, 683-684, 1016 Jōmon, 215, 669, 684; art, 12 Joram, 675 Jordanes, 684-685 Joseph, 1057 Joseph ben Matthias. See Josephus, Flavius Josephus, Flavius, 685-686, 768, 835; on Essenes, 507; on Poppaea Sabina, 922 Josiah, 686 Juan-Juan, 805 Juba I of Numidia, 687, 1067 Juba II of Mauretania, 687-688 Judaea, Roman king of, 611 Judah, 340, 465, 500, 615, 629, 657, 662, 675, 686, 688; Assyrian conquest of, 305 Judah the Prince (rabbi), 689 Judaism, 107, 347, 507, 509, 522, 681, 688-690, 898, 981, 1152-1153; versus Christianity, 876; dances, 93; Henotheism, 609; music, 99; science, 120 Judas, 678 Jugurtha, 690, 765, 977, 1045 Jugurthine War, 274, 690, 765 Julia (daughter of Augustus), 212, 268, 690-691, 859, 991, 1082 Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar), 369, 691, 921 Julia Agrippina. See Agrippina the Younger Julia Augusta. See Livia Drusilla Julia Domna, 263, 692, 898 Julia Mamaea, 692-693 Julian, 538, 1007 Julian calendar, 35 Julian the Apostate, 238, 438, 693, 856, 1013, 1068, 1112 Julius Caesar, Germanicus, 212-213, 258, 372 Julius Frontinus, Sextus. See Frontinus, Sextus Julius Julius Hyginus. See Hyginus, Gaius Julius Junius Brutus, Decimus, 998 Junius Brutus, Lucius, 360, 511, 693-694, 737 Junius Brutus Albinus, Decimus, 998 Jūshichijō Kempō, 1011 Justin II, 208, 823, 949, 1071 Justin Martyr, Saint, 694 Justinian I, 19, 59, 207, 242, 253, 310, 339, 366, 437, 563, 593, 659, 684, 695, 752, 756-757, 806, 822, 928-929, 987, 1018, 1070-1071, 1095, 1105, 1116 Justinian II, 456 Justinian's codes, 366, 476, 695-696 Jutes, 250-251 Juvenal, 71, 696, 737, 760, 783, 886, 947, 961; on Poppaea Sabina, 922 K Kachemak tradition, 697 Kādambarī (Bāna), 332 Kadesh, Battle of, 697-698, 815, 951 Kahun papyrus, 76 Kakinomoto Hitomaro, 72 Kalacuri Dynasty, 649 Kaleb, 323, 509, 698 Kali, 355 Kālidāsa, 234, 301, 345-346, 590, 648, 698-699, 778 Kalittokai, 699 Kaliyuga calendar, 38 Kallikrates. See Callicrates Kallimachos. See Callimachus of Cyrene Kalpa Sūtra (Śaunāka), 307 Kalpa Sūtras, 1049 Kamares ware, 15 Kāmasūtra (Vātsyāyana), 1119 Kamose, 847 Kamu Yamato Iware Biko. See Jimmu Tennō Kanal-ikal, 165 Kanimetaviyar, 874 Kanishka. See Kaniska Kaniśka, 301, 700, 714 Kansanshi, 439 Kaonde, 439 Kapilar, 935 Karaikkal Ammaiyar, 701 Karasuk culture, 701-702 Karbalā, Battle of, 635 Karkar, Battle of, 214, 304, 662, 985 Karma, 618, 673, 1122 Karmah. See Kerma Karnak temple, 493, 951, 1002 Kāsārayogi. See Poykai Kashku. See Kaska Kashta, 848, 1004 Kaska, 702. See also Sea Peoples (Mediterranean) Kassites, 326, 702-703 Kāśyapa I, 1036 Kata Philippou A, B, and G (Demosthenes), 469 Kaundinya, 543 Kautilya, 401, 647, 703, 769, 1119, 1130 Kavadh I, 987 Kāvyādarśa (Dandin), 461 Kawaiisu, 371 Keatley Creek site, 909 Kebre Nagast, 508, 698 Kelteminar culture, 703-704 Kephalaia, 759 Kerma, 549, 704-705, 818, 841, 847, 1148 Kettle Falls, 909 Khadījah, 812 Kharostī script, 172 Khasekhemwy, 846 Khirbat Qumran, 465, 507, 689 Khmer. See Mon-Khmer Khoikhoi, 706-707 Khoikhoin. See Khoikhoi Khoisan, 485, 707. See also Eastern African Microlithic peoples Khosrow I, 884, 987 Khosrow II, 884, 987 Khsayarsan. See Xerxes I Khufu, 489, 493, 846, 938 Kievan Chronicle of Nestor. See Chronicle of Nestor Kikuyu, 198, 334 King's Peace, 210, 440, 708 K'inich Janahb' Pakal, 862 K'inich Kan B'alam II, 862 Kipushi, 439 Kirātārjunīya (Bhāravi), 344 Kairavamuni. See Peyar Kirghiz Empire, 805 Kirta, 794 Kitāb al-Irshād (Shaykh al Mufīd), 635 Kitoi culture, 708 Kivas, 802 Kleisthenes of Sikyon. See Cleisthenes of Sicyon Knossos, 444, 1076; palace at, 15 Ko Hung. See Ge Hong Kofun period, 600, 670, 709-710 Koguryŏ Dynasty, 711 Koguryŏ style, 710 Kojiki, 72, 672, 838 Koman, 840 Kong Qiu. See Confucius Kongfuzi. See Confucius Kongzi. See Confucius Konica (Apollonius of Perga), 263 Koran. See Qurān Korea, 129, 710-713, 1137; Confucianism, 433; influence on Japan, 1149; literature, 72; religion, 112 Koster, 609 Kratinos. See Cratinus Krishna, 189, 343, 345, 602, 754, 821, 937 Kroisos. See Croesus Krsna. See Krishna Ku Hua Ping Lu (Xie He), 1143 Ku K'ai-chih. See Gu Kaizhi Kuang-wu-ti. See Guang Wudi Kujūla Kadphises I, 700, 714 Kulavanikan Seethalai Sattanar. See C ātanār Kumāragupta, 590 Kumārasambhava (Kālidāsa), 699 !Kung, 707 K'ung Ch'iu. See Confucius K'ung-Fu-Tzu. See Confucius K'ung-Tzu. See Confucius Kuregaku. See Gigaku Kurigalzu I, 703 Kurou anabasis (Xenophon), 575 Kurung-bnam. See Funan Kuruntokai, 713-714 Kusāna Dynasty. See Kushān Dynasty Kush, 451, 704, 756, 818, 906, 975, 1004, 1134, 1148; writing, 170. See also Napata Kushān Dynasty, 301, 589, 700, 714, 1155 Kypselos of Korinthos. See Cypselus of Corinth L La Florida pyramid, 715 La Tène culture, 358, 394, 534, 551, 554, 715-716 La Venta, 852 Labarnas I, 716, 1063 Labarnas II. See Hattusilis I Labernash. See Labarnas I Labīd, 811 Labrets, 653, 697, 732, 766; Saint Mungo phase, 975 Labyrinth, 445 Lac lords, 1128 Laconia, 502 Lacquerware, 1144 Lactantius, Lucius Caelius Firmianus, 546, 716-717, 790 Lade, Battle of, 623, 652 Lagoa Santa cave, 1026 Lake Titicaca, 218, 246-247, 1092 Lake Trasimene, Battle of, 523, 601, 935, 1156 Lamachus, 835 Langobards, 223, 717-718, 823, 1043 Languages, 64, 74; Aramaic, 271; Austronesian, 918; Axum, 324; Bantu, 200, 333; Byzantine Empire, 367; Celts, 398; Chadic, 398; Etruscan, 511; Finnic peoples, 528; Gauls, 552; Germany, 556; Hittites, 624; Ireland, 655; Israel, 665; Japan, 671; Khoisan, 707; Macedonia, 748; Meroe, 820-821; Niger-Congo, 836, 838; North Africa, 203; Phoenicia, 901; Proto-Cushitic, 451; Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, 498; Sea Peoples (Oceania), 994; Zapotecs, 1159 Lao Dan. See Laozi Lao-tan. See Laozi Lao-tzu. See Laozi Laocoön, 18 Laos, 718; architecture, 26; art, 26 Laozi, 10, 68, 112, 407, 462, 607, 632, 719, 1132 Laozi Zhu (Wang Bi), 1132 Lapita culture, 918, 994 Lapps, 529 Latin League, 523, 720, 965, 1062 Latin script, 171 Latin War, 720 Latte phase, 786 Laurel culture, 720-721 Laws, 57-64; Anglo-Saxons, 195; Archaic Greece, 466, 571; Assyria, 305; Athens, 309, 483; Babylonia, 66, 325; Byzantine Empire, 366, 695; China, 721; Classical Greece, 576; Crete, 445, 560, 561; Darius the Great, 463; Draco's Code, 483; Hammurabi, 598; Hittite, 624; Imperial Rome, 959, 1102, 1104; India, 302; Isaeus, 656; Jewish, 522, 665, 689, 810, 898, 1058; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Pittacus of Mytilene, 905; Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, 498; Republican Rome, 564, 966, 989; Slavs, 1018; Solon, 1023; Sparta, 741; Visigoths, 223. See also Gortyn, law code of Leakeys, Louis, Mary, and Richard, 954 Legalists, 103, 599-600, 631, 721, 943, 1006 Lenaea festival, 132, 288, 478 Leo I (emperor), 242, 722 Leo I, Saint, 314, 400, 413, 722, 841 Leo the Butcher. See Leo I (emperor) Leo the Great. See Leo I, Saint Leonidas, 568, 573, 723, 878, 1077 Leucippus, 468, 724, 927 Leuctra, Battle of, 210, 278, 502, 574, 708, 724-725, 1139 Leukippe and Kleitophon (Achilles Tatius), 185 Levers, 139 Lexicon; Chinese, 1146; Imperial Rome, 615 Leyden plate, 725 Li (rituals), 105, 434 Li Cang, 1144 Li Shih-min. See Taizong Li Shimin. See Taizong Li Si, 600, 1146 Li Yuan, 1044. See Gaozu Liang Dynasty, 729 Liang-chu culture. See Liangzhu culture Liangzhu culture, 725-726 Liber Heraclidis (Nestorius), 833 Libya, 201, 781; Garamantes in, 548 Licinian-Sextian laws, 60 Licinius, Valerius Licinianus, 436, 726, 789 Licinius II, 726 Licinius Crassus, Lucius, 989 Licinius Crassus, Marcus. See Crassus, Marcus Licinius Licinius Lucullus, Lucius, 424, 726-727, 797 Life of Plotinus (Porphyry), 914 Ligurians, 534, 552 Liji, 67, 104, 1138, 1146 Lima culture, 715, 727 Lind Coulee site, 909 Lindesfarne Abbey, 214 Lindisfarne Gospels, 20 Linear A, 167, 447, 728 Linear B, 69, 167, 444, 572, 584, 727-728 Linear Pottery culture, 829 Ling Lun, 728 Literature, 64, 74; Buddhist, 471, 673, 790; China, 729; Greece, 230; Hellenistic Greece, 267, 879; Imperial Rome, 732, 962; India, 301, 332, 344-345, 365, 462, 589, 699, 950, 1043, 1051, 1130; Jewish, 347; Republican Rome, 730; Roman Greece, 640; Tamil, 215, 218, 376-377, 389, 642, 699, 701, 713, 822, 866, 869, 873-874, 887, 935, 1090, 1093-1094; Vedic, 272, 354; Wales, 1057; women, 162 Liu Bang, 588, 1144 Liu Bei, 1080, 1167 Liu Bosheng, 588 Liu Hsieh. See Liu Xie Liu I-ch'ing. See Liu Yiqing Liu Qing, 1164 Liu Xiaobiao, 729 Liu Xie, 729 Liu Xiu. See Guang Wudi Liu Yiqing, 729-730 Liujing, 632 Liuxuan, 588 Livia Drusilla, 258, 441, 730, 992 Livilla, 258 Livius Andronicus, Lucius, 730-731, 968 Livius Drusus, Marcus, 1020 Livy, 417, 441, 511, 523-524, 617, 693, 731, 737, 961, 1123 Llamas, domestication of, 244 Locarno Beach, 731-732, 766 Locono. See Arawak Locrians, 1099 Logographs, 167 Logou apotomē (Apollonius of Perga), 263 Lomas Rsi, 649 Lombard. See Langobards Long Count, 37 Long Wall, 367 Longinus, 233, 732, 923 Longmen, 364 Longshan culture, 4, 349, 405, 732-733, 1141 Longus, 582, 733 Lothair. See Chlotar I Loulan, 1014 Lower Nubia, 846. See also Wawat Lü Buwei, 733-734 Lu Chi. See Lu Ji Lu Ji, 734 Lü Pu-wei. See Lü Buwei Lu Shiheng. See Lu Ji Lu Shiheng Ji, 734 Lu Yun, 734 Lucan, 418, 735, 760, 886, 999, 1032 Lucian, 504, 582, 735-736, 781 Lucilius, Gaius (poet), 736 Lucilius, Gaius (satirist), 737, 886 Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. See Nero Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella. See Columella Lucretia, 161, 511, 693, 737, 964, 1127 Lucretius, 71, 504, 738, 760, 969 Lucretius Carus, Titus. See Lucretius Luke, 349, 678 Lun heng (Wang Chong), 1133 Lungshan culture. See Longshan culture Lunyu (Confucius), 67, 103, 112, 407, 431, 434, 1160 Lüshi Chunqiu (Lüshi), 728 Lusitanians, 814 Luwians, 243, 738, 902 Luxor temple, 493 Ly Bon, 1129 Lycia, 739-740 Lycurgus of Sparta, 466, 570, 740-741 Lydenburg, 200 Lydia, 243, 452, 591, 741-742; writings, 69 Lydian Dynasty, 448 Lygdamis of Naxos, 453, 916 Lyre, 99 Lysander of Sparta, 189, 210, 742-743, 880, 1079 Lysias, 575, 656, 743 Lysimachus, 468, 472, 579, 743-744, 1099 Lysippus, 429, 744, 926 Lysistratē (Aristophanes), 96, 134, 288, 575 M Ma-Chia-pong culture, 725 Maatkare. See Hatshepsut Maccabees, 107, 663, 678, 689, 745, 872, 996 Macedonia, 228, 254, 273, 283, 386, 399, 453, 472, 516, 574, 579, 743, 745-748, 854, 893-894, 997; as Roman province, 747 Macedonian Wars, 915, 966 Machanidas, 761 Macrinus, 295, 380 Macro-Jes, 357 Macrobius, Aurelius Theodosius, 748-749 Madagascar, 749-750 Maecenas, Gaius, 627, 750, 1126 Maecenas Cilnius, Gaius. See Maecenas, Gaius Maelius, Spurius, 360 Magna Graecia, 569, 578, 751-752 Magnentius, 435 Magnesia ad Sipylum, Battle of, 255, 395, 516, 741, 753, 991, 996 Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, Flavius. See Cassiodorus Magnus Maximus, 565, 928, 1072 Mago (agronomist), 384, 901 Mago (Hannibal's brother), 601, 1156 Mago (king of Carthage), 201 Mahābhārata (Vyāsa), 21, 66, 137, 154, 343-344, 590, 602, 753-754, 821, 950 Mahābhāsya (Patañjali), 778 Mahābodhi temple, 649, 754-755 Mahādahvayar. See Peyar Mahāsena, 1036 Mahataing, 271 Mahāvihāra monastery, 1035, 1091 Mahāvīra. See Vardhamāna Mahāvīracarita (Bhavabhūti), 346 Mahāyāna-śraddhotoāda (Ashvaghosa), 301 Mahāyānasamgraha, 300 Mahāyānasūtralankāra, 300 Mahendravarman I, 265, 650, 755, 866 Mahendravikramavarman. See Mahendravarman I Mahinda, 363, 1035, 1091 Maīn. See Minaeans Maitreyanātha, 299 Maize, 236, 241 Majiabang culture, 405 Majorian, 323, 1013 Makeda. See Sheba, Queen of Makhorae. See Makouria Makouria, 233, 756, 843 Makuria. See Makouria Malagasy, 749 Malalas, John, 757 Malambo, 1028 Mālatī-mādhava (Bhavabhūti), 346 Mālavikāgnimitra (Kālidāsa), 699, 778 Malay, 543, 749, 757-758 Malayo-Polynesian. See Austronesia Malchos. See Porphyry Malchus. See Porphyry Mali. See Mande Malichus, 256 Mallius, Gnaeus, 273 Mandate of heaven, 378, 406, 433, 599, 1135 Mande, 205, 758-759, 836 Mandubracius, 389 Manetho, 489, 638 Mani, 113, 759, 884 Manichaeanism, 113, 759-760, 885, 1007 Manilius, Marcus, 760 Manimekalai (Cātanār), 389 Manorialism, 3 Mantinea, Battles of, 225, 502, 544, 760-761 Manusmrti, 619 Manyoshu, 72 Mao Shan revelations, 761, 1060 Maodun, 1144, 1155 Maori, 319 Maqurra. See Makouria Marajóara culture, 236 Marathon, Battle of, 184, 193, 287, 309, 416, 464, 467, 568, 572-573, 612, 621, 762, 791, 976, 1077 Marcian, 400, 722, 1071 Marcius, Ancus, 963 Marcius Coriolanus, Gnaeus. See Coriolanus, Gnaeus Marcius Marcius Philippus, Quintus. See Philippus, Quintus Marcius Marcomanni, 766, 1043 Marcomannic War, 561 Marcus Antonius. See Antony, Marc Marcus Aurelius, 59, 80, 258, 393, 503, 525, 540, 610, 656, 694, 763-764, 959, 1161 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (121-180 c.e.). See Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (188-217 c.e.). See Caracalla Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesianus. See Nemesianus Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius. See Maxentius Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus. See Maximian Marcus Aurelius Verus. See Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius's column, 764 Marcus Fabius Quintilianus. See Quintilian Marcus Iunius Brutus. See Brutus Marcus Petreius, 687 Marcus Ulpius Traianus. See Trajan Mardonius, 878, 908, 977 Marib Dam, 181, 269, 1008 Maricas (Eupolis), 517 Marines Rockshelter site, 909 Maritime Archaic, 764 Maritime Paleo-Arctic tradition. See American Paleo-Arctic tradition Marius, Gaius, 274, 415, 690, 765, 966, 1045 Mark, 349, 678 Maroboduus, 765-766 Marpole phase, 732, 766 Marriage, women, 161 Marsic War. See Social War Martial, 392, 766-767, 891, 947; on Frontinus, 540 Martial arts, 136 Martialis, Marcus Valerius. See Martial Martianus Minneus Felix Capella. See Capella, Martianus Marunīkkiyār. See Appar Mary, 161, 682, 767-768, 833 Masada, Battle of, 664, 768, 1160 Masinissa, 1025 Mathematics; Babylonia, 327; Byzantine Empire, 253; China, 122; Classical Greece, 940; creation of, 114; Hellenistic Greece, 263, 279, 285, 505, 513, 836; Imperial Rome, 515, 613; India, 299; Maya, 121, 773; Roman Egypt, 639 Mathesis (Firmicus Maternus), 760 Mattavilāsaprahasana (Mahendravarman I), 755 Matthew, 349, 678 Maturai Kulavanikan Cittalaic Cattanar. See C ātanār Mauriac Plain, Battle of. See Châlons, Battle of Maurice, 884 Maurya. See Chandragupta Maurya Mauryan Dynasty, 217, 301, 362, 401, 647, 769 Mausolus, 298, 595, 769-770 Mahazor Yannai (Yannai), 1151 Maxentius, 436, 546, 770-771, 789, 791, 955-956, 1051 Maximian, 437, 476, 546, 770-771, 1051 Maximus of Tyre, 995 Māyā, 113, 189, 1107 Maya, 8, 232, 311, 402, 427, 438, 484, 499, 771-774, 862, 1087, 1109; burials, 49; education, 52; government, 63; literature, 70; medicine, 83; religion, 111; settlements, 129; trade, 150; warfare, 158; writing, 168 Maya calendar, 37 Mbuti, 337 Mecca, 659 Mēdeia (Euripides), 96, 518 Medes, 452, 993 Medicine, 74-86; Babylonia, 327; China, 553; Classical Greece, 475, 577, 622; Etruscans, 512; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 504, 545, 582, 834; Imperial Rome, 282, 286, 394, 856, 961, 1025; Neolithic Age, 75; Niger-Congo, 838; Pharaonic Egypt, 613; Roman Greece, 282; women, 165 Medicine wheels, 907 Medjay. See Beja Megacles of Athens, 207, 421, 905 Megafauna, extinction of, 247, 276, 426, 486, 788, 863, 907 Megalith calendars, 39 Megaliths; Britain, 358; Europe, 13, 48; Southeast Asia, 26, 718 Megasthenes, 769 Meghadūta (K ālidāsa), 699 Mehrgarh, 4 Meinua, 1108 Mela, Pomponius, 775 Melanchros, 905 Melanesia, 775-777 Meleager of Gadara, 777-778 Meleagros. See Meleager of Gadara Melees, 137 Menander (Greco-Bactrian king), 330, 778, 790. See also Milinda Menander (playwright), 97, 134, 582, 779, 1065 Menas, 207, 594 Mencius, 103, 112, 407, 433, 721, 780, 1146 Menelaus of Alexandria, 780-781 Menelik I, 323, 508 Menes, 14, 61, 151, 201, 489, 495 Meng-tzu. See Mencius Mengke. See Mencius Mengk'o. See Mencius Mengzi. See Mencius Menippean satire, 379, 781, 1118 Menippus of Gadara, 781 Menkaure, 939 Mensurius of Carthage, 481 Mentuhotep I. See Montuhotep I Menzi (Mencius), 103, 407, 780 Merenptah, 662, 739, 781 Mermnad Dynasty, 590, 741 Merneptah. See Merenptah Merodachbaladan, 305, 985, 1000 Meroe, 233, 260, 290, 323, 521, 705, 818-821, 842, 848 Meroitic script, 170 Merovingian Dynasty, 536, 782-783 Merovingian Gaul, 532 Mesha, 800 Mesoamerica; agriculture, 5; animal husbandry, 5; architecture, 7; art, 7; government, 63; warfare, 158; weapons, 158; writing, 168 Mesopotamia, 65, 312, 984, 1046; architecture, 14; art, 14; clothing, 43; families, 40; food and drink, 42; government, 57; medicine, 77; religion, 106; science, 115; settlements, 124; social structure, 124; writing, 168 Mesrop, Saint, 291 Messallina, Valeria, 293, 419, 783-784, 999 Messenian Wars, 569, 740, 784, 1102 Metallurgy, 143; Afanasievo culture, 196; Beaker people, 338; Britain, 358; Colombia, 1028; France, 534; Malaya, 758; Old Copper complex, 851; Spain, 1030; Tiwanaku, 246 Metallurgy, bronze; Korea, 710; Mycenaean Greece, 583; Shang Dynasty, 1005 Metallurgy, copper; China, 943 Metallurgy, iron; Korea, 711 Metalworking; Cyprus, 455 Metamorphoses (Apuleius), 267, 287 Metamorphoses (Ovid), 858, 961 Metaphrasis Evangelii Joannis (Nonnus of Panopolis), 844 Metaphysica (Aristotle), 575 Micipsa, 690 Micon, 261, 578 Microblade tradition, Northwest, 238, 784-785 Micronesia, 775, 785-787 Midas, 243, 304, 787, 903 Middle Kingdom, 846-847 Middle Way, 361, 647 Middle Woodland tradition, 486, 720, 787-789 Midrashim, 689, 1153 Migrations; Asia to the Americas, 356, 864, 1041-1042; Bantu speakers, 200, 333; to Brazil, 356; China and Indonesia, 319, 606; Indonesia or the Philippines to Western Micronesia, 785; Indonesia to Melanesia, 775; Melanesia to Eastern Micronesia and Polynesia, 785, 918; Polynesians, 606; Taiwan throughout Oceania, 994 Mikea, 749 Milan, Edict of, 18, 519, 789-790, 961 Miles gloriosus (Plautus), 911 Milesian Tales (Aristides of Miletus), 287 Miletus, 622; Battle of, 568 Milinda. See Menander (Greco-Bactrian king) Milinda-pañha, 330, 778, 790 Miltiades the Younger, 416, 762, 790-791 Milvian Bridge, Battle of, 436, 770, 791-792, 955 Mimaji, 557, 792 Mimashi. See Mimaji Mimes, Republican Rome, 933 Mimnermus, 792-793 Minaeans, 269 Mingdi, 363, 588, 1164 Minoa, 444, 583; architecture, 15; art, 15; settlements, 126; social structure, 126. See also Crete Minoan script, 167 Minos, 444 Minotaur, 445 Minucius Felix, Marcus, 793 Mishnah, 68, 689, 1058 Mississippian culture, 486, 787 Mita of Mushki. See Midas Mitanni, 303, 623, 634, 794, 1048, 1082 Mithradates I, 295, 795, 872, 884 Mithradates II, 795-796, 872, 1087 Mithradates VI Eupator, 291, 310, 579, 726, 796-797, 1087, 1100 Mithradates the Great. See Mithradates VI Eupator Mithradatic Wars, 228, 415, 726, 796 Mithraism. See Mithrism Mithras, 797 Mithridates I. See Mithradates I Mithridates II. See Mithradates II Mithridates VI Eupator. See Mithradates VI Eupator Mithrism, 797-798 Mitylene, 880 Mixtecs, 798-800, 808, 1157 Mnesicles, 17, 577 Mo Di. See Mozi Mo Ti. See Mozi Mo-tzu. See Mozi Moabites, 800 Moche culture, 6, 246-247, 629-630, 801-802; art, 9 Mochica. See Moche culture Moesia, 985 Mogollon culture, 7, 802-803, 1030 Mohenjo-Daro, 4, 20, 644, 650 Moism, 103, 631 Mojave, 371 Mokśa, 103, 668, 1060, 1107, 1122 Momil, 1028 Mommu, 1148 Mon-Khmer, 803 Monagrillo culture, 1028 Monasticism, 860 Mongolia, 804-806 Monophysites, 231, 233, 292, 841 Monophysitism, 207, 231, 233, 242, 292, 367, 400, 806, 841, 1070-1071 Monotheism, 107, 1170; Akhenaton, 220; Judaism, 348, 520, 665; Nilo-Saharans, 839 Mons Graupius, Battle of, 211 Mons Lactarius, Battle of, 823 Montanism, 807 Montanus, 807 Monte Albán, 499, 798, 807-809, 1156 Monte Cassino, 341, 413 Monte Verde, 864, 1026 Montuhotep I, 809, 847 Monuments; Maya, 771; Neolithic Age Europe, 829; West Africa, 206 Monuta. See Ōjin Tennō Moralia in Job (Gregory the Great), 587 Mordred, 299 Mosaics, 19 Moschos. See Moschus of Syracuse Moschus of Syracuse, 809-810, 1069 Moses, 348, 520, 688, 800, 810, 1001; Five Books of, 347, 665, 688 Mound Builders, 7 Moundville, 487 Mount Gilboa, Battle of, 465, 988 Mount Sinai, 688, 810 Mozi, 121, 811 Mozi (Mozi), 811 Mrcchakatikā (Śūdraka), 1042 Mu Gong, 407 Mu-lan shih. See Mulanshi Muallaqāt, Al-, 811 Muāwiyah I, 178-180, 231, 456, 661, 1106 Mudrārāksasa (Viśākhadatta), 703, 1130 Muhammad, 36, 68, 178-179, 181, 202, 216, 231, 270, 497, 635, 659, 812-813, 948, 1105 Mulanshi, 813 Mummies, 47; Chinchorro, 409-410; Egypt, 15; Mixtec, 799 Mummius, Lucius, 183, 579, 814 Murder of Herodes, The (Antiphon), 257 Mursilis I, 326, 605, 623, 1063 Mursilis II, 814 Music, 98; Archaic Greece, 1066; China, 728; Melanesia, 776 Muslim conquest of Egypt. See Saracen conquest Muslim expansion, 177, 181, 231, 239, 270, 292, 384, 456, 661, 987, 1106, 1170 Musonius Rufus, Gaius, 503 Muwang, 406 Muwatallis, 814-815 Muwatallish. See Muwatallis Mwitu. See Chifumbaze culture Mycenae, palace of, 815-816 Myrddin (Merlin), 250 Myron, 817 Myron of Eleutherae. See Myron Myrsilus, 905 Mythologiae (Fabius Planciades Fulgentius), 542 Mytilene, 905 N Nabataea, 270 Nabis, 529 Nabonidus, 458 Nabopolassar, 452 Nabū-kudurri-usur. See Nebuchadnezzar II NaDene peoples, 1041 Naevius, Gnaeus, 540, 818; on Dido, 473 Naga (cobra), 620 Nāgānanda (Bāna), 603 Nagara, 27 Nāgārjuna, 700 Nāgasena, 778, 790 Nahāvand, Battle of, 884, 987, 1105 Nālatiyār, 874 Nan Madol, 786 Nandi (white bull), 620 Nanshu Fulao (Sima Xiangru), 1016 Napata, 521, 705, 818-821, 847, 1054. See also Kush Naples, 751 Naqadah II, 494 Nara, 709, 1149 Naram-Sin, 221, 634 Narasimhavarman I, 650, 866 Nārāyana, 821 Narmer. See Menes Narrinai, 822 Narses (Byzantine military leader), 339, 366, 717, 822-823, 1095 Narses (Sāsānian emperor), 823 Nasca culture, 246-247, 824; art, 9 Natufian culture, 527, 825 Naturalis historia (Pliny the Elder), 775, 913, 961 Nātya-śāstra (Bharata Muni), 344, 825-826 Nātyaveda, 344 Navies; Archaic Greece, 89; Athens, 153, 880, 1068; Byzantine Empire, 367; Carthage, 157, 383; Classical Greece, 576, 977; Etruscan, 511; Imperial Rome, 157; Islamic, 180; Persia, 977 Navigation, 86-92; Aleutian tradition, 227; Carthage, 385; Dorset culture, 482; France, 536; Lycia, 739; Malagasy, 749; Maya, 773; Melanesia, 776; Phoenicia, 901; Polynesia, 918; Republican Rome, 968; Sea Peoples (Oceania), 994 Nazca culture. See Nasca culture Near East, 1 Nebhepetre. See Montuhotep I Nebuchadnezzar II, 452, 461, 678, 826-827 Necho, 901 Neco II, 686 Nedunthogai. See Akanānūru (Uruthirasanman) Nefertiti, 827 Negrillos. See BaTwa Nehemiah, 663 Neijing, 81 Nemean Games, 131, 570, 577, 855 Nemesianus, 828 Nemesis (Tibullus), 1085 Neolithic Age Europe, 828-830 Neoplatonism, 315, 693, 830-831, 914, 1068 Nephelai (Aristophanes), 288, 1021 Nepos, Cornelius, 831 Nero, 110, 134, 186, 212-213, 257, 353, 374, 440, 530, 532, 581, 730, 732, 735-736, 783, 797, 831-832, 849, 886, 889, 922, 957, 995, 1000, 1092, 1127 Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, 540, 832-833, 959, 1095 Nestorianism, 291, 399, 457, 1073 Nestorius, 387, 399, 833, 1071, 1073 New Comedy, 97, 134, 911 New Kingdom, 846 New Zealand, 319-322 Nicaea, Council of, 110, 284, 307, 367, 413, 519, 833-834, 1051, 1072 Nicander of Colophon, 834 Nicene Creed, 110, 367, 400, 413, 834 Nicetes of Smyrna, 995 Nicholas, Saint, 740 Nicholas of Damascus. See Nicolaus of Damascus Nicias, Peace of, 277, 288, 573, 835, 880 Nicias of Athens, 225, 422, 835, 880 Nicolaus of Damascus, 835 Nicomachos. See Nicomachus of Gerasa Nicomachus of Gerasa, 836 Nicomedes III Euergetes, 796 Nicomedes IV, 797 Nigantha Nātaputra. See Vardhamāna Niger-Congo, 836-838 Nihon shoki, 72, 557, 672, 680, 838-839, 842 Nika Riots, 253, 339, 594, 822, 1070 Nikandros. See Nicander of Colophon Nike (Paeonius), 861 Nike of Samothrace, 18, 582 Nikias son of Nikeratos. See Nicias of Athens Nikokles I, 456 Nikomachos. See Nicomachus of Gerasa Nile River, 201, 488, 494 Nilo-Saharans, 197, 479, 839-840 Nilotes, 840-841 Nine Saints, 841 Nineteenth Dynasty, 847 Nineveh, 303 Ninian, Saint, 903 Nintoku, 709, 842 Nītiśataka (Bhartrhari), 345 Noah, 348 Noba, 233, 756 Nobatae, 338, 842-843 Nobatia, 233, 756, 840, 843 Noctes Atticae (Aulus Gellius), 553 Nofretete. See Nefertiti Nok culture, 205, 398, 843-844; sculpture, 30 Nomadism; Aborigines, 321; Andronovo culture, 249; Karasuk culture, 701; Mongolia, 804; Sarmatians, 985 Nomoi (Plato), 99, 911 Non Nok Tha site, 758 Nondualism. See Advaita Nonnus of Panopolis, 582, 844 Nonviolence, 647, 668, 1093, 1117 North America; agriculture, 5; animal husbandry, 5; art, 6; medicine, 84; religion, 111; warfare, 157; weapons, 157 North Semitic scripts, 170 Northern Dynasties, 1017 Northern Paleo-Indian tradition, 238 Northern Song Dynasty, 729 Northern Wei Dynasty, 364, 844-845, 1142 Northwest Coast cultures, 697, 731, 766, 975, 1041 Norton tradition, 482, 653, 845 Notion, Battle of, 742 Novels, Imperial Rome, 185, 733 Nubia, 260, 338, 602, 704, 846-848. See also Kush Nubian A-Group. See Ta-Seti Nüjie (Ban Zhao), 162 Numantia, 1032 Numerian, 476 Numidia, 687, 690, 977 Nyamakalaw, 759 Nyatri Tsenpo. See GNiya'-khri Nyāya-bhāsya (Vātsyāyana), 1119 Nyāya philosophy, 103, 1049, 1119 O O no Yasumaro, 838 Oceania; agriculture, 4; animal husbandry, 4; navigation, 89; religion, 113; settlements, 129; social structure, 129; trade, 150 Octavia, 186, 257-258, 418, 441, 832, 849 Octavia Minor. See Octavia Octavian. See Augustus Octavianus, Gaius Julius Caesar. See Augustus Octavius, The (Marcus Minucius Felix), 793 Odenathus, 1162 Odes (Horace), 224, 627, 750 Odoacer, 849-850, 970, 1070 Odometer, 139 Odovacar. See Odoacer Odovacer. See Odoacer Odovakar. See Odoacer Odyssey (Homer), 69, 78, 571, 582, 626, 730, 890, 947, 968, 1086, 1126 Oidipous epi Kolōnōi (Sophocles), 1024 Oidipous Tyrannos (Sophocles), 96, 575, 1024 Ōjin Tennō, 670, 680, 709, 842, 850 Old Comedy, 134, 288, 443, 517 Old Copper complex, 7, 486, 851 Old Cordilleran culture, 6 Old Kingdom, 605, 846 Old Rājgīr, 22 Olduvai Gorge, 954 Olmecs, 5, 311, 330, 438, 851-854; art, 7; education, 52; writing, 70 Olympias, 854 Olympic Games, 109, 131, 279, 467, 478, 570, 577, 580, 616, 855 Olynthiacs (Demosthenes), 469 Omo Valley, 508 Omotic peoples, 197, 451, 508, 856 Omride Dynasty, 675 On Arabia (Juba II of Mauretania), 688 On Hunting (Arrian), 294 On India (Arrian), 294 On the Philosophy of Oracles (Porphyry), 923 On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon (Aristarchus of Samos), 285 Onion Portage, 238, 277 Optimates, 391, 542 Oracle bones, 10, 406, 1005 Orange, Second Council of, 387 Orationae (Gregory of Nazianzus), 586 Oratorio de laudibus Constantini (Eusebius of Caesarea), 519 Oratory; Athens, 743; Classical Greece, 470; Imperial Rome, 540, 988, 995, 1052 Ordivices, 211 Oreibasios. See Oribasius Oresteia (Aeschylus), 575 Orestes, 970 Oribase. See Oribasius Oribasius, 856-857 Oribasius of Pergamum. See Oribasius Origen, 284, 393, 421, 503, 518, 857, 896, 1002 Origines (Cato the Censor), 391, 969 Ornithes (Aristophanes), 288 Oromo, 197, 451 Orphism, 857-858 Ortoiroid, 381 Osiris, 492, 638, 658 Ostomasades, 993 Ostorius Scapula, Publius, 380, 385 Ostrogoths, 339, 387, 401, 685, 822, 850, 1070, 1095. See also Goths Oswald, 214 Otho, Marcus Salvius, 533, 922 Ouagadou. See Ghana Ovid, 71, 134, 273, 374, 637, 858-859, 897, 961, 1046, 1086; on Lycia, 739 Ovidius Naso, Publius. See Ovid Owain, 1057 P Pachomius, Saint, 336, 860 Pacuvius, Marcus, 860-861 Pādātaditaka (Śyāmilaka), 1050 Paekche Dynasty, 711 Paeonius, 297, 861 Paestum, 751 Paijan tradition, 276 Painted Pottery culture. See Yangshao culture Painting; Archaic Greece, 261; Athens, 917; China, 587, 1143, 1149; Classical Greece, 578, 1163; Crete, 446; Egypt, 15; perspective, 261 Painting, vases; Archaic Greece, 235; Classical Greece, 185, 578 Paionios. See Paeonius Pak Hyŏkkŏse, 861-862 Palenque, 165, 438, 499, 862 Paleo-Indians; eastern Brazil, 356; North America, 486, 863-864, 906; South America, 864-865, 1026; South American Intermediate Area, 1027 Palermo stone, 494, 846, 865 Palestine, 220, 507, 996; Roman invasion of, 256 Palladius, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus, 865-866 Pallava Dynasty, 650, 755, 866-867; architecture, 24; art, 24 Palli Aike cave, 1026 Palmyra, 270, 1162 Pamphilus, 518 Pan Ku. See Ban Gu Pan-p'o-ts'un culture. See Banpocun culture Panaetius of Rhodes, 867, 923, 1161 Panama, 1028 Pañcāksaram, 376 Pānduvāsudeva, 1035 Pāndyan Empire, 377 Paneas, Battle of, 996 Panegyricus (Pliny the Younger), 913 Pānini, 67, 172, 867-868, 1049 Pannādu Tanda Māran Valudi, 822 Pantaenus, 421 Pantheon, 18, 868, 959 Pao-p'u-tzu. See Ge Hong Paper, invention of, 167, 370, 599 Papyrus, 169; Pharaonic Egypt, 492 Paracas culture, 247 Paramārthasaptati (Vasubandhu), 1119 Paratarna, 794 Parikko, 713 Paripātal, 869 Parisii, 535 Parmenides, 100, 869-870, 910, 927, 1139, 1162 Parmenides of Elea. See Parmenides Parsis; exposure of dead, 50 Partheneion (Alcman), 226 Parthenon, 17, 108-109, 185, 309, 373, 577, 641, 861, 870-871, 882, 893 Parthia, 281, 291, 294-296, 440, 795, 871-873, 884, 1171; Trajan, 1095 Parthian War, 849 Parthica (Arrian), 294 Pārvatī, 619 Pārvatī Devī temple, 873 Pastoralism; Bantu, 199; Botswana, 198; East Africa, 4; Khoikhoi, 706; Khoisan, 707; Znaga, 1168 Patagonia, 1026 Pātaliputra, 22 Patañjali, 778 Patinenkīlkkanakku, 873-874 Patirruppattu, 874 Patrick, Saint, 413, 655, 875 Pattuppāttu, 377, 713 Paul, Saint, 348, 412, 470, 669, 875-876 Paul of Tarsus. See Paul, Saint Paul the Apostle. See Paul, Saint Paulinus, Saint, 877 Paulinus of Nola, Saint, 319, 877, 1004 Paulus (Pacuvius), 860 Pausanias of Sparta, 287, 742, 878, 908 Pausanias the Traveler, 582, 878-879; on Scopas, 991; on Stesichorus, 1037 Pear Garden, 97 Pedra Furada, 864 Peiligang, 4 Peisistratus. See Pisistratus Pelagianism, 316, 879 Pelagius (monk), 387, 677, 879 Pelagius II, 587 Peloponnesian War, 97, 189, 210, 225, 244, 248, 277-278, 310, 383, 518, 533, 573, 739, 742-743, 746, 835, 861, 870, 880-881, 910, 973, 1080, 1163 Pender Canal site, 975 Pengtoushan, 4 Pepin the Short, 783 Pepy II, 602, 847 Perdiccas (Macedonian general), 256 Perdiccas I (Macedonian king), 283, 745 Perdiccas II (Macedonian king), 283, 746 Performing arts, 92-100; India, 825; Korea, 712; Niger-Congo, 838; women, 162 Pergamum, 312, 1163 Peri archōn (Origen), 857 Peri Hypsous (Longinus), 732 Peri Ktismaton (Procopius), 929 Peri paradoxon mechanematon (Anthemius of Tralles), 253 Peri physeōs (Parmenides), 869 Peri pyreion (Anthemius of Tralles), 253 Periander of Corinth, 457, 881 Pericles, 208, 225, 277, 302, 309, 373, 417, 421, 443, 502, 517, 573, 641, 651, 743, 870, 880-882, 893, 910, 930, 974, 1069 Periēgēsis (Hecataeus of Miletus), 607 Periegesis Hellados (Pausanias the Traveler), 878 Periplus (Hanno), 901 Periplus Maris Erythraei, 508, 1009, 1171 Peristephanon (Prudentius), 931 Persaeus of Citium, 273 Perseus, 191, 255, 516, 579 Persia, 14, 229, 244, 298, 309, 458, 464, 568, 607, 663, 769, 882-886, 900, 1140; versus Byzantine Empire, 366; Cyrpus, 455; settlements, 126; social structure, 126; warfare, 153; weapons, 153 Persius Flaccus, Aulus, 737, 886-887 Pertinax, 1004 Peru, 370, 629-630, 727, 801, 824; religion, 111 Perunkatai (Konguvelar), 887 Perusine War, 543 Peter, Saint, 887-889, 1016 Petronius Arbiter, 71, 134, 287, 886, 889-890, 962 Petronius Maximus, 322 Pey. See Peyar Peyar, 890, 937 Phaedon, 1021 Phaedōn (Plato), 575 Phaedros (Plato), 575 Phaedrus, 890-891 Phaenomena (Aratus), 273 Phaidros. See Phaedrus Pharaoh, 61 Pharisees, 108, 347, 411, 689 Pharos of Alexandria, 891-892, 932 Pharsalus, Battle of, 360, 369, 388, 392, 687, 892 Phasael, 256 Pheidias. See Phidias Phiale Painter, 185 Phidias, 17, 577, 641, 870, 893, 916 Philetaerus, 312 Philinus of Cos, 582 Philip II, 184, 192, 228, 255, 278, 283, 289, 310, 399, 469, 564, 662, 746, 854, 893-894, 974, 997 Philip III, 256, 386, 854 Philip IV, 386 Philip V, 196, 255, 453, 516, 529, 894, 965 Philippi, Battle of, 259, 317, 360, 388, 750, 895 Philippicae (Cicero), 415 Philippus, Quintus Marcius, 579 Philista, 165 Philistia, Assyrian conquest of, 304 Philistines, 465, 895-896, 980, 988 Philistius, 478 Phillip II, 154, 993 Philo Byblius, 901 Philo Judaeus. See Philo of Alexandria Philo of Alexandria, 896 Philochorus, 897 Philocrates, Peace of, 192, 255, 893 Philodemus, 897 Philoktētēs (Sophocles), 1024 Philopoemen, 761 Philosophers, Pre-Socratic. See Pre-Socratic philosophers Philosophy, 100-106; Archaic Greece, 571, 1139; Athens, 661; China, 431, 434, 482, 719, 780, 811, 1132-1133, 1146, 1150; Classical Greece, 468, 476, 575, 869, 910, 941, 1021, 1034, 1162; Greece, 69; Hellenistic Greece, 290, 467, 503, 580, 1074, 1161; Imperial Rome, 263, 286, 315, 350, 393, 414, 421, 475, 503, 738, 830, 897-898, 914-915, 923, 999, 1068; Magna Graecia, 926; Roman Greece, 735 Philostratus, Flavius, 582, 692, 898, 995; on Apollonius of Tyana, 263 Phineas, 898-899 Phinehas. See Phineas Phocians, 278, 974 Phoenicia, 201, 382, 899-902; Assyrian conquest of, 304; language, 68; Spain, 1031; writing, 171 Phoenician script, 171 Phormio (Terence), 1065 Photius, Saint, 640, 836 Phraates II, 872 Phrygia, 416, 787, 902-903; Anatolia, 243; writings, 69 Physica (Aristotle), 575 Piankhi. See Piye Piankhy. See Piye Pictographs, 166 Pictorinus. See Fabius Pictor, Quintus Picts, 903, 1112 Pikimachay, 864 Pilate, Pontius, 411, 678 Pillars of the Faith, 660 Pimiko. See Himiko Pindar, 70, 132, 193, 328, 575, 616, 855, 904, 1037 Pingwang, 407 Pinhas ben Ya'ir. See Phineas Pisistratus, 95, 240, 309, 478, 621, 905, 910, 1017 Pisonian conspiracy, 735 Pit houses, 802; Anasazi, 7; Mogollon, 7 Pittacus of Mytilene, 905-906 Piye, 818, 848, 906, 975, 1004 Plain of Hormizdagān, Battle of, 281, 296 Plain of Jars, 26, 718 Plains peoples, 906-907 Plains Woodland culture, 907 Plataea, Battle of, 184, 287, 569, 573, 878, 908, 977, 1077, 1140 Plateau peoples, 909-910 Plato, 59, 69, 99, 101, 165, 289, 302, 310, 447, 478, 559, 573, 752, 870, 910-911, 941, 1021, 1034, 1139-1140, 1164; on Agathon, 209; on Archytas of Tarentum, 280; on Atlantis, 1076; on Gyges, 590; realism, 261 Plautius Silvanus Aelianus, Tiberius, 985 Plautus, 71, 97, 134, 540, 911-912, 969, 1065 Plautus, Titus Maccius. See Plautus Plebeian secession, 912 Pliny the Elder, 18, 71, 80, 149, 775, 912-913, 961; on Alwa, 233; on Antae, 252; on Apollodorus of Athens, 261; on Garamantes, 548; on Scopas, 991 Pliny the Younger, 913-914, 921, 947, 1044; on Arria the Elder, 293; on Frontinus, 540; on Herodas, 610 Plotinus, 830, 914, 923 Ploutos (Aristophanes), 289 Plow; China, 4; Europe, 3; India, 4; Mesopotamia, 1 Plutarch, 441, 475, 582, 617, 639, 780, 914-915; on Alexander the Great, 229; on Archilochus of Paros, 279; on Aristides of Miletus, 287; on Crete, 445; on Ion of Chios, 651; on Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar), 691; on Menander (Greco-Bactrian king), 778; on Spartacus, 1033; on Timoleon, 1088 Poetry; Arabic, 811; Archaic Greece, 224-225, 279, 792, 982, 998, 1037, 1066, 1074, 1102, 1139; Britain, 250; China, 379, 945, 1016, 1061, 1143, 1150; Classical Greece, 240, 288, 328, 506, 640, 904, 1017; Hellenistic Greece, 264, 273, 374, 610, 809; iambus, 279; Imperial Rome, 182, 318, 374, 392, 418, 501, 514, 626-627, 696, 735-736, 738, 760, 818, 828, 844, 860, 886, 897, 929, 947, 1037, 1045, 1085, 1114, 1125; India, 234, 375, 1116; Jewish liturgical, 1151, 1153; Merovingian Gaul, 532; Ptolemaic Egypt, 1069; Republican Rome, 182; Sparta, 226; Tamil, 215, 265 Point Hope, 652 Polemon (Procopius), 208, 698, 929 Polemon, Marcus Antonius, 879 Politeia (Plato), 102, 261, 575 Polybius, 182, 524, 579, 581, 617, 915-916, 923, 969, 1040, 1062 Polycleitus. See Polyclitus Polyclitus, 916 Polycrates of Samos, 240, 478, 516, 640, 916-917 Polygamy, 161 Polygnotus, 261, 578, 917 Polykleitos. See Polyclitus Polynesia, 606, 749, 775, 918-920; oral literature, 72 Polyzelus, 616 Pomo, 371 Pomparippu cemetery, 1035 Pompeii, 751, 920-921, 1076, 1092 Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus. See Pompey the Great Pompeius Magnus, Sextus, 543, 1114 Pompey the Great, 227, 256, 291, 313, 360, 369, 382, 388, 391, 395, 423, 442, 528, 542, 579, 611, 687, 691, 727, 737, 797, 872, 892, 921-923, 966, 991, 996, 1033, 1067, 1087, 1097, 1118 Pompilius, Numa, 963 Pons Mulvius. See Milvian Bridge, Battle of Pontifex. See Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Pontifex) Pope Leo I. See Leo I, Saint Poppaea Sabina, 186, 832, 922 Popul Vuh, 70, 83, 106 Populares, 391, 542 Porcius Cato, Marcus (234-149 b.c.e.). See Cato the Censor Porcius Cato, Marcus (95-46 b.c.e.). See Cato the Younger Porphyry, 914, 923 Porus, 155, 229, 635 Pōs dei historian sungraphein (Lucian), 736 Posidonius, 582, 923-924, 1040, 1161 Posthomerica (Quintus Smyrnaeus), 582, 947 Postumus, Marcus Cassianus Latinius, 547 Potatoes, domestication of, 244 Potiphar's wife, 1057 Pottery; Afanasievo culture, 196; Amazonia, 236; Andronovo culture, 196, 249; Archaic North American culture, 275; Aristide style, 1028; Badarian culture, 846; Ban Kao, 758; Banpocun culture, 332; Bantu, 334; Beaker people, 654; Brazil, 1027; Britain, 358; Cajamarca, 370-371; Calima culture, 1028; Chadic peoples, 398; Chifumbaze, 403; China, 349, 725, 1151, 1154; Chondwe, 439; Chulmun, 710; Conte style, 1028; Deptford culture, 471; East Africa, 200; eastern Brazil, 356; Etruscans, 512; Fertile Crescent, 527; Great Basin peoples, 567; Greece, 146; Halafian culture, 595; Harappā, 21; Hastināpura, 21; Hohokam culture, 626; Japan, 709; Jōmon, 12, 670, 684; Kamares, 446; Karsuk culture, 701; Kelteminar culture, 704; Kerma, 549, 1148; Kimhae, 711; Lapita, 776, 786, 918; Laurel culture, 720; Lima culture, 727; Longshan culture, 733; Malaya, 758; Marianas Red, 786; Maya, 771, 774; Micronesia, 786; Middle Woodland tradition, 788; Minoa, 16; Moche culture, 246, 802; Mogollon culture, 802; Mohenjo-Daro, 21; Monagrillo culture, 1028; Monte Albán, 808; Mumun, 710; Naqadah II, 494; Nasca culture, 824; North Africa, 201; Plains peoples, 907; Qijia culture, 943; Recuay, 953; Sa Huyn, 26; Samarran culture, 978; Sao culture, 206; Sinú region, 1028; Sonota culture, 1023; Southwest peoples, 1030; Sri Lanka, 1035; Stallings culture, 1079; Thom's Creek, 1079; Tigray, 549; Tonosí style, 1028; Troy, 1099; Tumaco, 1028; Ubaid culture, 1104; Urewe ware, 334; West Africa, 205; Yangshao culture, 404, 1151; Yayoi, 1152; Yue, 1154 Poverty Point, 486, 788, 924 Povest Vremennykh Let. See Chronicle of Nestor Poygai. See Poykai Poykai, 890, 925, 937 Poykaiyar, 873 Praetorian Guard, 258, 532-533, 692, 832, 957, 1105 Prambanan (Hindu temple), 674 Pratimā-nātaka (Bhāsa), 346 Pravarasena I, 1111 Praxagoras, 613 Praxiteles, 926 Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, 527 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, 527 Pre-Socratic philosophers, 69, 926-927 Priscian, 238, 928 Priscianus Caesariensis. See Priscian Priscillian, 928-929 Priyadarśika (Bāna), 603 Proclus, 780 Procopius, 208, 698, 929, 1111 Prodicus, 661 Projectile points; Archaic North American culture, 275; Archaic South American culture, 276; Clovis, 864; Dalton tradition, 460; Eastern peoples, 486; Folsom technological complex, 1029; Monte Verde, 864 Propertius, 793, 897, 929-930, 1046, 1086 Property rights, women, 161 Prophecies, Jewish, 500, 629, 657, 665, 675, 981 Prophets (Jewish Bible), 347 Propylaea, 17, 309, 577 Prose, Imperial Rome, 858 Protagoras, 69, 517, 661, 930 Prōtagoras (Plato), 930 Proto-Indo-European society; settlements, 125; social structure, 125 Proto-Three Kingdom period, 711 Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens, 877, 931 Prusias, 529 Psammetichus, 457, 881 Psamtik I, 1055 Psamtik II, 848 Psychomachia (Prudentius), 931 Ptolemaic Dynasty, 496, 579, 931-932; laws, 61 Ptolemy (mathematician), 620, 780, 933, 961 Ptolemy I Soter, 201, 230, 456, 467-468, 472, 491, 496, 579, 819, 931, 995 Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 230, 467, 496, 897, 932, 1001, 1069 Ptolemy III Euergetes, 496, 932 Ptolemy IV Philopator, 290, 932 Ptolemy V Epiphanes, 971 Ptolemy VI Philometor, 286 Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator, 286 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, 286 Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus, 423 Ptolemy XIII, 369, 423, 892 Ptolemy XIV, 423 Ptolemy XV Caesar, 423 Publilius Syrus, 933-934 Publius Aelius Hadrianus. See Hadrian Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus. See Gallienus Puda. See Pnt3n Pudam. See Pnt3n Puerto Hormiga, 1028 Pukara culture, 247 Pulakeśin II, 603 Pulcheria, 1073 Punic Wars, 89, 157, 171, 191, 201, 255, 265, 377, 384, 391, 395, 523-524, 601, 617, 730-731, 747, 818, 867, 934-935, 964-965, 990, 1031, 1156 Punithavathi. See Karaikkal Ammaiyar Puram (external) genre, 377, 869, 874, 935 Puranānūr, 935-936 Purānas (Vyāsa), 590, 602, 936-937 Pure Land philosophy, 1119 Pūrva Mīmāmsa philosophy, 1049 Pusyamitra Śunga, 1047 Pūtān, 890, 937 Pūttattār. See Pūtān Puzur-Ashur, 243 Pydna, Battle of, 191, 255, 579, 989 Pygmies. See BaTwa Pyramid of the Moon, 937-938, 1064 Pyramid of the Sun, 937, 1063 Pyramid texts, 92, 107 Pyramids, 489, 642, 938-939; Cahokia civilization, 37; Cholula, 410; Cobá, 427; Dahshur, 1002, 1020; Egypt, 15, 48, 107; Giza, 493; Maya, 8, 129; Meroe, 290; Mesopotamia, 14; Moche culture, 9, 246, 630; Nasca culture, 9; Olmecs, 8, 142, 852; Peru, 715; Uxmal, 1110. See also Akapana pyramid Pyrrhon of Elis, 939-940 Pyrrhus, 420, 424, 468, 752, 965 Pyrrōneiōn Hypotypōseōn (Sextus Empiricus), 940 Pythagoras, 118, 264, 280, 571, 613, 752, 836, 869, 910, 927, 940-941 Pythagorean theorem, 119, 941 Pytheas of Aegina, 328 Pytheas of Massalia, 941 Pythian Games, 131, 420, 467, 570, 577, 616, 855, 973 Pythius, 595 Pyu, 942 Q Qādisīyah, Battle of, al-, 884, 1105 Qatabānians, 269 Qi, 407, 945 Qijia culture, 943 Qin Dynasty, 129, 156, 407, 567, 599, 630, 721, 943-944, 1009, 1128, 1144; architecture, 10; art, 10 Qin Shi Huangdi. See Shi Huangdi Qin tomb, 11, 944-945, 1009 Qu Ping. See Qu Yuan Qu Yuan, 945-946 Quaestiones naturals (Seneca the Younger), 736 Quinctilius Varus, Publius, 292, 766, 946, 1067 Quinctius Cincinnatus, Lucius. See Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius Quinctius Flamininus, Titus. See Flamininus, Titus Quinctius Quinoa, domestication of, 244 Quintilian, 71, 628, 946-947; on Marcus Terentius Varro, 1118; on Pindar, 904 Quintus Caepio Brutus. See Brutus Quintus Horatius Flaccus. See Horace Quintus of Smyrna. See Quintus Smyrnaeus Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus. See Tertullian Quintus Smyrnaeus, 582, 947 Qurān, 68, 147, 178-179, 217, 270, 660, 947-948, 1105, 1109 Quraysh, 270 R Radagaisus, 1038 Radegunda, Saint, 532, 949 Rædwald, 488 Raghuvamśa (Kālidāsa), 699 Raimondi stone, 949-950 Ramakian, 73 Rāmāyana (Vālmīki), 67, 346, 590, 602, 950, 1115 Rameses I, 1002 Rameses II, 490, 493, 520, 623, 697, 739, 781, 810, 814, 846, 951-952 Rameses III, 895, 952-953 Ramesses II. See Rameses II Ramsesses III. See Rameses III Ransom of Hector, The (Dionysius I the Elder of Syracuse), 478 Rape, 161 Raphia, Battle of, 932 Rāshtrakūtas, 866 Rathas (temples), 650 Ratna traya. See Three Jewels, Jainism Ratnāvāli (Bāna), 604 Re, 492, 938. See also Amun, Amun-Re Reccared, 563, 1032 Rectification of names, 433-434 Recuay, 953 Red Paint culture, 7, 764 Regulae pastoralis liber (Gregory the Great), 587 Reincarnation, 354, 645, 1060, 1122 Relationes (Symmachus), 1052 Religion, 106-114; Aborigines, 483; Afrasans, 197; Ainu, 216; Anasazi, 241; Aramean, 272; Arawak, 274; Archaic Greece, 571; Armenia, 291; Assyria, 305; Australia, 321, 483; Axum, 324; Babylonia, 327; Canaanites, 376; Carthage, 384; Celts, 358, 397; Chavín de Huántar, 245, 402; Chichén Itzá, 402; China, 432, 462, 632, 719, 761; Classical Greece, 576, 857; Crete, 445; cult of Demeter, 500; Eastern Roman Empire, 509; Etruscans, 512; Fertile Crescent, 527; festivals, 44; France, 537; Germany, 555; Hawaii, 606; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 580, 658; Henotheism, 609; Hittite, 625; Imperial Rome, 658, 961, 972, 1052; Ireland, 655; Israel, 665; Japan, 671, 1010; Jewish, 688; Kachemak tradition, 697; Langobards, 717; Locarno Beach, 731; Macedonia, 747; Malagasy, 750; Mande, 759; Maya, 773; Melanesia, 777; Meroe, 260, 820; Mixtec, 799; Mycenaean Greece, 584; Moche culture, 630; Nasca culture, 824; Neolithic Age Europe, 829; Niger-Congo, 838; Nilo-Saharans, 840; North Africa, 203; Olmecs, 853; Persia, 797, 884, 1169-1170; Pharaonic Egypt, 351, 492, 658; Phoenicia, 901; Phrygia, 903; Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, 498; Pyu, 942; Republican Rome, 968; versus science, 115; Scythia, 994; Slavs, 1019; southern South America, 1027; Spain, 658; Sri Lanka, 1036; Subarctic peoples, 1042; Sumerians, 1046; Taino, 381; Tibet, 1084; Tiwanaku, 246, 1093; Urartu, 1108; West Africa, 204; women, 160; Zapotecs, 1158 Remedia amoris (Ovid), 858 Remus, 969-970 Ren (benevolence), 104, 433-434 Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus), 238 Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Augustus), 953-954 Rhetoric, 559; Athens, 662; Greece, 69 Rhodes, Siege of, 468 Rice, cultivation of, 670, 674; China, 4, 404; Japan, 709; Korea, 711; Madagascar, 749; Malaya, 758; Niger-Congo, 837; Yayoi, 1152 Ricimer, 323 Rift Valley system, 954 Rigveda, 66, 112, 137, 154, 307, 344, 1107, 1120-1121 Rituals of the Bacabs, 83 Roads, 91; France, 536; Imperial Rome, 961; Republican Rome, 419, 968 Rock art; Berbers, 342; Brazil, 1027; California peoples, 372; eastern Africa, 206-207; Eritrea, 510; Ethiopia, 510; Saharan, 974; southern Africa, 200, 206-207, 485; Tibu, 1085 Romaica (Appian), 265 Romaika (Dio Cassius), 474 Roman arch, 955, 961 Roman Britain, 1130 Roman civil war of 49-48 b.c.e., 360 Roman civil wars, 966 Roman Empire, Eastern, 436, 695. See also Byzantine Empire Roman Empire, Western, collapse of, 366 Roman Forum, 955-957 Roman History (Appian), 1033 Romana (Jordanes), 685 Rome; founding of, 962, 969; sack of, 223, 322, 562, 928, 1038; second founder of, 375 Rome, Imperial, 296, 535, 957, 962; Arabia, 270; architecture, 18; art, 18; versus Celts, 396; clothing, 44; dance, 95; education, 56; Egypt as province, 932; families, 41; laws, 59; literature, 71; Lycia, 739; medicine, 79; Mithrism, 797; roads, 91; versus Sāsānians, 986, 1007; science, 119; settlements, 127; social structure, 127; trade, 146; warfare, 156; weapons, 156 Rome, Prerepublican, 962-964; versus Anatolia, 244; religion, 109 Rome, Republican, 511, 964-969; Berbers, 342; versus Carthage, 201; Egypt, 496; Magna Graecia alliance with, 752; Parthia, 872; Spain, 1032; transportation, 88 Romulus, 962, 969-970 Romulus Augustulus, 850, 959, 970-971 Rosamund, 224 Rosetta stone, 492, 498, 971 Rufinius, 509 Rule of St. Benedict, 341 Runic script, 173 Rusa I, 416, 983, 1108 Rusa II, 984, 1108 Russell Cave, 788 Russian Primary Chronicle. See Chronicle of Nestor Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, 972 S Saba. See Sheba, Queen of Sabacon. See Shabaka Sabaeans, 269; writing, 172 Sabina, Vibia, 973, 1044 Sābūr I. See Shāpūr I Sacherdonos. See Esarhaddon Sacred Tales (Aristides), 286 Sacred Wars, 192, 278, 420, 574, 893, 973-974 Sacrifice; Andronovo, 249; Ballana culture, 843; Chichén Itzá, 402; China, 433, 541; Crete, 445; Israel, 665; Jewish, 678; Kerma, 705; Mithrism, 797; Mixtec, 799; Moche culture, 630; Mycenaean Greece, 584; Nubia, 847; Olmecs, 854; Phoenicia, 901; Sarmatians, 985; Slavs, 1019; Zapotecs, 1158 Sadducees, 108, 347, 689 Sahara, 197; drying of, 3, 30, 197, 201, 205, 556, 1085; rock art, 29; trade, 147 Sahel, 201 Sahul, 321 Saint Mungo phase, 731, 975 Saite Dynasty, 975-976 Śaivism, 936 Sakkunyaton, 901 Śākyamuni. See Buddha Saladoir, 381 Salamis, Battle of, 184, 193, 297, 309, 416, 517, 554, 568, 573, 612, 908, 976-977, 1024, 1068, 1077-1078, 1140 Salamis, Second Battle of, 153 Sallust, 71, 977, 1033; on Sempronia, 998 Sallustius Crispus, Gaius. See Sallust Salmon; Plateau peoples, 909; Saint Mungo phase, 975 Salvianus, 978 Samaritans, 347 Samarran culture, 978-979 Sāmaveda, 344, 1120-1121 Samhitās, 354, 1120 Samia (Menander), 779 Sāmkhya philosophy, 102, 343, 1049 Sammu-ramat, 979-980 Samnite Wars, 524 Samos, 916 Samson, 980-981 Samudragupta, 589, 866 Samuel, 981, 988 San (African people), 200, 206, 706-707, 749 San Agustín, 1028 San Apollinaire Nuovo, 19 San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, 852 San Vitale, 19, 366 Śangam. See Cankam Śankara, 189, 234, 550 Santa de Riacho rock shelter, 1027 Sao culture, 206, 398 Saphanbaal. See Sophonisba of Numidia Sapor I. See Shāpūr I Sapor II. See Shāpūr II Sappho, 70, 162, 224, 506, 572, 982 Saracen conquest, 179, 982 Saragossa, Council of, 928 Sārayogi. See Poykai Sarduri I, 983, 1108 Sarduri II, 983, 1108 Sarduri III, 984 Sargon I, 243 Sargon II, 304, 787, 900, 984-985, 1000, 1005, 1086, 1108 Sargon of Akkad, 221, 325, 984, 1047 Sarmatians, 221, 985, 993, 1072 Sārnāth pillar, 22 Sāsānian Empire, 244, 281, 295-296, 339, 884, 986-987, 1007, 1105, 1113, 1171 Sātakarni I, 987 Śatapatha Brāhmana, 821 Sātavāhana Dynasty, 233, 248, 580, 987 Satire, 735; Athens, 443; Imperial Rome, 737, 781, 887, 889; Menippean, 777 Satires (Horace), 627, 737, 961 Satires (Persius Flaccus), 887 Saturae (Juvenal), 696, 962 Saturae Menippeae, 781 Saturnalia (Macrobius), 748 Satya, 668 Satya-Nārāyana, 821 Satyr dancers, 94 Satyricon (Petronius Arbiter), 71, 287, 889, 962 Satyrus, 595 Saul (King), 465, 662, 981, 988 Saul of Tarsus. See Paul, Saint Śaumila, 1042 Śaunāka, 307 Saundarānanda (Ashvaghosa), 301 Saustatar, 794 Saxons, 224, 250-251, 298, 555, 1112 Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Auger), 988-989 Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Pontifex), 988-989 Schliemann, Heinrich, 583, 1098 Sciagraphos. See Apollodorus of Athens (artist) Science, 114-124; Classical Greece, 468, 577; Pharaonic Egypt, 492 Scipio Aemilianus, 441, 737, 867, 989-990, 1032, 1065 Scipio Africanus, 191, 201, 378, 441, 563, 601, 814, 935, 965, 989-991, 1025, 1031, 1156 Scipio the Elder. See Scipio Africanus Scipio the Younger. See Scipio Aemilianus Scopas, 926, 991 Scribonia, 690-691, 730, 991-992 Scribonius Curio, Gaius, 542 Sculpture; Archaic Greece, 16; Athens, 893; Buddhist, 234, 248; Chadic peoples, 398; Classical Greece, 16, 744, 817, 861, 916, 991; Hellenistic Greece, 926, 1163; India, 873; Katsina, 205; Kitoi culture, 708; Kushān, 714; Nok culture, 205, 398, 843; Olmecs, 853; Recuay, 953; San Agustín, 1028; Sokoto, 205; West Africa, 30 Scylax of Caryanda, 992 Scyles, 993 Scythia, 295, 330, 416, 985, 993-994 Sea Peoples (Mediterranean), 455, 584, 624, 702, 739, 895, 899, 952. See also Kaska Sea Peoples (Oceania), 994-995 Sealand Dynasty, 325 Sechin Alto, 247, 402 Second Apology (Saint Justin Martyr), 694 Second Athenian League, 453 Second Sophistic, 286, 581, 735, 995 Secundus of Tigisis, 481 Seianus, Lucius Aelius, 258, 891 Seleucid Dynasty, 244, 255, 329, 472, 496, 579, 663, 689, 741, 745, 753, 795, 871, 966, 995-997; versus Ptolemaic Dynasty, 931 Seleucus I, 329, 468, 472, 743, 871, 884, 995, 997-998 Seleucus II, 255, 996 Seleucus III, 255, 996 Seleucus IV Philopator, 996 Semonides, 998 Sempronia, 998-999 Sempronius Gracchus, Gaius. See Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberius. See Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius Seneca the Elder, 735, 933, 999, 1032 Seneca the Younger, 71, 134, 186, 735-736, 760, 832, 886, 891, 921, 962, 999-1000, 1032, 1161 Sengyou, 729 Sennacherib, 300, 305, 506, 616, 787, 900, 903, 1000-1001, 1005 Senusert. See Sesostris III Senusret I, 1134 Senusret III, 1134 Senwosret. See Sesostris III Septima Zenobia. See Zenobia Septimius Geta, Publius. See Geta, Publius Septimius Septimius Odenaethus, 547 Septimius Severus, Lucius. See Severus, Lucius Septimius Septuagint, 665, 1001-1002 Sergius Catilina, Lucius. See Catiline Serovo culture, 708 Servilius Ahala, Gaius, 360 Servilius Caepio, Quintus, 273, 360, 628 Sesostris I, 847 Sesostris III, 847, 1002 Seth, 494, 638, 658 Seti I, 951, 1002-1003 Settlements, 124-130; Aleutian tradition, 227; Anasazi, 241; Anatolia, 243; Archaic Greece, 571; Banpocun culture, 332; California peoples, 371; Celts, 397; Ciboney, 381; Clovis technological complex, 426; Congo Basin Bantu, 334; Deptford culture, 471; East Africa, 198; Eastern peoples, 486; Etruscans, 511; Finnic peoples, 529; Folsom technological complex, 531; France, 536; Fremont culture, 539; Gauls, 551; Germany, 555; Great Basin peoples, 566; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 580; Hittite, 625; Hohokam culture, 626; India, 645; Indus Valley civilization, 650; Ipiutak, 653; Israel, 664; Kofun period, 709; Korea, 713; Linear Pottery culture, 830; Longshan culture, 733; Lycia, 739; Macedonia, 748; Malagasy, 750; Maya, 773; Melanesia, 776; Mogollon culture, 802; Natufian culture, 825; Neolithic Age Europe, 830; Niger-Congo, 837; North Africa, 203; Paleo-Indians in North America, 863; Plateau peoples, 910; Polynesia, 919; Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, 497; Republican Rome, 967; Roman Britain, 359; Samarran culture, 979; Seleucid Dynasty, 997; Slavs, 1019; South Africa, 198; Southwest peoples, 1030; Tikal, 1088; Tumaco, 1028; West Africa, 205; Zapotecs, 1157 Seven Wonders of the World, 296, 298, 429, 493, 595, 892-893, 932 Severus, Flavius Valerius, 546, 770-771 Severus, Lucius Septimius, 202, 295, 342, 380, 421, 474, 656, 692, 898, 959, 1003-1004, 1104; arch of, 955 Severus, Sulpicius, 1004 Severus Alexander, Marcus Aurelius. See Aurelius Severus Alexander, Marcus Severus of Antioch, 1071 Seville, Second Council of, 658 Sextus Empiricus, 940 Sextus Propertius. See Propertius Shabaka, 848, 1004-1005 Shabaqo. See Shabaka Shadow puppet theater, 97 Shaka calendar, 38 Shālivāhana, 38 Shalmaneser III, 304, 983, 1108 Shalmaneser V, 304, 984 Shamans; Abipón, 180; Aleutian tradition, 227; Amazonia, 236; Brazil, 1027; Japan, 618; Korea, 712; Olmecs, 853; South Africa, 200, 485; Yuezhi, 1155 Shamashshumukin, 300, 507 Shamshi-Adad I, 243, 303 Shamshi-Adad V, 979 Shang Dynasty, 4, 128, 155, 349, 406, 433, 541, 1005-1006, 1141; art, 10; medicine, 81 Shang Yang, 1006 Shangjun shu (Shangjun), 721 Shanglin Fu (Sima Xiangru), 1016 Shāpūr I, 282, 759, 823, 884, 987, 1007-1008, 1113 Shāpūr II, 987, 1007 Shar-kali-sharri, 221 Sheba, Queen of, 163, 323, 508, 1008-1009, 1021 Shen Yen Huang-ti. See Huangdi Shennong, 81 Shennong bencao jin jizhu, 81-82 Shenxianzhuan (Ge Hong), 553 Shenyue, 729 Shi Huangdi, 10, 63, 91, 143, 156, 567, 944, 1009, 1015, 1137 Shih Huang-ti. See Shi Huangdi Shīites, 231, 270, 635 Shiji (Sima Qian), 331, 567, 719, 780, 945, 1015 Shijing, 67, 407, 1138 Shilāditya. See Harsa Shin-eqi-unninni, 65 Shintō, 112, 671, 680, 839, 1010-1011, 1152; architecture, 13 Ships and shipbuilding, 89, 577 Shishuo Xinyu (Liu Yiqing), 729 Shoshone, 371 Shōtoku Taishi, 557, 680, 709, 792, 1011-1012 Shu, 1080 Shu-chung. See Xushen Shujing, 67, 104, 406, 1138 Shulgi, 1012, 1107 Shuowen Jiezi (Xushen), 1146 Shuppiluliumash. See Suppiluliumas I Shuttarna, 794 Shuzhong. See Xushen Sibylline Books, 1012, 1086 Sicarii, 1160 Sicily, 554 Sicyon, 420 Siddhārtha Gautama. See Buddha Siddhamatrka script, 172 Sidon, 900 Sidonius Apollinaris, 323, 1013 Śiffīn, Battle of, 178, 661 Sigibert, 410 Silius, Gaius, 783 Silk Road, 11, 149, 364, 599, 1014-1015, 1059 Silko, 843 Silla Dynasty, 710-711, 861 Silures, 380, 385 Silvae (Statius), 1037 Sima Qian, 331, 567, 719, 780, 945, 1015, 1137 Sima Tan, 721, 1015 Sima Xiangru, 1015-1016, 1137 Sima Ying, 734 Simeon. See Peter, Saint Simeon ben Kosiba. See Bar Kokhba Simhavarman, 866 Simon. See Peter, Saint Simon Magus, 1016 Simon site, 909 Simon the Magician. See Simon Magus Simonides, 193, 240, 328, 575, 616, 1017, 1037 Simuka, 987 Sinakhkheeriba. See Sennacherib Sinhabāhu, 1035 Sinhalas, 1035 Sipan, 801 Sitar, 98 Śiva, 265, 344, 355, 602-603, 619, 699, 701, 755, 825, 873, 936 Six Dynasties, 1017-1018, 1060, 1143; art, 11 Skandagupta, 590 Skepticism, 315, 580, 939, 1139 Skiagraphos. See Apollodorus of Athens (artist) Skopas of Paros. See Scopas Slash-and-burn farming; Europe, 3; Mesoamerica, 5; North Africa, 4; Oceania, 5 Slavery, 45; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 580; Hittite, 624; Imperial Rome, 960; Mycenaean Greece, 585; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Republican Rome, 967, 1033; Slavs, 1018; Sparta, 784 Slavs, 252, 366, 1018-1019; Macedonia, 747 Smerdis, 184 Sneferu. See Snefru Snefru, 846, 1020 Soaqua, 707 Social structure, 124-130; Abipón, 180; Aborigines, 483; Ainu, 216; Aleutian tradition, 228; Antae, 252; Arawak, 274; Assyria, 305; Australia, 321; Axum, 324; Babylonia, 327; California peoples, 372; Celts, 396; Germany, 555; Goths, 561; Hawaii, 606; Hittites, 624; Imperial Rome, 960; Island Carib, 381; Korea, 713; Marpole phase, 766; Mashariki Bantu, 335; Melanesia, 776; Meroe, 819; Mixtecs, 799; Monte Albán, 808; Mycenaean Greece, 585; Niger-Congo, 838; Nilotes, 841; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Recuay, 953; Republican Rome, 967; Scythia, 993; Slavs, 1018; Subarctic peoples, 1041; Taino, 381; Wari, 246; Zapotecs, 1157 Social War (356 b.c.e.), 769 Social War (220-217 b.c.e.), 894 Social War (91-87 b.c.e.), 414, 765, 966, 1012, 1020, 1045 Socrates, 69, 101, 134, 165, 209, 225, 288, 290, 294, 302, 310, 447, 476, 517, 559, 575, 651, 661, 910, 1021, 1139, 1162 Socrates Scholasticus, 608 Soga clan, 709 Sokoto culture, 205 Solomon, 107, 272, 323, 336, 500, 508, 662, 664, 676-677, 689, 826, 900, 1008, 1021-1022 Solon, 309, 420, 447-448, 466, 517, 571, 905, 910, 1022-1023, 1074, 1102-1103 Somali, 197, 451 Sondok, 164 Song-tsen-gam-po. See Srong-brtsan-sgam-po Soninke, 205, 556 Sonota culture, 1023-1024 Sophists, 309, 447, 559, 930 Sophocles, 70, 96, 133, 193, 310, 517, 575, 651, 1024-1025 Sophonisba of Numidia, 1025 Soranos Ephesios. See Soranus of Ephesus Soranus of Ephesus, 1025-1026 Sostratus of Cnidus, 892 South America; agriculture, 6; animal husbandry, 6; architecture, 8; art, 8; southern, 1026-1027; trade, 150 South American Intermediate Area, 1027-1029 South Asia; agriculture, 4; animal husbandry, 4; settlements, 125; social structure, 125 Southern Liang Dynasty, 1017 Southern Qi Dynasty, 1017 Southern Song Dynasty, 1017 Southwest peoples, 7, 37, 428, 539, 802, 1029-1030 Spain, 990, 1030-1032, 1072; Suebi, 1043; Vandals, 1116; Visigoths, 562 Sparta, 183, 189, 278, 355, 440, 502, 569, 573, 723-724, 760, 784, 880, 1066, 1102; education, 55; warfare, 153 Spartacus, 135, 442, 752, 921, 1033 Speusippus, 1034 Sphaerica (Menelaus of Alexandria), 780 Sphinx, 493, 938, 939 Spice trade, 148 Sports, 130-138; Crete, 446 Spring and Autumn, 1165 Sri Lanka, 1034-1036, 1120 Śrī Vaishnavism, 890 Śrivijaya, 674 Srngāraśataka (Bhartrhari), 345 Srong-brtsan-sgam-po, 1036, 1084 Ssu-ma Ch'ien. See Sima Qian Ssu-ma Hsiang-ju. See Sima Xiangru Stallings culture, 1079 Statius, Publius Papinius, 418, 1037 Stelae, Axum, 324 Stephanos (Meleager of Gadara), 777 Stesichorus, 1037-1038 Stilicho, Flavius, 222, 418, 438, 519, 1013, 1038 Stoa Poecile, 578, 1161 Stoicheia (Euclid), 280, 513, 515 Stoicism, 102, 273, 293-294, 310, 503-504, 580, 592, 736, 867, 962, 999, 1139, 1161 Stone axes, West Africa, 205 Stonehenge, 3, 13, 38-39, 113, 140, 358, 1038-1040 Story of the Shipwrecked Sailor, 66 Strabo, 1040-1041; on Crete, 445; on Garamantes, 548; on the Herculaneum, 921; on Langobards, 717; on Menander (Greco-Bactrian king), 778; on Scopas, 991 Strategemata (Frontinus), 540 Struggle Between the Orders, 60 Stupas, 649; Sanchi, 23 Suasoriae (Seneca the Elder), 999 Subarctic peoples, 276, 281, 482, 653, 697, 1041-1042 Subbiluliuma. See Suppiluliumas I Sudanic civilization, 197, 451, 479, 556, 818, 839, 1053 Śūdraka, 1042-1043 Sue ware, 601, 709 Suebi, 221, 323, 717, 1032, 1043 Suetonius, 1044; on Antonia the Younger, 258; on Cunobelinus, 449; on Julia (daughter of Augustus), 691; on Vergil, 1125 Suetonius Paulinus, Gaius (governor of Britain), 353 Sui Dynasty, 407, 844, 1011, 1017, 1044-1045, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1149-1150 Suiko, 671, 1011 Sukhāvativyuhopadesha (Vasubandhu), 1119 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 228, 310, 313, 369, 390, 415, 442, 690-691, 726, 765, 795, 797, 921, 966, 989, 1045 Sulpicia, 1045-1046, 1085 Sulpicius Rufus, Servius, 60, 1045 Sumerians, 124, 325, 1046-1047, 1107; art, 14; language, 65; technology, 141; writing, 167, 172 Sun Quan, 1080, 1167 Śunga Dynasty, 649, 1047-1048 Sunnis, 270 Śūnyatā, 300 Sunzi, 68 Sunzi Bingfa (Sunzi), 68, 378 Suppiluliuma. See Suppiluliumas I Suppiluliumas I, 219, 252, 623, 794, 1048 Supreme Purity, 1061 Susruta, 82 Sūtra Pitaka, 471, 673, 1089 Sūtras, 307, 1048-1049 Suttanipāta, 1049-1050 Sutton Hoo, 19, 1050 Svapna-vāsava-datta (Bhāsa), 345 Swahili, 334 Swahili calendar, 36 Syagrius, 425, 536, 538 Śyāmilaka, 1050-1051 Sylvester I, Saint, 1051 Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, 1052 Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius Memmius, 1070 Symposion (Plato), 165, 209, 575 Synagôgai iatrikai (Oribasius), 856 Synagōgē pasōn lexeōn kata stoicheion (Hesychius of Alexandria), 615 Synopsis ad Eustathium (Oribasius), 856 Syphax, 1025 Syracuse, 574, 617 Syria, 516, 579, 753 T Ta-Seti, 1053 Tacitus, 71, 186, 212, 258, 440, 529, 555, 678, 783, 921, 947, 962, 1053-1054; on Agricola, 211; on Frontinus, 540; on Garamantes, 549; on Langobards, 717 Tacitus, Cornelius. See Tacitus Taharqa, 848, 1054-1055 Tai, 718, 1055-1056 T'ai-tsung. See Taizong Tai Xuan Jing (Yang Xiong), 1150 Taika Reforms, 671 Taima-Taima, 864 Taino, 381 Taizong, 1056, 1059, 1136, 1145, 1149 Taktika (Arrian), 294 Talas, Battle of, 1059 Tale of the Two Brothers, The, 1057 Taliesin, 1057 Talmud, 68, 108, 689, 1058-1059 Tambourines, 99 Tamil Śaivism, 265 Tamils, 1035 Tang Dynasty, 364, 409, 463, 710, 761, 844, 1014, 1044, 1056, 1059, 1061, 1084, 1129, 1135-1136, 1149-1150; architecture, 12 T'ang Dynasty. See Tang Dynasty Tang Guang. See Yang Di Tang Taizong. See Taizong Tantras, 217, 1060 Tanutamun, 848, 1055 T'ao Ch'ien. See Tao Qian Tao Hongjing, 1060-1061 T'ao Hung-ching. See Tao Hongjing Tao Qian, 1061 T'ao Yüan-ming. See Tao Qian Tao Yuanming. See Tao Qian Taohuayuan Ji (Tao Qian), 1061 Taoism. See Daoism Tarafah, 811 Tarentum, 751 Tarentum, Pact of, 849 Targitaos, 993 Tarku. See Taharqa Tarquinius, Sextus, 511, 693, 737, 964, 1062, 1127 Tarquinius Collatinus, Lucius, 737 Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius, 511, 963, 1062 Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius, 511, 693, 737, 963, 1012, 1062 Tarquins, 1062 Tasian, 494 Tasmania, 319-322 Tathāgata. See Buddha Taxes, Byzantine Empire, 368 Taxila, architecture, 23 Te gene ton gynaikon (Semonides), 998 Techne Grammatike (Apollonius of Alexander), 928 Techne rhetorikes (Aristotle), 575 Technology, 138-144; Pharaonic Egypt, 492 Tehut, law of, 61 Telepinus. See Telipinus Telesilla, 162, 576 Telesterion, 641 Telipinus, 605, 716, 1062-1063 Tell Atij, 634 Tell Beydar, 634 Tell Brak, 634 Tell Chuera, 634 Tell Halaf, 595 Tell Mozan, 634 Temmu, 838 Ten Commandments, 810 Teotihuacán, 311, 410, 499, 798, 937, 1063-1065, 1157; architecture, 8; Tikal trading partner, 1088 Terence, 71, 97, 134, 481, 890, 969, 1065, 1115 Terentius Afer, Publius. See Terence Terpander of Lesbos, 1066 Terpandros. See Terpander of Lesbos Tertullian, 793, 807, 1066 Tesseatou Kidoussan. See Nine Saints Tetrarchy, 771, 959 Teutoburg Forest, Battle of, 292, 317, 555, 946, 1067 Teutones, 273, 765 Textiles; Nasca culture, 824; southern South America, 1027 Thales of Miletus, 100, 118, 571, 926, 940 Thapsus, Battle of, 933, 1067-1068 Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus. See Cyprian of Carthage, Saint Thebaid (Statius), 1037 Theban hegemony, 502, 724 Thebans, 761 Thebes, 489, 1005; sack of, 1055 Themistius, 1068 Themistocles, 568, 651, 976, 1068-1069 Theocritus of Syracuse, 273, 374, 581, 733, 809, 1069, 1126 Theodahad, 207 Theoderic II, 322 Theoderic the Great, 350, 387, 563, 850, 1070 Theodora, 97, 695, 929, 1070 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 1071 Theodoret of Cyrus. See Theodoret of Cyrrhus Theodoretus. See Theodoret of Cyrrhus Theodosian Walls, 437, 1073 Theodosius II, 437, 514-515, 594, 806, 879, 1071, 1073-1074, 1113 Theodosius of Alexandria, 1071-1072 Theodosius the Great, 188, 222, 237, 366, 413, 467, 514, 519, 565, 581, 855, 961, 1032, 1038, 1052, 1068, 1072-1073, 1112, 1123, 1132 Theognis, 1074 Theogonia (Hesiod), 108, 614 Theophrastus, 467, 580, 582, 866, 1074-1075; on Herculaneum, 921; on Leucippus, 724 Thera, 444, 1075-1076 Theramenes, 1079 Theravāda. See Buddhism; Hināyāna Theriaca (Nicander of Colophon), 834 Thermopylae, Battle of, 184, 255, 568, 573, 612, 723, 908, 976, 1017, 1077, 1140 Theron of Acragas, 554, 616, 904, 1077-1078 Thesmophoriazousai (Aristophanes), 209 Thespis, 95, 133, 1078 Thessaly, 893 Thierry, 536 Thirty Tyrants, 448, 534, 742-743, 910, 1079 Thirty Years' Peace, 573 Thiruvalluvar. See Tiruvalluvar Tho and Nung of Vietnam, 1055 Thom's Creek, 1079-1080 Thrasybulus, 1079 Three Jewels; Buddhism, 362; Jainism, 647, 668 Three Kingdoms, 407, 1017, 1080 Thucydides, 70, 355, 422, 612, 1080-1081; on Antiphon, 257; on Pausanias of Sparta, 878; on Peloponnesian War, 575 Thule tradition, 845 Thuparama Dāgaba, 1035 Thuringians, 538, 555 Thutmose I, 604, 847 Thutmose II, 604, 1081 Thutmose III, 605, 794, 847, 1081-1082 Thutmose IV, 794 Tiahuanaco. See Tiwanaku Tiantai school, 1165 Tiberius, 212-213, 258, 313, 372, 393, 418, 690, 730, 760, 765, 859, 891, 946, 957, 992, 1082-1083, 1114, 1123 Tiberius Caesar Augustus. See Tiberius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. See Claudius Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus. See Claudius Tiberius Claudius Nero. See Tiberius Tibet, 1036, 1083-1085; Buddhism in, 363; religion, 112 Tibu, 1085 Tibullus, Albius, 1046, 1085-1086 Tierradentro, 1028 Tifinagh script, 171 Tiglath-pileser I, 152, 271, 303, 900 Tiglath-pileser III, 271, 304, 983-985, 1086, 1108 Tigranes II. See Tigranes the Great Tigranes the Great, 291, 296, 795-796, 1087 Tikal, 158, 438, 771, 1064, 1087-1088 Tilemsi Valley, 205 Timbuktu, 147 Timoleon of Corinth, 478, 575, 1088 Timothy III of Alexandria, 1071 Tipitaka, 362, 471, 1089, 1120 Tirhakah. See Taharqa Tirhakra. See Taharqa Tiridates I, 291 Tiridates III, 291 Tirukural (Tiruvalluvar), 713, 874, 1090 Tirumuraikkappu (Campantar), 376 Tirunāvukkarashu. See Appar Tiruttakkatevar, 1090 Tiruvalluvar, 1090-1091 Tiruvalluvar Malai (C ātanār), 389 Tish-atal, 634 Tisias, 661 Tissa, Dēvānampiya, 1035, 1091 Titus, 480, 530, 678, 913, 955, 957, 1091-1092, 1127; arch of, 18, 955 Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus. See Antonius Pius Titus Flavius Clemens. See Clement of Alexandria Titus Flavius Domitianus. See Domitian Titus Flavius Vespasianus. See Titus; Vespasian Titus Livius. See Livy Tiwanaku, 218, 246, 1092-1093 T'o-pa, 805 Toba, 844, 1142 Tobacco, as medicine, 84 Togodumnus, 450 Tōlāmolittēvar, 1093-1094 Toledo, Council of, 929 Toledo, Fourth National Council of, 658 Toleration, Edict of, 497, 546, 726 Tolkāppiyam (Trinadhuma Agni), 1094 Tolkāppiyanār. See Trinadhuma Agni Toltecs, 403 Tome (Saint Leo I), 722 Ton Aratou kai Eudoxou (Hipparchus), 620 Tōn eis heauton (Marcus Auerlius), 763 Toneri Shinnou, 838 Toolmaking, 139; American Paleo-Arctic tradition, 238; Arctic Small Tool tradition, 281; Australia, 320; Clovis technological complex, 426; Dalton tradition, 461; East Africa, 199; Egypt, 1; Great Basin peoples, 566; Helton phase, 609; Kachemak tradition, 697; Laurel culture, 720; Marpole phase, 766; Middle Woodland tradition, 788; Natufian culture, 825; Near East, 1; Niger-Congo, 837; Northwest Microblade tradition, 784; Old Copper complex, 851; Paleo-Indians in North America, 863; South Africa, 199; Sri Lanka, 1034 Topographia christiana (Cosmas Indicopleustes), 698 Torah, 68, 347, 665, 688 Totila, 1095 Trachinai (Sophocles), 1024 Trade, 144-151; Adena culture, 187; Amazonia, 236; Arabia, 269; Assyria, 305; Australia, 321; Axum, 324; Babylonia, 327; Berbers, 342; Byzantine Empire, 368; California peoples, 372; Carthage, 385; Celtic Britain, 358; Cholula, 411; Classical Greece, 576; Egypt, 819; Ghana, 557; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 580; Hohokam culture, 626; Imperial Rome, 960; Indus Valley civilization, 651; Israel, 664; Korea, 713; Lydia, 741; Maya, 233, 774; Meroe, 819; Mycenaean Greece, 585; Neolithic Age Europe, 829; Niger-Congo, 837; North Africa, 203; Olmecs, 853; Red Sea, 1009; Republican Rome, 968; Sonota culture, 1023; Sumerians, 1047; Tiwanaku, 246; West Africa, 206; Yam, 1148; Zapotecs, 1159; Znaga, 1168 Tragedies, Greek and Roman, 133 Trajan, 262, 265, 295, 540, 592, 637, 641, 764, 832, 872, 913, 959, 973, 1032, 1044, 1095-1096; arch of, 955; forum of, 418 Trajan's column, 18, 764, 1096-1097 Transportation, 86-92; Republican Rome, 266 Travel literature, 992 Trebia, Battle of the, 201, 601, 935, 1156 Trebonianus Gallus, 1113 Trenchs, Battle of, 813, 1105 Tribonian, 696 Trieu Da, 1128 Trinadhuma Agni, 1094 Trinovantes, 389 Trista (Ovid), 859 Triumvirate, 187, 259, 317, 369, 382, 392, 415, 442, 691, 750, 895, 921, 966, 1097 Trōiades (Euripides), 518 Troy, 583, 1098-1100 Trung sisters, 164, 1128 Ts'ai Lun. See Cai Lun Ts'ao Chih. See Cao Zhi Ts'ao Ts'ao. See Cao Cao Tseng-tzu. See Zhengzi Tubatulabal, 371 Tudhaliyas II, 623, 1048 Tudhaliyas IV, 623 Tukulti-Ninurta I, 303 Tullius, Servius, 511, 963, 1062 Tullius Cicero, Marcus. See Cicero Tullius Cicero, Quintus, 414 Tullius Tiro, Marcus, 1100-1101 Tulum, 427 Tumaco/La Tolita cultural complex, 1028 Tumuli. See Burial mounds Tung Chung-shu. See Dong Zhongshu Tupi-Guarani, 356 Turks, 805 Turquoise Road, 150 Tushratta, 794 Tutankhamen, 251, 490, 827, 1048, 1101-1102 Tutankhaton. See Tutankhamen Twa. See BaTwa Twelve Tables, The, 56, 60, 965, 1102 Twenty-fifth Dynasty, 906, 975, 1004, 1054 Two-field system, 3 Tyrants; Archaic Greece, 570, 572 Tyre, 900 Tyrtaeus, 1102-1103 Tzolkin religious calendar, 37 Tzu-ssu. See Zi Si U Ubaid culture, 1104 Uddālaka Āruni, 117 Ugarit, 267, 376, 901; writing, 171 Uhud, Battle of, 217, 1105 Uighurs, 805 Uji, 842 Ukraine, 252, 416, 985, 993 Ulpian, 959, 1104-1105 Ulpianus, Domitius. See Ulpian Umakishtar. See Cyaxares Umar I. See Umar ibn al-Khattāb Umar al-Farouq. See Umar ibn al-Khattāb Umar ibn al-Khattāb, 178-179, 181, 270, 661, 948, 982, 1105-1106, 1109 Umayado no Miko. See Shōtoku Taishi Umayyad Dynasty, 177, 179, 270, 635, 659, 1106, 1109 Umm al-Mumineen. See Āishah bint Abī Bakr Unangan, 227. See Aleutian tradition Unetician culture, 338 Upanisads, 66, 102, 112, 188, 272, 354, 1049, 1106-1107, 1120, 1122 Upper Nubia, 756, 846 Ur Dynasty, Third, 303, 325, 1012, 1107 Ur-Engur. See Ur-Namma Ur-Namma, 325, 1012, 1107-1108 Ur-Zababa, 984 Urartu, 243, 283, 291, 304, 983-985, 1086, 1108-1109 Urewe ware, 334 Urhi-Teshub, 815 Uriah the Hittite, 336 Urien, 1057 Urnfield culture, 394, 597, 1129 Uruthirasanman, 218 Usermare Ramses. See Rameses II Utayana Kumara Kaviyam (Durvinta), 887 Uthmān ibn Affān, 178-179, 217, 270, 661, 1109 Uttararāmacarita (Bhavabhūti), 346 Utu-Hegal, 221, 1107 Uvakhshtra. See Cyaxares Uxmal, 1109-1110 V Vāgīsha. See Appar Vairāgyaśatakai (Bhartrhari), 345 Vaiśeśika philosophy, 1049 Vaisnavism, 936 Vākātaka Dynasty, 589, 649, 1111 Vākyapadīya (Bhartrhari), 345 Valagam Ba. See Vattagāmani Valens, 188, 238, 284, 561, 565, 1111-1112 Valentinian I, 238, 565, 1052, 1111-1112 Valentinian II, 514, 1052, 1072 Valentinian III, 400, 438, 515, 1112-1113, 1116 Valerian, 454, 547, 884, 1007, 1113-1114 Valerianus, Publius Licinius. See Valerian Valerius Flaccus, Gaius, 760, 1114 Valerius Flaccus, Lucius, 391 Valerius Maximus, 628, 1114-1115 Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Marcus, 1046, 1085 Valerius Probus, Marcus, 1115 Vallia. See Wallia Vālmīki, 67, 301, 950, 1115-1116 Vandals, 221, 323, 339, 379, 384, 535, 542, 928, 1032, 1116, 1124, 1132; Arianism, 284 Vardhamāna, 22, 113, 560, 647, 668, 1117-1118 Variae (Cassiodorus), 387 Varro, Marcus Terentius, 378, 500, 528, 781, 866, 962, 969, 1012, 1118 Varuna, 797 Varus. See Quinctilius Varus, Publius Vasubandhu, 299, 1118-1119 Vātsyāyana, 1119 Vātsyāyana Mallanāga. See Vātsyāyana Vattagāmani, 1036, 1120 Vattagāmani Abhaya. See Vattagāmani Vedānta philosophy, 103, 1049 Vedas, 66, 112, 344, 645, 1048, 1106, 1120-1121 Veddas, 1035 Vedism, 618, 1121-1122 Vegeculture, 3, 5 Vegetius Renatus, Flavius, 1123 Velleius Paterculus, Marcus, 450, 1123-1124 Vendae, 1124 Venutius, 386 Veracruz civilization, 499 Vercingetorix, 226, 396, 431, 535, 547, 1124-1125 Vergil, 71, 134, 191, 257, 273, 317, 374, 383, 473, 481, 501, 504, 614, 637, 731, 750, 809, 859, 897, 961, 1069, 1114-1115, 1125-1126; on sports, 130; on Troy, 1100 Vergilius Maro, Publius. See Vergil Verginia, 1127 Verus, Lucius, 258, 525, 540, 763 Vesālī, Council of, 362, 673 Vespasian, 450, 475, 480, 497, 530, 533, 681, 685, 921, 946, 957, 1091, 1095, 1127-1128 Vestal Virgins, 109 Vesuvius, Mount, eruption of, 912-913, 921, 1092 Via Appia. See Appian Way Vietnam, 1128-1129, 1137, 1154; art, 25; Confucianism, 433 Vigilius, 684 Vijaya, Prince, 1035 Vijñanavāda. See Yogācara, Mahāyānist Vijñāptimatratasiddhi (Vasubandhu), 1119 Vikramāditya (king of Ujjain), 234 Vikramāditya I, 698 Vikramorvaśīya (Kālid āsa), 699 Villanovan culture, 1129 Vima Kadphises, 700, 714 Vinaya Pitaka, 673, 1089 Vindhyaśakti, 1111 Vindolanda tablets, 1130 Vipsania Agrippina. See Agrippina the Elder Virgil. See Vergil Virgin Mary. See Mary Viśākhadatta, 703, 1130 Vishnu, 343, 355, 363, 602-603, 619, 821, 825, 890, 925, 936-937, 1122 Visigoths, 188, 222-223, 401, 425, 438, 535, 538, 561, 1032, 1043, 1072, 1111, 1132. See also Goths Visnu. See Vishnu Visnugupta. See Kautilya Vita Constantini (Eusebius of Caesarea), 519 Vita S. Antonii (Athanasius of Alexander), 307 Vita S. Martini (Severus), 1004 Vitellius, Aulus, 533 Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, 1131 Volcanic explosions; Thera, 1075 Vologases V, 295 Vonones, 295 Vortigern, 250 Vouillé, Battle of, 223, 536, 538, 562 Vulgate, 677 Vyāsa, 67 W Wagadu. See Ghana Wagadu Empire. See Ghana Wales, 211 Wallia, 1132 Walya. See Wallia Wang Bi, 607, 1132-1133 Wang Chong, 1133 Wang Ch'ung. See Wang Chong Wang Chung-jen. See Wang Chong Wang Hsi-chih. See Wang Xizhi Wang Mang, 588 Wang Pi. See Wang Bi Wang Xianzhi, 1134 Wang Xizhi, 1133-1134 Wang Zhongren. See Wang Chong Warfare, 151-160; Archaic Greece, 572; Axum, 324; Babylonia, 327; Carthage, 385; Celts, 397; Classical Greece, 576; France, 537; Germany, 555; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 579; Island Carib, 381; Koguryo, 710; Macedonia, 747; Maya, 233, 774; Melanesia, 776; Mixtecs, 798; Mongolia, 805; Mycenaean Greece, 585; Nasca culture, 824; Neolithic Age Europe, 830; Parthia, 795; Scythia, 994; Slavs, 1019; Sumerians, 1046; technology, 139; Zapotecs, 1159 Wari, 246-247, 824, 1092 Warring States, 407, 733, 1009, 1165 Wawat, 846, 1134. See also Lower Nubia Weapons, 151-160; Axum, 324; Babylonia, 327; Classical Greece, 576; Huns, 634; Macedonia, 747; Mycenaean Greece, 585; Scythia, 994; Slavs, 1019 Weaving, 162 Wei Dynasty, 378-379, 606, 618, 1080 Wei Shuo, 1134 Wei Zhi, 618 Weishi Zong school, 1145 Weiyang palace, 1135 Weizhi, 1152 Wen-Amon, 900 Wen Fu (Lu), 734 Wen-ti. See Wendi Wencheng, 1084 Wendi, 729, 1017, 1044, 1135 Wends. See Vendae Weni narrative, 847 Wenxin Diaolong, 729 Wenyan, 67 Western Deffufa of Kerma, 705 Western Jin Dynasty, 553, 1017, 1080 Western Zhou, 1165 Wheel, invention of, 88, 139 Wheelbarrow, 140 Widsith, 71 Wielbark culture, 561 Wilton industry, 200 Witigis, 1095 Women, 160-166; Abipón, 180; Achaemenian, 886; Archaic Greece, 572, 998; Australia, 480; Carthage, 385; Celts, 397; Classical Greece, 576; Crete, 447; Etruscans, 512; France, 537; Germany, 556; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 580; Israel, 666; Japan, 672; Maya, 774; Neolithic Age Europe, 830; Niger-Congo, 838; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Republican Rome, 967; Sāsānian, 886; southern South America, 1027 Woodhenge, 38 Woodland cultures, 7 Woolley, C. Leonard, 1047, 1104 Work, 44; women, 163 Writing, 166-173; Achaemenians, 885; Babylonia, 328; China, 406, 1005; Crete, 447; France, 537; Indus Valley civilization, 651; Israel, 665; Japan, 672, 850; Korea, 713; Maya, 774; Mixtecs, 799; Mon-Khmer, 803; Olmecs, 854; Parthians, 885; Pharaonic Egypt, 492; Ptolemaic Egypt, 971; Roman Britain, 1130; Sāsānians, 885; Sumerians, 1046; trade, 145; Urartu, 1108; Zapotecs, 1159 Writings (Jewish Bible), 347 Wu, 734, 1080, 1153 Wu Chao. See Wu Hou Wu Ching. See Wujing Wu Ding, 541 Wu Dynasty, 1017 Wu Hou, 165, 1136 Wu-ti. See Wudi Wu Tse-t'ien. See Wu Hou Wu-wei, 719 Wu Zetian. See Wu Hou Wu Zhou. See Wu Hou Wudi, 12, 407, 482, 721, 729, 805, 1014-1016, 1136-1138, 1144, 1155 Wuhuan, 1145 Wujing, 67, 632, 1137-1138, 1146 Wujing Yiyi (Xushen), 1146 Wulin, 1155 Wuwang, 406 X Xenophanes, 616, 869, 1139 Xenophon (historian), 70, 294, 1021, 1139-1140; on Battle of Aegospotami, 189; on Critias, 448; on Hieron, 616; on Peloponnesian War, 575 Xenophon (novelist), 581 Xerxes I, 184, 287, 297, 311, 464, 554, 568, 573, 612, 723, 739, 791, 878, 882, 908, 976, 1068, 1077, 1140 Xia Dynasty, 406, 1005, 1141 Xianbei, 1142, 1145 Xiao, 434 Xiao Houxun, 1132 Xiao of Liang, Prince, 1016 Xiaodong, 729 Xiaowen Di, 1142 Xie He, 1142-1143 Xie Kanglo. See Xie Lingyun Xie Lingyun, 1143 Xin Zhui, 1144; tomb, 11, 1144 Xinglongwa, 404 Xinle, 404 Xiongnu, 588, 633, 805, 844, 1014, 1137, 1144-1145, 1155 Xuanzang, 604, 754, 1014, 1145 Xuanzhuang. See Xuanzang Xuanzong, 1059 Xun, Prince, 1142 Xun Guang. See Xunzi Xun Qing. See Xunzi Xunzi, 103, 112, 433, 632, 721, 1146 Xunzi (Xunzi), 1146 Xushen, 1146-1147 Y Y Gododdin (Aneirin), 250 Yajurveda, 344, 1120-1121 Yam, 1148 Yamama, Battle of, al-, 948 Yamatai, 618, 671 Yamato court, 670, 709, 1011, 1148-1149 Yams, cultivation of, 837 Yan Liben, 1149 Yang Chien. See Wendi Yang Di, 1044, 1135, 1150 Yang Guang, 409 Yang Hsiung. See Yang Xiong Yang Jian, 407. See Wendi Yang Kuang. See Yang Di Yang Ti. See Yang Di Yang Tzu-yün. See Yang Xiong Yang Xi, 761 Yang Xiong, 1150-1151 Yang Ziyun. See Yang Xiong Yangjian. See Wendi Yangshao culture, 10, 349, 404, 732, 1151 Yannai, 1151-1152 Yanshu, 729 Yao Jia, 600 Yarab ibn Qahtan, 268 Yarimburgaz, 243 Yarmuk, Battle of, 179, 1105 Yayoi culture, 670, 709, 1152-1153; art, 13 Yazdegerd III, 884, 1105 Yazīd I, 178-179, 635 Yeke people, 439 Yellow Turban rebellion, 378, 1167 Yemen, 181, 698 Yen Li-pen. See Yan Liben Yi (righteousness), 105, 434 Yi, marquis of Zeng, 10 Yijing, 39, 67, 81, 104, 1129, 1132, 1138 Yin Dynasty. See Shang Dynasty Yin Lihua, 588 Yin-yang, 81, 631, 719, 728, 1138 Yishao. See Wang Xizhi Yoga, 102, 217, 343, 1060 Yogācara, 550, 1118; Mahāyānist, 299 Yogācara-bhūmi-shāstra, 300 Yohanan ben Zakkai. See Johanan ben Zakkai Yose ben Yose, 1153 Yu, 1141 Yüan Hung. See Xiaowen Di Yuanhong. See Xiaowen Di Yue, 1153-1154 Yue ware, 1154 Yuefushi Ji, 813 Yüeh. See Yue Yüeh ware. See Yue ware Yüeh-chih. See Yuezhi Yuezhi culture, 714, 1014, 1155 Yuga Purāna, 778 Yungang, 12, 364 Yupik culture, 845 Yūsuf Asar, 181 Z Zadokites, 461 Zak K'uk', 165 Zama, Battle of, 202, 384, 601, 935, 990, 1156 Zapotecs, 798, 800, 807, 1156-1159 Zarathustra. See Zoroaster Zawi Chemi Shanidar, 1 Zayd bin Thābit, 948 Zealots, 663, 685, 689, 768, 1160 Zenaga. See Znaga Zengzi, 1160, 1168 Zeno (emperor), 242, 563, 722, 850, 1070 Zeno of Citium, 102, 273, 1161-1162 Zeno of Elea, 724, 870, 1162 Zeno the Stoic. See Zeno of Citium Zenobia, 270, 318, 1162-1163 Zenodotus, 230, 581 Zeus at Pergamum, Great Altar of, 313, 516, 582, 1163 Zeuxis of Heraclea, 261, 578, 1163-1164 Zhang Daoling, 462 Zhang Hua, 122 Zhang Qian, 1014 Zhangdi, 1164 Zhangzhi, 1134 Zheng. See Shi Huangdi Zheng Yin, 553 Zhengzhou, 1141 Zhiyi, 1164-1165 Zhongyao, 1134 Zhou Dynasty, 129, 155, 406, 433, 780, 1153, 1165-1166; art, 10; medicine, 81 Zhou style, 1166 Zhouyi Zhu (Wang Bi), 1132 Zhuangzi, 105, 462, 607, 632, 1143, 1166-1167 Zhuge Liang, 1167 Zi Si, 780, 1168 Zidantas I, 1063 Ziggurats, Mesopotamia, 14 Zixu Fu (Sima Xiangru), 1016 Znaga, 1168 Zoroaster, 113, 322, 1169-1170 Zoroastrianism, 50, 68, 113, 282, 291, 322, 459, 884, 986, 1007, 1169-1171 Zosher. See Djoser Zoskales, 1171 Zrvan. See Zurvan Zu Chongzhi, 122 Zuhayr ibn Abī-Sulmā Rabtīa, 811 Zuozhuan, 414 Zurvan, 1171 Zurvanism, 1171-1172 Zurwan. See Zurvan

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