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Encyclopedia of the Ancient World

Editor: Thomas J. Sienkewicz, Monmouth College
ISBN: 978-0-89356-038-6
List Price: $341

November 2001 · 3 volumes · 1,343 pages · 8"x10"

Editor's Choice, Booklist

Encyclopedia of the Ancient World
Index

A
Ab excessu divi Augusti (Tacitus), 678, 962, 1054
Ab urbe condita libre (Livy), 417, 731, 962
Abba Salama. See Frumentius, Saint
Abbāsids, 178, 661, 1106
Abd al-Malik, 177-179, 456, 948
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwān. See Abd al-Malik
Abd Allāh ibn al-Abbās, 178
Abd Allāh ibn az-Zubayr, 177-179
Abd Allāh ibn Sad ibn Abī Sarh, 179-180
Abhayagiri Vihāra, 1036, 1120
Abhidharmakoka (Vasubandhu), 1119
Abhijńānaśākuntala (Kālidāsa), 699
Abipón, 180
Aborigines, 320, 479, 483; education, 51
Abraha, 181
Abraham, 348
Absalom, 465
Abū al-Qāsim Muhammad ibn Abd Allāh. See Muhammad
Abū Bakr, 179, 181-182, 216, 231, 270, 661, 948, 1105
Abu Simbel temple, 493, 951
Abū Tālib, 812
Abuna. See Frumentius, Saint
Abydos temples, 1002
Abyssinia. See Ethiopia
Abyssinian Church, 323
Accius, Lucius, 182
Achaean League, 182-183, 579, 814, 894, 915
Achaean War, 183
Achaeans, 761
Achaemenes, 183
Achaemenian Dynasty, 183-185, 244, 329, 459, 463, 739, 882, 1171
Achilleid (Statius), 1037
Achilles Painter, 185
Achilles Statius. See Achilles Tatius
Achilles Tatius, 185-186
Acte, Claudia, 186
Actium, Battle of, 187, 211, 260, 317, 456, 835, 957, 966, 1097
Acts of the Apostles, 875
Ad Ecclesiam (Salvianus), 978
Ad edictum praetoris (Ulpian), 1104
Ad Sabinum (Ulpian), 1104
Adad-nirari II, 304
Adad-nirari III, 979
Adelphoe (Terence), 1065
Adena culture, 7, 187-188, 789
Adherbal, 690
Adminius, 450
Adnan, 268
Adrianople, Battle of, 188, 561, 1072, 1111
Advaita, 188-189, 550
Advaita Vedānta, 189, 1107
Adversus haereses (Saint Irenaeus), 413, 656
Aegean peoples, 243
Aegidius of Soissons, 538
Aegospotami, Battle of, 189-190, 573, 742
Aelius Seianus, Lucius. See Seianus, Lucius Aelius
Ćlle, 190, 488
Aelurus, Timothy, 806
Aemilius Aemilianus, Marcus, 1113
Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus, 187, 259, 317, 628, 895, 966, 1097
Aemilius Paullus, Lucius, 191, 378, 860, 915, 989
Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Lucius, 191
Aeneas, 191-192, 383, 473-474, 970
Aeneid (Vergil), 71, 191, 390, 473, 501, 750, 961, 1086, 1100, 1126
Aeschines, 192, 310, 974
Aeschylus, 70, 96, 133, 193-194, 288, 310, 517, 575, 616, 651, 1024, 1037
Aesculapius, cult of, 80
Aesop, 194
Aesop's Fables (collected by Phaedrus), 891
Ćthelbert, 195
Ćthelbert I of Kent, 316, 877
Ćthelfrith of Northumbria, 488
Aethiopica (Heliodorus of Emesa), 582, 608
Aetius, Flavius, 314, 400, 1113
Aetolian League, 196, 579, 753, 894
Aezana. See Ezana
Afanasievo culture, 196-197
Afar, 451
Afar Triangle, 954
Afrasans, 197-198, 451, 839
Africa, East, 198-200; animal husbandry, 4; Rift Valley system, 954
Africa, North, 201-203, 315, 339, 542; Afrasans, 197; agriculture, 3; art, 1085; Berbers, 342;
Juba II of Mauretania, 688; languages, 66; Republican Rome, 690; Vandals, 1116; writing, 171
Africa, South, 198-200; dance, 93; Khoikhoi, 706; Khoisan, 707; rock art, 28
Africa, sub-Saharan; agriculture, 3; education, 51; medicine, 85; settlements, 128;
social structure, 128; warfare, 159; weapons, 159
Africa, West, 203-206, 556; agriculture, 3; Nok culture, 843; religion, 111
Afroasiatics. See Afrasans
Against the Christians (Porphyry), 923
Against the Galileans (Julian the Apostate), 693
Against the Stepmother (Antiphon), 257
Agamemnon, 583, 815
Agamemnōn (Aeschylus), 96
Agapetus, Saint, 207
Agariste, 207-208, 421
Agathias, 208
Agathon, 209
Agau. See Agaw
Agaw, 209-210, 451, 508
Ageladas, 817, 916
Agesilaus II of Sparta, 210-211, 278, 440, 501, 574, 724, 742, 1139
Agew. See Agaw
Agis II, 760
Agis III, 256
Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 211, 540, 1054
Agriculture, 1-6; Amazonia, 236; Anasazi, 241; Arawak, 274; Britain, 357; Carthage, 384;
China, 404, 725; Congo Basin Bantu, 333; Cushites, 451; East Africa, 198; Ethiopia, 510;
France, 536; Germany, 556; Imperial Rome, 430, 865; Ireland, 653; Korea, 711; Maya, 772;
Middle Eastern, 197, 451; Middle Woodland tradition, 788; Mycenaean Greece, 585;
Niger-Congo, 837; Nilo-Saharans, 839; Nilotes, 840; North Africa, 202; Omotic peoples, 197, 856;
Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Republican Rome, 968; Shang Dynasty, 1005; Slavs, 1019; South Africa, 198;
South Andes, 247; southern South America, 1026; Southwest peoples, 1029; Sumerians, 1046;
Taino, 381; Tiwanaku, 1093; Zapotec, 1159
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 211-212, 268, 313, 690, 868, 946, 992, 1123
Agrippina Minor. See Agrippina the Younger
Agrippina the Elder, 212-213, 258, 690
Agrippina the Younger, 186, 213, 257, 419, 441, 831, 922, 999
Aha, 846
Ahab, 213-214, 304, 500, 662, 675, 900
Ahasuerus. See Xerxes I
Ahicchattrā, 21
Ahimsā, 619, 668, 1093, 1117
Ahmose I, 490, 638, 847
Ahura Mazda, 322, 797, 885, 1169-1170
Aias (Sophocles), 1024
Aidan (king of Dalriada), 430
Aidan, Saint, 214-215, 460
Ainkururnūru, 215
Ainu, 215-216
Āishah bint Abī Bakr, 179, 216-217, 813
Aitiōn (Callimachus of Cyrene), 374
Ajanta caves, 649
Ajātivāda, 550
Ājīvikas, 217-218, 563
Akam (internal) genre, 215, 218, 377, 699, 713, 869, 873, 1090
Akanānūru (Uruthirasanman), 218, 389
Akapana pyramid, 218-219, 247
Akhenaton, 15, 107, 117, 219-220, 251, 492, 703, 827, 1048, 1101
Akiba ben Joseph, 220
Akiva ben Joseph. See Akiba ben Joseph
Akkadians, 14, 124, 220-221, 303, 325, 597, 984; language, 65
Akroteri, 1076
Aksum. See Axum
Al-Hārith ibn Hilliza. See Hārith ibn Hilliza, al-
Al-Husayn ibn Alī. See Husayn
Al-Qādisīyah, Battle of. See Qādisīyah, Battle of, al-
Al-Yamama, Battle of. See Yamama, Battle of, al-
Alamanni. See Allemanni
Alani, 221-222, 294, 401, 536, 1032, 1132
Alans. See Alani
Alaric I, 222-223, 519, 564, 959, 1038
Alaric II, 223, 536
Alaska, 237, 281, 652
Alboin, 223-224
Alcaeus of Lesbos, 224, 905
Alcibiades of Athens, 210, 225, 421, 447, 517, 533, 742, 835, 880
Alcmaeon of Croton, 79
Alcman, 225-226
Alemanni. See Allemanni
Alesia, Battle of, 226-227, 396, 431, 535, 547, 1125
Alēthēs Logos (Celsus), 393
Alēthōn diēgēmatōn (Lucian), 736
Aleutian tradition, 227-228
Aleuts, 281, 1041
Alexander I (Macedonian king), 283
Alexander I (son of Amyntas I), 745
Alexander III of Macedonia. See Alexander the Great
Alexander IV, 256, 386, 747, 854
Alexander Jannaeus, 256
Alexander Polyhistor, Lucius Cornelius, 228, 637
Alexander the Great, 154, 228-229, 244, 255, 283, 289, 291, 294, 329, 399, 450, 456, 464,
469, 477, 491, 496, 503, 550, 635, 663, 666, 689, 739, 741, 744, 746, 819, 854, 884,
894, 903, 939, 997; after death of, 254, 290, 395, 456, 468, 470, 496, 795, 871, 931, 995;
lieutenants, 386, 467, 472, 743; mother of, 386
Alexandria, Caracalla's rampage in, 380
Alexandrian library, 230, 262, 264, 286, 374, 467, 497, 505, 931, 1001, 1040
Alexandrian patriarchs, 231, 307, 457, 497, 806
Alexipharmaca (Nicander of Colophon), 834
Algonquian, 764
Alī ibn Abī Tālib, 178, 217, 231-232, 635, 661, 1106, 1109
Alice Boer site, 1026
AliKosh, 527
Alkaios. See Alcaeus of Lesbos
Alkibiades. See Alcibiades of Athens
Alkman. See Alcman
Allectus, 437
Allemanni, 232, 425, 536, 555, 693, 1043
Alluwamnas, 1063
Almagest (Ptolemy), 933, 961
Alodia. See Alwa
Alphabets; Canaanites, 376; Greek, 172; Phoenicia, 901
Altar de Sacrificios, 232-233
Altar of Peace. See Ara Pacis
Altar Vase, 232
Ālvārs, 890, 925, 937
Alwa, 233, 756, 840, 843
Alyattes, 448, 741
Amaravātī school, 233-234
Amarna letters, 794
Amarna style, 15, 219
Amaru, 234
Amaruka. See Amaru
Amaru-śataka (Amaru), 234
Amasis (pharaoh), 455
Amasis Painter, 235
Amaterasu Ōmikami, 160, 670, 680, 1010
Amazonia, 235-236; Archaic South American culture, 276
Amazons, 163
Amber Road, 146
Ambra Choluim Kille (Dallán), 460
Ambrose, 237, 315, 336, 413, 877, 928, 1052, 1072
Amenemhet I, 847
Amenhotep I, 8470
Amenhotep II, 1082
Amenhotep III, 703, 794
Amenhotep IV. See Akhenaton
Amenophis IV. See Akhenaton
American Paleo-Arctic tradition, 237-238, 784
Americas; settlements, 129; social structure, 129; transportation, 89
Ammianus Marcellinus, 238-239, 455
Ammunas, 1063
Amores (Ovid), 858
Amorites, 303, 325
Amos, 239, 689
Amphictyonic League, 466, 973
Amphipolis, 880, 893
Amr ibn al-Ās, 179, 230, 239, 982
Amr ibn al-Ās; Mosque, 239-240
Amr ibn Kulthūm, 811
Amun, 290, 820, 1101. See also Amun-Re
Amun-Re, 847, 906
Amyntas I, 283, 745
Amyntas II, 289
An Lushan, 805, 1059
Anabasis of Alexander, The (Arrian), 294
Anacreon, 240, 917
Anakreon. See Anacreon
Analects (Confucius). See Lunyu (Confucius)
Ānanda, 240-241
Anasazi, 7, 241-242, 802, 1030
Anastasius I, 242, 928, 1050
Anātman, 471
Anatolia, 243-244, 623, 902; literature, 68
Anaxagoras, 517, 870, 910, 927
Anaximander, 118, 607, 926, 940
Anaximenes, 926
Andes, central, 244-246, 727; clothing, 43; food and drink, 42
Andes, south, 246-248
Andhra Dynasty. See S3tav3hana Dynasty
Andhradesha school, 233, 248, 649, 987
Andocides, 248-249, 447
Andria (Terence), 1065
Andronovo culture, 249, 701
Anecdota (Procopius), 929
Aneirin, 250
Anekāntvādis, 668
Angkor, 543, 803
Angkor Wat, 27
Angles, 250-251
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 190
Anglo-Saxons, 316
Animal husbandry, 1-6; Cushites, 197; Ethiopia, 510; Germany, 556; Korea, 711; Macedonia, 747;
Niger-Congo, 837; North Africa, 202; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Republican Rome, 968;
Tiwanaku, 1093; Zapotec, 1159
Animals, for transportation, 87
Anittas, 623
Ankhesenamen, 251-252, 1101
Ankhesenpaaton. See Ankhesenamen
Annaeus Cornutus, Lucius, 886
Annaeus Seneca, Lucius (c. 55 b.c.e.-c. 39 c.e.). See Seneca the Elder
Annaeus Seneca, Lucius (c. 4 b.c.e.-65 c.e.). See Seneca the Younger
Annales (Ennius), 501
Annales (Velleius Paterculus), 1123
Annia Galeria Faustina I. See Faustina I
Annia Galeria Faustina II. See Faustina II
Annius Milo, Titus, 425, 727
Antae, 252
Antalcidas, Peace of. See King's Peace
Antara, 811
Anthemius, 1013, 1073
Anthemius of Tralles, 253, 594
Anthimus I, 207
Anthony of Egypt, Saint, 253-254, 860
Antigonē (Sophocles), 1024
Antigonid Dynasty, 254-255, 456, 468, 472, 747
Antigonus I Monophthalmos, 254, 386, 468, 472, 743, 995
Antigonus II Gonatas, 254, 273, 747, 897
Antigonus III Doson, 254, 894
Antiochus I Epiphanes, 996
Antiochus I Soter, 329, 996-997
Antiochus II, 996
Antiochus III. See Antiochus the Great
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 663, 678, 745, 872, 932
Antiochus VII, 872
Antiochus the Great, 196, 255, 291, 295, 329, 516, 529, 739, 741, 753, 872, 966, 991, 996
Antipater (Macedonian general), 255-256, 386, 472, 854
Antipater II. See Antipater of Idumaea
Antipater of Idumaea, 256, 611
Antipater of Sidon, 260, 506, 777
Antiphon, 257
Antiquitates Judaicae (Josephus), 685
Antisthenes, 476, 1021
Antonia Major. See Antonia the Elder
Antonia Minor. See Antonia the Younger
Antonia the Elder, 257-258
Antonia the Younger, 258
Antonine constitution, 1104
Antoninus Pius, 258-259, 265, 525, 540, 593, 694, 763
Antonios. See Anthony of Egypt, Saint
Antonius Hybrida, Gaius, 390
Antonius Liberalis; on Lycia, 739
Antonius Musa, 80
Antonius Pius, 959
Antony. See Anthony of Egypt, Saint
Antony, Marc, 187, 257-260, 296, 313, 317, 360, 415, 418, 423, 456, 496, 542, 628,
750, 835, 849, 895, 957, 966, 1097, 1118, 1126
Anyang, 406, 541
Anyte of Tegea, 162, 260
Aoukar. See Ghana
Apamea, Peace of, 255
Apedemak, 260-261, 820
Aper, Lucius, 476
Aphrodite of Knidos (Praxiteles), 926
Apirigraham, 668
Apocolcyntosis divi Claudii (Seneca the Younger), 1000
Apollinarianism, 399
Apollo, temple of, 466, 641
Apollo II (cave), 28, 206
Apollodorus of Artemita; on Menander (Greco-Bactrian king), 778
Apollodorus of Athens (artist), 261, 1163
Apollodorus of Athens (scholar), 261-262
Apollodorus of Damascus. See Apollodorus the Architect
Apollodorus the Architect, 262, 1096
Apollonius of Alexander, 928
Apollonius of Perga, 263
Apollonius of Rhodes. See Apollonius Rhodius
Apollonius of Tyana, 263-264, 898
Apollonius Rhodius, 264, 273, 809, 1114
Apologetics, Christian, 694
Apologeticus (Tertullian), 793
Apologia (Apuleius), 267
Apologists, Christian, 807
Appar, 265
Appian, 265-266, 628, 1033
Appian Way, 91, 266, 424, 959, 968
Appianos of Alexandria. See Appian
Appianus. See Appian
Apsines, 995
Apuleius, Lucius, 266-267, 287, 836
Apuleius, Philosophus Platonicus. See Apuleius, Lucius
Aqhat epic, 267
Aqiba ben Joseph. See Akiba ben Joseph
Aquatic tradition, 839-840
Aqueducts; Imperial Rome, 539, 961; Olmecs, 852; Republican Rome, 419
Aquitani, 552
Ara Pacis, 257-258, 268
Arab invasion; North Africa, 202
Arabia, 268-270, 659, 1095; literature, 68; science, 120; trade, 147; writing, 171
Arabic script, 171
Arakanese, 270-271
Aramaeans. See Arameans
Aramaic script, 171
Arameans, 243, 271-272, 304, 624
Āranyakas, 66, 272-273, 1120
Aratus (poet), 273
Aratus of Sicyon, 182
Arausio, Battle of, 273-274
Arawak, 274-275, 381
Arbela, 303
Arbogast, 1072
Arcadius, 222, 514, 519, 1073
Arch, discovery of, 142
Archagatus, 80
Archaic North American culture, 275, 353, 486, 609
Archaic South American culture, 275-276
Archaic tradition, northern, 276-277, 851
Archelaus (Macedonian king), 283, 517, 746
Archelaus (philosopher), 651
Archidamian War, 277-278, 355, 835
Archidamus II of Sparta, 210, 277-278
Archidamus III of Sparta, 278-279
Archilochus of Paros, 279
Archimedes, 279-280, 285, 505, 617
Architecture; the Americas, 6-9; Athens, 641; Babylonia, 327; Byzantine Empire, 253,
367-368, 594; Chavín de Huántar, 245, 402; Chichén Itzá, 403; China, 1135; Classical
Greece, 374, 596; Cobá, 427; Crete, 444; Dzibilchaltún, 484; East Asia, 9-13; El Tajín, 499;
Ethiopia, 510; Etruscans, 512; Europe, 13-20; Hellenistic Greece, 891, 1163; Imperial Rome, 262, 268,
317, 530, 593, 764, 868, 961, 1097, 1131; India, 20-25, 755; Israel, 665; Japan, 671;
Jeroboam I, 676; Kerma, 705; Koguryo, 710; La Florida pyramid, 715; Lima culture, 727;
Maya, 771-772; Mediterranean, 13-20; Mixtecs, 799; Moche culture, 629; Mogollon culture, 802;
Monte Albán, 808; Muslim, 239; Mycenaean Greece, 815; Niger-Congo, 837; Olmecs, 853;
Palenque, 862; Pallava Dynasty, 866; Pharaonic Egypt, 493, 1020; Phoenicia, 900; Polynesia, 919;
religious, 648; Republican Rome, 956, 969; South Africa, 28-31; Southeast Asia, 25-28;
Teotihuacán, 1063; Uxmal, 1109; West Africa, 28-31; Zapotecs, 1158. See also Indian temple architecture
Archytas of Tarentum, 280-281, 515
Arctic cultures, 697
Arctic Small Tool tradition, 281, 482, 845
Ardashīr I, 281-282, 295, 872, 884, 986, 1007
Aretaeus of Cappadocia, 282
Aretaiou Kappadokou ta Sozomena (Aretaeus of Cappadocia), 282
Argead Dynasty, 283
Argentina, 180
Argishti I, 283-284, 983, 1108
Argishti II, 416
Argonautica (Apollonius Rhodius), 264
Argonautica (Valerius Flaccus), 1114
Arianism, 207, 223, 284, 307, 336, 384, 399, 413, 426, 536, 541, 617, 717, 833-834,
1043, 1051, 1070, 1072
Ariovistus, 546
Aristagoras, 622, 652
Aristarchus of Samos, 285, 582
Aristarchus of Samothrace, 230, 261, 286, 581, 809
Aristides (sophist), 286-287, 995
Aristides of Athens, 287
Aristides of Miletus, 287-288
Aristides Quintilianus, 99
Aristides the Just. See Aristides of Athens
Aristides Theodorus, Publius Aelius. See Aristides (Sophist)
Aristocles. See Plato
Aristogiton, 603
Aristophanes (comic poet), 70, 94, 134, 193, 288-289, 310, 422, 443, 517, 651, 1021;
on Agathon, 209; on Crates of Athens, 443
Aristophanes of Byzantium, 230, 286
Aristotle, 69, 102, 119, 134, 193, 289-290, 310, 443, 467, 469, 910, 917, 941, 1034, 1074,
1139, 1164; on Agathon, 209; on Draco, 483; on Leucippus, 724; on Pittacus of Mytilene, 905;
on Pre-Socratic philosophers, 926; on Zeno, 1162
Arithmētikē eisagōgē (Nicomachus), 836
Arius, 284, 413, 834
Ark of the Covenant, 323
Arkamani, 290
Arkhidamos son of Zeuxidamos. See Archidamus II of Sparta
Arles, Council of, 1051
Armenia, 291-292, 296, 464, 823, 884, 1007, 1087
Armenian church, 292
Armies; Byzantine Empire, 367; Etruscan, 511; Imperial Rome, 959; Republican Rome, 765, 967
Armin. See Arminius
Arminius, 292, 766, 1067
Arnuwandas III, 623
Arpad, 1086
Arqamani. See Arkamani
Arria Major. See Arria the Elder
Arria the Elder, 293-294
Arria the Younger, 293
Arrian, 294, 503; on Lycia, 739
Ars amatoria (Ovid), 858
Ars major (Donatus), 481
Ars minor (Donatus), 481
Ars poetica (Horace), 628
Arsaces, 871, 884
Arsaces II. See Artabanus I
Arsaces IV. See Mithradates I
Arsacid Dynasty, 294-295
Arshtivaiga. See Astyages
Arsinoë, 743, 932
Art; Amarna style, 219, 1101; the Americas, 6-9; Archaic Greece, 235, 570; Australia, 320;
Berbers, 342; Buddhist, 248, 364; California peoples, 372; Celts, 397; Chadic peoples, 398;
Chavín de Huántar, 402, 949; Chichén Itzá, 403; Classical Greece, 185, 578; Cyclades, 453;
East Asia, 9-13; Europe, 13-20; Fremont culture, 539; Funan, 543; Gandhāra, 23, 548, 714;
Great Basin peoples, 567; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 582; India, 20-25, 233-248; Ipiutak, 653;
Japan, 600, 672; Khoisan, 485; Lima culture, 727; Mathurā, 714; Maya, 725, 774; Mediterranean, 13-20;
Melanesia, 776; Mixtecs, 800; Mycenaean Greece, 585; Moche culture, 801; Nasca culture, 246;
Neolithic Age Europe, 830; Nok culture, 844; North Africa, 974; Old Kingdom, 975; Olmecs, 853;
Pharaonic Egypt, 493; Phoenicia, 902; Republican Rome, 969; Scythia, 994; South Africa, 28-31, 200;
Southeast Asia, 25-28; Sri Lanka, 1035; Thebes, 809; Vākātaka Dynasty, 1111; West Africa,
28-31, 205; Zapotecs, 1159
Artabanus I, 295-296, 795, 872
Artabanus II, 295-296
Artabanus III, 295-296
Artabanus IV, 295-296
Artabanus V, 281, 295-296, 872, 884
Artatarma I, 794
Artavasdes II of Armenia, 296, 1087
Artaxerxes I, 184, 522
Artaxerxes II, 184, 449, 575, 708, 742
Artaxerxes III, 184, 464
Artemis, temple of, at Ephesus, 296-297
Artemisia I, 297-298
Artemisia II, 298, 769
Arthaśāstra (Kautilya), 401, 703, 1119
Arthur, 250, 298-299
Āryabhata, 299
Āryabhata the Elder. See Āryabhata
Āryabhatīya (Āryabhata), 299
Aryans, 126, 645; Indus Valley civilization, 651
Āryasanga. See Asanga
Asa of Judah, 340
Asanga, 299-300, 1119
Asceticism, 677, 860, 928
Asclepiades, 777
Asclepius, cult of, 79, 577
Ashoka. See Aśoka
Ashur, 303, 305
Ashur-Dan, 304
Ashur-bani-apli. See Ashurbanipal
Ashur-uballit I, 303
Ashurbanipal, 243, 300-301, 305, 507, 591, 848, 984, 1054
Ashurnasirpal II, 304
Ashvaghosa, 301, 700
Asinaria (Plautus), 911
Aśoka, 22, 126, 217, 234, 248, 301-302, 362, 647-648, 700, 754, 769, 1035, 1089, 1091
Aspar, 722
Aspasia of Miletus, 302-303, 576
Assurakhidina. See Esarhaddon
Assyria, 14, 243, 303-306, 452, 455, 507, 615, 657, 662, 686, 689, 787, 895, 979, 984,
1000, 1005, 1054, 1086; versus Armenia, 291; destruction of, 305; versus Urartu, 1108;
warfare, 152; weapons, 152
Astādhyāyī (Pānini), 67, 867
Astronomica (Marcus Manilius), 760
Astronomy, 32; China, 38; Hellenistic Greece, 285, 620; India, 38, 299; Maya, 121;
origin of, 115; Pharaonic Egypt, 492; Roman Egypt, 933
Astyages, 184, 306, 458
Asuka period, 671
Aśvaghosa. See Ashvaghosa
Āśva1āyana, 307
Āśvalāyana Grhya Sūtra (Āśvalāyana), 307
Āśva1āyana Śrauta Sūtra (Āśva1āyana), 307
Atal-shen, 634
Ataulphus, 438, 562, 1132
Ateas, 993
Athanasius of Alexandria, Saint, 111, 231, 254, 284, 307-308, 413, 434, 541, 617, 835, 1004
Athapaskans, 276, 281, 482, 697, 1041
Atharvaveda, 82, 344, 1120-1121
Athenais. See Eudocia
Athens, 190, 208, 308-310, 416, 440, 533, 568-569, 573, 739, 880, 893, 905, 1022;
education, 55; literature, 69; versus Sparta, 973; theater, 95
Atlantis myth, 1076
Atlatl, 311
Ātman, 102, 112, 189, 343, 471, 1107, 1121-1122
Atomism, 468, 724, 927
Aton (object of worship), 219, 492, 1101
Atossa, 311-312
Atrahasis epic, 312
Atrebates, 431
Attalid Dynasty, 312-313, 516, 1163
Attalus I, 312, 516, 1163
Attalus II, 313
Attalus III, 313
Atthis (Philochorus), 897
Attic orators, 257, 469, 575, 656
Atticus, Titus Pomponius, 313-314, 424, 831
Attila, 314, 400, 536, 634, 722, 805
Auger. See Scaevola, Quintus Mucius (Auger)
Augusta. See Julia Domna
Augustine of Canterbury, Saint, 195, 251, 316, 359, 413, 877
Augustine, Saint, 71, 110, 203, 223, 315-316, 384, 387, 413, 481, 617, 759, 879,
962, 1118; on Claudian, 418; on Epicurus, 504
Augustus, 132, 187, 211-213, 259, 268, 313, 317-318, 360, 388, 415, 456, 496, 543, 627,
637, 690, 730, 750, 765, 767, 849, 858, 868, 890, 895, 953, 956-957, 966, 991-992, 1013,
1067, 1082, 1097, 1118, 1123, 1126; arch, 955; biography, 835; literature, 731;
model for Hadrian, 592; month, 35; North Africa, 202
Aurelian. See Aurelianus, Lucius Domitius
Aurelianus, Lucius Domitius, 318, 476, 497, 515, 1013, 1162
Aurelius Augustinus. See Augustine, Saint
Aurelius Severus Alexander, Marcus, 692, 995, 1105, 1113
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus, 318-319, 877
Australia, 319-322; oral literature, 72
Australopithecus afarensis, 508, 954
Australopithecus africanus, 508
Australopithecus boisei, 954
Austronesian, 757, 785
Auvaiyar, 935
Avars, 224, 1018
Avenue of the Dead, 937, 1063
Avesta (Zoroaster), 68, 113, 322, 885, 1170
Avianus, 891
Avidyā, 189
Avitus, Eparchius, 322-323, 1013
Axum, 323-324, 451, 508, 521, 541, 698, 841-842, 1171
Ay, 252, 1101
Ayurvedic medicine, 82, 700

B
Bāla-carita (Bhāsa), 345
Baal, 267, 500, 675
Baasha of Israel, 340
Babylonia, 14, 303, 325-328, 458, 558, 663, 689, 826, 895, 1086; Assyrian destruction of, 305;
commerce, 145; education, 53; Kassite occupation of, 702; laws, 58; science, 116
Babyloniaca (Iamblichus of Syria), 640
Bacchiadae, 457
Bacchylides, 328-329, 575, 616, 1037
Bactria, 329-330
Badarian culture, 494, 846
Badr, Battle of, 813, 1105
Baduila. See Totila
Bagaos, 464
Bahr, al- (the sea). See Abd Al1āh ibn al-Abbās
Bahrām I, 759
Bahrām II, 823
Bahrām III, 823
Bahrām VI, 884
Bakchai (Euripides), 518
Bakchylides. See Bacchylides
Ba1ādhurī, 982
Balangoda culture, 1035
Ball game, Mesoamerican, 135, 330-331, 774, 799, 853, 1159
Ballana culture, 338, 843
Ban Biao, 331
Ban Chao, 331, 1164
Ban Gu, 331
Ban Kao culture, 758
Ban Mengjian. See Ban Gu
Ban Zhao, 162, 331
Bāna, 331-332, 603
Bānabhatta. See Bāna
Banpo, 406, 1151
Banpocun culture, 332
Bantu; BaTwa, 337; Chifumbaze culture, 403; Congo Basin, 198, 333-334, 836;
Mashariki, 200, 333-335, 485
Bantu speakers, 198
Baopuzi. See Ge Hong
Baopuzi (Ge Hong), 553
Baptae (Eupolis), 517
Baqt, 756
Bar Kokhba, 220, 335, 664
Bardiya, 463
Bards, 460, 1057
Barnabas, 876
Basil of Caesarea. See Basil of Cappadocia, Saint
Basil of Cappadocia, Saint, 335-336, 413, 586, 860
Basil the Great. See Basil of Cappadocia, Saint
Basketmaker II, 7, 241
Basketmaker III, 241
Basketry; Americas, 7; California peoples, 372
Bat Zabbai. See Zenobia
Baths, Roman, 18
Bathsheba, 336, 465, 1021
Bathshua. See Bathsheba
Batrachoi (Aristophanes), 193, 209, 288
Battle Ax people, 338
Battle Formation Against the Alans (Arrian), 294
Battle of Kadesh, The, 66
BaTwa, 337
Bavarians, 555
Beaker people, 338, 554, 653, 829, 1039
Bede, 190, 250, 340; on Ćthelbert, 195; on Edwin, 488; on Picts, 903; on Saint Paulinus, 877
Bedriacum, Battle of, 533
Behistun inscription, 885
Bei Wei. See Northern Wei Dynasty
Beja, 209, 338-339, 451, 820. See also Blemmyes
Belgae, 552
Belisarius, 339, 366, 384, 717, 822, 929, 1095, 1116
Bellum Catilinae (Sallust), 977
Bellum Civile (Lucan), 735
Bellum Iugurthinum (Sallust), 977
Bellum Judaium (Josephus), 685
Ben-Hadad I, 213, 340
Benadad. See Ben-Hadad I
Benedict Biscop, Saint, 340
Benedict of Nursia, Saint, 341, 387, 413, 860
Benedictine Rule, 341, 387
Benteshina, 814
Benue-Kwa, 838
Beowulf, 251
Berber script, 171
Berbers, 201, 342, 548, 758, 1168; ancestors of, 197
Beringia, 1041
Besant culture, 1023
Bethsabee. See Bathsheba
Bhagavadajjukam (Mahendravarman I), 755
Bhagavadgītā, 67, 102, 154, 189, 343, 619, 754, 1107
Bhagwān. See Buddha
Bhakti (devotional) genre, 343, 869
Bhakti Movement, 265, 701, 890
Bharata Muni, 344, 825
Bhāravi, 344-345
Bhartrhari, 345
Bhartrharinirveda (Harihari), 345
Bhāsa, 345-346, 1042
Bhattī kāvya (Bhartrhari), 345
Bhavabhūti, 346
Bhavavarman, 543
Bhoodath. See Pūtān
Bhutam. See P ūtān
Bianwang (Lu), 734
Bible; Greek, 1001; Hebrew, 348; Jewish, 68, 107, 267, 347-348, 461, 662, 666, 1058;
New Testament, 70, 348-349, 412
Bidatsu, 1011
Big Wild Goose pagoda, 12, 1014, 1145
Bilqīs. See Sheba, Queen of
Bio sophiston (Philostratus), 898
Biography, Imperial Rome, 831, 915, 1044
Bioi paralleloi (Plutarch), 915, 1033
Bion, 809
Bison hunting; Folsom technological complex, 531; Plains peoples, 907; Plateau peoples, 910;
Sonota culture, 1023
Bithynia, 796
Black Pottery culture, 349, 732
Bleda, 314
Blemmyes, 338, 451, 659, 820, 843. See also Beja
Block and tackle, 139
Boadicea. See Boudicca
Bocchus I, 690, 1045
Bodhi tree, 361-362, 754, 1035, 1091
Bodhidharma, 350, 363
Bodhisattvas, 363
Boethius, 72, 350-351, 781, 836, 1070
Bon (Tibetan religion), 112, 363, 1084
Book burning, 721, 943, 1015, 1137
Book of Going Forth by Day, Coming Into Day. See Book of the Dead
Book of Kells, 655
Book of Taliesin, The (Taliesin), 1057
Book of the Dead, 15, 66, 107, 351-352, 492
Borabodur (Buddhist monument), 27, 674
Boudicca, 164, 352-353, 397
Bow and arrow; California peoples, 372; Great Basin peoples, 567; Khoisan, 485; Marpole phase, 766
Boylston Street weir, 353
Braga, Council of, 929
Brahmā, 355, 619, 1122
Brahman, 102, 112, 189, 354, 471, 1049, 1107, 1121-1122
Brāhmanas, 66, 272, 354, 1049, 1120, 1122
Brahmanism, 354-355, 1122
Brahmāsūtras, 189
Brahmi script, 172
Brasidas of Sparta, 277, 355, 880
Brasidas son of Tellis. See Brasidas of Sparta
Brazil, eastern, 356-357, 1026
Breviarum Alaricianum, 223
Brhadārasnyaka Upanisad, 189
Brhatkathā (Gunādhya), 365, 589, 887
Brhatkathāślokasamgraha (Budhasvāmin), 364
Brigantes, 385
Britain, 211, 298, 357-359, 1038, 1072; invasion of, 389, 431, 450, 533, 547, 1127; laws, 64
Britannicus, 832
Bronze, 143
Brundisium, Pact of, 849
Brutus, 313, 360, 388, 895, 966
Bubaline period, 29
Buddha, 240, 301, 360-362, 364, 471, 548, 550, 560, 603, 647, 668, 673-674, 700,
714, 754, 778, 1049, 1089, 1091, 1117
Buddhacarita (Ashvaghosa), 301
Buddhism, 49, 103, 241, 355, 360, 362-363, 389, 407, 432, 526, 550, 557, 599, 603, 632,
647, 671, 674, 709, 714, 729, 761, 792, 850, 1011, 1014, 1017, 1036, 1056, 1083, 1135,
1142-1143, 1145, 1149, 1164; Arakan, 271; architecture, 23; art, 12; Aśoka's conversion to, 302, 769;
China, 112; Gupta Dynasty, 590; Hināyāna, 234, 362, 471, 1035, 1089, 1091; India, 113;
Japan, 112; Kaniska, 700; Korea, 712; Mahāyāna, 234, 300-301, 362, 471, 700, 714, 1118-1120;
Mon, 803; Pure Land, 632; Pyu, 942; Sātavāhana Dynasty, 987; social structures of India, 126;
Śunga Dynasty, 1048; Tantras, 1060; Vietnam, 1129; Zen, 350
Buddhist cave temples, 12, 24, 364
Buddhist Council, Second, 1089
Buddhist Council, Third, 362, 1089
Buddhist Council, Fourth, 301, 714, 1089
Buddhist literature, 1049
Budhasvāmin, 364-365
Bugaku, 94
Building projects, 140
Bulgarian Empire, 1018
Burgundians, 535
Burial mounds; Adena culture, 7, 187; Ballana culture, 843; France, 537; Hopewell
culture, 7; Japan, 600, 670, 709; Kerma, 705; Kofun period, 13; Koguryo, 710; Korea, 712;
Laurel culture, 720; Middle Woodland tradition, 789; Nintoku, 842; Ōjin, 850; Plains peoples, 907
Burials, 46-50; Afanasievo culture, 196; Andronovo culture, 249; Anglo-Saxon, 1050;
Axum, 324; Beaker people, 338; Celts, 397; China, 406, 945; Clovis technological complex, 426;
Deptford culture, 471; Eastern peoples, 486; Egypt, 15, 939; Etruscans, 512; Finnic peoples, 529;
France, 537; Hallstatt culture, 597; Helton phase, 609; Hyksos, 639; Indus Valley civilization, 651;
Ireland, 653; Israel, 665; Karasuk culture, 701; Kerma, 1148; Kitoi culture, 708; Korea, 711;
Laos, 26, 718; Lycia, 739; Maritime Archaic, 764; Maya, 772; Meroe, 820; Mixtecs, 799;
Moche culture, 801; Mycenaean Greece, 585; Napata, 820; Natufian culture, 825; Neolithic
Age Europe, 829; Persia, 885; Pharaonic Egypt, 840, 1002-1003; Phoenicia, 901; Plateau peoples, 909;
Republican Rome, 955; San Agustín, 1028; Scythia, 993; Shang Dynasty, 10, 541; Slavs, 1019;
Sonota clture, 1023; southern South America, 1027; Sri Lanka, 1035; Tibet, 1036; Tierradentro, 1028;
Vietnam, 26; Zapotecs, 1158; Zhou Dynasty, 10
Burma, 942
Burnaburiash II, 703
Bushmen. See San Busta Gallorum, Battle of, 823
Butana, 549
Byblos, 900
Byzantine Empire, 207-208, 223, 339, 365-368, 437, 456, 593, 682, 684, 695, 747, 783,
806, 833, 1070, 1095; architecture, 19; art, 19; Lycia, 740

C
C-Group, 847
Caecilius Metellus Celer, Quintus, 424
Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus, 183, 814
Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, Quintus, 921, 1067
"Cćdmon's Hymn," 71
Caelius Rufus, Marcus, 424
Caesar, Julius, 33, 59, 71, 80, 187, 226, 230, 256-257, 259, 317, 358, 360, 369-370, 382,
388-389, 391, 396, 415, 423, 425, 431, 442, 456, 496, 528, 535, 542, 546, 552, 579, 627-628,
691, 727, 743, 892, 895, 921, 933, 956-957, 966, 977, 998, 1040, 1043, 1045, 1067, 1097,
1118, 1123-1125; Juba I of Numidia, 687; Juba II of Mauretania, 687
Caesar Augustus. See Augustus
Caesar Domitianus Augustus. See Domitian
Caesarius of Arles, 538
Cahokia civilization, 37, 487
Cahuachi, 824
Cai Lun, 370
Cajamarca culture, 370-371
Calakmul, 158
Calendars, 31-39; Athenian, 577; Celts, 397; Jewish, 665; Maya, 772; Mixtecs, 799;
Monte Albán, 808; Neolithic Age Europe, 830; Olmecs, 853; Pharaonic Egypt, 492;
Phoenicia, 902; Roman Greece, 581; Zapotecs, 1159
California peoples, 371-372
Caligula, 212-213, 258, 268, 372-373, 419, 450, 730, 736, 849, 896, 957
Calima culture, 1028
Callaga. See Abipón
Callias, Peace of, 184
Callicrates, 17, 373-374, 577, 641, 870
Callicratidas, 742
Calligraphy, 167, 1134
Callimachus of Cyrene, 273, 374, 581, 610, 777, 793
Callistratus, 249; on Scopas, 991
Calpurnius Piso, Gaius, 886
Calpurnius Siculus, Titus, 374-375
Cālukyas, 650, 755, 866
Cambodia. See Funan
Cambyses I, 183
Cambyses II, 153, 184, 311, 455, 459, 463, 612, 882
Camel, Battle of, 178-179, 217
Camel period, 30
Camelids, domestication of, 276
Camels, 338
Camillus, Marcus Furius, 375
Campantar, 375-376
Canaanites, 376-377, 662; writing, 171
Cānakya. See Kautilya
Candaules, 590
Candīshataka (Bāna), 332
Candra Gupta. See Chandragupta Maurya
Cankam, 215, 218, 377, 389, 642, 699, 713, 822, 866, 869, 874, 935, 1090
Cannae, Battle of, 191, 377-378, 524, 601, 935, 1156
Cannibalism, 47, 242, 381; eastern Brazil, 357; Melanesia, 776
Canoes, 89; Polynesia, 919; Tai, 1056
Cao Cao, 378-379, 606, 1080, 1167
Cao Pei, 378-379
Cao Zhi, 379
Capella, Martianus, 379
Capsian tradition, 197
Caracalla, 295, 380, 497, 692, 1104; Edict of, 580
Caracalla, baths of, 18
Caractacus. See Caratacus
Caraka, 82
Caraka-samhitā (Caraka), 700
Caratacus, 380, 386, 450
Carausius, 437
Carib, 274, 381
Caribbean, 381-382
Cariyā Pitaka, 673
Carnac, 13
Carolingian Dynasty, 783, 1124
Carrhae, Battle of, 382, 388, 442, 795, 872, 884
Carthage, 157, 191, 201, 315, 377, 379, 382-385, 454, 473, 478, 573, 601, 747, 814, 899,
965, 990, 1025, 1031, 1062, 1065, 1116, 1156; religion, 110; Council of, 481
Cartimandua, 380, 385-386, 397
Cārudata (Bhāsa), 346, 1043
Cascade phase, 909
Casimoiroid Indians, 381
Cassander, 386, 467-468, 472, 579, 743, 854
Cassian, 387, 978
Cassiodorus, 207, 387-388, 685
Cassius, 360, 388, 895, 966
Cassius Charea, 373
Cassius Dio. See Dio Cassius
Cassius Dio Cocceianus. See Dio Cassius
Cassivellaunus, 389, 431
Caste system; India, 61, 126, 354, 646, 1122; Tamil, 935
Çatal Hüyük, 243
Catalaunian Fields, Battle of. See Châlons, Battle of
Çatalhüyük, 14
Cātanār, 389-390, 642
Cataphracts, 872
Cathemerinon (Prudentius), 931
Catilinarian Conspiracy, 390
Catiline, 390-391, 414, 442, 966, 977, 998
Cato the Censor, 79, 390-391, 501, 540, 552, 691, 831, 866, 901, 969
Cato the Elder. See Cato the Censor
Cato the Younger, 360, 391-392, 966
Cato Uticensis. See Cato the Younger
Catraeth, Battle of, 250
Cattle period, 29
Cattle, domestication of, 197, 839
Catullus, 71, 134, 374, 392-393, 424, 778, 831, 930, 969
Catullus, Gaius Valerius. See Catullus
Catuvellauni, 389, 450
Cave paintings; Andes, 8; eastern Brazil, 356
Cayonu, 1
Celsus (philosopher), 393, 793
Celsus, Aulus Cornelius, 393-394
Celtiberians, 1031
Celts, 250, 394-398, 534, 546, 551, 554, 596, 715, 1124; Britain, 358; education, 52;
Ireland, 654; religion, 113; Spain, 1031; transportation, 88; writing, 71
Cenkuttuvan, 642, 874
Census, Prerepublican Rome, 963
Cēra kings, 874
Cerro Blanco, 629, 801
Cettakāri. See Mahendravarman I
Ceylon. See Sri Lanka
Chadic peoples, 197, 398-399
Chaeronea, Battle of, 192, 228, 256, 310, 399, 469, 574, 662, 746, 893, 974
Chaga, 199
Chalcedon, Council of, 231, 399-400, 413, 722, 806, 833, 1071
Chaldean Chronicle of Nabonidus of Babylonia, 306
Chaldeans, 452
Châlons, Battle of, 400-401, 634
Champa, 543, 718
Chāndogya Upanisad, 188
Chandra Dynasty, 271
Chandragupta I, 589
Chandragupta II, 589, 648, 698, 1130
Chandragupta Maurya, 155, 301, 401, 647, 703, 769
Chang-ti. See Zhangdi
Changqing. See Sima Xiangru
Chares of Lindos, 429
Charibert, 410
Chariot, development of, 88
Charlemagne, 555
Charles culture, 975
Charles Martel, 536
Chauci, 440
Chavín de Huántar, 244, 247, 402, 801, 949; architecture, 9; technology, 141
Chen Dynasty, 1017
Chengziyai, 732
Chenla, 543, 803; art, 28
Chersiphron, 296
Cheruscans, 292
Cherusci, 766
Ch'i-chia culture. See Qijia culture
Chibi, Battle of, 1080
Chichén Itzá, 330, 402-403, 774
Chifumbaze culture, 403
Chih-i. See Zhiyi
Childebert, 410, 536
Childeric I, 425, 536, 538
Childeric III, 783
Chilperic, 410
Chimubegan, 630
Ch'in Dynasty. See Qin Dynasty
China, 331, 404-407, 409; architecture, 9; art, 9; Buddhism in, 363-364; clothing, 44;
commerce, 145; education, 53; families, 41; food and drink, 43; government, 62;
influence on Malaya, 757; influence on Vietnam, 1128; literature, 67; medicine, 81;
navigation, 90; religion, 112; roads, 92; science, 121; settlements, 128; social structure, 128;
theater, 97; transportation, 88; unification of, 944; warfare, 155; weapons, 155; work, 44;
writing, 167. See also specific dynasties
Chinese lunar calendar, 38
Chinese zodiac, 39
Chlodovech. See Clovis (Frankish king)
Chlodovic. See Clovis (Frankish king)
Chlotar I, 223, 410, 536, 538, 783, 949
Chlotar II, 783
Cholula, 410-411
Choris culture, 845
Chorus Boy, The (Antiphon), 257
Choson chiefdom, 710
Chou Dynasty. See Zhou Dynasty
Chramn, 410
Chremonidean War, 579
Christianity, 110, 411-414, 659, 797, 1007; Alexandria, 231, 457; Alwa, 233; Anglo-Saxons, 251;
Arabia, 181, 269; architecture, 18; Armenia, 823; art, 18; Axum, 841; Berbers, 342; Britain, 214,
316, 340, 359, 488; conversion of Ćthelbert, 195; conversion of Clement of Alexandria, 421;
conversion of Clovis, 425, 783; conversion of Constantine the Great, 365, 436, 792, 959;
conversion of Cyprian of Carthage, 454; conversion of Ezana, 323, 509, 521; conversion of
Northumbrians, 877; conversion of Saint Augustine, 315; conversion of Saint Helena, 608;
conversion of Saint Paul, 876; conversion of Simon Magus, 1016; conversion of Tertullian, 1066;
conversion of Tiridates III, 291; Cyprus, 456; Eastern Roman Empire, 1072-1073; education, 56;
Egypt, 497; France, 470; Germany, 555; Imperial Rome, 237, 253, 264, 284, 350, 565, 789, 793,
961, 1051; literature, 70; Lycia, 739; Macedonia, 747; music, 100; North Africa, 203;
Nubia, 845; versus paganism, 393, 693; Roman Britain, 359; Scotland, 430; Spain, 1032
Christians, persecution of, 454, 476, 481, 546, 641, 726, 889, 959, 961
Chronica (Apollodorus of Athens), 262
Chronica (Severus), 1004
Chronicle of Nestor, 1019
Chronicon (Eusebius of Caesarea), 518
Chronographia (Malalas), 757
Chronology, 31-39
Chrysippus, 1161
Chu, 945
Chu-ko Liang. See Zhuge Liang
Ch'ü P'ing. See Qu Yuan
Ch'u Yuan. See Qu Yuan
Chuang Chou. See Zhuangzi
Chuang people of Kwangsi, 1055
Chuang-tzu. See Zhuangzi
Chuci (Qu Yuan), 945
Chulla Vagga, 673
Chumash, 371
Chunqiu, 67, 104, 414, 1138
Church of the Holy Apostles, 437
Ciboney, 381
Cicero, 59, 71, 182, 259, 313, 315, 390-391, 414-416, 425, 442, 575, 580, 662, 738, 748,
867, 923, 933, 966, 989, 1100, 1161; on Clodia, 424
Cilappatikāram (Ilankō Atikal), 389, 642, 713
Cimbri, 273, 765
Cimmerians, 243, 416, 787, 903, 993
Cimon, 416-417, 502, 573, 651, 791
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius, 417
Circumnavigation of the Black Sea (Arrian), 294
Circus Maximus, 97, 963
Cissa, 190
Cities (Eupolis), 517
City-states; Archaic Greece, 569
Cittrakārapulli. See Mahendravarman I
Cīvakacintāmani (Tiruttakkatevar), 1090
Civil law systems, 59
Civil war, Roman, 687
Claudian, 418, 519
Claudius I, 186, 213, 258, 293, 358, 380, 396, 418-419, 440, 450, 730, 739, 775,
783, 831, 957, 999, 1127
Claudius II, 318, 437
Claudius Atticus Herodes, Tiberius, 995
Claudius Caecus, Appius, 266, 419-420, 424, 523
Claudius Claudianus. See Claudian
Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus, Appius, 1127
Claudius Drusus, Nero, 258, 765
Claudius Marcellus, Gaius, 849
Claudius Marcellus, Marcus, 690, 849, 992
Claudius Ptolemaeus. See Ptolemy (mathematician)
Claudius Pulcher, Appius, 563
Cleanthes, 1161
Cleisthenes of Athens, 208, 309, 420-421, 573, 621
Cleisthenes of Sicyon, 207, 420-421
Clemens Romanus. See Clement I
Clement, Saint. See Clement I
Clement I, 421-422
Clement of Alexandria, 421, 896
Clement of Rome. See Clement I
Cleombrotus, 210, 724, 878
Cleomenes, 420, 576, 621
Cleon of Athens, 134, 277, 288, 355, 422-423, 835, 861, 880
Cleopatra VII, 163, 187, 260, 296, 317, 369, 423-424, 456, 472, 496, 543, 835, 849,
931-932, 957, 966
Cleopatra Philopator. See Cleopatra VII
Clientage system, 529
Cliff paintings, Chadic peoples, 398
Clinias (Kleinias), Son of. See Alcibiades of Athens
Clodia, 424-425
Clodius Pulcher, Publius, 415, 424-425, 456, 542
Clodius Thrasea Paetus, Publius, 293
Clodomir, 410, 536
Clothing, 43
Clotilda, 425, 536
Clovis (Frankish king), 223, 410, 425-426, 538, 555, 562, 783; conversion to Christianity, 536
Clovis technological complex, 426-427, 485, 531, 788, 864, 909, 1029
Cobá, 402, 427-428
Cochabamha, 1092
Cochise culture, 7, 428, 802
Codex Iustinianus (Justinian I), 695-696, 1073
Codex Theodosiusianus (Theodosius II), 223, 1073
Codices, Mixtec, 800
Codommanus. See Darius III
Coinage; Archaic Greece, 569; Arsacid Dynasty, 295; Axum, 324; Britain, 431; Celts, 397;
Classical Greece, 576; Darius the Great, 464; Greco-Bactrian, 329; Hellenistic and
Roman Greece, 580; Lydia, 741
Cōlas, 866
Colaxis, 993
Colima culture, 8
Cologne Mani Codex, 759
Colombia, 1028
Colonies, Archaic Greece, 146, 308, 571, 751
Colosseum, 641. See also Flavian Amphitheater
Colossus of Rhodes, 429
Columba, Saint, 430, 460, 903
Columcille. See Columba, Saint
Columella, 430-431, 866
Comedy, Greek and Roman, 134
Comentarii de bello Gallico (Caesar), 369, 397, 552, 1040, 1043
Comentarii in Somnium Scipionis (Macrobius), 748
Comm. See Commius
Commerce, 144-151
Commius, 431
Commodus, Lucius Aurelius, 135, 474, 525, 764, 959
Concrete, 142, 961
Concubinage, 161
Confessio (Saint Patrick), 875
Confessiones (Saint Augustine), 203, 316
Confucianism, 41, 67, 104, 112, 431-434, 482, 599, 631, 1017, 1056, 1132, 1138, 1146, 1168;
versus Daoism, 719; Korea, 712; versus Legalism, 721; science, 122; state ideology, 1137;
Vietnam, 1129; Wang Chong, 1133
Confucius, 10, 67, 103, 112, 129, 407, 414, 431, 434-435, 482, 719, 780, 1137, 1168
Conlationes (Cassian), 387
Constans I, 435, 437
Constantine, arch of, 955
Constantine the Great, 18, 110, 128, 284, 307, 349, 359, 365, 413, 435-437, 481, 497,
519, 538, 608, 659, 693, 716, 726, 770-771, 789, 791, 797, 834, 955, 959, 1032, 1051, 1100
Constantinople, 244, 365, 436-437, 928, 959, 1070
Constantinople, Council of, 284, 586
Constantinople, Third Council of, 413
Constantius I, 435, 437-438, 476, 546, 608
Constantius II, 238, 284, 435, 437-438, 541, 593, 617, 693, 1112
Constantius III, 437-438, 1112, 1132
Contra academics (Saint Augustine), 315
Contra Apionem (Josephus), 686
Contra Arianos (Athanasius of Alexander), 307
Contra Symachum (Prudentius), 931
Controversiae (Seneca the Elder), 999
Copán, 438, 499, 1064
Copper, North America, 143
Copper Belt, 439
Coptic Church, 231, 421
Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius, 439-440
Corded Ware culture, 554, 829
Corenlius Celsus, Aulus. See Celsus, Aulus Cornelius
Corinth, 457, 573, 881, 1088; razing of, 183; religious festivals, 570
Corinthian War, 249, 440, 708
Corinthios I (Clement I), 422
Coriolanus, Gnaeus Marcius, 441
Cornelia, 441-442, 565
Cornelius Celsus, Aulus, 80
Cornelius Cinna, Lucius, 313
Cornelius Fronto, Marcus. See Fronto, Marcus Cornelius
Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus, Publius. See Scipio Aemilianus
Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Publius. See Scipio Africanus
Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, Publius, 563
Cornelius Sulla Felix, Lucius. See Sulla, Lucius Cornelius
Coronea, Battle of, 974
Corpus Hippocraticum, 79
Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian I), 59, 695-696
Corupedium, Battle of, 743
Cosmas Indicopleustes, 698
Cosmogonic myths; Australia, 72, 479, 483; Babylonia, 328; Hinduism, 936; Indo-European, 1120;
Korea, 712; Slavs, 1019; Tiwanaku, 219, 246
Cotton, domestication of, 276
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 369, 382, 388, 391, 415, 442, 727, 872, 884, 921, 966, 1033
Crates of Athens, 442-443
Crates the Cynic, 580, 1161
Cratinus, 442-443, 517
Cratylus, 910
Cremation, 49
Crete, 15, 443-447, 559, 583, 728, 1075; dance, 93-94; trade, 146; writing, 69, 167. See also Minoa
Critias of Athens, 447-448, 910, 1079
Crocus Field, Battle of the, 974
Croesus, 244, 296, 448-449, 458, 466, 741
Croton, 751
Crucifixion, 411
Cuello, 771
Cūlamāni (Tōlāmolittēvar), 1093
Culdrevny, Battle of, 430
Cumae, 751
Cunaxa, Battle of, 184, 449
Cunctator. See Fabius
Cuneiform, 65, 168
Cunimund, 224
Cunobelinus, 380, 449-450
Currency, Copper Belt, 439
Curtius Rufus, Quintus, 450, 826
Cushites, 197, 209, 334, 451-452, 485, 508; Divinity, 479; Eastern, 199; Omotic peoples, 856
Customs. See Daily life and customs
Cyaxares, 452
Cyclades, 452-453, 1076; art, 16
Cycle (Agathias), 208
Cymbeline. See Cunobelinus
Cynegetica (Nemesianus), 828
Cynicism, 476, 1161
Cynoscephalae, Battle of, 255, 453-454, 529, 579, 894
Cyprian of Carthage, Saint, 454
Cypriot script, 167
Cyprus, 455-456; writing, 167
Cypselus of Corinth, 457, 881
Cyril of Alexandria, Saint, 231, 457-458, 639, 806, 833, 1071
Cyrus the Great, 153-154, 183, 244, 306, 311, 329, 448, 458-459, 568, 612, 652, 663,
679, 741, 871, 882, 900, 1139
Cyrus the Younger, 184, 449, 742

D
Da Xue, 1160
Dacian Wars, 480, 592, 1095-1096
Dagobert I, 536, 783
Daian-Ashur, 983
Daily life and customs, 40-46; Scythia, 993; Zapotecs, 1158
Daiva inscription, 885
Dāksīputra Pānini. See Panini
Dallán Forgaill, 460
Dalton tradition, 460-461
Damascus document, 461, 466
Damo. See Bodhidharma
Dance, 93; India, 344; Melanesia, 776
Dandin, 461-462
Dao An, 632
Dao De Jing (Laozi), 68, 105, 407, 462, 719, 1132, 1143
Daoism, 10, 68, 105, 112, 407, 432, 462-463, 553, 607, 630, 719, 729, 761, 1017, 1060, 1132;
Korea, 712; science, 122; Vietnam, 1129
Dapenkeng culture, 405
Daphnis and Chloe (Longus), 733
Dardanus, Treaty of, 797
Darius I. See Darius the Great
Darius II, 184, 449
Darius III, 154, 184, 229, 450, 464, 550, 564, 574, 666, 884
Darius the Great, 153-154, 184, 244, 291, 311, 329, 463-464, 568, 573, 612, 622, 762,
791, 871, 882, 976, 992-993, 1140, 1170
Dark Ages of Greece, 308
Darśanas, 1049
Daruma. See Bodhidharma
Daśakumāracarita (Dandin), 461
Dashabhūmikashastra (Vasubandhu), 1119
Dashavatara temple, 649
Datang Xiyouji (Xuanzang), 1014, 1145
David, 272, 336, 465, 662, 800, 981, 988, 1021
Daxi culture, 405
De aedificiis (Procopius). See Peri Ktismaton (Procopius)
De agricultura (Cato the Censor), 79, 391
De agricultura (Columella), 430
De aquis urbis Romae (Frontinus), 540
De arboribus (Columella), 430
De architectura (Vitruvius Pollio), 1131
De bellis (Procopius). See Polemon (Procopius)
De bello Getico (Claudian), 418
De bello Gildonico (Claudian), 418
De chorographia (Pomponius Mela), 775
De civitate Dei (Saint Augustine), 203, 223, 316
De consolatione philosophize (Boethius), 71, 350
De gubernatione Dei (Salvianus), 978
De incarnatione domini contra Nestorium (Cassian), 387
De incarnatione Verbi Dei (Athanasius of Alexander), 307
De institutis coenobiorum (Cassian), 387
De medicina (Celsus), 394
De mortibus persecutorum (Lactantius), 717
De musica (Aristides Quintilianus), 99
De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii (Martianus Capella), 379
De officiis (Cicero), 867
De origine et situ Germanorum (Tacitus), 529, 962, 1054
De poetica (Aristotle), 134, 193, 209, 443, 917
De providentia, 736
De re militari (Vegetius Renatus), 1123
De re rustica (Varro), 1118
De redito suo (Namatianus), 972
De Republica (Cicero), 748
De rerum natura (Lucretius), 71, 738
De Trinitate (Saint Augustine), 316
De viris illustrious (Nepos), 831
De viris illustrious urbis Romeo (Suetonius), 1044
De vita Caesarum (Suetonius), 1044
De vita Julii Agricolae (Tacitus), 1054
Dead Sea Scrolls, 171, 411, 461, 465-466, 507, 666, 689, 1002
Death, 46-50; Pharaonic Egypt, 352
Debt slavery, Archaic Greece, 905, 1022
Decimus Junius Juvenalis. See Juvenal
Decius, 454, 857
Delia (Tibullus), 1085
Delian League, 244, 287, 310, 416, 453, 569, 573, 870, 881, 884
Delilah, 980
Delphi, 448, 466-467, 570, 575
Demes (Eupolis), 517
Demeter, 499, 576
Demetrius, 297, 329
Demetrius II, 254, 795
Demetrius of Pharos, 191
Demetrius Phalereus, 230, 467-468, 579, 779
Demetrius Poliorcetes, 254, 386, 429, 456, 467-468, 472, 579, 743, 995
Democracy, 58, 310, 420
Democritus, 468-469, 503, 724, 927
Democritus of Abdera. See Democritus
Demosthenes (Athenian general), 422, 835, 861, 880
Demosthenes (orator), 192, 310, 469-470, 575, 656, 662
Demotic script, 492
Denali complex, 238, 784
Denis, Saint, 470, 536
Deptford culture, 470-471
Desert culture, 6
Devī Māhātmya, 1060
Devotion (Hinduism), 619
Dhammapada, 471-472, 1089
Dharma, 62, 302, 354, 471, 1089
Dharmapada. See Dhammapada
Dharmar ājika Stupa, 23
Dhātusena, 1036
Dhu Nuwas, 509, 698
Diadochi, 472-473, 578, 743, 995, 997
Diadumenus (Polyclitus), 916
Dialogi (Severus), 1004
Dialogue of a Man with His Soul, The, 66
Dialogue with Trypho (Saint Justin Martyr), 694
Dialogues (Gregory the Great), 341, 587
Diao Weiwudi Wen (Lu), 734
Diarmit, 430
Dice, 137
Dido, 191, 383, 473-474, 1025
Digesta (Justinian I), 367, 695-696, 1105
Dikran. See Tigranes the Great
Dināga, 1119
Dingo, 319
Dio Cassius, 474, 582, 611; on Arria the Elder, 293; on Faustina II, 525; on Ulpian, 1105
Dio Chrysostom, 475, 582, 995
Dio Cocceianus of Prusa. See Dio Chrysostom
Diocles. See Diocletian
Diocles of Carystus, 475-476
Diocletian, 128, 338, 365, 435, 437, 476, 481, 497, 546, 716, 742, 759, 770, 791,
923, 959, 1051, 1113
Diodorus Siculus, 290, 826
Diodotus I, 329
Diogenes Laertius; on Diogenes of Sinope, 477; on Menippus of Gadara, 781; on Parmenides, 869;
on Pyrrhon of Elis, 940; on Zeno of Citium, 1161
Diogenes of Sinope, 476-478, 580
Diogenes the Cynic. See Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenianus of Heraclea, 615
Dion, 478, 575
Dionysia festival, 95, 132, 288, 442, 517, 575-576, 1024, 1078
Dionysiaca (Nonnus of Panopolis), 844
Dionysius, Saint. See Denis, Saint
Dionysius, Theater of, 584
Dionysius I the Elder of Syracuse, 478, 575, 751, 910
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 920, 1012
Dionysius the Younger, 478-479, 575, 1088
Diophysites, 756
Dioscorus, 806, 1071
Discobolos (Myron), 817
Discource on Kingship (Dio Chrysostom), 475
Diuktai culture, 238, 784
Divinae institutions (Lactantius), 716
Divinity, 479, 820; Nilo-Saharans, 839
Divorce, 161
Djanggawul cycle, 479-480
Djer, 846
Djoser, 15, 75, 489, 642
Dobunni, 380
Doctrine of the Mean, 1168
Dōgu, 13
Dolmen, Korea, 711
Domitian, 211, 422, 475, 480, 503, 530, 592, 684, 767, 832, 946, 957, 1037, 1092, 1095, 1114, 1127
Domitius Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus, 213, 257, 543, 831
Domitius Ahenobarbus, Lucius, 257
Domitius Corbulo, Gnaeus. See Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius
Donatism, 316, 480-481
Donatus (religious leader), 480
Donatus, Aelius, 481, 676, 928
Dong Son; architecture, 25; art, 25
Dong Zhongshu, 482, 1133, 1137
Donkey, domestication of, 197
Dorians, invasion of, 444, 584
Dorset culture, 281
Dorset phase, 482
Doryphorus (Polyclitus), 916
Draco, 309, 483
Drama, 95; Athens, 442-443, 517; Classical Greece, 132, 209, 517, 651, 1024, 1078;
Hellenistic Greece, 582, 779; Imperial Rome, 818, 911, 933, 999, 1065; Japan, 557, 792
Dravida style, 650
Dravidians, 154, 645
Dream of the Rood, 71
Dreaming, 72, 320, 480, 483. See also Dreamtime
Dreamtime, 319, 479. See also Dreaming
Druids, 48, 52, 113, 358, 397, 536, 1124
Drum cultures; Pyu, 942
Drusus, Julius Caesar, 258
Drusus the Younger. See Drusus, Julius Caesar
Dunhuang, 364, 1014
Durga. See Kali
Dutthagāmanī, 1035
Dvaravati, 803
Dyskolos (Menander), 779
Dzibilchaltún, 484, 771

E
Eadwine. See Edwin
Earthworks, Poverty Point, 924
East Asia; agriculture, 4; animal husbandry, 4; settlements, 128; social structure, 128
East Wenatchee site, 909
Eastern African Microlithic peoples, 485. See also Khoisan
Eastern Han Dynasty, 1146
Eastern Jin Dynasty, 587, 729, 1017, 1061
Eastern peoples, 485-488
Eastern Zhou, 1165
Ebers papyrus, 76
Ecclesiastical History (John of Ephesus), 233, 756
Eclogues (Calpurnius Siculus), 374
Eclogues (Vergil), 374, 1126
Economics; Afanasievo culture, 196; Archaic Greece, 571; Assyria, 305; Babylonia, 327;
Byzantine Empire, 368; France, 536; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 580; Imperial Rome, 592;
Israel, 664; Macedonia, 747; Mixtecs, 799; Neolithic Age Europe, 829; Phoenicia, 900;
Republican Rome, 968; Seleucid Dynasty, 997
Education, 51-57; Classical Greece, 576; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 580; Israel, 666;
Korea, 712; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Pyu, 942; women, 162
Edwin, 488, 877
Edwin Smith papyrus, 76
Egypt, 201; agriculture, 1; animal husbandry, 1; architecture, 14; art, 14; calendar, 33;
clothing, 43; education, 52; government, 61; laws, 61; medicine, 75; Muslim conquest of, 982;
performing arts, 92; Pharaonic, 488-493, 520, 697, 705, 810, 1005, 1134; Prepharaonic, 494-495,
549, 846, 1053; Ptolemaic, 40, 496-499, 579, 819; religion, 107; Roman, 496-499; science, 116;
settlements, 128; social structure, 128; sports, 136; trade, 148; Twenty-fifth Dynasty, 818;
warfare, 151; weapons, 151; writing, 169
Egyptians, ancestors of, 197
Eighteenth Dynasty, 1081
Eightfold Path, 103, 113, 362, 647
Eirēnē (Aristophanes), 288
El Tajín, 499
Elagabalus, 692
Elamites, 325, 703, 984
Elara, 1035
Eleatic school, 1162
Elegabalus, 1105
Elegies (Propertius), 929
Ēlektra (Sophocles), 1024
Eleusinian mysteries, 109, 499-500, 576, 593
Elia. See Elijah
Elias. See Elijah
Elijah, 214, 500-501, 689
Elissa. See Dido
Eliyyahu. See Elijah
Ella Amida IV, 841
Ella Asbeha. See Kaleb
Ellēnika (Xenophon), 575, 1140
Ellesbaan. See Kaleb
Empedocles, 79, 559, 870, 910, 927
Enchiridion (Arrian), 294, 503
Enchiridion harmonikēs (Nicomachus), 836
Enneads (Plotinus), 914, 923
Ennius, Quintus, 391, 501, 540, 860, 969
Entertainment, 44, 130-138; Imperial Rome, 961; Melanesia, 777
Enuma Elish, 65
Epaminondas, 278, 501-502, 574, 724, 761
Ephesus, Council of, 457, 833, 1071
Ephialtes of Athens, 310, 417, 502, 573
Epi-Olmec script, 168
Epictetus, 294, 503, 962, 1161
Epicureans, 580, 592, 897, 1161
Epicurus, 469, 503-504, 724, 738, 897
Epigrammaton liber (Martial), 766
Epigrams; Byzantine Empire, 208; Classical Greece, 260; Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 777;
Imperial Rome, 766
Epikouros. See Epicurus
Epiktetos. See Epictetus
Epinikia (Pindar), 575
Epistulae (Pliny the Younger), 913, 1044
Epistulae ex Ponto (Ovid), 859
Epitadas, 861
Epitrepontes (Menander), 779
Epodes (Horace), 627, 750
Erasistratus, 504-505, 582
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 505-506, 581-582, 1040
Erechtheum, 17, 309, 577
Erga kai Emerai (Hesiod), 78, 614, 1126
Ergamenes. See Arkamani
Erinna, 162, 506
Erishum, 243
Erlitou culture, 1141
Esarhaddon, 300, 305, 506-507, 848, 900, 1054
Eskimos, 281, 1041
Espositio sermonum antiquorum (Fabius Planciades Fulgentius), 542
Essenes, 461, 465, 507, 666, 689
Esther, 1140
Ethelbert. See Ćthelbert
Ethica Nicomachea (Aristotle), 575
Ethika (Plutarch), 915
Ethiopia, 323, 508-510, 521, 608; Cushites, 451; Omotic peoples, 856; Queen of Sheba, 1008;
religion, 111; writing, 172
Ethiopic script, 172
Etowah, 487
Etruscan script, 172
Etruscans, 510-513, 965, 1062
Ettūtokai, 215, 377, 699, 713, 869, 874
Etymologiae (Isidore of Spain), 658
Euboicus (Dio Chrysostom), 475
Euclid, 119, 280, 513-515, 582, 613, 639
Euclides, 1021
Eucratides, 329
Eudocia, 514
Eudokia. See Eudocia
Eudoxia, Aelia, 514-515, 682
Eudoxia the Elder. See Eudoxia, Aelia
Eudoxia the Younger, 1073
Eudoxus, 273, 515, 1040
Eugenius, Flavius, 1072
Eumenes I, 312
Eumenes II, 313, 516, 1163
Eunomia (Tyrtaeus), 1102
Eunouchus (Terence), 1065
Eupalinus of Megara, 516
Eupolis, 443, 517
Euripides, 70, 96, 133, 193, 288, 310, 501, 517-518, 571, 575, 746, 1024, 1037
Europe;
agriculture, 2; animal husbandry, 2
Eurymedon, Battle of, 569
Eusebius Hieronymus. See Jerome, Saint
Eusebius of Caesarea, 228, 422, 436, 518-519, 790, 855, 962; on Olympic Games, 131
Euthydemus, 295, 329
Eutropius, 418, 514, 519
Eutyches of Constantinople, 399, 806
Eutychius, 594
Evagoras I, 455
Events After Alexander (Arrian), 294
Examination system, China, 62, 1137
Exile, Jewish, 461, 521, 663, 676, 689
Exodus, 520, 688, 800, 810
Expositio continentiae Virgilianae secundum philosophos moralis (Fabius Planciades Fulgentius), 542
Ezana, 233, 323, 509, 521, 541, 756, 821; conversion to Christianity, 1009. See Ezana
Ezekiel, 521-522, 666
Ezra, 522, 663, 689

F
Fa Ngum, 718
Fabius, 384, 523, 965
Fabius Furius Planciades Fulgentius. See Fulgentius, Fabius Planciades
Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 157, 419, 523-524
Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Quintas. See Fabius Maximum, Quintas
Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quintus. See Fabius
Fabius Pictor, Quintus, 524
Fables, 194
Fa-hsien. See Faxian
Fajia. See Legalists
Falasha, 209
Fan Shih-man, 543
Faruk, al-. See Umar ibn al-Khattāb
Fasti (Ovid), 858
Fātima, 231, 635
Fatorum et dictorum memorabilium libri ix (Valerius Maximus), 1114
Faustina I, 525
Faustina II, 525-526
Faustina the Elder. See Faustina I
Faustina the Younger. See Faustina II
Faxian, 526, 590, 754, 1014
Fayum, 494
Fell's cave, 1026
Feng, Dowager Empress, 1142
Fertile Crescent, 1, 526-528
Feudalism, 3
Fiction, Imperial Rome, 287
Figulus, Publius Nigidius, 528
Fiji, 776
Filial piety, 1160
Finland, 528
Finnic peoples, 528-529
Firmicus Maternus, Julius, 760
First Apology (Saint Justin Martyr), 694
First Dynasty, 846
Fish weir, Saint Mungo phase, 975
Fishing; American Paleo-Arctic tradition, 238; Kitoi culture, 708; Middle Woodland
tradition, 788; northern Archaic tradition, 276; Polynesia, 919; Subarctic peoples, 1042
Five Classics. See Wujing
Five Mile Rapids, 909
Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 454, 529-530, 579
Flavian Amphitheater, 18, 530-531, 766, 1092, 1127
Flavian Dynasty, 533, 957
Flavius Arrianus. See Arrian
Flavius Claudius Julianus. See Julian the Apostate
Flavius Gratianus. See Gratian
Flavius Julius Constans. See Constans I
Flavius Momyllus Romulus Augustus. See Romulus Augustulus
Flavius Placidius Valentinianus. See Valentinian III
Flavius Valentinianus. See Valentinian I
Flavius Valerius Constantinus. See Constantine the Great
Fo Guo Ji (Faxian), 526
Folsom technological complex, 531-532, 1029
Food and drink, 41
Fortunatus, Venantius, 532
Four Emperors, Year of the, 532-533, 957, 1127
Four Hundred, 447, 533-534
Four Noble Truths, 103, 361-362
France, 534-537
Frankincense Trail, 148
Franks, 223, 401, 410, 425, 534, 537-539, 555, 693, 782, 978, 1032, 1124
Fremont culture, 539, 567
Fritigern, 188
Frontinus, Sextus Julius, 539-540, 637
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, 265, 540
Frumentius, Saint, 111, 323, 509, 521, 541
Fu (genre), 734, 1015, 1061
Fu Hao's tomb, 541-542
Fulgentius, Fabius Planciades, 542
Fulgentius the Mythographer. See Fulgentius, Fabius Planciades
Fulvia, 542-543, 849
Fulvius Nobilior, Marcus, 501
Funan, 543-544, 718, 803

G
Gaiseric, 384, 1116
Gaius (law teacher), 959
Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus. See Diocletian
Gaius Caesar Germanicus. See Caligula
Gaius Cassius Longinus. See Cassius
Gaius Iulius Phaeder. See Phaedrus
Gaius Octavius. See Augustus
Gaius Petronius Arbiter. See Petronius Arbiter
Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus. See Pliny the Younger
Gaius Plinius Secundus. See Pliny the Elder
Gaius Sollius Apollinaris Sidonius. See Sidonius Apollinaris
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillius. See Suetonius
Galba, Servius Sulpicus, 533, 946
Galen, 71, 79, 475, 505, 545, 692, 961, 1026
Galen of Pergamum. See Galen
Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Gaius, 476, 497, 546, 726, 770-771, 789
Galla Placidia, 438, 1132
Galli, 552
Gallic Wars, 369, 546-547
Gallienus, 547-548, 1113
Gallus, 1086
Gambling, India, 137
Games; China, 136; Europe, 137; India, 137; Mesoamerican, 135; North America, 135
Gandhāra art. See Art; Gandhāra
Ganesha, 620
Gaozong, 1136, 1149
Gaozu, 1056, 1059
Garamantes, 548-549
Garamantis. See Garamantes
Gārgi Samhitā, 778
Gash civilization, 549-550
Gaudapāda, 550
Gaugamela, Battle of, 229, 550-551, 574, 667
Gauls, 226, 292, 322, 359, 375, 396, 431, 534, 551-552, 555, 562, 965, 1038, 1116, 1132, 1163
Gaumata, 463
Ge Hong, 553, 1060
Ge Xuan, 553
Gebel Barkal, 846
Geez, 324, 510
Gelasius I, 413
Gellius, Aulus, 553, 637, 891
Gelon of Syracuse, 554, 573, 616, 1077
Genealogia (Hecataeus of Miletus), 607
Genghis Khan, 805
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 298
Geoglyphs, 9; Nasca culture, 246, 824
Geōgraphica (Strabo), 445, 992, 1040
Geography; Hellenistic Greece, 941; Imperial Rome, 775, 1040
Geometry, creation of, 115
Georgics (Vergil), 614, 750, 1126
Gepids, 224, 401
Germanic tribes, 232, 359, 537, 561, 717, 765, 1113, 1116; art, 19; religion, 110
Germanicus. See Julius Caesar, Germanicus
Germanicus, Nero Claudius Drusus. See Julius Caesar, Germanicus
Germany, 440, 536, 554-556, 1112, 1124; literature, 71
Gerzean. See Naqadah II
Geta, Publius Septimius, 380, 692
Getica (Jordanes), 685
Ghana, 205, 556-557, 840; trade, 147
Gigaku, 557, 792
Gikuyu. See Kikuyu
Gildo, 1038
Gilgamesh epic, 65, 312, 328, 557-558
Gladiatorial competitions, 135, 592, 961, 1033; Etruscans, 512; Imperial Rome, 530
Glazkovo culture, 708
Glenrose cannery site, 975
Globular Amphora culture, 829
Gnam-ri srong-brtsan, 1084
GNiya'-khri, 1084
Gnosticism, 558-559
Gnya'-khri brtsan-po. See GNiya'-khri
Gold; Beja, 338; Egypt, 338
Goliath, 465
Gongsun Shu, 588
Gongwang (Muwang's son), 407
Gongwang (third Zhou king), 406
Gordian, 884
Gordius, 903
Gorgias, 209, 559, 661
Gorgias (Plato), 559
Gortyn, law code of, 444-445, 559-560, 576
Gośāla Makkhali. See Gośāla Maskarīputra
Gośāla Mankhaliputto. See Gośāla Maskarīputra
Gośāla Maskarīputra, 217, 560, 1117
Gothic Wars, 563, 717, 929
Goths, 456, 555, 561-563, 685, 849, 985, 1100, 1111; Arianism, 284. See also Ostrogoths
Government, 57-64; Archaic Greece, 570; Athens, 309, 420, 423; Axum, 324; Babylonia, 326;
Byzantine Empire, 367; Carthage, 385; China, 721, 811, 1056; Classical Greece, 576;
Confucianism, 433; Congo Basin Bantu, 334; Etruscans, 511; France, 536; Germany, 556;
Hawaii, 606; Hellenistic Greece, 579; Imperial Rome, 959; Ireland, 655; Island Carib, 381;
Japan, 671, 1011; Java, 674; Langobards, 717; Macedonia, 747; Maya, 773; Meroe, 820;
Mixtecs, 798; Monte Albán, 807; Napata, 820; Nasca culture, 824; Niger-Congo, 838;
Nilo-Saharans, 840; Omotic peoples, 856; Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Phoenicia, 900; Ptolemaic and
Roman Egypt, 498; Pyu, 942; Republican Rome, 964; Roman Greece, 580; Scythia, 993;
Seleucid Dynasty, 997; Sumerians, 1046; Tai, 1056; Teotihuacán, 1064; Tiwanaku, 1092
Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, 441, 563-564, 966, 990
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, 441, 563-564, 966, 990
Grammar; Imperial Rome, 481, 542, 614, 928, 1115; Sanskrit, 867; Tamil, 1094
Gran Chaco, 180
Granicus, Battle of, 154, 229, 550, 564-565, 575, 666
Gratian, 188, 318, 514, 565, 1052, 1072
Great Basin peoples, 539, 566-567
Great Persecution, 19, 437, 497, 519, 716, 771, 789, 832, 1051
Great Plains, Battle of the, 1025
Great Revolt of the Satraps, 769
Great Sphinx, 15, 493, 938, 939
Great Stupa, 23, 234, 248, 649
Great Wall of China, 10, 63, 143, 149, 409, 567-568, 943, 1009, 1044, 1135, 1137, 1144, 1150
Greco-Bactrian kingdom, 329, 330
Greco-Persian Wars, 153, 244, 277, 310, 453, 568-569, 573, 575, 611, 652, 762, 880,
882, 908, 976, 1077, 1140
Greece, Archaic, 569-572; government, 58; medicine, 78; science, 118; settlements, 127;
social structure, 127
Greece, Classical, 572-578, 663; versus Anatolia, 244; architecture, 16; art, 16;
clothing, 43; dance, 94; eduation, 55; families, 40; food and drink, 43; religion, 109;
transportation, 88; writing, 172
Greece, Hellenistic, 578-583
Greece, Mycenaean, 583-586, 727; architecture, 16; art, 16; settlements, 126; Troy, 1098;
warfare, 152; weapons, 152
Greece, Roman, 578-583
Greek city-states, destruction of, 702
Greek fire, 367
Gregorian calendar, 36
Gregory, Saint, 291
Gregory I, Saint. See Gregory the Great
Gregory of Nazianzus, 110, 335, 413, 582, 586, 940
Gregory of Nyssa, 336, 586
Gregory of Tours, 532
Gregory the Great, 316, 341, 413, 587, 877
Gu Kaizhi, 11, 587-588
Guanahatabey, 381
Guandu, Battle of, 378
Guang Wudi, 588
Guanzi (Guanzi), 721
Guhyasmāja Tantra, 1060
Gui Yuantian Ju (Tao Qian), 1061
Guiqulai Ci (Tao Qian), 1061
Gunādhya, 365, 589, 887
Gundobad, 538
Guntram, 410
Guo Maoqian, 813
Guo Shentong, 588
Gupta Dynasty, 589-590, 604, 648-649, 873, 936; architecture, 23; art, 23
Gupta script, 172
Gwallawg of Elfin, 1057
Gyges, 590-591, 741

H
Haab civil calendar, 37
Hachiman, 680, 850
Hacilar, 243
Hadadezer of Aram, 272
Hadrian, 220, 258, 262, 294, 310, 335, 497, 503, 525, 540, 580, 592-593, 615, 735, 868,
895, 959, 973, 985, 1032, 1044, 1095
Hadrian's villa, 593
Hadrian's Wall, 299, 359, 903
Hafsah, 948
Haghia Eirene, 437
Haghia Sophia, 19, 253, 366, 593-595
Hagiography, 1004
Haji ware, 601, 709
Hakhamanishiya. See Achaemenian Dynasty
Halafian culture, 527, 595, 978
Haliartus, Battle of, 440
Halicarnassus, 297
Halicarnassus mausoleum, 595-596, 991
Hallstatt culture, 394, 534, 554, 596-597, 715
Hallucinogens; Argentina, 1027; Zapotecs, 1158
Hamath, 985
Hamilcar, 554, 601, 1078, 1156
Hammād ar-Rāwiyah, 811
Hammurabi, 57, 325, 597
Hammurabi's code, 58, 65, 77, 125, 145, 325, 597-598
Han Dynasty, 129, 331, 370, 378, 406-407, 433, 482, 588, 599-600, 606, 633, 711, 721,
729, 805, 943, 1006, 1014, 1017, 1044, 1080, 1128, 1133, 1135-1137, 1144, 1150, 1164, 1167;
art, 11; in Parthia, 795
Han Fei, 600, 721
Han Fei-tzu. See Han Feizi (Hanfei)
Han Feizi (Hanfei), 600, 721, 1006
Han Hedi, 370
Han Shi Waizhuan, 780
Han Shu (Ban Gu), 331
Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 452, 826
Haniwa, 13, 600-601, 672, 709, 842
Hannibal, 157, 191, 201, 255, 377, 384, 523-524, 529, 601, 752, 894, 935, 965, 990, 1025, 1031, 1156
Hanno, 901
Hantilis I, 1063
Harappā, 4, 21, 125, 644; technology, 141. See also Indus Valley civilization
Hardaway point, 460
Harem conspiracy, 952
Harihara, 345
Harisena, 649
Hārith ibn Hilliza, al-, 811
Harivamśa (Vyāsa), 602
Harkhuf, 602, 1134, 1148
Harkuf. See Harkhuf
Harmodius, 603
Harmonia (Perictione), 165
Harp, 98
Harpastum, 137
Harsa, 332, 603-604, 648
Harsacarita (B āna), 332, 603
Harsavardhana. See Harsa
Harsha. See Harsa
Hasdrubal, 601, 1025, 1156
Hasmonean Dynasty, 663, 689, 996
Hassan, 661
Hastināpura, 21
Hatchepsut. See Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut, 15, 163, 604-605, 1009, 1081
Hatshipsitu. See Hatshepsut
Hatthalhāka Vihāra, 1091
Hattusilis I, 605, 623, 716, 1063
Hattusilis III, 623, 815
Hausa, 197, 398
Hawaii, 606
He Yan, 606-607, 1132
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, 907
Health, 74-86
Heautontimorumenos (Terence), 1065
Hebrew laws, 58
Hecataeus of Miletus, 607
Hecatompylos, 295
Hecyra (Terence), 1065
Hedi, 1164
Hegesippus, Saint, 421
Helena, Saint, 435, 608
Heliodorus of Emesa, 582, 608-609
Hellenic League, 399
Hellesthaios. See Kaleb
Helton phase, 609
Helvetii, 546
Hemudu culture, 4, 405
Henotheism, 609-610; Afrasans, 197; Hebrews, 198
Hera, temple of, 917
Heraclea, 751
Heraclitus, 101, 571, 926
Heraclius, 366, 884, 982, 1018
Herculaneum, 920-921, 1076, 1092
Hermann. See Arminius
Hermes (Praxiteles), 926
Hermias of Assos, 289
Hero of Alexandria. See Heron
Herod Agrippa I, 611
Herod Agrippa II, 611
Herod Antipas, 611, 683
Herod Archelaus, 611
Herod Philip, 611
Herod the Great, 108, 212, 256, 411, 611, 663, 678, 768, 835, 946, 1160
Herodas, 610
Herodian (historian), 610-611
Herodian Dynasty, 256, 611
Herodotus, 70, 286, 309, 575, 611-612, 1080; on Achaemenians, 886; on Artemisia I, 297;
on Cimmerians, 416; on Croesus, 741; on Cyaxares, 452; on Cyrus the Great, 306;
on Darius the Great, 463; on Egypt, 488, 494; on Garamantes, 548; on Gyges, 590;
on Hellenic public works, 516; on Histiaeus of Miletus, 622; on Ionian Revolt, 652; on Leonidas, 723;
on Lycia, 739; on Lydia, 243; on medicine in Egypt, 76; on Pisistratus, 905; on Saite temples, 975;
on Scylax of Caryanda, 992; on Scythians, 993; on Thera, 569; on Thermopylae, 1077; on Xerxes I, 1140
Herodotus of Halicarnassus. See Herodotus
Heroides (Ovid), 858
Heron, 139, 613
Herondas. See Herodas
Herophilus, 79, 582, 613-614
Herophilus of Chalcedon. See Herophilus
Herulians, 310
Hesiod, 78, 108, 273, 614, 866, 879, 1074, 1126, 1139
Hesychius of Alexandria, 614-615
Hexaëmeron (Basil of Cappadocia), 336
Hezekiah, 305, 615-616, 657, 663, 1001, 1005
Hibr, al- (the doctor). See Abd Al1āh ibn al-Abbās
Hiempsal, 690
Hieratic writing, 492
Hiero. See Hieron I of Syracuse
Hieroglyphics, 169, 492
Hieron I of Syracuse, 193, 328, 554, 616, 904, 1078
Hieron II of Syracuse, 617
Hijrah, 36, 181, 660, 813, 948
Hijrah calendar, 36, 813, 1105
Hilary of Poitiers, Saint, 617-618
Hime-gami, 680
Himera, Battle of, 201, 554, 1078
Himiko, 618, 672, 1152
Himyaritic kingdoms, 269
Hindu calendar, 38
Hinduism, 102, 113, 188-189, 355, 602, 618-620, 645, 674, 936-937, 1119, 1121; Campantar, 376;
conversion of Mahendravarman I, 755; dance, 93; Tantras, 1060
Hipparchia, 580
Hipparchus (astronomer), 582, 620-621
Hipparchus (tyrant of Athens), 240, 603, 621
Hippēs (Aristophanes), 517
Hippias of Athens, 420, 603, 621, 790, 905
Hippocleides of Athens, 208
Hippocrates (physician), 79, 282, 475, 545, 577, 622, 905
Hippocrates (tyrant of Gela), 554, 577
Hippocrates of Cos. See Hippocrates (physician)
Hippocratic Oath, 79, 622
Hippodamus of Miletus, 89, 577
Hippodrome, 437
Hippolytos (Euripides), 518
Hiram, 900
Histiaeus of Miletus, 607, 622-623, 652
Historia Alexandri Magni (Curtius Rufus), 450
Historia arcana (Procopius). See Anecdota (Procopius)
Historia Augusta, 525
Historia de Regibus Gothorum, Wandalorum, et Suevorum (Isidore of Spain), 658
Historia ecclesiastica (Eusebius of Caesarea), 518
Historia ecclesiastica (Theodoret of Cyrrhus), 1071
Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Bede), 250, 340
Historia tou Apolloniou (Philostratus), 898
Historia tou Peloponnesiacou polemou (Thucydides), 355, 1081
Historiae (Sallust), 977, 1033
Historiae (Tacitus), 962, 1054
Historiai Herodotou (Herodotus), 575, 612, 652
Historians; Byzantine Empire, 757; China, 1015; Hellenistic Greece, 941; Imperial Rome, 238,
265, 294, 390, 450, 474, 524, 610, 731, 775, 977, 1004, 1053, 1071, 1123; Jewish, 685
Historiarum adversus paganos libri VII (Orosius), 223
Historical legitimacy, 433
Histories (Agathias), 208
Histories, The (Polybius), 915, 1040
History of the Empire After Marcus (Herodian), 610
Hittites, 243, 291, 326, 605, 623-625, 697, 716, 738-739, 902, 951, 1062, 1108;
destruction of, 702; literature, 69
Hizqiyya. See Hezekiah
Ho Yen. See He Yan
Hoabinhian tradition, 758
Hohokam culture, 5, 7, 625-626, 1030
Holistic medicine, China, 81
Holocene era, West Africa, 836
Homer, 56, 69, 108, 152, 191, 286, 514, 571, 614, 626-627, 730, 844, 879, 889, 902, 947,
968, 970, 1066, 1126, 1139; on medicine, 78; on Mycenaean Greece, 583; on sport, 130; on Troy, 1098
Homo erectus, 954
Homo habilis, 508, 954
Homo sapiens, 508
Homuda. See Ōjin Tennō
Honda Wake no Mikoto. See Ōjin Tennō
Hongshan, 10, 404
Honorius (emperor), 135, 222, 359, 418, 438, 879, 1013, 1038, 1112, 1132
Honorius I, Pope, 413
Hopewell culture, 7, 129, 187, 486, 789, 1023
Horace, 71, 134, 224, 279, 627-628, 737, 750, 886, 897, 961, 1085, 1115; on Pindar, 904
Horkhuf. See Harkhuf
Horonw, 759
Horse period, 30
Horses, 87; Scythia, 993; Troy, 1098
Hortensia, 628-629
Hortensian law, 60
Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus, 313, 415, 628
Horus, 491, 494, 495, 638, 658
Hosea, 629, 675
Hossein. See Wusayn
Hostilius, Tullus, 963
Hottentots. See Khoikhoi
Hsia Dynasty. See Xia Dynasty
Hsiao-wen ti. See Xiaowen Di
Hsieh Ho. See Xie He
Hsieh K'ang-lo. See Xie Lingyun
Hsieh Ling-yün. See Xie Lingyun
Hsin Chui. See Xin Zhui
Hsiung-nu. See Xiongnu
Hsü Shen. See Xushen
Hsüan-chuang. See Xuanzang
Hsüan-tsang. See Xuanzang
Hsün Ch'ing. See Xunzi
Hsün K'uang. See Xunzi
Hsün-tzu. See Xunzi
Huaca de la Luna, 629-630, 801
Huaca del Sol, 629-630, 801
Huaca San Marcos, 727
Huai Nan Hong Lie. See Huainanzi (Liu An)
Huai-nan-tzu. See Huainanzi (Liu An)
Huainanzi (Liu An), 630-631
Huangdi, 81, 631, 728
Huari. See Wari
Hudaybiyyah, Treaty of, 813, 1105
Hui Shi, 632
Hui Shih. See Hui Shi
Hui-yüan. See Huiyuan
Huidi. See Liu Xie
Huiyuan, 632
Humairah. See Āishah bint Abī Bakr
Huns, 221, 314, 400, 413, 519, 535-536, 561, 590, 633-634, 722, 985, 1073; versus the Guptas, 1111
Hunter-gatherers; Adena culture, 187; Amazonia, 235; BaTwa, 337; Ciboney, 381; East Africa, 198;
eastern Brazil, 356; Khoisan, 707; West Africa, 205
Hunting; American Paleo-Arctic tradition, 238; California peoples, 371; Clovis technological
complex, 426; Dalton tradition, 460; Middle Woodland tradition, 788; northern Archaic
tradition, 276; Subarctic peoples, 1042
Hurrians, 605, 634-635, 794
Husayn, 178, 635, 661
Hussain. See Husayn
Huzziyas I, 1063
Hydaspes, Battle of, 229, 635-636
Hyginus (land surveyor), 637
Hyginus, Gaius Julius, 637-638
Hyginus Gromaticus. See Hyginus (land surveyor)
Hyksos, 489, 638-639, 847
Hymn to Demeter (Homer), 499
Hypatia, 165, 639
Hyperbolus, 517
Hystaspes, 1170

I
Iamblichus of Syria, 640
Iberian scripts, 171
Iberians, 534, 1031; writing, 171
Ibn Abbas. See Abd Allāh ibn al-Abbās
Ibn Abd al-Hakam, 982
Ibn az-Zubayr. See Abd Allāh ibn az-Zubayr
Ibycus, 640-641
Iceni, 352
Ictinus, 17, 373, 577, 641, 870
Idanthyrus, 993
Ideographs, 166
Ignatius of Antioch, 641-642
Iindus Valley civilization; art, 20
Ikhernofret stone, 92
Ikhnaton. See Akhenaton
Iksersa. See Xerxes I
Iksvāku Dynasty, 248
Iktinos. See Ictinus
Ilangovatikal. See Ilankō Atikal
Ilankō Atikal, 642
Iliad (Homer), 69, 78, 191, 286, 445, 571, 582-583, 626, 739, 748, 902, 947, 970,
1066, 1098, 1126
Illyrian War, Second, 191
Imhotep, 14, 75, 642-643
Impressed ware, 828
Imrual-Qays, 811
In Catilinam (Cicero), 390, 415
Incense, Arabia, 269
India, 643-648; Alexander the Great's campaign, 636; clothing, 44; cremation, 49; education, 54;
families, 40; food and drink, 42; government, 62; Henotheism, 609; influence on Khmer, 803;
influence on Laos, 718; influence on Mon, 803; influence on Pyu, 942; literature, 66;
music, 98; roads, 92; science, 117; theater, 97; trade, 148; unification of, 401;
warfare, 154; weapons, 154; writing, 172
Indian temple architecture, 648-650, 873
Indo-European people, 154
Indus script, 167
Indus Valley civilization, 644, 650-651; architecture, 20; writing, 167
Institutio Oratoria (Quintilian), 946
Institutiones (Justinian I), 59, 695-696
Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum (Cassiodorus), 387
Institutiones Grammaticae (Priscian), 928
Insular script, 173
Inuits, 227, 482, 652
Ion of Chios, 651-652
Ionian Revolt, 184, 244, 455, 573, 607, 622, 652, 762
Ionic script, 172
Ipiutak, 652-653, 845
Ipsus, Battle of, 743, 995
Ireland, 653-655, 875; art, 20
Irenaeus, Saint, 413, 421, 655-656
Ironworking, 143; Anatolia, 243; Bantu, 334; Chifumbaze, 403; East Africa, 200; Meroe, 819;
Napata, 819; Nilotes, 841; Nok culture, 843; South Africa, 200; West Africa, 205
Irrigation, 140; Anatolia, 243; Arabia, 269; Axum, 324; Bactria, 329; Egypt, 2; Etruscans, 512;
Funan, 543; Hohokam culture, 5, 626; Korea, 711; Meroe, 820; Mesoamerica, 5; Mesopotamia, 1;
Moche (Peru), 6; Monte Albán, 808; Nasca culture, 824; Pyu, 942; Samarran culture, 979;
Sumerians, 1046; Vietnam, 1128
Isaeus, 656
Isagoras, 420
Isaiah, 657, 666
Isanavarman, 543
Ise, shrine at, 13, 1010
Ishango culture, 32
Ishtumegu. See Astyages
Isidore of Seville, Saint, 658
Isidoros of Miletus, 253, 594
Isidorus Hispalensis. See Isidore of Seville, Saint
Isis, cult of, 580, 658-659, 843, 961
Islam, 268, 367, 509, 659-661, 884, 947, 1014, 1105-1106; Arabia, 181; Axum, 323; Berbers, 342;
Chadic peoples, 398; conversion of Uthmān, 1109; dance, 93; founder of, 813; Ghana, 557;
North Africa, 201; science, 120; succession struggle, 635; Znaga, 1168
Islamic conquest of Egypt. See Saracen conquest
Island Caribs, 381
Isocrates, 278, 310, 559, 574, 656, 661-662
Israel, 213, 239, 340, 347, 465, 500, 507, 520, 615, 629, 662-666, 675, 677, 689, 745,
781, 800, 980-981, 988, 1022; education, 53
Issus, Battle of, 154, 229, 464, 550, 574, 666-667
Isthmian Games, 131, 570, 577, 579, 855
Isthmian script, 168
Italic War. See Social War
Italy, 510, 717, 751
Itaparica tradition, 276
Iugurtha. See Jugurtha

J
Jāhilīyah, al-, 268, 811
Jainism, 103, 113, 647, 668, 887, 1093, 1117; converion of Chandragupta Maurya, 401
James the Apostle, 669, 876
Jamnia rabbinic academy, 681
Japan, 129, 215, 669-673; architecture, 12; art, 12; China, 136; Confucianism, 433;
dance, 94; literature, 72; religion, 112
Jarmo, 527
Jastorf culture, 555
Jātakas, 673, 1089
Java, 674
Jayavarman II, 803
Jehoshaphat, 213
Jehu, 675
Jeremiah, 666, 675-676, 689
Jericho, 14, 124, 527
Jeroboam I, 676
Jeroboam II, 239, 629
Jerome, Saint, 110, 336, 413, 421, 676-677, 877, 934, 962, 1004
Jerusalem, 465, 521, 616, 657, 662; temple of, 107, 335, 611, 663, 665, 677-678, 689, 1022, 1058
Jesus Christ, 348, 411, 559, 617, 657, 669, 678, 682-683, 689, 694, 767, 876, 879,
887, 1002; as expression of God, 421; nature of, 242, 367, 399, 722, 806, 833, 841, 1071
Jewish blacks. See Falasha
Jewish calendar, 36
Jewish diaspora, 679, 689
Jewish Revolt, First, 664, 679, 681, 689, 768, 1160
Jewish Revolt, Second, 220, 335, 664, 679, 689
Jews; Alexandria, 497, 679, 896; release of, 184, 459, 521, 663, 678, 882
Jezebel, 214, 500, 675, 900
Ji Jing, 993
Jiangzhai, 406
Jimmu Tennō, 680, 1148
Jingō. See Jingū
Jingū, 672, 680-681
Jingū Kōgō. See Jingū
Job, Book of, 587
Johanan ben Zakkai, 681-682
Johannes Cassianus. See Cassian
Johanson, Donald, 954
John Cassian, Saint. See Cassian
John Chrysostom, Saint, 99, 110, 387, 413, 515, 682
John of Biclarum, 756
John of Nikiou, 982
John the Apostle. See John the Evangelist, Saint
John the Baptist, Saint, 611, 678, 682-683
John the Evangelist, Saint, 349, 678, 683-684, 1016
Jōmon, 215, 669, 684; art, 12
Joram, 675
Jordanes, 684-685
Joseph, 1057
Joseph ben Matthias. See Josephus, Flavius
Josephus, Flavius, 685-686, 768, 835; on Essenes, 507; on Poppaea Sabina, 922
Josiah, 686
Juan-Juan, 805
Juba I of Numidia, 687, 1067
Juba II of Mauretania, 687-688
Judaea, Roman king of, 611
Judah, 340, 465, 500, 615, 629, 657, 662, 675, 686, 688; Assyrian conquest of, 305
Judah the Prince (rabbi), 689
Judaism, 107, 347, 507, 509, 522, 681, 688-690, 898, 981, 1152-1153; versus Christianity, 876;
dances, 93; Henotheism, 609; music, 99; science, 120
Judas, 678
Jugurtha, 690, 765, 977, 1045
Jugurthine War, 274, 690, 765
Julia (daughter of Augustus), 212, 268, 690-691, 859, 991, 1082
Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar), 369, 691, 921
Julia Agrippina. See Agrippina the Younger
Julia Augusta. See Livia Drusilla
Julia Domna, 263, 692, 898
Julia Mamaea, 692-693
Julian, 538, 1007
Julian calendar, 35
Julian the Apostate, 238, 438, 693, 856, 1013, 1068, 1112
Julius Caesar, Germanicus, 212-213, 258, 372
Julius Frontinus, Sextus. See Frontinus, Sextus Julius
Julius Hyginus. See Hyginus, Gaius Julius
Junius Brutus, Decimus, 998
Junius Brutus, Lucius, 360, 511, 693-694, 737
Junius Brutus Albinus, Decimus, 998
Jūshichijō Kempō, 1011
Justin II, 208, 823, 949, 1071
Justin Martyr, Saint, 694
Justinian I, 19, 59, 207, 242, 253, 310, 339, 366, 437, 563, 593, 659, 684, 695, 752,
756-757, 806, 822, 928-929, 987, 1018, 1070-1071, 1095, 1105, 1116
Justinian II, 456
Justinian's codes, 366, 476, 695-696
Jutes, 250-251
Juvenal, 71, 696, 737, 760, 783, 886, 947, 961; on Poppaea Sabina, 922

K
Kachemak tradition, 697
Kādambarī (Bāna), 332
Kadesh, Battle of, 697-698, 815, 951
Kahun papyrus, 76
Kakinomoto Hitomaro, 72
Kalacuri Dynasty, 649
Kaleb, 323, 509, 698
Kali, 355
Kālidāsa, 234, 301, 345-346, 590, 648, 698-699, 778
Kalittokai, 699
Kaliyuga calendar, 38
Kallikrates. See Callicrates
Kallimachos. See Callimachus of Cyrene
Kalpa Sūtra (Śaunāka), 307
Kalpa Sūtras, 1049
Kamares ware, 15
Kāmasūtra (Vātsyāyana), 1119
Kamose, 847
Kamu Yamato Iware Biko. See Jimmu Tennō
Kanal-ikal, 165
Kanimetaviyar, 874
Kanishka. See Kaniska
Kaniśka, 301, 700, 714
Kansanshi, 439
Kaonde, 439
Kapilar, 935
Karaikkal Ammaiyar, 701
Karasuk culture, 701-702
Karbalā, Battle of, 635
Karkar, Battle of, 214, 304, 662, 985
Karma, 618, 673, 1122
Karmah. See Kerma
Karnak temple, 493, 951, 1002
Kāsārayogi. See Poykai
Kashku. See Kaska
Kashta, 848, 1004
Kaska, 702. See also Sea Peoples (Mediterranean)
Kassites, 326, 702-703
Kāśyapa I, 1036
Kata Philippou A, B, and G (Demosthenes), 469
Kaundinya, 543
Kautilya, 401, 647, 703, 769, 1119, 1130
Kavadh I, 987
Kāvyādarśa (Dandin), 461
Kawaiisu, 371
Keatley Creek site, 909
Kebre Nagast, 508, 698
Kelteminar culture, 703-704
Kephalaia, 759
Kerma, 549, 704-705, 818, 841, 847, 1148
Kettle Falls, 909
Khadījah, 812
Kharostī script, 172
Khasekhemwy, 846
Khirbat Qumran, 465, 507, 689
Khmer. See Mon-Khmer
Khoikhoi, 706-707
Khoikhoin. See Khoikhoi
Khoisan, 485, 707. See also Eastern African Microlithic peoples
Khosrow I, 884, 987
Khosrow II, 884, 987
Khsayarsan. See Xerxes I
Khufu, 489, 493, 846, 938
Kievan Chronicle of Nestor. See Chronicle of Nestor
Kikuyu, 198, 334
King's Peace, 210, 440, 708
K'inich Janahb' Pakal, 862
K'inich Kan B'alam II, 862
Kipushi, 439
Kirātārjunīya (Bhāravi), 344
Kairavamuni. See Peyar
Kirghiz Empire, 805
Kirta, 794
Kitāb al-Irshād (Shaykh al Mufīd), 635
Kitoi culture, 708
Kivas, 802
Kleisthenes of Sikyon. See Cleisthenes of Sicyon
Knossos, 444, 1076; palace at, 15
Ko Hung. See Ge Hong
Kofun period, 600, 670, 709-710
Koguryŏ Dynasty, 711
Koguryŏ style, 710
Kojiki, 72, 672, 838
Koman, 840
Kong Qiu. See Confucius
Kongfuzi. See Confucius
Kongzi. See Confucius
Konica (Apollonius of Perga), 263
Koran. See Qurān
Korea, 129, 710-713, 1137; Confucianism, 433; influence on Japan, 1149; literature, 72; religion, 112
Koster, 609
Kratinos. See Cratinus
Krishna, 189, 343, 345, 602, 754, 821, 937
Kroisos. See Croesus
Krsna. See Krishna
Ku Hua Ping Lu (Xie He), 1143
Ku K'ai-chih. See Gu Kaizhi
Kuang-wu-ti. See Guang Wudi
Kujūla Kadphises I, 700, 714
Kulavanikan Seethalai Sattanar. See C ātanār
Kumāragupta, 590
Kumārasambhava (Kālidāsa), 699
!Kung, 707
K'ung Ch'iu. See Confucius
K'ung-Fu-Tzu. See Confucius
K'ung-Tzu. See Confucius
Kuregaku. See Gigaku
Kurigalzu I, 703
Kurou anabasis (Xenophon), 575
Kurung-bnam. See Funan
Kuruntokai, 713-714
Kusāna Dynasty. See Kushān Dynasty
Kush, 451, 704, 756, 818, 906, 975, 1004, 1134, 1148; writing, 170. See also Napata
Kushān Dynasty, 301, 589, 700, 714, 1155
Kypselos of Korinthos. See Cypselus of Corinth

L
La Florida pyramid, 715
La Tčne culture, 358, 394, 534, 551, 554, 715-716
La Venta, 852
Labarnas I, 716, 1063
Labarnas II. See Hattusilis I
Labernash. See Labarnas I
Labīd, 811
Labrets, 653, 697, 732, 766; Saint Mungo phase, 975
Labyrinth, 445
Lac lords, 1128
Laconia, 502
Lacquerware, 1144
Lactantius, Lucius Caelius Firmianus, 546, 716-717, 790
Lade, Battle of, 623, 652
Lagoa Santa cave, 1026
Lake Titicaca, 218, 246-247, 1092
Lake Trasimene, Battle of, 523, 601, 935, 1156
Lamachus, 835
Langobards, 223, 717-718, 823, 1043
Languages, 64, 74; Aramaic, 271; Austronesian, 918; Axum, 324; Bantu, 200, 333; Byzantine
Empire, 367; Celts, 398; Chadic, 398; Etruscan, 511; Finnic peoples, 528; Gauls, 552;
Germany, 556; Hittites, 624; Ireland, 655; Israel, 665; Japan, 671; Khoisan, 707;
Macedonia, 748; Meroe, 820-821; Niger-Congo, 836, 838; North Africa, 203; Phoenicia, 901;
Proto-Cushitic, 451; Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, 498; Sea Peoples (Oceania), 994; Zapotecs, 1159
Lao Dan. See Laozi
Lao-tan. See Laozi
Lao-tzu. See Laozi
Laocoön, 18
Laos, 718; architecture, 26; art, 26
Laozi, 10, 68, 112, 407, 462, 607, 632, 719, 1132
Laozi Zhu (Wang Bi), 1132
Lapita culture, 918, 994
Lapps, 529
Latin League, 523, 720, 965, 1062
Latin script, 171
Latin War, 720
Latte phase, 786
Laurel culture, 720-721
Laws, 57-64; Anglo-Saxons, 195; Archaic Greece, 466, 571; Assyria, 305; Athens, 309, 483;
Babylonia, 66, 325; Byzantine Empire, 366, 695; China, 721; Classical Greece, 576;
Crete, 445, 560, 561; Darius the Great, 463; Draco's Code, 483; Hammurabi, 598; Hittite, 624;
Imperial Rome, 959, 1102, 1104; India, 302; Isaeus, 656; Jewish, 522, 665, 689, 810, 898, 1058;
Pharaonic Egypt, 491; Pittacus of Mytilene, 905; Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, 498;
Republican Rome, 564, 966, 989; Slavs, 1018; Solon, 1023; Sparta, 741; Visigoths, 223.
See also Gortyn, law code of
Leakeys, Louis, Mary, and Richard, 954
Legalists, 103, 599-600, 631, 721, 943, 1006
Lenaea festival, 132, 288, 478
Leo I (emperor), 242, 722
Leo I, Saint, 314, 400, 413, 722, 841
Leo the Butcher. See Leo I (emperor)
Leo the Great. See Leo I, Saint
Leonidas, 568, 573, 723, 878, 1077
Leucippus, 468, 724, 927
Leuctra, Battle of, 210, 278, 502, 574, 708, 724-725, 1139
Leukippe and Kleitophon (Achilles Tatius), 185
Levers, 139
Lexicon; Chinese, 1146; Imperial Rome, 615
Leyden plate, 725
Li (rituals), 105, 434
Li Cang, 1144
Li Shih-min. See Taizong
Li Shimin. See Taizong
Li Si, 600, 1146
Li Yuan, 1044. See Gaozu
Liang Dynasty, 729
Liang-chu culture. See Liangzhu culture
Liangzhu culture, 725-726
Liber Heraclidis (Nestorius), 833
Libya, 201, 781; Garamantes in, 548
Licinian-Sextian laws, 60
Licinius, Valerius Licinianus, 436, 726, 789
Licinius II, 726
Licinius Crassus, Lucius, 989
Licinius Crassus, Marcus. See Crassus, Marcus Licinius
Licinius Lucullus, Lucius, 424, 726-727, 797
Life of Plotinus (Porphyry), 914
Ligurians, 534, 552
Liji, 67, 104, 1138, 1146
Lima culture, 715, 727
Lind Coulee site, 909
Lindesfarne Abbey, 214
Lindisfarne Gospels, 20
Linear A, 167, 447, 728
Linear B, 69, 167, 444, 572, 584, 727-728
Linear Pottery culture, 829
Ling Lun, 728
Literature, 64, 74; Buddhist, 471, 673, 790; China, 729; Greece, 230; Hellenistic
Greece, 267, 879; Imperial Rome, 732, 962; India, 301, 332, 344-345, 365, 462, 589, 699,
950, 1043, 1051, 1130; Jewish, 347; Republican Rome, 730; Roman Greece, 640; Tamil, 215, 218,
376-377, 389, 642, 699, 701, 713, 822, 866, 869, 873-874, 887, 935, 1090, 1093-1094;
Vedic, 272, 354; Wales, 1057; women, 162
Liu Bang, 588, 1144
Liu Bei, 1080, 1167
Liu Bosheng, 588
Liu Hsieh. See Liu Xie
Liu I-ch'ing. See Liu Yiqing
Liu Qing, 1164
Liu Xiaobiao, 729
Liu Xie, 729
Liu Xiu. See Guang Wudi
Liu Yiqing, 729-730
Liujing, 632
Liuxuan, 588
Livia Drusilla, 258, 441, 730, 992
Livilla, 258
Livius Andronicus, Lucius, 730-731, 968
Livius Drusus, Marcus, 1020
Livy, 417, 441, 511, 523-524, 617, 693, 731, 737, 961, 1123
Llamas, domestication of, 244
Locarno Beach, 731-732, 766
Locono. See Arawak
Locrians, 1099
Logographs, 167
Logou apotomē (Apollonius of Perga), 263
Lomas Rsi, 649
Lombard. See Langobards
Long Count, 37
Long Wall, 367
Longinus, 233, 732, 923
Longmen, 364
Longshan culture, 4, 349, 405, 732-733, 1141
Longus, 582, 733
Lothair. See Chlotar I
Loulan, 1014
Lower Nubia, 846. See also Wawat
Lü Buwei, 733-734
Lu Chi. See Lu Ji
Lu Ji, 734
Lü Pu-wei. See Lü Buwei
Lu Shiheng. See Lu Ji
Lu Shiheng Ji, 734
Lu Yun, 734
Lucan, 418, 735, 760, 886, 999, 1032
Lucian, 504, 582, 735-736, 781
Lucilius, Gaius (poet), 736
Lucilius, Gaius (satirist), 737, 886
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. See Nero
Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella. See Columella
Lucretia, 161, 511, 693, 737, 964, 1127
Lucretius, 71, 504, 738, 760, 969
Lucretius Carus, Titus. See Lucretius
Luke, 349, 678
Lun heng (Wang Chong), 1133
Lungshan culture. See Longshan culture
Lunyu (Confucius), 67, 103, 112, 407, 431, 434, 1160
Lüshi Chunqiu (Lüshi), 728
Lusitanians, 814
Luwians, 243, 738, 902
Luxor temple, 493
Ly Bon, 1129
Lycia, 739-740
Lycurgus of Sparta, 466, 570, 740-741
Lydenburg, 200
Lydia, 243, 452, 591, 741-742; writings, 69
Lydian Dynasty, 448
Lygdamis of Naxos, 453, 916
Lyre, 99
Lysander of Sparta, 189, 210, 742-743, 880, 1079
Lysias, 575, 656, 743
Lysimachus, 468, 472, 579, 743-744, 1099
Lysippus, 429, 744, 926
Lysistratē (Aristophanes), 96, 134, 288, 575

M
Ma-Chia-pong culture, 725
Maatkare. See Hatshepsut
Maccabees, 107, 663, 678, 689, 745, 872, 996
Macedonia, 228, 254, 273, 283, 386, 399, 453, 472, 516, 574, 579, 743, 745-748, 854, 893-894,
997; as Roman province, 747
Macedonian Wars, 915, 966
Machanidas, 761
Macrinus, 295, 380
Macro-Jes, 357
Macrobius, Aurelius Theodosius, 748-749
Madagascar, 749-750
Maecenas, Gaius, 627, 750, 1126
Maecenas Cilnius, Gaius. See Maecenas, Gaius
Maelius, Spurius, 360
Magna Graecia, 569, 578, 751-752
Magnentius, 435
Magnesia ad Sipylum, Battle of, 255, 395, 516, 741, 753, 991, 996
Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, Flavius. See Cassiodorus
Magnus Maximus, 565, 928, 1072
Mago (agronomist), 384, 901
Mago (Hannibal's brother), 601, 1156
Mago (king of Carthage), 201
Mahābhārata (Vyāsa), 21, 66, 137, 154, 343-344, 590, 602, 753-754, 821, 950
Mahābhāsya (Patańjali), 778
Mahābodhi temple, 649, 754-755
Mahādahvayar. See Peyar
Mahāsena, 1036
Mahataing, 271
Mahāvihāra monastery, 1035, 1091
Mahāvīra. See Vardhamāna
Mahāvīracarita (Bhavabhūti), 346
Mahāyāna-śraddhotoāda (Ashvaghosa), 301
Mahāyānasamgraha, 300
Mahāyānasūtralankāra, 300
Mahendravarman I, 265, 650, 755, 866
Mahendravikramavarman. See Mahendravarman I
Mahinda, 363, 1035, 1091
Maīn. See Minaeans
Maitreyanātha, 299
Maize, 236, 241
Majiabang culture, 405
Majorian, 323, 1013
Makeda. See Sheba, Queen of
Makhorae. See Makouria
Makouria, 233, 756, 843
Makuria. See Makouria
Malagasy, 749
Malalas, John, 757
Malambo, 1028
Mālatī-mādhava (Bhavabhūti), 346
Mālavikāgnimitra (Kālidāsa), 699, 778
Malay, 543, 749, 757-758
Malayo-Polynesian. See Austronesia
Malchos. See Porphyry
Malchus. See Porphyry
Mali. See Mande
Malichus, 256
Mallius, Gnaeus, 273
Mandate of heaven, 378, 406, 433, 599, 1135
Mande, 205, 758-759, 836
Mandubracius, 389
Manetho, 489, 638
Mani, 113, 759, 884
Manichaeanism, 113, 759-760, 885, 1007
Manilius, Marcus, 760
Manimekalai (Cātanār), 389
Manorialism, 3
Mantinea, Battles of, 225, 502, 544, 760-761
Manusmrti, 619
Manyoshu, 72
Mao Shan revelations, 761, 1060
Maodun, 1144, 1155
Maori, 319
Maqurra. See Makouria
Marajóara culture, 236
Marathon, Battle of, 184, 193, 287, 309, 416, 464, 467, 568, 572-573, 612, 621, 762, 791, 976, 1077
Marcian, 400, 722, 1071
Marcius, Ancus, 963
Marcius Coriolanus, Gnaeus. See Coriolanus, Gnaeus Marcius
Marcius Philippus, Quintus. See Philippus, Quintus Marcius
Marcomanni, 766, 1043
Marcomannic War, 561
Marcus Antonius. See Antony, Marc
Marcus Aurelius, 59, 80, 258, 393, 503, 525, 540, 610, 656, 694, 763-764, 959, 1161
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (121-180 c.e.). See Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (188-217 c.e.). See Caracalla
Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesianus. See Nemesianus
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius. See Maxentius
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus. See Maximian
Marcus Aurelius Verus. See Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius's column, 764
Marcus Fabius Quintilianus. See Quintilian
Marcus Iunius Brutus. See Brutus
Marcus Petreius, 687
Marcus Ulpius Traianus. See Trajan
Mardonius, 878, 908, 977
Marib Dam, 181, 269, 1008
Maricas (Eupolis), 517
Marines Rockshelter site, 909
Maritime Archaic, 764
Maritime Paleo-Arctic tradition. See American Paleo-Arctic tradition
Marius, Gaius, 274, 415, 690, 765, 966, 1045
Mark, 349, 678
Maroboduus, 765-766
Marpole phase, 732, 766
Marriage, women, 161
Marsic War. See Social War
Martial, 392, 766-767, 891, 947; on Frontinus, 540
Martial arts, 136
Martialis, Marcus Valerius. See Martial
Martianus Minneus Felix Capella. See Capella, Martianus
Marunīkkiyār. See Appar
Mary, 161, 682, 767-768, 833
Masada, Battle of, 664, 768, 1160
Masinissa, 1025
Mathematics; Babylonia, 327; Byzantine Empire, 253; China, 122; Classical Greece, 940;
creation of, 114; Hellenistic Greece, 263, 279, 285, 505, 513, 836; Imperial Rome, 515, 613;
India, 299; Maya, 121, 773; Roman Egypt, 639
Mathesis (Firmicus Maternus), 760
Mattavilāsaprahasana (Mahendravarman I), 755
Matthew, 349, 678
Maturai Kulavanikan Cittalaic Cattanar. See C ātanār
Mauriac Plain, Battle of. See Châlons, Battle of
Maurice, 884
Maurya. See Chandragupta Maurya
Mauryan Dynasty, 217, 301, 362, 401, 647, 769
Mausolus, 298, 595, 769-770
Mahazor Yannai (Yannai), 1151
Maxentius, 436, 546, 770-771, 789, 791, 955-956, 1051
Maximian, 437, 476, 546, 770-771, 1051
Maximus of Tyre, 995
Māyā, 113, 189, 1107
Maya, 8, 232, 311, 402, 427, 438, 484, 499, 771-774, 862, 1087, 1109; burials, 49;
education, 52; government, 63; literature, 70; medicine, 83; religion, 111; settlements, 129;
trade, 150; warfare, 158; writing, 168
Maya calendar, 37
Mbuti, 337
Mecca, 659
Mēdeia (Euripides), 96, 518
Medes, 452, 993
Medicine, 74-86; Babylonia, 327; China, 553; Classical Greece, 475, 577, 622; Etruscans, 512;
Hellenistic and Roman Greece, 504, 545, 582, 834; Imperial Rome, 282, 286, 394, 856,
961, 1025; Neolithic Age, 75; Niger-Congo, 838; Pharaonic Egypt, 613; Roman Greece, 282; women, 165
Medicine wheels, 907
Medjay. See Beja
Megacles of Athens, 207, 421, 905
Megafauna, extinction of, 247, 276, 426, 486, 788, 863, 907
Megalith calendars, 39
Megaliths; Britain, 358; Europe, 13, 48; Southeast Asia, 26, 718
Megasthenes, 769
Meghadūta (K ālidāsa), 699
Mehrgarh, 4
Meinua, 1108
Mela, Pomponius, 775
Melanchros, 905
Melanesia, 775-777
Meleager of Gadara, 777-778
Meleagros. See Meleager of Gadara
Melees, 137
Menander (Greco-Bactrian king), 330, 778, 790. See also Milinda
Menander (playwright), 97, 134, 582, 779, 1065
Menas, 207, 594
Mencius, 103, 112, 407, 433, 721, 780, 1146
Menelaus of Alexandria, 780-781
Menelik I, 323, 508
Menes, 14, 61, 151, 201, 489, 495
Meng-tzu. See Mencius
Mengke. See Mencius
Mengk'o. See Mencius
Mengzi. See Mencius
Menippean satire, 379, 781, 1118
Menippus of Gadara, 781
Menkaure, 939
Mensurius of Carthage, 481
Mentuhotep I. See Montuhotep I
Menzi (Mencius), 103, 407, 780
Merenptah, 662, 739, 781
Mermnad Dynasty, 590, 741
Merneptah. See Merenptah
Merodachbaladan, 305, 985, 1000
Meroe, 233, 260, 290, 323, 521, 705, 818-821, 842, 848
Meroitic script, 170
Merovingian Dynasty, 536, 782-783
Merovingian Gaul, 532
Mesha, 800
Mesoamerica; agriculture, 5; animal husbandry, 5; architecture, 7; art, 7; government, 63;
warfare, 158; weapons, 158; writing, 168
Mesopotamia, 65, 312, 984, 1046; architecture, 14; art, 14; clothing, 43; families, 40;
food and drink, 42; government, 57; medicine, 77; religion, 106; science, 115; settlements, 124;
social structure, 124; writing, 168
Mesrop, Saint, 291
Messallina, Valeria, 293, 419, 783-784, 999
Messenian Wars, 569, 740, 784, 1102
Metallurgy, 143; Afanasievo culture, 196; Beaker people, 338; Britain, 358; Colombia, 1028;
France, 534; Malaya, 758; Old Copper complex, 851; Spain, 1030; Tiwanaku, 246
Metallurgy, bronze; Korea, 710; Mycenaean Greece, 583; Shang Dynasty, 1005
Metallurgy, copper; China, 943
Metallurgy, iron; Korea, 711
Metalworking; Cyprus, 455
Metamorphoses (Apuleius), 267, 287
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 858, 961
Metaphrasis Evangelii Joannis (Nonnus of Panopolis), 844
Metaphysica (Aristotle), 575
Micipsa, 690
Micon, 261, 578
Microblade tradition, Northwest, 238, 784-785
Micronesia, 775, 785-787
Midas, 243, 304, 787, 903
Middle Kingdom, 846-847
Middle Way, 361, 647
Middle Woodland tradition, 486, 720, 787-789
Midrashim, 689, 1153
Migrations; Asia to the Americas, 356, 864, 1041-1042; Bantu speakers, 200, 333;
to Brazil, 356; China and Indonesia, 319, 606; Indonesia or the Philippines to Western Micronesia, 785;
Indonesia to Melanesia, 775; Melanesia to Eastern Micronesia and Polynesia, 785, 918;
Polynesians, 606; Taiwan throughout Oceania, 994
Mikea, 749
Milan, Edict of, 18, 519, 789-790, 961
Miles gloriosus (Plautus), 911
Milesian Tales (Aristides of Miletus), 287
Miletus, 622; Battle of, 568
Milinda. See Menander (Greco-Bactrian king)
Milinda-pańha, 330, 778, 790
Miltiades the Younger, 416, 762, 790-791
Milvian Bridge, Battle of, 436, 770, 791-792, 955
Mimaji, 557, 792
Mimashi. See Mimaji
Mimes, Republican Rome, 933
Mimnermus, 792-793
Minaeans, 269
Mingdi, 363, 588, 1164
Minoa, 444, 583; architecture, 15; art, 15; settlements, 126; social structure, 126. See also Crete
Minoan script, 167
Minos, 444
Minotaur, 445
Minucius Felix, Marcus, 793
Mishnah, 68, 689, 1058
Mississippian culture, 486, 787
Mita of Mushki. See Midas
Mitanni, 303, 623, 634, 794, 1048, 1082
Mithradates I, 295, 795, 872, 884
Mithradates II, 795-796, 872, 1087
Mithradates VI Eupator, 291, 310, 579, 726, 796-797, 1087, 1100
Mithradates the Great. See Mithradates VI Eupator
Mithradatic Wars, 228, 415, 726, 796
Mithraism. See Mithrism
Mithras, 797
Mithridates I. See Mithradates I
Mithridates II. See Mithradates II
Mithridates VI Eupator. See Mithradates VI Eupator
Mithrism, 797-798
Mitylene, 880
Mixtecs, 798-800, 808, 1157
Mnesicles, 17, 577
Mo Di. See Mozi
Mo Ti. See Mozi
Mo-tzu. See Mozi
Moabites, 800
Moche culture, 6, 246-247, 629-630, 801-802; art, 9
Mochica. See Moche culture
Moesia, 985
Mogollon culture, 7, 802-803, 1030
Mohenjo-Daro, 4, 20, 644, 650
Moism, 103, 631
Mojave, 371
Mokśa, 103, 668, 1060, 1107, 1122
Momil, 1028
Mommu, 1148
Mon-Khmer, 803
Monagrillo culture, 1028
Monasticism, 860
Mongolia, 804-806
Monophysites, 231, 233, 292, 841
Monophysitism, 207, 231, 233, 242, 292, 367, 400, 806, 841, 1070-1071
Monotheism, 107, 1170; Akhenaton, 220; Judaism, 348, 520, 665; Nilo-Saharans, 839
Mons Graupius, Battle of, 211
Mons Lactarius, Battle of, 823
Montanism, 807
Montanus, 807
Monte Albán, 499, 798, 807-809, 1156
Monte Cassino, 341, 413
Monte Verde, 864, 1026
Montuhotep I, 809, 847
Monuments; Maya, 771; Neolithic Age Europe, 829; West Africa, 206
Monuta. See Ōjin Tennō
Moralia in Job (Gregory the Great), 587
Mordred, 299
Mosaics, 19
Moschos. See Moschus of Syracuse
Moschus of Syracuse, 809-810, 1069
Moses, 348, 520, 688, 800, 810, 1001; Five Books of, 347, 665, 688
Mound Builders, 7
Moundville, 487
Mount Gilboa, Battle of, 465, 988
Mount Sinai, 688, 810
Mozi, 121, 811
Mozi (Mozi), 811
Mrcchakatikā (Śūdraka), 1042
Mu Gong, 407
Mu-lan shih. See Mulanshi
Muallaqāt, Al-, 811
Muāwiyah I, 178-180, 231, 456, 661, 1106
Mudrārāksasa (Viśākhadatta), 703, 1130
Muhammad, 36, 68, 178-179, 181, 202, 216, 231, 270, 497, 635, 659, 812-813, 948, 1105
Mulanshi, 813
Mummies, 47; Chinchorro, 409-410; Egypt, 15; Mixtec, 799
Mummius, Lucius, 183, 579, 814
Murder of Herodes, The (Antiphon), 257
Mursilis I, 326, 605, 623, 1063
Mursilis II, 814
Music, 98; Archaic Greece, 1066; China, 728; Melanesia, 776
Muslim conquest of Egypt. See Saracen conquest
Muslim expansion, 177, 181, 231, 239, 270, 292, 384, 456, 661, 987, 1106, 1170
Musonius Rufus, Gaius, 503
Muwang, 406
Muwatallis, 814-815
Muwatallish. See Muwatallis
Mwitu. See Chifumbaze culture
Mycenae, palace of, 815-816
Myrddin (Merlin), 250
Myron, 817
Myron of Eleutherae. See Myron
Myrsilus, 905
Mythologiae (Fabius Planciades Fulgentius), 542
Mytilene, 905

N
Nabataea, 270
Nabi