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Criminal Justice Index ABA. See American Bar Association Abel, Rudolf I., 423 Abortion, 1-4; and civil disobedience, 163, 743; and Comstock law, 202; and labor law, 980; protests, 1108; Roe v. Wade, 574; and terrorism, 1076; and victimless crimes, 1136 Abrams v. United States, 1243, 1245 Abscam scandal, 820, 1030, 1161 Abu-Jamal, Mumia, 141 Accessories, 4-5, 272; and conspiracy, 206-208; and mitigating circumstances, 696; vs. principals, 840 Accomplices, 4-5; and capital punishment, 300, 1089-1090; and immunity, 536; vs. principals, 840 Accounting. See Forensic accounting Accused, The (film), 782 Acosta, R. Alexander, 648 Acquaintance rape. See Date rape Acquittal, 5-6 Actus reus, 243, 255, 271, 322, 673, 917, 1033 Adair v. United States, 1246 Adam Bede (Eliot), 635, 642 Adam-12 (TV), 1061 Adams, John, 1252 Adams, Randall Dale, 413 Adam’s Rib (film), 435 Adams v. Texas, 314 Adamson v. California, 942, 1234, 1244, 1248 Addyston Pipe and Steel Company, United States v., 988 Adler, Mortimer, 243 Adultery, 6-7; in Colonial America, 258 Adversary system, 575, 1113; and attorneys, 379; and discovery, 331-333; and drug courts, 355; and expert testimony, 407-408; and forensic accounting, 448; and judges, 572; and juvenile justice, 481; and plea bargaining, 339; and prosecutors, 893-894; and public defenders, 888 Advertising, 1055; and child pornography, 777; deceptive, 213, 1161; and federal law, 1104; and kleptomania, 990; McGruff the Crime Dog, 651-652; spam, 1006-1008 Advocate’s Devil, The (Dershowitz), 871 AEDPA. See Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act AFIS. See Automated Fingerprint Identification System AFL. See American Federation of Labor Africa, John (Vincent Leaphart), 706 African Americans; and capital punishment, 133; church burnings, 39; and equal protection under the law, 389; in fiction, 641, 643; and hate crime, 500; and homicide, 712; and Jim Crow laws, 569-571; and juries, 72; and lynching, 646-649, 710; Miami riots, 682-683; and police, 785; and police brutality, 791-797; and print media, 842; and punishment, 897; and racial profiling, 905-907, 1166-1167; and rape, 914; and riots, 902-904; Scottsboro cases, 957-960; as serial killers, 721; and slave patrols, 998-999; and suicide, 1035; and television dramas, 1062; and vandalism, 1128 Aggravated assault, 286 Aggravating circumstances, 7, 696; and bias, 500 Agnew, Spiro, 741, 817, 1256 Aguilar-Spinelli test, 529-530 Aguilar v. Texas, 160, 529 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 7-8; and prisons, 115, 382, 854, 864 Alabama; capital punishment, 298; political corruption, 818; Powell v. Alabama, 831-832; Scottsboro case, 1255 Alarm systems, 70 Alaska; political corruption, 818; prosecutors, 891; sex offender registry, 982; state police, 1024 Alberts v. California, 826 Alcatraz Island, 114, 136, 1039 ALCOA. See Aluminum Company of America Alcohol; and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 110-113; and fatal traffic accidents, 509; and homicide, 712; and indecent exposure, 543; “moonshine,” 111; and police academies, 789; and Prohibition, 880-882; and rape, 918; and sobriety testing, 1000-1002 Alcohol abuse, 9-11, 178; and suicide, 1035 Alcohol Administration Act of 1935, 111 Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, 1104 Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, 111 Alcohol Prohibition Unit, 111 Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Bureau of. See Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Alcoholics Anonymous, 355 Alcoholism; and child abuse, 151; and psychopathy, 886 Alibis; and dismissals, 335 Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, 325, 967 Alien Registration Act of 1940, 999 Alien Registration Program, 534 Aliens; criminal records of, 285 Allen, William E., 422 Alliance Against Fraud in Telemarketing, 1056 Allied Crude Vegetable Oil Refining Corporation, 225 Along Came a Spider (Patterson), 643 Alternative dispute resolution, 125, 456 Aluminum Company of America, 988 Aluminum Company of America, United States v., 988 Alvarez-Machain, Humberto, 11 Alvarez-Machain, United States v., 11, 1238 America Online (AOL), 306 American Academy of Forensic Sciences, 449 American Appetites (Oates), 320 American Association of Retired Persons, 654 American Bar Association, 1163; guidelines for death-row attorneys, 316 American Board of Forensic Anthropology, 449 American Board of Forensic Document Examiners, 344 American Civil Liberties Union, 342 American Correctional Association, 855 American Federation of Labor, 99 American Justice (TV), 1261 American Law Institute, 255, 696-697 American Medical Association, 855 American Nazi Party, 170 American Polygraph Association, 823 American Prosecutors Research Institute, 727 American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 15 American Telephone and Telegraph, 988; and sex discrimination, 979 American Tragedy, An (Dreiser), 259, 640, 643 America’s Dumbest Criminals (TV), 1261 America’s Most Wanted (TV), 1068, 1071, 1261 Ames, Aldrich H., 424 Amicus curiae briefs, 12 Amin, Idi, 560 Amnesty, 12-14; and pardons, 12 Amnesty International, 1151 Anarchism, 1254 Anatomy of a Murder (film), 547 And Justice for All (film), 432, 434, 436, 438, 1115 Andersen, Arthur, 226 Andrade, Leandro, 1088 Animal abuse, 14-17, 178, 303 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 512 Annan, Kofi, 561 Annotated codes, 17-18 Anthony, Susan B., 1253 Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992, 704-705 Anti-Defamation League, 503 Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, 44, 356, 659 Antigone (Sophocles), 431 Anti-horse thief movement, 1141 Anti-Racketeering Act of 1934, 18-19, 511 Anti-Racketeering Act of 1946, 511 Anti-Saloon League, 662 Antismoking laws, 19-20 Antisocial personality disorder, 886 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, 20-22 Antitrust law, 22-26; and attorneys general, 54; cases filed, 1165; and Justice Department, U.S., 595; Sherman Antitrust Act, 987-989 Apodaca v. Oregon, 280, 517, 1235 Appeals. See Appellate process Appellate process, 26-29, 280, 575, 1117; and clemency, 166-167; and evidence, 576; federal courts, 577; and habeas corpus, 494; and harmless error, 498; and jurisdiction, 579; and juvenile justice, 609; in Mexico, 679; and military justice, 684, 686; and military law, 683; and reversible error, 934-935; and testimony, 576 APRI. See American Prosecutors Research Institute Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 1244 Arabs; and Patriot Act, 772 Araujo, Gwen, 501 Arbuckle, Roscoe “Fatty,” 1254 Argersinger v. Hamlin, 29-30, 230, 1235 Aristotle, 935 Arizona; boot camps, 95-96; border patrols, 98; Gault, In re, 480-481; illegal aliens, 526; Miranda v. Arizona, 690-691; Tison v. Arizona, 1089-1090; vehicle theft in, 705 Arizona v. Fulminante, 30-31, 1238 Arkansas; gun laws, 492; Wilson v. Arkansas, 1168-1169 Arnold, Benedict, 392, 1102 Arraignment, 31, 504; and clemency, 166 Arraignment, The (Martini), 867 Arrest, 32-36; booking, 93-94; and probable cause, 872-874; resisting, 930; and shoplifting, 992; and sobriety testing, 1000-1002; and suspects, 1047-1048 Arrest warrants, 36-37; and juvenile justice, 607 Arrigo, Bruce, 246 Arson, 37-40, 243, 247, 275, 428, 908; and animal abuse, 15; and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 112; and explosion investigations, 92; and psychological profiling, 884 Artest, Ron, 1013 Articles of Confederation, 1125-1126 Articles of War, 683 Ashcroft, John, 51, 425; and Patriot Act, 773 Ashurst, Hy, 18 Asian Americans; and Ku Klux Klan, 623 Asporation, 780 Assassinations, 724, 757, 964-965, 1152-1154; Kennedy, John F., 1256; Kennedy, Robert F., 724; King, Martin Luther, Jr., 724, 729, 1256; Lincoln, Abraham, 1252. See also Hinckley, John, Jr. Assault, 274; and HIV, 8; and sports, 1015 Assault and battery, 40-44 Assault weapons, 445, 490-491, 1143 Assembly, freedom of. See Freedom of assembly and association Asset forfeiture, 44-45 AT&T. See American Telephone and Telegraph ATF. See Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Atkins v. Virginia, 131, 300, 330, 1240 Atomic bomb, 945 Attempt to commit a crime, 45-46, 272, 540 Attendant circumstances, 696 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 600 Attica prison riot, 46-48 Attorney ethics, 1163 Attorney general, U.S., 50-52, 594; and deportation, 326; establishment of, 592; and Organized Crime Control Act, 756; and Patriot Act, 772; and U.S. attorneys, 52 Attorney General’s Council on White-Collar Crime, 524 Attorneys; and adversary system, 379; and celebrity, 141-143; death-row, 315-317; and depositions, 327; ethics of, 48-50, 432, 434, 547; and false convictions, 418; in fiction, 642; in films, 431-439; jokes about, 642; and juries, 586; as novelists, 639; and paralegals, 761-762; and plea bargaining, 781-783; and privileged communications, 869-872; Shakespeare, William, on, 642; as witnesses, 1176; women, 641. See also Death-row attorneys; defense attorneys; prosecutors Attorneys, U.S., 52-53, 593, 594, 891; and terrorism, 1078; and treason, 1103 Attorneys general, state, 53, 54, 282, 891, 1023; and antitrust law, 25; and telephone fraud, 1056; and white-collar crime, 1163 Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 54-55, 1239 Auburn system, 55-56, 845, 848, 897, 926 Augustus, John, 874 Automated Fingerprint Identification System, 342, 441, 725 Automatic teller machines, 192, 521 Automobile searches, 56-58, 1129-1132 Automobiles; and carjacking, 136-137, 702. See also High-speed chases; Motor vehicle theft Autopsies, 58-59, 672, 716; and coroners, 58, 219-221; and inquests, 546 Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001, 996 “Axis Sally,” 1102 Background checks, 60-61; and suspects, 1048 Bacon, Kevin, 871 Bad checks, 1084 Bail Reform Act of 1966, 62, 660-661 Bail Reform Act of 1984, 62, 1237 Bail skippers, 100-101 Bail system, 61-65; and bounty hunters, 100-101; Manhattan Bail Project, 660-661; and parole, 770; and preventive detention, 839-840 Bailey, F. Lee, 142, 993 Bailiffs, 65-66; and juries, 584 “Bait and switch,” 213, 1055 Bakker, Jim, 138, 142, 466, 1257 Bakker, Tammy Faye, 138, 466 Baldus study, 650 Baldwin, Henry, 1241 Ballew v. Georgia, 1236 Ballistics, 458 Balsys, United States v., 1239 Bandura, Albert, 602 Bank robbery, 66-71, 939; and courts, 579; and federal law, 593; and motor vehicle theft, 702; and ten-most-wanted lists, 1071 Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, 556 Bankruptcy courts, 238, 577 Banks; Brinks robbery, 108; Federal Reserve Bank, 231 Barbour, Philip P., 1241 Baretta (TV), 1062-1063 Barker, Willie, 71 Barker v. Wingo, 71-72, 1011, 1236, 1248 Barkley, Charles, 1014 Barnes v. Glen Theatre, 828 Barr, Nevada, 641 Barron v. Baltimore, 210, 375, 1247; and incorporation doctrine, 541 Barrow, Clyde, 66, 423 Barry, Marion, 1258 Basic Instinct (film), 434 Basic Naturalization Act of 1906, 534 Bass, William M., III, 452 BATF. See Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Batson, James Kirkland, 73 Batson v. Kentucky, 72-73, 1237 Battered child syndrome, 73-76 Battered wife syndrome, 73-76 Battered woman syndrome. See Battered wife syndrome Battery, 274 Beccaria, Cesare, 895, 1139 Becker, Howard, 245 Beckwith, Byron de la, 437, 1258 Beer and Wine Revenue Act of 1933, 881 Before and After (film), 432, 747 Bell v. Wolfish, 855 Belli, Melvin, 1256 Bench trials, 279-280, 380, 575 Bench warrants, 37, 77 Bentham, Jeremy, 415, 539, 896 Benton v. Maryland, 1235 Bertillon, Alphonse, 459 Bertuzzi, Todd, 1015 Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser, 830 Betts v. Brady, 483, 1233, 1248 Bianchi, Kenneth, 719 Bible, 86; and theft, 1085 Bicycles; and drunk driving, 369; and police, 787 Bielaski, A. Bruce, 422 Bifurcated trials, 77-78; and capital punishment, 131 Big Bad Wolf (Patterson), 641 Big Eagle, 1252 Big Sleep, The (Chandler), 637 Bigamy, 78-79 Bill of attainder, 79-80 Bill of particulars, 80 Bill of Rights, English, 61, 935 Bill of Rights, U.S., 80-84, 208; criminal justice provisions, 277, 375, 970; enumerated rights, 209; Fifth Amendment, 428-431; and incorporation doctrine, 210-212, 277, 375-376, 518, 541-542, 545, 759, 942; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1042 Billington, John, 710 Billy Budd, Foretopman (Melville), 333, 635, 642 Billy the Kid (Henry McCarty), 757 Bin Laden, Osama, 1077 Binet, Alfred, 456 Biometrics, 440 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, 817 Birth control, 201-202 Birth of a Nation, The (film), 623 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 84-85, 961, 1235 BJS. See Bureau of Justice Statistics Black, Hugo L., 483, 1241; on due process, 942; on incorporation doctrine, 211, 375 “black codes,” 569 Black Marble, The (Wambaugh), 639 Black Panther Party; and COINTELPRO, 170 Black Panthers, 1008, 1158; and Hoover, J. Edgar, 515 Blackmail, 85-88; and rape, 913 Blackmun, Harry, 530, 1241; on cruel and unusual punishment, 1020; on free expression, 901, 1082 Blackstone, William, 180, 399, 462 Blair, John, Jr., 1241 Blake, Robert, 919, 1062, 1260 Blakely v. Washington, 1240 Blakey, G. Robert, 908 Blanton v. North Las Vegas, 279 Blatchford, Samuel, 1241 Bleak House (Dickens), 806 Blended sentences, 88-89 Bloch, Alexander, 946 Bloch, Emanuel, 946 Bloodstains, 43, 89-90 Blue-collar crimes, 1162 Blue laws, 90-91 BNDD. See Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, Bureau of Bobbitt, Lorena, 1258, 1262 Body Farm, 452 Body Heat (film), 434 Body of Evidence (film), 434 Boeing Corporation, 394 Boerne v. Flores, 929 Boesky, Ivan, 549, 1161 Bogart, Humphrey, 435, 1178 Boggs, Hale, 1153 Boggs Act of 1951, 658 Boggs Act of 1956, 358 Bombings; and MOVE, 706-708 Bombs and explosives, 91-93, 110-113; and terrorists, 562; and Unabomber, 1119-1120; and Weather Underground, 1158 Bonaparte, Charles J., 420 Bonfire of the Vanities, The (Wolfe), 320, 637 Booking, 93-94 Boot camps, 94-97, 183, 609, 849, 972; and forestry camps, 461; military discipline, 95, 878 Booth, John Wilkes, 1252 Booth v. Maryland, 773 Borchard, Edwin, 415, 417 Borden, Lizzie, 710, 1253 Border Patrol, U.S., 1131 Border patrols, 97-99, 534; and Homeland Security Department, 512; and illegal aliens, 526 Bork, Robert, 1004, 1156 Bosniap, 560 Boston; police, 258; Roman Catholic priests scandal, 942-945; youth gangs, 1194 Boston massacre, 1252 Boston police strike, 99-100, 727 Boston Strangler, 142 Boucha, Henry, 1014 Bounty hunters, 64, 100-101, 160, 801 Bowers v. Hardwick, 101-102, 177, 1237, 1251 Boyd v. United States, 1159, 1241 Bradley, Joseph P., 1241 Bradley, Tom, 619 Bradwell v. Illinois, 641, 1241, 1243 Brady, Robert M., 102 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993, 490 Brady v. United States, 102-103, 953, 1235 Brainwashing, 324 Branch, Elmer, 470 Branch Davidians, 103-104, 112 Brand, Neville, 135 Brandeis, Louis D., 166, 748, 1241 Brandenburg v. Ohio, 166, 999 Branzburg v. Hayes, 736 Brazilian television, 1065 Breach of contract; and punitive damages, 900 Breach of the peace, 104-105, 336-337, 930; and citizen’s arrests, 160; and guns, 492; and loitering, 644 Breaking and entering. See Burglary Breed v. Jones, 608 Brennan, William J., 826-828, 1241; on capital punishment, 299, 470, 489; on cruel and unusual punishment, 131, 1020; on exclusionary rule, 632; on Fourth Amendment, 85; on free expression, 1082 Brewer, David J., 1241 Brewer v. Williams, 671 Breyer, Stephen G., 1044, 1242 Bribery, 105-108, 802, 1161-1162; and extortion, 86; and federal law, 426; and police, 260, 621 Briefs. See Amicus curiae briefs Brinegar v. United States, 872 Brinks bank robbery, 108 Briseno, Theodore J., 792 Brooks, Pierce, 1144 Brown, Bobby, 138 Brown, Henry B., 1242 Brown, Joe, 1265 Brown, John, 1101, 1252 Brown v. Board of Education, 571, 1021; and forensic psychologists, 456 Brown v. Mississippi, 108-109, 970, 1233; and incorporation doctrine, 541 Brown v. Texas, 532, 1130 Brown v. Walker, 1249 Brubaker (film), 438 Bruscino v. Carlson, 1040 Bruton v. United States, 1276 Bryan, William Jennings, 1176 Bryant, Kobe, 139, 918, 1014 Brynes, James F., 1242 Buchalter, Louis “Lepke,” 423, 1255 Bulgaria, 232 Bulow, Claus von, 433, 1257 Bundy, Ted, 719 Burch v. Louisiana, 280, 1236 Burden of proof, 109-110, 190, 219, 1082, 1115; and child abuse, 155; and due process, 374; and insanity defense, 110, 547-548; and presumption of innocence, 837-838; and self-defense, 968; and traffic law, 1096 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 110-113; and arson, 39; and Branch Davidians, 103-104, 112; and ecoterrorism, 1075; and Treasury Department, U.S., 1104; Web site, 491 Bureau of Justice Statistics, 113-114, 726; and criminology, 291; National Crime Victimization Survey, 725-726; and recidivism, 922; and sexual victimization, 912 Bureau of Land Management, 1075 Bureau of Prisons. See Prisons, Bureau of Bureau of the Census. See Census Bureau, U.S. Burger, Warren E., 827, 829, 1044, 1242; appointment of, 157; on exclusionary rule, 961; on plea bargaining, 953; and Watergate scandal, 1157 Burgess, Anthony, 898, 928 Burgess, Ernest, 482 Burglary, 115-118, 1084; and common law, 274; and motor vehicles, 1086; neighborhood watch programs, 733; and trespassing, 633 Burleson, Donald, 306 Burlington Industries v. Ellerth, 1133 Burns, William J., 422 Burr, Aaron, 1101-1102, 1252 Burr, Raymond, 1267 Burton, Harold H., 1242 Bush, George, 922; drug policy, 356; and Iran-Contra scandal, 764; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1044 Bush, George W., 1, 524, 565, 594, 836; and abortion, 3; and Ashcroft, John, 51; and Homeland Security Department, 511; and Mexico, 527; and news media, 736; and Patriot Act, 772; on racial profiling, 905 Bush, Jenna, 390 Bute v. Illinois, 1242 Butler, Pierce, 748, 1242 Byrd, James, 501 Byrnes, Thomas, 806 Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984, 119 Cable television, 119 Caesar, Julius, 302 Cagney and Lacey (TV), 1062 Caine Mutiny, The (Wouk), 1178 Calder, Ronald, 410 Calder v. Bull, 399, 1243 CALEA. See Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies California; antismoking laws, 20; boot camps, 95; border patrols, 97; castration laws, 778; Chimel v. California, 157-158; disorderly conduct statute, 337; DNA collecting, 343; drunk driving standards, 370; Faretta v. California, 419-420; forensic laboratories, 459; gambling in, 474-475; gun laws, 443, 445; hate crime, 500; Highway Patrol, 1023-1025; Hurtado v. California, 518-519; illegal aliens, 526; Indian casinos, 476; jury instructions, 110; juvenile justice, 610; King beating case, 618-621; Klaas murder, 922; mandatory sentencing, 659; National Guard, 729; Operation Pipeline, 906; Peterson murder trial, 472; police, 775; police chiefs, 797; police ethics, 809; political corruption, 818; prisons, 269, 846, 855, 1040-1041; private detectives, 806; racial profiling, 906; recidivism in, 923; Robinson v. California, 941-942; sex offender registry, 981; spam laws, 1007; Symbionese Liberation Army, 1049-1050; three-strikes laws, 922, 1088-1089; victims’ rights, 1140; vigilantism in, 1142. See also Los Angeles California v. Acevedo, 963 California v. Ciraolo, 464 California v. Greenwood, 119-120, 1239 Calley, William J., 1256 Cambodia, 791 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 163 Campaign Reform Act. See Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 Campbell, John A., 1242 Campus police, 120-122 Canada; borders, 97, 1131; Gouzenko case, 394; gun laws, 492; justice system, 122-126; Law Commission of, 244; newspapers, 841; restorative justice programs, 932; Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 124, 946-948, 1140; and United States, 125; and U.S. Prohibition, 748; witness protection program, 1174 Cannabis. See Marijuana Canter, David, 883 Capital punishment, 126-134; and accomplices, 1089-1090; application of, 470-471; and bifurcated trials, 78; and Canada, 125; and civil rights, 650-651; and clemency, 166-167; and Coker v. Georgia, 171-172; cruel and unusual punishment clause, 470-471, 488-489; and death qualification, 314-315; and death-row attorneys, 315-317; electrocution, 298, 405; and extradition, 412; and false convictions, 416-417; in films, 438; firing squads, 298, 404-405; forms of execution, 129, 403-407; gas chambers, 405; hanging, 298, 404-405; and hate crime, 500; history of, 261; and juries, 1172-1173; and juveniles, 131, 1020-1021; lethal injection, 129, 298, 406; and mental disorders, 446-447; and military justice, 683; and psychopathy, 886; and sex offenses, 171-172; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1043, 1045; Supreme Court on, 650-651; and theft, 1085 Capone, Al, 134-136, 423, 478-479, 556, 1039, 1105, 1269; bootlegging of, 880; and films, 135; and Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre, 950-951; trial of, 1255 Capote, Truman, 636, 639 Capriati, Jennifer, 991 Car chases; and Simpson, O. J., 993. See also High-speed chases Car theft. See Motor vehicle theft Cardozo, Benjamin N., 759, 1242 Carjacking, 136-137, 702-703 Carlin, George, 829 Caroline Products Co., United States v., 1249 Carroll v. United States, 56, 464, 622, 873, 1246, 1250 Carter, Jimmy, 682, 1257 Carter, Rubin “Hurricane,” 438, 495 Carter v. Carter Coal Company, 646 Case law, 137 Case of the Velvet Claws, The (Gardner), 639 Castillo v. United States, 104 “Castle doctrine,” 969 Castration, 896 Castro, Fidel, 995, 997, 1154 Catholics for a Free Choice, 3 Catron, John, 1242 Caunitz, William F., 639 CBP. See Customs and Border Protection CCS. See Cold Case Squad CCTV (closed-circuit television). See Surveillance cameras Cease-and-desist orders, 138 Celebrities; attorneys, 141-143; defendants, 138-141, 143 Celler-Kefauver Anti-merger Act of 1950, 988 Censorship; and Comstock law, 201-202; gag orders, 472-473 Census Bureau, U.S.; crime statistics, 114, 726, 1221-1227 Certiorari, 28, 143-144, 1042 Chain gangs, 144-145 Chain of custody, 92, 145-147, 197; and rape, 915; and sobriety testing, 1001 Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, The (1967), 749, 837 Chamber, The (Grisham), 637 Chambers, Whittaker, 394 Chambers v. Florida, 1233 Chambliss, William, 291 Champion v. Ames, 1244 Chancery courts. See Equity courts Chandler, Raymond, 636-637, 866 Chaney, James E., 424 Change of venue, 147, 1111; and King beating case, 620 Chaplin, Charles, 699 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 826 Chapman, Duane “Dog,” 100 Chapman v. California, 31 Character evidence, 396-398 Charles II, 935 Charlie’s Angels (TV), 1062, 1261 Chase, Salmon P., 1243 Chase, Samuel, 1243, 1252 Chávez, César, 743 Chavis, Benjamin, 745 Check kiting, 1084 Checks and balances; and pardon power, 762; and president, U.S., 835; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1042 Cher, 1115 Chessman, Caryl, 1255 Chesterton, G. K., 636 Chicago; gangsters, 134-136, 477, 479, 652; geographic information systems, 482; guns laws, 443; Haymarket Riot, 1253; International Association of Chiefs of Police, 556-557; juvenile courts, 151; juvenile justice, 270; police, 532, 806, 1180; police department, 507; and Prohibition, 479; radio, 910; riots, 724, 902; voter fraud in, 1148; youth authorities, 1189; youth gangs, 1191 Chicago (film), 1111 Chicago Seven trial, 148, 1256 Chicago v. Morales, 1194 Chiefs of police. See Police chiefs Child abduction, 148-150, 614-618, 694 Child abuse, 74, 150-157; pedophilia, 776-778; and runaways, 694; and statutes of limitations, 1028 Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974, 152-153; unintended consequences, 155 Child Abuse Protection and Enforcement Act of 2000, 836 Child custody, 1175; and adultery, 6; and child abduction, 149, 615; and courts, 236; and restraining orders, 934 Child endangerment, 150 Child molestation, 150-157; and Jackson, Michael, 143; and Roman Catholic priests, 942-945; and rules of evidence, 397; and sex-offender registries, 982 Child neglect, 150; prevalence, 152 Child Online Protection Act of 1998, 825 Child pornography. See Pornography and children Child-Savers movement, 151 Chimel v. California, 157-158, 1235 China; counterfeiting in, 234; espionage of, 393; forensic entomology, 452; gambling in, 473 CHiPs (TV), 1063, 1261 Chiseling, 213, 802 Choirboys, The (Wambaugh), 639, 815 Choke holds, 312; and deaths, 313 “Chop shops,” 702, 704 Christian Identity movement, 1077 Christie, Agatha, 638 Christopher, Warren, 619 Christopher Commission, 619-620, 791 Chromatography, 345, 361-362, 460 Church burnings, 39 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 78, 1253 Cianci, Vincent “Buddy,” Jr., 819 Circumstances. See Aggravating circumstance; mitigating circumstances Circumstantial evidence, 158-159, 396; and embezzlement, 385; and Rosenberg espionage case, 946 Citations, 159-160 Citizen’s arrests, 160-161 Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S., 512, 535 City of Renton v. Playtime Theaters, 828 Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act of 2000, 45 Civil disobedience, 161-165 “Civil Disobedience” (Thoreau), 161, 743 Civil law; and liability, 275; statutes of limitations, 1027; summons, 1038 Civil liberties; and asset forfeiture, 44; and Constitution, U.S., 208-212; double jeopardy, 351-352; exclusionary rule, 400-402; and grand juries, 488; and Magna Carta, 653; and Patriot Act, 772 Civil procedure, 591 Civil rights; and “color of law,” 174-175; and equal protection under the law, 389-390; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 595; and indeterminate sentencing, 543; and Jim Crow laws, 569-571; and Justice Department, U.S., 595; and police brutality, 791-797 Civil Rights Act of 1875, 569 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 571, 978-981, 1180; and sexual harassment, 983 Civil Rights Act of 1968; antirioting clause, 148 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 979-980, 984 Civil Rights movement; and Ku Klux Klan, 624; and National Guard, 728 Civil War; and counterfeiting, 231, 964; and Internal Revenue Service, 555; martial law during, 667; outlaws during, 757; slave patrols during, 998; treason cases during, 1101 Civilian review boards, 165, 803; and police brutality, 794-795 CJIS. See Criminal Justice Information Services Claiborne, Harry, 537 Clandestine (Elroy), 639 Clark, Marcia, 142, 993 Clark, Tom, 664, 1243; on police interrogation, 690 Clarke, Edward Y., 423 Clarke, Floyd, 422 Clarke, John H, 1243 Clean Air Act of 1970, 387 Clean Water Act of 1977, 388 Clear and present danger test, 165-166 Cleckley, Hervey, 885 Clemency, 166-167 Clerks of the court, 167-168, 235 Clifford, Nathan, 1243 Clinard, Marshall, 1161-1162 Clinton, Bill, 836, 1154; impeachment of, 1259; and Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 1143; and Whitewater scandal, 1157 Clockwork Orange, A (Burgess), 898, 928 Closed-circuit television. See Surveillance cameras Coast Guard, U.S., 168-170, 239; and drug trafficking, 367; and Homeland Security Department, 513 Cocaine, 97, 169, 177, 261, 356, 358-359, 365-366, 752, 803-804, 847; detection of, 362; and mandatory sentencing, 659; and punishments, 245, 288 Cochran, Johnnie L., Jr., 142, 993 Coffelt, Leslie, 964 Cohen, Fred, 192, 306 Cohen, Stanley, 245 Cohen v. California, 177, 829 Cohn, Roy M., 945 COINTELPRO, 170-171, 515, 947 Coker v. Georgia, 171-172, 300, 1236 Cold Case Files (TV), 173, 1262 Cold Case Squad, 173 Cold cases, 172-174; and DNA testing, 343 Cold War; Rosenberg espionage case, 945-946 Cole, USS, 1077 Cole v. Arkansas, 1234 Colescott, James A., 624 College campuses; stalking on, 1018 Collier, James, 881 Colombia; counterfeiting in, 232, 234; drug cartels, 232, 751, 753-754, 1170 Color of law, 174-175, 799; and extortion, 87; and police brutality, 793; and vigilantism, 831 Colorado, 1022; attorneys, 315; boot camps, 95; Columbine High School killings, 719, 954, 956; political corruption, 818 Colosimo, Jim, 478-479 Columbia (space shuttle), 92 Columbine High School killings, 719, 954, 956 Columbo (TV), 1063, 1262 Comity, 494 Commercialized vice, 175-179; and gambling, 473-477 Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, 557, 629, 666 Committee of 100, 163 Common law, 179-181, 1019; and accessories, 4, 272; and arson, 37; and bail, 839; and bribery, 105, 107; and burglary, 274; and Canada, 122; and case law, 137; and citizen’s arrests, 160; and classification of crimes, 272; and competency, 188; courts of, 236; and criminal intent, 255; and criminal liability, 273; and criminal principals, 840; and effective counsel, 29; and homicide, 710; and ignorance of the law, 525; and indecent exposure, 543; and indictments, 545; and kidnapping, 618; and mala in se and mala prohibita, 656; and malice, 657; and Mexico, 676; and Model Penal Code, 696-697; and police powers, 1072; and precedent, 833; and rape, 912-913; and reversible error, 934; and robbery, 937; search and seizure clause, 960; and Second Amendment, 490; and seditious libel, 966; and self-defense, 968; stare decisis, 1021-1022; vs. statutory law, 1026; and theft, 1083; and treason, 1100, 1103; and vagrancy, 1126; and witnesses, 1175 Commonwealth v. Fisher, 607 Communications Decency Act of 1996, 830 Communism; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 170, 423; and Hoover, J. Edgar, 515; and Smith Act, 999 Communist Control Act of 1954, 421 Communist Party; and Scottsboro cases, 958 Community-based corrections, 181-183, 270 Community-oriented policing, 184-187, 628-630; and civilian review boards, 803; and illegal aliens, 528; and McGruff the Crime Dog, 651-652; and police powers, 814; and youth gangs, 1193 Community service, 187-188; and forestry camps, 461-462; and rehabilitation, 927; and restitution, 931; Ryder, Winona, and, 991; and vandalism, 1129 Commutation of sentences; and clemency, 166 Compensatory damages, 900 Competency to be executed, 447 Competency to stand trial, 188-190 Complicity, 272, 1003 Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, 190-191, 658, 665, 1174; and bail, 62; and computer fraud, 306 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 177, 191, 358, 365, 658 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, 388 Computer; viruses, 192, 1108 Computer Abuse Amendments Act of 1994, 308 Computer-aided dispatch, 199 Computer crime, 191-197, 304-309; and extortion, 87; and forensic accounting, 448 Computer forensics, 197-199, 302-303 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1984, 192, 308 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1987, 195 Computer information systems, 199-201 Computers; and cryptology, 197, 305; and polygraph testing, 822; spam, 1006-1008; viruses, 192, 304, 1007 Comstock, Anthony, 201-202 Comstock law, 201-202 “Concerning Dissent and Civil Disobedience” (Fortas), 164 Concurrent sentences, 203-204, 218 Confessions, 83, 204-205; coerced, 30-31, 108-109; and corporal punishment, 222; and false convictions, 418; and police ethics, 810; Supreme Court on, 108-109, 391-392 Confidential sources, 736-738 Congress, U.S.; and attorney generals, 51; environmental legislation, 387; and identity theft, 522; and interstate commerce, 645-646; and Justice Department, U.S., 592-593, 595; and military law, 684; and police corruption, 804; and political corruption, 817, 820; and Supreme Court, U.S., 984; and wiretaps, 1169 Connecticut; blue laws, 90; and contraceptives, 1; gun laws, 445; Palko v. Connecticut, 759-760; state police, 1024; Yale university police, 120 Connelly, Michael, 638, 641 Connors, Mike, 1063 Consensual crimes, 286, 1136-1138 Consent searches, 206 Conspiracy, 45, 206-208, 273, 840; and antitrust law, 22, 25, 987-989; and Chicago Seven, 148; and drug laws, 659; and inchoate crimes, 540; and Kennedy assassination, 1153; and multiple jurisdiction offenses, 708; and organized crime, 908; and solicitation to commit a crime, 1003; and terrorism, 206, 772; and Watergate scandal, 488 Constitution, U.S., 208-212; Bill of Rights, 80-84; and capital punishment, 471; commerce clause, 646; and courts, 579; on extradition, 410; extradition clause, 410; and federal crimes, 426; and federal law enforcement, 111; and habeas corpus, 494; and impeachment, 537; and income tax, 1051; and incorporation doctrine, 541-542; and jury system, 585; and military law, 683; and pardon power, 763-764; and police powers, 812; and privacy rights, 864; and religion, 929; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1041-1045; and treason, 1100. See also individual amendments Consumer fraud, 213-215, 282, 909; cost of, 1162 Contempt of court, 215-216; and Chicago Seven trial, 148; and news media, 737 Continental Congress, 654, 683, 743 Contracts; and duress, 377 Contributing to delinquency of minors, 216-217 Controlled substances, 365; and Drug Enforcement Administration, 357-358; and jurisdictions, 708; and police dogs, 808-809 Controlled Substances Act of 1970, 191, 358, 365 Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003, 1007 Convictions, 217-219; appeal of, 280; and concurrent sentences, 203-204, 218; and criminal records, 284-286; and effective counsel, 381; and miscarriage of justice, 691; and plea bargaining, 281; and reversible error, 934-935; and standards of proof, 1019-1020; wrongful, 414-419 Conyers, John, 907 Coolidge, Calvin, 99, 326; and Prohibition, 880; and Teapot Dome scandal, 1054 Cooper, D. B., 995-996 Cooper, John Sherman, 1153 Cop Hater (McBain), 638 Copeland, Royal, 18 Coplon, Judith, 394, 423 COPS (TV), 1068, 1262 Corfield v. Coryell, 1251 Cornwell, Patricia, 452, 596, 637, 639, 641 Coroners, 219-221, 716, 806; and autopsies, 58; and inquests, 546; juries, 586, 648; and medical examiners, 220, 671 Corporal punishment, 221-223, 844-845, 895, 972; in schools, 223 Corporate crime, 1161 Corporate scandals, 223-228 Correctional officers. See Prison guards Corrections; community-based, 181-183; and criminology, 293 Corruption. See Police corruption; political corruption Cosa Nostra, La. See Mafia Costello, Frank, 479 Coster, Donald, 225 Counsel, right to, 29-30, 228-230, 391-392, 483, 670-671, 687; and defendant self-representation, 318-319; Gideon v. Wainwright, 482-483; and military justice, 686 Counselman v. Hitchcock, 1241 Counterfeiting, 230-234, 1104; and Federal Crimes Act of 1790, 426; and identity theft, 520, 1056; and Interpol, 566; and Marshals Service, U.S., 665; and National Stolen Property Act, 732; and Secret Service, 230-234, 964-966 Counter-Intelligence Program. See COINTELPRO County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 278 Court of Federal Claims, 577 Court of International Trade, 577 Court reporters, 235, 1034; and grand juries, 1081; and hearings, 504; and trial transcripts, 1112 Court TV, 1059, 1262 Courts, 575-578; appellate process, 26-29; bankruptcy courts, 238, 577; Canadian, 124; and case law, 137; and criminology, 292; drug courts, 354-356; execution of judgment, 407; in films, 431-439; hearings, 504-505; and judicial review, 574-575, 1041-1045; jurisdictions, 578-580; and jury system, 584-589; juvenile, 597-599; and juveniles, 610-611; in Mexico, 679; night courts, 738; persuasive authority, 137; state, 576; subpoena power, 1033-1034; traffic, 1094-1095; types, 235-239, 578-580 Courts-martial, 239-242; and Calley, William, 1256; and military justice, 683-686 Cox, Archibald, 1004, 1155-1156; firing of, 1156 Coy v. Iowa, 1237 Cramer v. United States, 1102 Crane, Stephen, 661 Crawford, Michael, 673 Crawford v. Washington, 1240 CRB. See Civilian review boards Credit cards, 1086 Cressey, Donald, 384 Crick, Francis, 340 Crime, 242-247 Crime & Punishment (TV), 1263 Crime Index, 247-248, 1226, 1228-1232 Crime labs, 172, 248-250, 459, 629, 716, 807; and crime scene investigation, 251; DNA testing, 340-344; in fiction, 640; and state police, 509, 1024; and toxicology, 1091 Crime passionnel. See Crimes of passion Crime prevention; and attempt to commit a crime, 45-46; and community-oriented policing, 184-187; and drug courts, 354-356; and juvenile delinquency, 603; and McGruff the Crime Dog, 651-652; and police powers, 266 Crime scene investigation (CSI), 250-252, 452; and forensics, 460 Crime statistics; and abortion, 1; and animal abuse, 15; and criminology, 291; and homicide, 712; reliability of, 291; Uniform Crime Reports, 1120-1121; and Wickersham Commission, 1168 Crime trends, 1228-1232 Crimes; defined, 1033 Crimes of passion, 252-253; manslaughter, 663 Crimes Without Victims (Schur), 1136 Criminal history record information, 253-255 Criminal intent, 255-256, 322-325; and Model Penal Code, 255, 697; and motives, 700-701; and spam, 1007; and traffic violations, 1094 Criminal investigation; and psychologists, 815 Criminal justice; history of, 257-263 Criminal justice education, 256-257, 749 Criminal Justice Information Services, 284-285 Criminal justice system, 263-271; and criminology, 292 Criminal law, 271-275 Criminal Law (film), 432, 871 Criminal liability, 275-276; and due process, 376; and excuses, 403 Criminal procedure, 276-281 Criminal profiling. See Psychological profiling Criminal prosecution, 281-283 Criminal psychology; vs. forensic psychology, 455 Criminal records, 284-286 Criminal statistics; National Crime Victimization Survey, 725-726 Criminalistics, 248-250, 458-459; definition of, 458 Criminals, 286-289; and deterrence, 896; and psychological profiling, 883-885 Criminology, 287, 290-295; and burglary, 117; and graffiti, 485; and incapacitation, 539; and sex offender registries, 982; study of, 797; and trace evidence, 1092-1093; and victimless crime, 1136 Crofton, Walter, 767 Cross-Border Crime Forum, 125 Cross burning, 500, 901, 1145-1146 Cross-examination, 295-297, 1114 Crouse, Ex parte, 606, 765 Crucible, The (film), 951 Cruel and unusual punishment, 83, 297-301, 941-942, 948-949; and capital punishment, 131, 470-471, 488-489; and diminished capacity, 330, 447; and execution, 129; and execution of juvenile offenders, 131, 1020-1021; and mental disorders, 131, 300; and prison health care, 855; and prison overcrowding, 860; and schools, 223; Supreme Court on, 1002-1003 Cruikshank, United States v., 469, 1250 Cruikshank v. United States, 490 Cruise, Tom, 240, 431, 437 Cryptology, 302-303; and computers, 197, 305; in World War II, 302, 392 CSA. See Controlled Substances Act of 1970 CSI. See Crime scene investigation CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (TV), 1263 Cultural defense, 303-304 Cumming v. County Board of Education, 569 Cunanan, Andrew, 723 Curfews, 148; and halfway houses, 496; and house arrest, 516 Curtis, Benjamin R., 1243 Cushing, William, 1243 Custody, chain of. See Chain of custody Customs and Border Protection, 97-98 Customs Service, U.S., 666, 806, 906; and motor vehicle theft, 705; and Treasury Department, U.S., 1104 Cybercrime, 191-197, 304-309; and computer forensics, 197-199; and extortion, 87; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 422, 595; and Secret Service, 965; spam, 1006-1008 Czolgosz, Leon, 1253 Dahmer, Jeffrey, 1258 Dahrendorf, William, 291 Dalton gang, 66 Daniel, Peter V., 1243 Darden, Christopher A., 142, 993 DARE programs, 310 “Dark figure of crime,” 151 Darrow, Clarence, 141, 711, 910, 1176, 1253-1254 Dasch, George John, 423 Daschle, Tom, 1016 Databases; sex offender registries, 981-982 Date rape, 310-311, 912, 915, 918 “Date-rape” drug, 457 Daugherty, Harry, 1255 Davis, Angela, 141, 851, 1256 Davis, David, 1243 Davis, Jefferson, 1102 Davis, John W., 1004 Davis, Rennie, 148, 1256 Davis, Richard Allen, 922 Day, William R., 1243 DCFL. See Defense Department, U.S., Computer Forensics Lab DEA. See Drug Enforcement Administration Dead Man Walking (film), 438 Deadly force; police use of, 312-314, 629, 793, 795, 1072-1073; and self-defense, 273 Dean, John, 1155, 1256 De Angelis, Anthony, 225 Death; causes of, 672; and coroners, 219-221; manner of, 219, 672; and medical examiners, 671-673 Death qualification, 314-315 Death-row attorneys, 315-317 Debs, Eugene V., 1241, 1254 Declaration of Independence, 585, 590-591; and petition of redress, 469 Decriminalization, 317; and drugs, 178, 356; and gambling, 475; and victimless crime, 178, 1137 Defendant self-representation, 318-319 Defendants, 319-320; and appellate process, 26-29; and bill of particulars, 80; celebrities, 138-141; and death-row attorneys, 315-317; and effective counsel, 379-381; and right to counsel, 228-230; rights of, 268; and summonses, 1038. See also Indigent defendants Defenders, The (TV), 1263 Defense attorneys, 279-280, 320-321; death-row attorneys, 315-317; and district attorneys, 338; ethics of, 49; and grand juries, 487; origins of, 258-259; and polygraph testing, 822; and prosecutors, 331-333, 891-893; and trials, 1113-1118; and voir dire, 1146. See also Attorneys; public defenders Defense Department, U.S.; Computer Forensics Lab, 198 Defenses, 322-325; diminished capacity, 324, 329-330; duress, 323, 377-378; entrapment, 323, 386-387; insanity, 323, 546-549; self-defense, 968-970 Defenses to crime, 180, 273, 403 DeFreeze, Donald, 1050 Delaware; prosecutors, 891 Dellelo, Robert, 675 Dellinger, David, 148 DeLorean, John, 1257 Democracy; and capital punishment, 126, 299; and civil disobedience, 162-164; and criminal justice, 264; and electronic surveillance, 1078; and judicial review, 574; and pardons, 763-764; and police powers, 784, 793, 800, 906; and political corruption, 816-817; and protest, 744; and public-order offenses, 890; and sedition, 967; and terrorism, 1079; and trial publicity, 1111; and voting fraud, 1146-1148; and war on terrorism, 773 De Mornay, Rebecca, 380 Denby, Edwin, 1054 DeNiro, Robert, 135 Dennis, Eugene, 999 Dennis v. United States, 1245, 1250 Dental forensics. See Forensic odontology Denver Area Educational Consortium v. Federal Communications Commission, 830 Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA Departments, U.S. See names of specific departments Deportation, 325-327; and Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, 21; and border control, 1143; and diplomatic immunity, 331; Palmer raids, 760; and Patriot Act, 772 Depositions, 327; cross-examination, 295 Depression era; Federal Bureau of Investigation, 515; forestry camps, 461; gangsters, 477-480; prisoner parole, 768; and Prohibition, 881; Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 947; vagrancy laws, 1126 Dershowitz, Alan M., 142, 432, 778, 871, 993, 1257 DeSalvo, Albert, 142 Desegregation, 1021; and Marshals Service, U.S., 665 Detectives, 89, 805-807; and arson, 39; and cold cases, 172-174; in fiction, 635-644, 911, 1060-1066; and forensics, 457-461; and homicide, 713. See also Police detectives; private detectives Deterrence, 328-329, 539, 664; and attempt to commit a crime, 45-46; and capital punishment, 132; and contempt of court, 216; and fines, 439; and juvenile delinquency, 603; and punishment, 895-896, 898-899, 972; and punitive damages, 900; and reckless endangerment, 925; and restorative justice, 933; and strict liability offenses, 1033; and supermax prisons, 1040; and surveillance cameras, 1046-1047; and terrorism, 1079; and traffic fines, 1095 Detroit Pistons, 1012 Devanter, Willis Van, 1250 Devil’s Advocate, The (film), 437 Dewey, Thomas E., 1255 Diallo, Amadou, 1262 Dickens, Charles, 639, 806, 877 Dickerson v. United States, 204, 1239 Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act of 1999, 308 Dillinger, John, 67, 423 Diminished capacity, 274, 324, 329-330; and bifurcated trials, 77; and false convictions, 418 Dingell, John, 226 Diplomatic immunity, 330-331 “Dirty bombs,” 93 Dirty Harry series (films), 211, 433, 435 Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team, 451 Disasters, 454, 546; and Homeland Security Department, 512; victim assistance, 731 Discipline, 74 Discovery, 331-333; and bill of particulars, 80; and depositions, 327 Discretion, 333-334; and indeterminate sentencing, 543-544; and suspended sentences, 1049 Disfranchisement of felons, 427 Dismissals, 334-335 Disorderly conduct, 104-105, 336-337, 692; and alcohol, 9; and vagrancy, 1126; and loitering, 644 Dispositions; and child abuse, 154; and juvenile justice, 608; nolle prosequi, 739-740 District attorneys, 281, 337-339, 891; and inquests, 546; and juvenile justice, 598; National District Attorneys Association, 726-727 District of Columbia; adultery laws, 6; bail, 62; corporal punishment, 223; courts, 578; parole in, 1123; political corruption, 818; preventive detention, 63; prisoner rights, 427; victim assistance in, 732; Watergate scandal, 1154-1158 Diversion, 283, 285, 339-340, 607, 1129; and community-based corrections, 270; and domestic violence, 351 Divorce; and adultery, 6; and bigamy, 78; and child abduction, 149; and child custody, 155; and courts, 236; and privileged communications, 870 DNA; and adultery, 6; and bloodstains, 89-90; and cold cases, 174; and hair, 1092; and insects, 452; and Patriot Act, 772; and sex offenders, 981; in Simpson murder case, 993 DNA testing, 340-344; and crime labs, 248; vs. dental records, 454; and false convictions, 415-419; and forensic anthropology, 451; and homicide, 714; and juries, 589; and prisoners, 865; and rape, 916 Document analysis, 248, 344-346, 458 Dogs. See Police dogs Doheny, Edward L., 1054 Doherty, Larry Joe, 1269 Domestic Preparedness, Office of, 512 Domestic violence, 73-76, 346-351; and alcohol abuse, 10; and animal abuse, 15; and assault, 42; and homicide, 712; and restraining orders, 934; and stalking, 1018; and television dramas, 1062 Donovan, Raymond James, 1257 Doremus, United States v., 177 Dorr, Thomas, 1101 Dostoevski, Fyodor, 635 Double jeopardy, 82, 351-352, 759; and acquittal, 5; and dismissals, 335; and Fifth Amendment, 430; and juvenile justice, 608; and mistrials, 695 Douglas, Michael, 1063 Douglas, William O., 175, 1244; attempted impeachment of, 538; on Fourth Amendment, 1080; on incorporation doctrine, 211, 375; and Rosenberg espionage case, 946 Douglas v. California, 230, 280 Downey, Robert, Jr., 138, 927 Doyle, Arthur Conan, 636-637 Dracula, Vlad III, 718 Draft evaders; and forestry camps, 461 Dragnet (TV), 1060-1062, 1263 Draper, John, 306 Drayton, United States v., 1240 Dreiser, Theodore, 259, 640, 643, 661 Drive-by shootings, 352-354, 1193 Driving School Association of America, 1100 Drope v. Missouri, 188 Drug Abuse Resistance Education. See DARE programs Drug courts, 354-356, 609 “Drug czar,” 356-357, 731 Drug Enforcement Administration, 11, 357-358, 365-366, 596; and wiretaps, 1169 Drug laws; and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 112; and Drug Enforcement Administration, 596; and mandatory sentences, 658-660 Drug testing, 361-364, 612, 1000-1002; and drug courts, 354-355; and parole, 770; and recidivism, 923 Drug traffic; in Canada, 127; and Coast Guard, U.S., 169; and drive-by shootings, 352; and homicide, 712; interdiction, 367; and juvenile delinquency, 601; and law enforcement, 365-369; and Mexico, 677, 681; Opium Exclusion Act, 750-751; and sting operations, 1029-1030; and ten-most-wanted lists, 1072; and “war on drugs,” 360; and youth gangs, 1191 Drug trafficking; and organized crime, 752 Drug use; and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 601; and DARE programs, 310; decriminalization of, 178, 317, 356; and HIV, 8; and juvenile delinquency, 601; and law enforcement, 365-369; legalization debate, 358-361, 591; and mandatory sentences, 497-498; and property crimes, 286; and punishment, 245; and rehabilitation, 927; and shoplifting, 991; and sobriety testing, 1000-1002 Drunk driving, 9, 369-373, 1096, 1098; and hearings, 505; and sobriety testing, 1000-1002; and traffic fines, 1095 Drunkenness, 336; and hit-and-run accidents, 510; and sports, 1012 DSAA. See Driving School Association of America Due process, 260, 373-377; and bifurcated trials, 77; and deportation, 325; and dismissals, 335; and drug testing, 364; and exclusionary rule, 401; and Fifth Amendment, 429; and Fourteenth Amendment, 429; and habeas corpus, 495; and hearings, 504; and indeterminate sentencing, 544; and juvenile courts, 270; and juvenile justice, 607; and juvenile offenders, 481; and perjury, 778; and police powers, 813; and preventive detention, 953-954 Dueling, 258, 277 Dukakis, Michael, 922, 1254 Duke, David, 624 Dulles, Allen W., 1153 Duncan v. Kahanamoku, 239, 667 Duncan v. Louisiana, 1235 Duquesne, Fritz, 423 Duress, 273, 323, 377-378, 403; and Model Penal Code, 403 Durham rule, 273, 547 Durk, David, 621 Durkheim, Émile, 244 Dusky v. United States, 188 Duvall, Gabriel, 1244 Dyer (Motor Vehicles Theft) Act (1919), 421, 701, 732 Dylan, Bob, 1158 E. C. Knight Company, United States v., 988 Earth First, 1076 Earth Liberation Front, 1075 Easement, 1109 East St. Louis riot, 902 Eastman, Monk, 478 Eastwood, Clint, 211, 433, 435, 438 Ebbers, Bernard, 227 Ebbers, Kenneth, 227 Economic Espionage Act of 1996, 394 Ecoterrorism, 1075 Edmunds, George F., 987 Education; and campus police, 120-122; and forensic psychology, 457; and juvenile delinquency, 601; and police, 785; and sex discrimination, 979 Education Amendments of 1972, 979, 984 Edwards, Edwin, 138 Edwards v. Arizona, 687 Edwards v. California, 1242 Edwards v. South Carolina, 105 Effective counsel, 379-381; in films, 434; and self-representation, 419-420 Ehrlichman, John, 1155, 1257 Eichmann, Adolf, 565 Eighteenth Amendment, 83, 111, 817, 880-882 Eighth Amendment; cruel and unusual punishment clause, 297-301, 497-498, 942, 949, 1002-1003, 1020-1021; excessive bail clause, 61, 210, 277, 839; and prison health care, 855; and prison overcrowding, 860; and three-strikes laws, 1088 Einstein, Albert, 946 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 729; and Rosenberg espionage case, 946 Eisenhower, Milton S., 724 Elderly prisoners, 381-382 Electric chair. See Electrocution Electrocution, 298, 405 Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, 308, 383 Electronic Crimes Task Force, 524 Electronic Espionage Act of 1996, 308 Electronic mail; and computer forensics, 197-198; and cybercrime, 304-305, 307-308; and electronic surveillance, 382-384; and Patriot Act, 772; spam, 1006-1008 Electronic surveillance, 382-384, 612-613, 748-749; cameras, 70, 1046-1047; and organized crime, 754; and Patriot Act, 772; and privacy rights, 865; and stakeouts, 1016-1017; wiretaps, 1169-1171 Electronic Theft Act of 1997, 308 Eliot, George, 635, 642 Elkins, Aaron J., 641 Elkins v. United States, 870, 1159 Elliott, William, 624 Ellis Island, 533 Ellsberg, Daniel, 1256 Ellsworth, Oliver, 1244 Elmira prison model, 846 Elmira system, 767-768 Elroy, James, 639 E-mail. See Electronic mail Embezzlement, 275, 384-386; and bank robbery, 67; and theft, 1083 Emerson, United States v., 936 Eminent domain, 430 Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988, 385, 822 Employment; and crime, 184; and sex discrimination, 978-981 Employment Division v. Smith, 929 End Racial Profiling Act of 2001, 905 End Racial Profiling Act of 2004, 907 England; capital punishment, 258; chancery courts, 765.; history of, 257; homicide laws, 710; mail fraud, 654; police, 258, 806; posse comitatus, 257, 831; right to bear arms, 935; Scotland Yard, 806; sheriffs, 985 See also Great Britain English Common law. See Common law Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002, 527 Enmund v. Florida, 300, 1090 Enron Corporation, 226, 1160-1164 Entomology, forensic, 452-453 Entrapment, 273, 323, 386-387; and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 111; and “reverse sting” operations, 369; and sting operations, 1029-1030 Environmental crimes, 387-389, 752, 1107, 1161, 1165; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 387, 423; and Justice Department, U.S., 595 Environmental Protection Agency, 387-389, 925 Environmental racism, 745 EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 641, 1180 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 925, 979, 984 Equal Pay Act of 1963, 980 Equal protection under the law, 389-390 Equal Rights Amendment, 980 Equity courts, 236, 1019 Equity Funding Corporation of America, 226 Ernst and Ernst v. Hochfelder, 225 Ervin, Sam, Jr., 1155-1156 Erznoznik v. Jacksonville, 828 Escape from Alcatraz (film), 438 Escobar, Pablo, 1170 Escobedo v. Illinois, 391-392, 671, 1234, 1244 Escott v. BarChris Construction Corporation, 225 Espionage, 392-395; and death penalty, 127; and treason, 1102 Espionage Act of 1917, 166, 421, 423, 967, 1102, 1248; and Rosenberg case, 945 Estelle v. Gamble, 855 Estelle v. McGuire, 74 Estes, Billie Sol, 225 Ethelred I, 588 Ethics, 640, 1029-1030; attorneys, 48-50, 379-381; and COINTELPRO, 170-171; and criminology, 293; in films, 431-439; and news media, 736-738; police, 809-811; and prison health care, 856; and punishment, 898 Euthanasia, 1036 Evans, Hiram Wesley, 624 Evers, Medgar, 424, 437, 1258 Evers, Myrlie, 437 Evidence, 158-159, 1114; and appellate process, 576; and burden of proof, 109; and child abuse, 74, 156; and discovery, 331-333; and dismissals, 335; exclusionary rule, 400-402; “good-faith” exception, 530-531; hearsay, 398, 505; planting of, 418; rules of, 396-399, 505, 1175, 1177; shoe prints, 989-990; and testimony, 1081-1082; tire-tracks, 458, 989-990; victim-impact, 773-774, 1177. See also Trace evidence Evidence, rules of, 498-499, 669-670, 1158-1159; and juveniles, 480-481 Ewing, Gary, 1088 Ewing v. California, 1240 Ex post facto laws, 399-400; and Lindbergh kidnapping, 635 Excessive bail, 61, 83 Excessive force, 920-921 Exclusionary rule, 157, 323, 391, 400-402, 532-533, 961, 1158-1159; in fiction, 638; in films, 433; “good faith” exception, 530-531, 632; and search warrants, 963; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1043; and vigilantism, 433 Excuse defense, 303 Excuses and justifications, 403 Execution of judgment, 407 Executioner’s Song, The (Mailer), 640, 643 Executions; in films, 438; by firing squad, 298; forms of, 129, 403-407; history of, 259; and incapacitation, 539; public, 221; violence of, 297 Executive orders, 684, 837 Executive privilege; and Watergate scandal, 1155-1156 Expanded War Crimes Act of 1997, 1151 Expert testimony. See Expert witnesses Expert witnesses, 407-409; and battered woman syndrome, 75; and child abuse, 74; and cross-examination, 296; and false convictions, 417; forensic accountants, 447; and rules of evidence, 396 Explosives Control Act of 1970, 111 Expungement of records, 608, 740 Extortion, 85-88; and Hobbs Act, 511; and police brutality, 802; and robbery, 939 Extradition, 409-412; and bounty hunters, 100; and Canada, 125; and capital punishment, 412; and habeas corpus, 411; and Justice Department, U.S., 593; and Marshals Service, U.S., 596, 666; and Mexico, 11 Extradition Act of 1793, 410 Exxon Valdez, 1161, 1262 “Eye for an eye, an,” 877, 897-898, 927 Eyewitness testimony, 412-414; and false convictions, 413, 417 Fall, Albert B., 1054, 1254 False arrests; and National Crime Information Center, 725 False convictions, 133, 415-419; in films, 436 False imprisonment, 274, 614-618, 802 False pretenses, 275, 465, 1083 Families; battered child and battered wife syndromes, 73-76; and child abuse, 155-156; and child-protective agencies, 155 Family Abuse Prevention Act of 1977 (Oregon), 348 Family courts, 579 Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 1133 Faretta v. California, 318, 419-420, 1236 Farmer v. Brennan, 860 FARS. See Fatality Analysis Reporting Systems Fatality Analysis Reporting Systems, 507 Father Brown, 636 Faubus, Orville, 729 Faulkner, William, 436 Fay, Michael, 223 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI, This Week, 1071 FCC. See Federal Communications Commission F.E.A.R. See Forfeiture Endangers American Rights Federal Bureau of Investigation, 420-426, 595, 883-884; and Abscam, 820; and arson, 39; Automated Fingerprint Identification System, 342, 441, 725; and bank robbery, 67, 69-70; and Branch Davidians, 103-104; and Capone, Al, 136; and child pornography, 825; COINTELPRO, 170-171; and color of law violations, 174; Combined DNA Index System, 342; and computer forensics, 198; Crime Index, 247-248, 1221-1232; Criminal Justice Information Services, 284-285; and espionage, 392; forensic laboratories, 459; and fraud, 468; and Hoover, J. Edgar, 514-516; and identity theft, 523; informants, 30; investigators, 806; and kidnapping, 615; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 743; and Lindbergh kidnapping, 635; and Marshals, U.S., 665; most-wanted lists, 136; and motor vehicle theft, 703, 705; and narcotics, 366, 422-423; National Computer Crime Squad, 708; National Crime Information Center, 94, 422, 725, 1024; national sex offender registry, 982; and organized crime, 366; Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force, 366; and police brutality, 794; and President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, 837; and Prohibition, 881; and rape, 914; renaming of, 515; Rosenberg espionage case, 945; and Ruby Ridge raid, 948; and serial killers, 719; and skyjacking, 996; and spam, 1007; and sting operations, 1030; ten-most-wanted lists, 1070-1072; and terrorism, 595, 1078; and treason, 1103; Uniform Crime Reports, 260, 556, 726, 1120-1121, 1221-1232; and Watergate scandal, 1155; and white-collar crime, 1163; and wiretaps, 394, 1169; and women, 1180 Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 85 Federal Communications Commission, 238, 829, 909, 925; and Jackson, Janet, 542; and telephone fraud, 1056 Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation, 829 Federal Crimes Act of 1790, 426 Federal Emergency Management Agency, 512 Federal firearms licenses, 491 Federal Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, 548 Federal Kidnapping Act, 102 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, 97, 512, 1104 Federal Prison Industries, 857 Federal Prisoner Rehabilitation Act of 1965, 182, 1186 Federal Protective Service, 512 Federal Rules of Evidence, 396-399, 1175, 1177 Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946, 434 Federal Trade Commission, 25, 213; and fraud, 467; and identity theft, 522-523, 1085; and regulatory crime, 925; and spam, 1007; Telemarketing Sales Rule, 1056; and telephone fraud, 1056 Federal Wiretap Act of 1968, 383 Federalist Papers, 590 Federalists, 967 Feingold, Russ, 907 Felon disfranchisement, 427 Felonies, 272, 427-428; and antitrust law, 26; arraignment, 279; arson, 38; bank robbery, 66-71; blackmail, 86, 88; bribery, 107; and citizen’s arrests, 160-161; and Clean Air Act, 388; computer crimes, 196; defendants, 29, 229, 279; drunk driving, 372; extortion, 86, 88; insurance fraud, 552; kidnapping, 618; mail fraud, 654; and mandatory sentencing, 658-660; and military courts-martial, 685; robbery, 937-941; and telephone fraud, 1057; theft, 1083; and trespass, 1108 Felony-murder rule, 925, 1089 Ferguson, Colin, 319 Ferracuti, Franco, 290 Few Good Men, A (film), 240, 431 Field, Stephen J., 1244 Fielding, Henry, 258 Fifth Amendment, 82, 428-431; and defendant rights, 319; and double jeopardy, 351-352; due process clause, 297, 373-377, 839; and grand juries, 210, 277, 487, 518; and incorporation doctrine, 541; and military law, 684; and Miranda v. Arizona, 690; and right to trial by jury, 585; and self-incrimination, 102, 204-205, 536, 671, 688-690, 748, 970-971, 1177 Figlio, Robert M., 1039-1040 Films, 431-439; Accused, The, 782; Adam’s Rib, 435; Anatomy of a Murder, 547; And Justice for All, 432, 434, 436, 438, 1115; Basic Instinct, 434; Before and After, 432, 747; Body Heat, 434; Body of Evidence, 434; Brubaker, 438; and Capone, Al, 135; Chicago, 1111; Criminal Law, 432, 871; Crucible, The, 951; Dead Man Walking, 438; Devil’s Advocate, The, 437; Dirty Harry, 211; Dirty Harry series, 433; Escape from Alcatraz, 438; Few Good Men, A, 240, 431; Firm, The, 437; and forensic psychology, 456; French Connection, The, 799; Fugitive, The, 665; Ghosts of Mississippi, 437; Goodfellas, 755, 1175; Guilty as Sin, 380, 432; Hurricane, The, 438; I Want to Live!, 205; Inherit the Wind, 1176; Intruder in the Dust, 436; Jagged Edge, 434; JFK, 1154; Jokers, The, 673; Last Dance, 438; Lethal Weapon series, 433; Life of David Gale, The, 132, 436, 438; Little Caesar, 478; Magnum Force, 435; Maltese Falcon, The, 435; Minority Report, 838; Mississippi Burning, 1171; Mrs. Soffel, 438; My Cousin Vinny, 296, 332, 335; Natural Born Killers, 720; New Jersey Drive, 701; North West Mounted Police, 947; Onion Field, The, 893; Physical Evidence, 434; Presumed Innocent, 264; Primal Fear, 321, 433; Reversal of Fortune, 432; serial-killer themes, 719; Serpico, 435, 621-622; Shawshank Redemption, The, 436, 861-862; Star Chamber, The, 433, 435; Suspect, 434, 1115; Thin Blue Line, The, 413; Time to Kill, A, 436; To Kill a Mockingbird, 436, 588; True Believer, 438; True Crime, 436, 438; Twelve Angry Men, 920; Wrong Man, The, 436 Final Appeal (Scottoline), 639 Financial crimes; and Secret Service, 964-966 Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, 1104-1105 Finch, Stanley W., 422 Fines, 439-440; and regulatory crime, 925 Fingerprints, 340, 440-442, 458, 626; and crime labs, 248; in fiction, 440; and kidnapping, 617; and National Crime Information Center, 725 Firearms, 443-446, 458; and crime labs, 248; and homicide, 712, 715; and right to bear arms, 935-937; and robbery, 939; and suicide, 1035 Firearms Owners’ Protection Act of 1986, 111 Firing squads, 298, 404-405 Firm, The (film), 437 Firm, The (Grisham), 639, 643 First Amendment; and blue laws, 91; and civil disobedience, 164; and clear and present danger, 166; and cross burning, 1145-1146; and free press, 967, 1082-1083, 1172; and free speech, 799, 833, 999; and freedom of assembly, 469, 645, 743; and hate crime, 500, 503, 901-902; and hate speech, 1145; and incorporation doctrine, 541; and news sources, 736-738; and pornography, 177, 826-830; and religion, 929 First Judiciary Act of 1789, 664 FISA. See Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Flag burning, 1082-1083 Fleiss, Heidi, 140 Fleming, Ian, 393 Florida; boot camps, 95; capital punishment, 446; and Capone, Al, 135; chain gangs, 145; courts, 29; drug courts, 354; drug laws, 283; gun laws, 490; house arrest in, 183; investigatory agency, 1024; Miami riots, 682-683; segregation, 571; vagrancy laws, 1126; work camps, 1184 Florida v. Bostick, 206, 1247 Florida v. Royer, 532, 812 Floyd, Charles “Pretty Boy,” 66, 423 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 1255 Flynn, William J., 422 Flynt, Jimmy, 781 Fonda, Henry, 436 Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 325 Forbes, David, 1014 Ford, Alvin Bernard, 446 Ford, Gerald R., 13, 1153, 1157; amnesty of war resisters, 13; appointment to vice presidency, 741; pardon of Nixon, 764; and Douglas, William O., 538; and Warren Commission, 1153 Ford, Harrison, 264, 665 Ford v. Wainwright, 300, 446-447, 1237 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, 226 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, 383, 1170 Foreign terrorist organization, 21 Forensic accounting, 447-449, 458; and embezzlement, 385 Forensic anthropology, 449-452, 457, 641, 714 Forensic dentistry. See Forensic odontology Forensic engineering, 458 Forensic entomology, 452-453, 458 Forensic medicine, 459 Forensic nursing, 458 Forensic odontology, 453-454, 457, 710 Forensic palynology, 454-455 Forensic pathology, 457, 716 Forensic psychiatry, 457 Forensic psychology, 455-458 Forensic serology, 458 Forensic toxicology, 457 Forensics, 457-461; and arson, 40; bloodstains, 89-90; computer, 197-199; document analysis, 344-346; in fiction, 638, 641; trace evidence, 1092-1093 Forestry camps, 461-462 Forfeiture Endangers American Rights, 45 Forgery, 428, 462, 866, 1084; and document analysis, 344-346, 458; and embezzlement, 385; and Secret Service, 965; and white-collar crime, 1163, 1165 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 623 Fortas, Abe, 175, 481, 483, 1244; on political dissent, 164 Fosse, Bob, 1111 Foster, Marcus, 1050 Foster care, 156; and child abuse, 154; and probationers, 878 Fourteenth Amendment, 210-211, 376, 569; and “color of law,” 175; due process clause, 30, 108-109, 277, 375, 470, 518-519, 759-760, 942, 953-954, 1011; equal protection clause, 72, 389-390; and Fifth Amendment, 429; and incorporation doctrine, 541-542; and right to trial by jury, 585; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1042 Fourth Amendment, 81, 463-464; and arrest warrants, 36-37; and knock-and-announce principle, 1168-1169; and police powers, 813; and privacy rights, 864-866; and probable cause, 612-613, 872; search and seizure clause, 84-85, 119-120, 157-158, 209, 277, 313, 375, 391, 498-499, 531-532, 622-623, 668-670, 734-735, 738-739, 960-963, 1030-1031, 1080-1081, 1130, 1158-1159; and search warrants, 963-964; and Whren v. United States, 1166-1167 Fox, Vicente, 527, 681 FPI. See Federal Prison Industries France; espionage of, 393 Frank v. Mangum, 1248 Frankfurter, Felix, 1244 Franklin, Benjamin, 233, 654 Franklin v. Gwinnett County School District, 984 Fraud, 465-469; and bigamy, 78-79; and computer crime, 193; corporate, 245; corporate scandals, 223-228; counterfeiting, 230-234; and forensic accounting, 447-449; identity theft, 520-525. See also Computer fraud; consumer fraud; insurance fraud; mail fraud; telephone fraud; voting fraud Free speech; and counterfeiting, 232 Freedom of assembly and association, 469-470; and loitering laws, 645; and nonviolent resistance, 743; and police, 799 Freedom of Information Act of 1967, 516, 945 Freeh, Louis J., 422 Freeman, Morgan, 637 Frei, Max, 454 French Connection, The (film), 799 French Revolution, 1074 Freud, Sigmund, 456, 913 Fried, Charles, 1004 “Friend of the court” briefs, 12 Froines, John, 148 Frontier, American, 831, 969, 986 “Fruit-of-the-poison-tree” rule, 638 Frye v. United States, 821 FTO. See Foreign terrorist organization Fugate, Caril Ann, 723 Fugitive, The (film), 665 Fugitive, The (TV), 665 Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, 664, 1251 Fugitives; and bounty hunters, 100-101; and Marshals, U.S., 596, 665 Fuhrman, Mark, 993 Fuller, Corey, 65 Fuller, Melvin W., 1244 Fulminante, Oreste C., 30 Furman, William, 470 Furman v. Georgia, 131, 299, 470-471, 489, 1236, 1241 Gacy, John Wayne, 719 Gag orders, 472-473, 1111; and contempt of court, 216 Gambling, 175, 178, 305, 473-477, 708, 890; and embezzlement, 384; on Internet, 305; and organized crime, 18, 135, 475, 479, 515, 653, 755, 908; and victimless crime, 1137; and vigilantism, 1141 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 286, 743, 898 Gangs; drive-by shootings, 352-354; youth, 601, 711, 1191-1194 Gangsters, 477-480; Capone, Al, 134-136; and drive-by shootings, 353; and murder, 710; Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre, 135, 950-951 Garcia-Abrego, Juan, 1071 Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 646 Gardner, Erle Stanley, 639, 642, 1267 Garfield, James A., 965 Garfield, John, 1253 Garland, Ex parte, 763-764 Garner, James, 1063, 1268 Garrett, Patrick, 758 Garrison, Jim, 1154 Garrity v. New Jersey, 554 Garvey, Marcus, 326, 421 Gas chambers, 405 Gates, Bill, 23 Gates, Daryl, 619, 797, 1008 Gault, Gerald, 480, 607 Gault, In re, 480-481, 607, 1122, 1234, 1244 Gay rights, 101-102 Gebhart v. United Railways Company, 870 Genetics; and criminal behavior, 288, 600, 675; DNA testing, 340-344 Geneva Convention of 1949, 684 Geneva Convention on the High Seas of 1958, 997 Geneva Conventions, 1149-1152 Genocide, 559-561, 563; Rwanda, 561 Geographic information systems, 199, 201, 481-482, 787 Georgia; boot camps, 95; capital punishment, 261; Coker v. Georgia, 171-172; Furman v. Georgia, 470-471; Gregg v. Georgia, 488-489; sodomy laws, 101-102 Gere, Richard, 321, 433, 1111 Germany; espionage of, 394 Get Christie Love! (TV), 1062 Ghosts of Mississippi (film), 437 Gibbons, Leeza, 154 Gibbons v. Ogden, 470 Gibson, Mel, 433 Gideon, Clarence, 538 Gideon v. Wainwright, 229, 482-483, 538, 887, 1043, 1234, 1244; and public defenders, 887 Gillette, Chester, 259, 640 Gilmore, Gary, 640, 1257 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 1044, 1244 GIS. See Geographic information systems Gitlow v. New York, 1248; and incorporation doctrine, 541 Goering, Hermann, 1150 Goldberg, Arthur J., 1244 Goldberg, Whoopi, 437 Goldman, Emma, 423, 760, 1254 Goldman, Ronald, 993 Goldstein, Herman, 185 Goldwater, Barry, 1157 Gonzales, Alberto R., 52, 594 Good, Sarah, 952 Good time, 483-484, 768; and indeterminate sentencing, 543; and prison escapees, 852 Goode, Wilson, 706 Goodman, Andrew, 424 Gore, Al, 936 Gossiping, 658 Gotti, John, 140, 424, 1170 Gouzenko, Igor, 394 Governors; and extradition, 410-411; pardon power, 12, 764 Graffiti, 484-486, 1127, 1129; and youth gangs, 1191, 1193 Graham, Barbara, 205 Graham v. Connor, 809 Grand juries, 486-488, 585; and attorneys, U.S., 595; and courts-martial, 239; and Fifth Amendment, 82, 429; and incorporation doctrine, 541; and indictments, 277, 279, 281, 518-519, 544-545; and military justice, 686; and organized crime, 754; and Organized Crime Control Act, 756; origins of, 258; and political corruption, 820; and public prosecutors, 892; secrecy of, 838, 1081; testimony before, 1081 Grandfather clauses, 570-571 Graner, Charles, Jr., 685 Grant, Hugh, 740 Gratian of Bologna, 935 Graves, Bibb, 959 Gray, Horace, 1245 Gray, L. Patrick, III, 422 Great Britain; counterfeiting in, 232; Crown Jewels, 673; television dramas, 1064. See also England Greenglass, David, 945 Greenwood, Billy, 119 Gregg, Troy, 489 Gregg v. Georgia, 131, 300, 471, 488-489, 1045, 1236, 1247, 1249 Grier, Robert C., 1245 Griffin v. Illinois, 1112 Grigori, Natasha, 306 Grisham, John, 637, 639-640, 642-643 Griswold v. Connecticut, 1, 864 Groome, John C., 1022 Gross, Has, 459 Gross Commission, 804 Guide dogs, 857 Guilty as Sin (film), 380, 432 Guinn v. United States, 571 Guiteau, Charles J., 1253 Gun Control Act of 1968, 111-112, 444, 491, 936 Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, 646, 1239 Gun laws, 443-446, 490-493; and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 110-113; and drive-by shootings, 354; and mental disorders, 491; and right to bear arms, 935-937 Guns; and assault, 41; and youth gangs, 601 Gusenberg, Frank, 951 Gusenberg, Pete, 951 Habeas corpus, 280, 381, 494-496, 1242, 1248; and Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, 21, 494; and Constitution, U.S., 208; and courts-martial, 241; and extradition, 411; and juvenile justice, 609; Lincoln’s suspension of, 667, 1243; and Magna Carta, 653; and martial law, 667; in Mexico, 679; and Patriot Act, 772 Hacking, computer, 192, 194, 302, 304-305, 308-309, 521, 1108 Hackman, Gene, 434, 799 Hagan, John, 246 Hagerman, Amber, 617 Hague Convention of 1899, 1150 Haldeman, H. R. “Bob,” 792, 1155, 1257 Hale, Matthew, 913 Halfway houses, 182, 496-497, 924; and NIMBY attitudes, 745; and parole, 769; security of, 851 Hall, Jerome, 243 Hall, Theodore, 394 Hall v. de Cuir, 569 Hallucinogens, 365, 929 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 1240 Hamilton, Alexander, 1104, 1252 Hammett, Dashiell, 636-637, 866 Hammurabi, 41, 1084, 1139 Hand, Learned, 4, 374 Handgun Control Inc., 491 Handwriting analysis, 248, 344, 458 Hanging, 298, 404-405; and lynching, 647; and Salem witch trials, 952 Hanks, Tom, 637 Hanssen, Robert, 393-395 Hard Copy (TV), 1264 Harding, Warren G., 1254; and Prohibition, 479, 880; and scandals, 515; and Teapot Dome scandal, 1054 Hardwick, Michael, 101 Hare, Robert, 885 Harlan, John Marshall (I), 518, 1245 Harlan, John Marshall (II), 157, 177, 481, 612, 829; on police interrogation, 690 Harmelin, Ronald Allen, 497 Harmelin v. Michigan, 497-498, 949, 1238 Harmless error, 30-31, 498; and reversible error, 934 Harper v. Virginia, 571 Harpers Ferry raid, 1252 Harris, James H., 499 Harris, Thomas, 596, 719 Harris v. United States, 157, 498-499, 1235, 1247, 1251 Harrison Narcotic Drug Act of 1914, 177, 358, 365-366, 477, 751, 890 Hart, Pearl, 756 Hastings, Alcee, 537 Hatchett, Glenda, 1264 Hate crime, 243, 499-504, 1171-1172; and arson, 39; and cross burning, 1145-1146; and First Amendment, 901-902; lynching, 646-649; and Model Penal Code, 697; and police brutality, 791; and religion, 977; and Secret Service, 965; and terrorism, 503; and victimology, 1138 Haupt v. United States, 1102 Hauptmann, Bruno, 423, 614, 635, 711, 1255; and handwriting analysis, 344 Hawaii; and gambling, 473; gun laws, 445; police, 629; political corruption, 818 Hawaii Five-O (TV), 1063 Hayden, Tom, 148 Haymarket Riot, 1253 Hayward, Susan, 205 Haywood, William Dudley (“Big Bill”), 423, 1253 Hazelwood, Joseph, 1262 Hazelwood, Roy, 337 Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of, 151, 155 Health care; in prisons, 854-856 Health care fraud, 552 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, 468 HealthSouth Corporation, 227, 448 Hearings, 504-505; and grand juries, 585. See also Preliminary hearings Hearsay evidence, 398, 505, 1176; in films, 380; and grand juries, 487 Hearst, Patricia, 68, 142, 424, 1049-1050, 1257 Helm, Jerry, 1002 Helmsley, Leona, 142 Helter Skelter (Bugliosi), 639 Helvering v. Hallock, 1021 Henry, Stuart, 246 Henry II, 1085 Henry VIII, 473 Henry v. United States, 671 Hepburn, Katharine, 435 Hercule Poirot, 638 Herndon v. Lowry, 1248 Heroin, 317, 358, 361, 365, 658, 751-752; criminalization of, 358; detection of, 362; and organized crime, 177, 477 Herrera v. Collins, 301 Heston, Charlton, 936 Hickey, Eric W., 719 Hickock, Dick, 639 High-speed chases, 506-508, 629, 882; French Connection, The, 799; and motor vehicle theft, 702. See also Car chases Highway patrols, 508-510, 1022-1025 Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 1048, 1240 Hill, Anita, 984 Hill, Joe, 1254 Hill Street Blues (TV), 1063, 1264 Hillerman, Tony, 641 Himes, Chester, 641 Himmelsbach, Ralph, 996 Hinckley, John, Jr., 140, 190, 274, 548 Hirsch, Andrew von, 589 Hiss, Alger, 423, 945, 1102, 1255 Hit-and-run accidents, 510, 1098; and forensic evidence, 458 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 7-8 Ho Chi Minh, 1158 Hoar, George F., 987 Hobbs, Carl, 511 Hobbs Act of 1946, 19, 511 Hoblit, Gregory, 321 Hoffa, Jimmy, 817, 1256 Hoffman, Abbie, 148, 991 Hoffman, Julius, 148 Hoke v. United States, 1243, 1246 Holliday, George, 619 Holmes, H. H., 718 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 166, 431, 748, 1245 Holocaust, 559 Homeland Security Act of 2002, 169, 365, 511, 975; and illegal aliens, 527; and Treasury Department, U.S., 1104 Homeland Security Department, 511-514, 535; and border patrols, 97, 527; Coast Guard, 168-170; and computer crime, 196; Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team, 451; and Interpol, 566; and law enforcement, 266; and Nine-Eleven attacks, 975; Transportation Security Administration, 997; and Treasury Department, U.S., 1104 Homestead Act of 1862, 756 Homicide, 274, 709-718; and abortion, 1-4; and battered child syndrome, 74; and euthanasia, 1036; and federal law, 426; and hate crime, 501; and HIV, 8; investigations, 672; and kidnapping, 618; manslaughter, 662-663; in prisons, 862; and self-defense, 968-970; and television news, 1067. See also Murder Homicide: Life on the Street (TV), 1063, 1264 Homosexuality; and hate crime, 500, 1138; and sexual harassment, 983; and victimless crime, 1136 Hoover, Herbert, 775, 849, 1167; and Capone, Al, 135; and Prohibition, 880-881 Hoover, J. Edgar, 287, 422, 514-516; and bank robbery, 67; eccentric behavior, 425; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 114, 421-423, 425; and ten-most-wanted lists, 1070; and wiretaps, 394 Hoovervilles, 1126 Horton, Willie, 922 Hoskins, Robert, 140 Hostages; in prison riots, 46-48, 735-736; and SWAT teams, 1008; and terrorism, 562 Hot pursuit; and indictments, 544 House arrest, 183, 516-517; and probation, 876 Howell, Vernon Wayne (David Koresh), 103 Huberty, James, 719 Hudson and Goodwin, United States v., 1246 Hudson v. United States, 1239 Hughes, Charles Evans, 109, 1004, 1245 Human rights, 1152 Human Rights Watch, 791, 1151 Hung juries, 71, 517-518, 587, 1117; and mistrials, 695 Hunt, E. Howard, 1154, 1257 Hunt, Ward, 1245 Hunting, 443, 491, 935, 1091 Hurricane, The (film), 438 Hurtado, Joseph, 518 Hurtado v. California, 375, 430, 488, 518-519, 545, 1233, 1245, 1247 Hussein, Saddam, 560 Hutchinson, Anne Marbury, 1252 Hypnosis, 271, 456 I Want to Live! (film), 205 ICC. See International Criminal Court ICJ (International Court of Justice). See World Court Identity fraud; and theft, 1084 Identity theft, 286, 467-468, 520-525, 1085-1086; and computer crime, 193; and Secret Service, 965; and telephone fraud, 1055 Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998, 468, 522-524 Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act of 2004, 524 Ignorance of the law, 323, 525-526 Illegal aliens, 526-529 Illinois; capital punishment, 133; Escobedo v. Illinois, 391-392; gangsters, 479, 950-951; gun laws, 443; juvenile justice, 265, 270, 597, 606, 765; political corruption, 818; prisons, 1039; race riots, 902; rape laws, 913; sports violence in, 1012; vigilantism in, 1142; Witherspoon v. Illinois, 1172-1173. See also Chicago Illinois v. Allen, 1235 Illinois v. Gates, 529-530, 1236 Illinois v. Krull, 530-531, 1237 Illinois v. Lidster, 1130 Illinois v. McArthur, 531-532, 1239 Illinois v. Rodriguez, 961 Illinois v. Wardlow, 532, 1239 Immigration; and border patrols, 97-99; and child labor, 151; and Coast Guard, U.S., 168; and “color of law,” 175; and cultural norms, 244; and culture defense, 303; and deportation, 325-327; and gun laws, 490; and Homeland Security Department, 512; and illegal aliens, 526-529; and Immigration and Naturalization Service, 533-536; and Ku Klux Klan, 623; and machine politics, 1147; and political corruption, 816 Immigration Act of 1891, 533 Immigration Act of 1917, 534 Immigration Act of 1918, 421 Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Bureau of, 261, 367, 535, 754 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 326, 534 Immigration and Naturalization Service, 97, 526-529, 533-536; reorganization of, 527 Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 528 Immunity from prosecution, 536; and child abuse, 153; and organized crime, 754; and police officers, 433; and witnesses, 595 Impeachment; of Chase, Samuel, 1252; of judges, 537-538; and pardons, 763; of presidents, 1253, 1259 In Cold Blood (Capote), 636, 639 In forma pauperis, 538, 690 In loco parentis, 121, 735 Incapacitation, 539, 896; and executions, 539; and juvenile delinquency, 603; selective, 1039; and three-strikes laws, 1087-1089 Incarceration; and community service, 187-188 Incest, 288 Inchoate crimes, 45-46, 272, 540; and conspiracy, 206-208, 540 Income tax. See Tax evasion Incommensurability, 898 Incorporation doctrine, 541-542, 1042, 1233-1235; and Supreme Court justices, 1241-1242, 1245, 1247-1249, 1251 Indecent exposure, 542-543 Indeterminate sentencing, 182, 543-544, 590, 606, 658, 972; and Elmira system, 767, 846; and juvenile justice, 609 Indian casinos, 178, 476 Indiana; Ku Klux Klan in, 623 Indianapolis v. Edmond, 1131 Indictments, 544-545; and dismissals, 334; and due process, 518-519; and grand juries, 281 Indigent defendants, 29-30, 538, 831-832, 1112; and bail, 64; and death-penalty cases, 316; and public defenders, 887; and vagrancy laws, 1126-1127 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, 1190 Industrial Workers of the World, 423 Infanticide, 151 Informants, 872, 1003; and organized crime, 653, 754; and sting operations, 368 Information, 545-546 Ingraham v. Wright, 223 Inherit the Wind (film), 1176 Injunctions; and restraining orders, 933-934 Innocence; and acquittal, 5-6. See also Presumption of innocence Innocence of Father Brown, The (Chesterton), 636 Innocence Project, 249, 343, 419 Inquests, 546; and coroners’ juries, 586 INS. See Immigration and Naturalization Service Insanity defense, 190, 323, 546-549; and bifurcated trials, 77; and burden of proof, 110; and criminal liability, 273; and defendant self-representation, 318; and diminished capacity, 329-330; history of, 329; and mass murder, 721 Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1948, 388 Insects. See Forensic entomology Insider trading, 140, 467, 549-550, 653, 1161 Insider Trading Act of 1984, 549 Inspector General, Office of, 1104, 1106 Insurance fraud, 550-553, 1162; and arson, 37-40; and automobiles, 702; and motor vehicle theft, 705 Integrated Automated Fingerprinting Identification System, 200 Internal affairs, 553-554; and police brutality, 793, 795; and police corruption, 803 Internal Revenue Code, 1051 Internal Revenue Service, 238, 555-556, 1104; investigations of, 480; and tax evasion, 1051-1054; Web site, 697 Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, 555 International Association of Chiefs of Police, 556-557, 629, 775, 787, 797, 1121; and ethics, 809 International Brotherhood of Police Officers, 557 International Court of Justice, 1151. See also World Court International Criminal Court, 560-561, 563-565, 1151, 1188 International Criminal Police Organization. See Interpol International law, 558-563; Canada, 122-126; diplomatic immunity, 330-331; and extradition, 11, 409-412; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 422; and Interpol, 566-567; and Justice Department, U.S., 597; and military justice, 684; and terrorism, 562, 565-567; and war crimes, 559, 563-564, 1149-1152; World Court, 1186-1188 International Police Academy, 556 International Red Cross, 1151 International tribunals, 563-566, 1151 Internet, 192; auction fraud, 194; and bank robbery, 67; and child pornography, 823-826; criminal justice Web sites, 1284-1289; and cryptology, 302; cybercrime, 304-309; and gambling, 476; and hate groups, 503; and identity theft, 520-521; and organized crime, 304; phishing, 521; and print media, 841; sex offender registries, 981; and spam, 1006-1008; and ten-most-wanted lists, 1071 Internet fraud, 467-468 Internet Fraud Complaint Center, 468 Interpol, 358, 566-567, 666; and homicide rates, 711; and Justice Department, U.S., 595-596 Interrogation; and Miranda rights, 688-690; and police ethics, 809 Interstate commerce; and Hobbs Act, 511; and National Stolen Property Act, 732; and Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 756 Interstate Identification Index, 200 Intruder in the Dust (film), 436 Investigations; and bounty hunters, 100-101; cold cases, 172-174; geographic information systems, 481-482; and legislative bodies, 505; mass murders, 721; and serial killings, 720, 722; and television dramas, 1060-1066 Iowa; Knowles v. Iowa, 622-623; political corruption, 818; state police, 1023 Iran-Contra scandal, 764, 1157, 1257 Iraq, 560 Iredell, James, 1245 Ironside (TV), 1264 IRS. See Internal Revenue Service Israel; Eichmann trial, 565; espionage of, 394; extradition agreement with United States, 412 Ito, Lance, 993 IWW. See Industrial Workers of the World Jack the Ripper, 718, 883 Jackson, Andrew, 1141 Jackson, George, 851 Jackson, Howell E., 1245 Jackson, Janet, 542 Jackson, Jonathan, 851 Jackson, Lucious, 470 Jackson, Michael, 143, 472, 1110, 1260 Jackson, Robert H., 1102, 1245 Jackson, United States v., 102 Jackson v. Bishop, 223 Jackson v. Indiana, 189 Jacobellis v. Ohio, 177, 827 Jacobson v. United States, 387, 1238 Jagged Edge (film), 434 Jails. See Prisons James, Jesse, 66 James II, 935 Japan; espionage of, 393; in World War II, 423 Japanese American internment; and martial law, 667 Jaworski, Leon, 1156 Jay, John, 1246 Jaywalking, 568-569 Jefferson, Thomas, 302, 1252; and Sedition Act, 967 Jeffreys, Alec, 340 Jews; ancient zealots, 1074; gangs, 652; and hate crime, 500; and Holocaust, 559; and Ku Klux Klan, 623 Jim Crow laws, 569-571 John, King, 653 John Paul II, Pope, 2 Johnson, Andrew, 1253; amnesty of Confederate officers, 13 Johnson, Dave, 106 Johnson, Don, 380 Johnson, Gregory Lee, 1082 Johnson, Jack, 423 Johnson, Lyndon B., 835, 903; and Estes, Billie Sol, 226; and National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, 724; and President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, 837; and voting fraud, 1148; and Warren Commission, 1152-1154 Johnson, Thomas, 1246 Johnson, William, 1246 Johnson v. Zerbst, 229, 1233 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations, 855 Jokers, The (film), 673 Jones, Tommy Lee, 665 Jones v. Van Zandt, 1246, 1251 “Joyrides,” 704 “Joyriding,” 701 Judge Greg Mathis (TV), 1264 Judge Hatchett (TV), 1264 Judge Joe Brown (TV), 1265 Judge Judy (TV), 1265 Judges, 571-574; and adversary system, 572; and appellate courts, 27; and case law, 137; and contempt of court, 215-216; and convictions, 219; and defendant self-representation, 318; and district attorneys, 338; and drug courts, 355; and evidence, 1114; execution of judgment, 407; federal, 577; in fiction, 641; in films, 431-439; functions, 575; gag orders, 472-473; impeachment of, 537-538, 1252; and jury nullification, 582-583; and mandatory sentencing, 658-660; and objections, 747; opinions, 750; state courts, 576; and trials, 1113-1118 Judges’ Bill, 1042 Judicial review, 574-575; and certiorari, 143-144; and Supreme Court, U.S., 1041-1045 Judicial system, U.S., 575-578 Judiciary Act of 1789, 50, 62, 657 Judiciary Act of 1925, 1042 Juries; and arson cases, 40; and bifurcated trials, 78; and capital punishment, 1172-1173; and change of venue, 147; and conspiracy, 207; and convictions, 219; and death qualification, 314-315; and evidence, 396-399; and gag orders, 472; hung, 517-518; and judges, 582-583; in Mexico, 679; and peremptory challenges, 72-73, 1146; selection, 1113; and trials, 1113-1117. See also Hung juries Jurisdiction of courts, 575-580; and common law, 1177; and judges, 573; juvenile courts, 598, 605, 607-608, 1025; and military justice, 683-684; and mistrials, 695; multiple jurisdiction offenses, 708-709; night courts, 738; and precedent, 833; and public defenders, 888; and sentencing guidelines, 974; Supreme Court, U.S., 1042; World Court, 1187 Jury duty, 580-582; and summonses, 581, 1038 Jury nullification, 517, 582-583; and Simpson trial, 993 Jury sequestration, 66, 583-584, 589, 1116, 1176-1177; and trial publicity, 1111 Jury system, 279, 584-589; voir dire, 1146 Just deserts, 132, 589-590, 875; and probation, 876; and retribution, 898 Justice, 590-592 Justice Assistance, Bureau of, 749 Justice Department, U.S., 592-597; and antitrust law, 22-26; and attorney general, 50-52; attorneys, 52-53; Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, 366; Bureau of Prisons, 269; and computer crime, 195; corporate lenience policy, 26; creation of, 51; and crime labs, 250; Criminal Division, 595; and hate crime, 500; Homeland Security Department, 526; and identity theft, 523; Immigration and Naturalization Service, 533-536; independent counsel, 594; National Institute of Justice, 729-730; Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 604-605; and Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, 749; and police brutality, 795; Public Integrity Section, 818; and restorative justice, 931; and treason, 1103; and Treasury Department, U.S., 1106; Victims of Crime Act, 1140 Justice for All Act of 2004, 1283 Justice Information Network, 199 Justice Statistics, Bureau of. See Bureau of Justice Statistics Justices of the peace, 159, 236, 576, 986 Juvenile courts, 597-599; blended sentences, 88-89; and criminal liability, 273; history, 151, 259; and parens patriae, 765-766; and status offenses, 1025-1026; Uniform Juvenile Court Act, 1121-1122; and vandalism, 1129 Juvenile delinquency, 216-217, 599-604, 1040; and disorderly conduct, 336; and diversion, 339-340; and drug courts, 355; joyriding, 701; and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 604-605; and parens patriae, 765-766; and shoplifting, 991; and television news, 1067; and vandalism, 1129 Juvenile justice, 270, 606-610; and capital punishment, 128, 131; courts, 610-611; and forestry camps, 461; Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 604-605; and restitution, 931; and rules of evidence, 480-481; status offenses, 1025-1026; and suspects, 1048; and vandalism, 1129; youth authorities, 1189-1190 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of, 604-606 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, 598, 604, 605-606; and forestry camps, 461 Juvenile justice system; and criminal justice system, 265 Juvenile waivers to adult courts, 607-608, 610-611 Kaczynski, Theodore J., 318, 424, 719, 1119-1120 Kanka, Megan, 981 Kansas; courts, 268; sex offense laws, 777 Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, 260 Kansas v. Hendricks, 777 Kant, Immanuel, 590, 897-898 Karen Sisco (TV), 665 Karpis, Alvin, 423 Kastigar v. United States, 487, 536 Katz v. United States, 157, 464, 612-613, 865, 1235, 1245, 1249 Kaufman, Irving R., 946 Kawakita v. United States, 1103 Keenan, Joseph B., 18 Kellerman, Jonathan, 641 Kelley, Clarence M., 422 Kelly, George “Machine Gun,” 66, 423, 1039 Kelly, Paul, 478 Kempe, Henry C., 73 Kemper, Edmund, 719 Kennedy, Anthony, 687, 1044, 1246; on cruel and unusual punishment, 497; on free expression, 1082 Kennedy, Edward, 190 Kennedy, John F.; assassination of, 1256; and voting fraud, 1148; and Warren Commission, 1152-1154 Kennedy, Joseph, 1148 Kennedy, Robert F., 665; assassination of, 724; and Hoover, J. Edgar, 515 Kennewick Man, 451 Kent State University massacre, 729 Kent v. United States, 607, 1122 Kentucky; antismoking laws, 20; Batson v. Kentucky, 72-73; political corruption, 818; Stanford v. Kentucky, 300, 1020-1021 Kentucky v. Dennison, 410 Ker v. California, 499 Kerner Commission, 791 Kevorkian, Jack, 613-614, 1036, 1259, 1263 KGB, 423, 425 Kidnapping, 274, 614-618, 694; Alvarez-Machain, United States v., 11; and bounty hunters, 101; Brady v. United States, 102-103; and carjacking, 136; and Chessman, Caryl, 1255; and child abduction, 148-150, 694; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 421, 423; and federal law, 593; and Lindbergh law, 633-634, 1255; and Miranda v. Arizona, 690; and motor vehicle theft, 702; Smart, Elizabeth, case, 189; and Symbionese Liberation Army, 1049-1050; as theft, 1085 King, Larry, 143 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 286-287, 743; assassination of, 724, 729, 1256; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 424; and Hoover, J. Edgar, 515; “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” 161 King, Rodney, 618-621, 792, 797, 903-904, 1085 King, Stephen, 862 King beating case, 147 Kirby v. Illinois, 811 Kiss the Girls (Patterson), 641 Kissling, Francis, 3 Klaas, Polly, 922 Klaus, Wilhelm, 455 Kleindienst, Richard, 1155 Kleptomania, 990 Klopfer v. North Carolina, 1011, 1235 Knapp, Whittman, 621 Knapp Commission, 621-622, 802-803; and Serpico (Maas), 643 Knowles v. Iowa, 622-623, 1239 Kocsis, Richard N., 883 Kojak (TV), 1063, 1265 Koon, Stacey C., 792, 1258 Korbut, Olga, 991 Korematsu v. United States, 1241, 1244, 1247 Koresh, David, 103 Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, 776 Kramer, Stanley, 1176 Kreuger, Ivar, 224 Ku Klux Klan, 502, 623-624, 1077, 1145-1146; and COINTELPRO, 170; and Hoover, J. Edgar, 515; and posses, 831; and Secret Service, 965; and vigilantism, 1141 Kunstler, William, 148, 1256 Kyllo, Danny, 624 Kyllo v. United States, 464, 624-625, 1240 L.A. Law (TV), 1265 Labor Department, U.S., 760, 980 Labor racial unrest; and National Guard, 727-728 Labor unions; and Hobbs Act, 511 Labor unrest; Boston police strike, 99-100 Lamar, Joseph, 1246 Lamar, Lucius Q.C., 1246 Landru, Henri, 718 Lanier, Mark, 246 Lansbury, Angela, 1266 Lansky, Meyer, 478-479 Larceny, 275. See also Burglary; Pickpocketing; Robbery; Theft Las Vegas, 475, 479; jaywalking in, 568 Last Coyote, The (Connelly), 638 Last Dance (film), 438 Latent evidence, 626, 635; fingerprints, 441, 626 Law, Bernard, 943 Law & Order (TV), 1063-1064, 1265 Law codes, 1122 Law enforcement, 266, 627-630; and criminology, 292; and federal government, 266 Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, 628, 631, 749, 835; Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 604-605 Law Enforcement Education Program, 749 Lawrence v. Texas, 1240 Lay, Kenneth, 1164 LEAA. See Law Enforcement Assistance Administration League of Nations, 1187 Leaphart, Vincent, 706 Learned helplessness, 75 Le Carré, John, 393 Lee, Harper, 639 Lee, Henry, 993 Lee, John Doyle, 1253 Lee, Rex, 1004 Legal defenses; cultural, 303-304 Lemon v. Kurtzman, 929 Lennon, John, 699 Leno, Jay, 472 Leon, Alberto, 632 Leon, United States v., 402, 530, 632, 961, 1236, 1251 Leopold, Nathan, 711, 1254 Lesser-included offenses, 633; and Uniform Code of Military Justice, 684 Lethal injection, 129, 298, 406 Lethal Weapon series (film), 433 LeTourneau, Mary Kay, 140 “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (King), 161 Lex talionis. See “Eye for an eye, an” Liability; and proximate cause, 882. See also Criminal liability Liddy, G. Gordon, 1154, 1256 Lidster, Robert, 1130 Lie detectors. See Polygraph testing Life of David Gale, The (film), 132, 436, 438 Lightner, Candace, 370, 699 Lightner, Cari, 370 Lincoln, Abraham, 1243, 1252; assassination of, 710, 965, 1252; and Internal Revenue Service, 555; and martial law, 667 Lindbergh, Charles A., 423, 614, 634, 711 Lindbergh kidnapping, 633-634, 1255; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 423; and radio, 910 Lindbergh law of 1934, 615, 633-634 Lindsay, John, 621 Literature, 635-644; serial-killer themes, 719 Little Caesar, 478 Liuzzo, Viola, 424 Livingston, Henry B., 1246 Livor mortis, 672 Lobbying organizations; Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial E-mail, 1007; International Brotherhood of Police Officers, 557; Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 699-700 Locard, Edmond, 459, 1092 Locard’s Exchange Principle, 459, 1092 Lochner v. New York, 574 Locke, John, 968 Lockyer v. Andrade, 1088 Loeb, Richard, 711, 1254 Loewe v. Lawlor, 833 Loitering, 336, 644-645, 1126 Lombroso, Cesare, 287, 821 Looting, 1085 Lopez, Alfonso, Jr., 645-646 Lopez, Jennifer, 665 Lopez, United States v., 594, 645-646, 1239 Los Angeles; forensic laboratory, 459; King beating case, 618-621, 1258; police, 797; police corruption, 418, 802; police department, 507; riots, 620, 729, 903-904, 1085; SWAT teams, 1008; youth authorities, 1189; youth gangs, 1191 Lotteries, 178, 473-477; and cybercrime, 305 Louima, Abner, 794 Louisiana; Mardi Gras, 543; political corruption, 818; rape laws, 1028; segregation, 569 Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber, 1234 Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railroad v. Mississippi, 569 Loving v. Virginia, 1250 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 365 Lucasville prison riot, 863 Lumet, Sidney, 920 Lurton, Horace H., 1246 Lynch, Edward, 1141 Lyncher Act of 1996, 982 Lynching, 389, 646-649; of gamblers, 474; and homicide, 710 Lysergic acid diethylamide. See LSD Maas, Peter, 643 Mabry v. Johnson, 953 McCain, Ed, 638 McCarran (Internal Security) Act of 1950, 421 McCarthy, Joseph R.; and Hoover, J. Edgar, 515 McCauley, William, 1252 McCleskey, Warren, 650 McCleskey v. Kemp, 650-651, 1045, 1237 McCloy, John J., 1153 McConnell, William John, 1142 McCord, James, 1154-1155 McDuffie, Arthur, 682, 904 McFadden, Martin, 1080 McGovern, George, 1154 McGowan v. Maryland; , 90 McGruff the Crime Dog, 651-652 McGurn, “Machine Gun” Jack, 951 Machine guns, 104; and Branch Davidians, 104; and youth gangs, 601 Mack v. United States, 490 McKenna, Joseph, 1246 McKesson & Robbins, 225 McKinley, John, 1246 McKinley, William, 965, 1253 McLean, John, 1246 McNabb v. United States, 1234 McNaghten, Daniel, 329 McNamara, J. J. and J. B., 1254 Maconochie, Alexander, 767 McReynolds, James C., 1246 McSorley, Marty, 1015 McVeigh, Timothy, 140, 147, 430, 1078, 1079, 1259 MADD. See Mothers Against Drunk Driving Madison, James, 81, 590 Mafia, 652-653, 751-755; and extortion, 86; and Federal Bureau of Investigation, 423; and Kennedy, Robert F., 515; and RICO, 908 Magna Carta, 653, 831, 1113; and due process, 374 Magnum Force (film), 435 Mail fraud, 654-656, 908 Mail Fraud Act of 1872, 655 Mailer, Norman, 640, 643 Maine; prisoner rights, 427 Mala in se, 243, 272, 656-657; and murder, 709; offenses, 180 Mala prohibita, 243, 272, 656-657 Malcolm X, 203 Malden, Karl, 1063 Malice, 657; and civil disobedience, 162; and common law, 180; and crimes of passion, 252-253; and murder, 709 Mallory v. United States, 1234 Malloy v. Hogan, 970, 1234 Maltese Falcon, The (film), 435 Mancusi, Vincent, 47 Mandamus, writ, 657-658 Mandatory sentencing, 7, 10, 334, 497-498, 573, 658-660, 899, 972; and alcohol abuse, 10; and clemency, 167; cruel and unusual punishment clause, 948-949; and mitigating circumstances, 696; and presentence investigations, 834; and prison overcrowding, 859; three-strikes laws, 1087-1089; and violent criminals, 286 Manhattan Bail Project, 660-661 Manhattan Project, 945 Manifest necessity, 695 Mann, James Robert, 662 Mann (White Slave Traffic) Act of 1910, 176, 420, 423, 477, 661-662, 1243 Manning, Silas, 71 Manslaughter, 274, 662-663, 709; and Branch Davidian raid, 104; and common law, 180; and crimes of passion, 180, 252-253; and machine guns, 104; and premeditated murder, 253; types, 181 Manson, Charles, 140, 639, 719, 722, 1256 Mapp, Dollree, 663 Mapp v. Ohio, 157, 391, 401, 463, 632, 663-664, 941, 961, 963, 1043, 1159, 1234, 1243 Marbury v. Madison, 574, 1042 March, Fredric, 1176 Margolin, Philip, 641 Mariel Boatlift, 169 Marijuana, 365, 752, 890, 1137; decriminalization of, 317, 359; detection of, 872; and Drug Enforcement Administration, 358; and juvenile crime, 879, 1137 Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, 358 Marion Penitentiary, 1039 Marital rape. See Spousal rape Marriage; bigamy and polygamy, 78-79 Marshall, John, 470, 574, 1101, 1244, 1247, 1250, 1252 Marshall, Thurgood, 1004, 1247; on capital punishment, 299, 447, 489, 774; on cruel and unusual punishment, 131, 1020; on exclusionary rule, 632; on free expression, 1082; on juries, 72 Marshals Service, U.S., 593, 596, 664-666; and The Fugitive, 665; and Stewart, Martha, 140 Martial law, 239, 666-667; and SWAT teams, 1009; and terrorism, 1079 Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1249 Martini, Steve, 867 Martinson, Robert, 261, 923 Martinson Report, 261 Maryland; Agnew scandal, 741, 817; Barron v. Baltimore, 541; boot camps, 96; Booth v. Maryland, 773; gun laws, 445; highway patrol, 509; medical examiners, 221; Smith v. Maryland, 612 Maryland v. Buie, 667-668, 1238 Maryland v. Craig, 668-669, 1238 Mass murderers, 718-723; and animal abuse, 15 Massachusetts; Abuse Prevention Law, 348; antismoking laws, 20; Boston police, 801; Boston police strike, 99-100, 727; capital punishment, 129; gun laws, 445, 972; insurance fraud, 551; lottery, 476; National Guard, 727, 729; prisons, 183, 675, 849; probation in, 874, 877; prostitution laws, 175; Sacco and Vanzetti case, 209, 1254; Salem witchcraft trials, 951-952; state police, 1022 Massachusetts v. Sheppard, 402, 664, 669-670, 1236 Massiah v. United States, 30, 205, 670-671, 1234 Mather, Cotton, 951 Mather, Increase, 951 Mathis, Greg, 1264 Matthews, Stanley, 1247 Maxwell v. Dow, 1233 Measurements of crime. See Crime statistics Media; Amber Alerts, 617; and computer crime, 192; and corporate scandals, 224-225; and criminals, 289; and false convictions, 415; and hate crime, 501; and insanity defense, 324; and kidnapping, 615; and missing persons, 693; and murder, 710-711; and polygraph testing, 822; role in defining crime, 245; and Roman Catholic priests scandal, 942-945; and sports, 1014; television news, 1066-1068; and victimology, 1139; and white-collar crime, 289 Mediation, victim-offender, 1135-1136 Medicaid, 465, 552 Medical examiners, 460, 671-673, 716; and autopsies, 58-59, 672; and cold cases, 172; and coroners, 220, 671; in fiction, 637, 639, 641; and inquests, 546; training of, 672 Medicare, 465, 552 Meese, Edwin, 731 Megan’s Law, 981, 1139 “Melissa” virus, 306 Melville, Herman, 333, 635, 642 Menendez, Erik and Lyle, 1258, 1262 Mens rea, 243, 253, 255, 271, 276, 322-323, 673-674, 700, 917; and arson, 38; and Model Penal Code, 697; and regulatory crime, 925; and sports violence, 1015; and strict liability offenses, 1033 Mental disorders; and battered women, 75; and competency to stand trial, 188-190; and cruel and unusual punishment, 131, 300; and defendant self-representation, 318; and diminished capacity, 329-330; and forensic psychology, 456; and gun laws, 491; and insanity defense, 190, 546-549; kleptomania, 991; pedophilia, 776-778; and police, 815; and probate courts, 236; and rape, 918; and solitary confinement, 675, 1006, 1041; and stalking, 1018; Unabomber, 1120 Mental illness, 674-676 Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 635, 642 Mercy killing, 583, 614 Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 983 Merryman, Ex parte, 1250 Merton, Tom, 438 Methamphetamines, 358, 365-366, 752; Ecstasy, 365 Mexico; borders, 97-98; counterfeiting in, 234; and extradition, 11, 411; gun laws, 492; illegal immigrants from, 526-529; justice system, 676-682; Zapatistas, 1074 Miami riots, 682-683, 904 Michael, Jerome, 243 Michalowski, Raymond, 246 Michigan; capital punishment, 130; Detroit riots, 729; drug laws, 658; Harmelin v. Michigan, 497-498; National Guard, 729; rape laws, 918; sentencing, 428 Michigan v. Long, 668 Michigan v. Sitz, 464 Military; martial law, 666-667 Military academies, 684 Military justice, 683-686; and war crimes, 1149-1152 Military Justice Act of 1968, 683 Military Justice Act of 1983, 683 Military law; and discretion, 333 Militias; and civil disorders, 1022; during Civil War, 1101; and hate crime, 502; and National Guard, 727-729; and right to bear arms, 935-937; and slave patrols, 998 Milken, Michael, 140, 549, 1161 Miller, Arthur, 951 Miller, Samuel F., 1247 Miller, United States v., 490, 612, 937 Miller v. California, 177, 827, 1242 Miller v. Texas, 490 Milligan, Ex parte, 1243 Miloševi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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