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American First Ladies Index A Abu Simbel, 335 Adams, Abigail, 15, 19-27, 33; criticism of, 5, 24; media and, 396; receptions, 350; travels of, 350 Adams, John, 12, 20-21, 40, 50, 341, 350, 379 Adams, John Quincy, 20, 22, 27, 50, 56-57, 73, 405 Adams, Louisa, 49-53; causes, 361; children and, 396; personality of, 355; social hosting, 355 Agnew, Spiro, 270, 282 Alcohol. See Temperance Alcoholism and Betty Ford, 285 Alien and Sedition Acts, 21, 25 Allenswood, 225 American Revolution. See Revolutionary War Anderson, Marian, 232 Appleton family, 103 Armstrong, John, 36 Arthur, Chester A., 138, 150, 401 Arthur, Ellen, 149-153; slave-holding, 362 Arts; and First Ladies, 352; and Caroline Harrison, 165; and Lucy Hayes, 140; and Lou Hoover, 222; and Jacqueline Kennedy, 254, 352; and Harriet Lane, 110-111; and Edith Roosevelt, 179; and Eleanor Roosevelt, 359; and Helen Taft, 185 Attitude toward role of First Ladies. See Role of First Ladies, attitude toward Awards and honors; Hillary Rodham Clinton, 321; Betty Ford, 286; Lady Bird Johnson, 266; Pat Nixon, 274; Eleanor Roosevelt, 359 Axson family, 191 B Bank of the United States, 56, 80, 88-89 Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy, 312, 330 Battle of New Orleans, 36, 40, 56 Battle of Tippecanoe, 68 Beautification and Lady Bird Johnson, 264 Berkeley (Virginia), 420 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 231 Betty Ford Center, 285 Bleeding Kansas, 104, 115 Bliss, Mary Elizabeth Taylor, 95, 408 Bloomer family, 279 Bolling family, 197 Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon I Bones, Helen Woodrow, 198, 411 Boston Massacre, 21 Boxer Rebellion, 169, 220 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954), 245 Buchanan, James, 87, 108-109, 372 Bull Moose Party, 181 Burr, Aaron, 25, 35-36 Burritt, Elihu, 106 Bush, Barbara, 308-316; causes, 364; staff of, 360 Bush, George H. W., 309-310, 329 Bush, George W., 309, 315, 328 Bush, George, Jr. See Bush, George W. Bush, George, Sr. See Bush, George H. W. Bush, Laura, xvii, 327-331 C Calling (visiting), 15, 23, 46, 96, 100, 114, 163, 354 Camelot, 258 Camp David, 295, 313, 338, 398-399 Campaign efforts; of Rosalynn Carter, 292, 294, 296; of Hillary Rodham Clinton, 320, 324; of Mamie Eisenhower, 244; of First Ladies, 332, 366-374; of Florence Harding, 206; of Lou Hoover, 222; of Lady Bird Johnson, 261, 263, 265; of Jacqueline Kennedy, 251; of Pat Nixon, 271; of Sarah Polk, 86; of Nancy Reagan, 301, 305; of Edith Roosevelt, 182; of Eleanor Roosevelt, 233; of Bess Truman, 239, 241 Cancer and Betty Ford, 284 Carnahan, Jean, xv Carow family, 176 Carter, Jimmy, 289-290, 320, 338, 387 Carter, Rosalynn, 287-297, 338; campaign efforts of, 338, 367; causes, 338, 357, 360, 387; congressional testimony and, 390; criticism of, 389; social hosting, 354; travels, 338, 382 Causes; Louisa Adams, 52; Barbara Bush, 312; Laura Bush, 329; Rosalynn Carter, 293, 295; Frances Cleveland, 158; Hillary Rodham Clinton, 320, 323; Grace Coolidge, 212, 216; Abigail Fillmore, 101; First Ladies, 332, 357-365, 376, 378; Betty Ford, 284; Florence Harding, 208; Caroline Harrison, 165; Lucy Hayes, 135, 137, 140-141; Lou Hoover, 222; Lady Bird Johnson, 262, 264; Harriet Lane, 110-111; Ida McKinley, 175; Pat Nixon, 272, 274; Sarah Polk, 86; Nancy Reagan, 301, 303; Eleanor Roosevelt, 226, 231-232, 234; Helen Taft, 188; Julia Tyler, 81; Ellen Wilson, 194. See also Women's suffrage Character. See Personality Charities. See Causes Checkers speech (Nixon, Richard M.), 271 Cherry Blossom Festival, 188 Childbed fever. See Puerperal fever Children; and Louisa Adams, 52; and Hillary Rodham Clinton, 318; and Grace Coolidge, 212; and First Ladies, 394-403; and Florence Harding, 205; and Lucy Hayes, 134; and Lou Hoover, 221; and Rachel Jackson, 56; and Martha Jefferson, 30; and Eliza Johnson, 123; and Jacqueline Kennedy, 255; and Mary Lincoln, 115-116, 118; and Ida McKinley, 174; and Pat Nixon, 273; and Sarah Polk, 87; and Martha "Patsy" Jefferson Randolph, 31; and Nancy Reagan, 303; and Edith Roosevelt, 177; and Eleanor Roosevelt, 228; and Helen Taft, 188; and Martha Washington, 12-14 Childress family, 83 China. See White House china Christian family, 72 Civil Rights Act (1964), 265, 359 Civil Rights Movement, 231-232, 245, 265, 368 Civil War, 45, 90, 94, 106, 117, 127-128, 134, 138, 162 Clarke School for the Deaf, 212 Clay, Henry, 41, 56, 84, 94, 114 Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. See Twain, Mark Cleveland, Frances, 154-159, 165; campaign efforts of, 370; causes, 358, 364; children and, 398; media and, 370, 395; receptions, 353 Cleveland, Grover, 155, 395 Cleveland, Rose Elizabeth, 411 Clinton, Chelsea, 374, 412 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, xiv, xvii, 7, 317-326, 339, 383; campaign efforts of, 373; causes, 357-358, 388; congressional testimony and, 391; criticism of, 389; and health care reform, 320, 391; media and, 373, 396 Clinton, William Jefferson (Bill), 219, 318-319, 339, 357, 373 Cold War, 245, 255, 344 Compromise of 1850, 99 Congressional testimony; and Rosalynn Carter, 390; and Hillary Rodham Clinton, 320-321; and First Ladies, 390; and Betty Ford, 390; and Nancy Reagan, 305; and Eleanor Roosevelt, 390 Coolidge, Calvin, 212-213, 334, 402 Coolidge, Grace, 211-216, 334; children and, 402; personality of, 335 Criticism; of Abigail Adams, 24; of Rosalynn Carter, 389; of Hillary Rodham Clinton, 321, 389; of Mamie Eisenhower, 247; of First Ladies, 5, 95, 359, 370, 382, 395; of Betty Ford, 383; of Julia Grant, 389; of Florence Harding, 209; of Caroline Harrison, 165; of Lucy Hayes, 140-141, 363; of Lou Hoover, 359, 381; of Rachel Jackson, 58; of Lady Bird Johnson, 265, 359; of Jacqueline Kennedy, 256-257; of Mary Lincoln, 117, 346, 355, 360, 388; of Elizabeth Monroe, 354, 396; of Pat Nixon, 275; of Sarah Polk, 87-88; of Nancy Reagan, 301-302, 306; of Edith Roosevelt, 179; of Eleanor Roosevelt, 233, 359-360, 371, 389; of Margaret Taylor, 96; of Julia Tyler, 75; of Martha Washington, 350; of Edith Wilson, 336 Custis, Daniel, 10 D D day, 227, 244 Dandridge family, 9, 395 DAR. See Daughters of the American Revolution Daughters of the American Revolution, 90, 165, 232, 240 Davis, Jefferson, 95, 97 Davis, Varina, 95, 97, 106, 130, 409 Death; Abigail Adams, 26; Louisa Adams, 52; Ellen Arthur, 152; Grace Coolidge, 216; Abigail Fillmore, 101; Lucretia Garfield, 148; Julia Grant, 130; Florence Harding, 209; Caroline Harrison, 166; Lucy Hayes, 142; Lou Hoover, 222; Rachel Jackson, 58; Martha Jefferson, 30; Eliza Johnson, 124; Harriet Lane, 110; Mary Lincoln, 119; Ida McKinley, 175; Dolley Madison, 42; Elizabeth Monroe, 47; Pat Nixon, 277; Jane Pierce, 106; Sarah Polk, 90; Martha "Patsy" Jefferson Randolph, 404; Eleanor Roosevelt, 234; Helen Taft, 188; Margaret Taylor, 97; Bess Truman, 241; Julia Tyler, 81; Letitia Tyler, 75; Hannah Van Buren, 63; Martha Washington, 17; Edith Wilson, 202; Ellen Wilson, 195 Declaration of Independence, 21, 23, 31, 49 Dent family, 125 Depression; Mary Lincoln, 119; Dolley Madison, 40; Eleanor Roosevelt, 229 Depression (1930's), 222, 229, 260, 269 Desert Storm, 310, 314 DeWolfe, Petey, 205 Dickens, Charles, 353 Dimmick, Mary, 162 Disease; alcoholism, 285; Bright`s disease, 177, 192, 195, 364; cancer, 284; endemic fever, 35, 93; polio, 229; puerperal fever, 114, 191 Dix, Dorothea, 99, 101 Dole, Robert J., 265, 323, 387 Donelson, Emily, 58, 406 Donelson family, 54 Douglas, Stephen A., 106, 114-115 Douglass, Frederick, 127, 360 Dred Scott. See Scott, Dred E Easter Egg Roll, 141, 397 Edelman, Marian Wright, 318 Edison, Thomas Alva, 141, 168, 174 Education; Abigail Adams, 20; Louisa Adams, 49; Ellen Arthur, 150; Laura Bush, 327; Rosalynn Carter, 288-289; Frances Cleveland, 155; Hillary Rodham Clinton, 317; Grace Coolidge, 212; Mamie Eisenhower, 243; Lucretia Garfield, 145; Julia Grant, 126; Florence Harding, 205; Anna Harrison, 66; Caroline Harrison, 161; Lucy Hayes, 133; Lou Hoover, 218; Rachel Jackson, 55; Eliza Johnson, 120; Lady Bird Johnson, 260; Jacqueline Kennedy, 250; Harriet Lane, 108; Mary Lincoln, 114; Ida McKinley, 168, 171; Dolley Madison, 35; Elizabeth Monroe, 45; Pat Nixon, 269; Sara Polk, 85; Martha "Patsy" Jefferson Randolph, 31; Edith Roosevelt, 176; Eleanor Roosevelt, 226; Helen Taft, 185; Margaret Taylor, 92; Julia Tyler, 75, 78; Hannah Van Buren, 61; Martha Washington, 10; Edith Wilson, 197; Ellen Wilson, 191, 193 Education of women. See Women, education of Eisenhower, Dwight D., 244-245, 271, 372, 395 Eisenhower, Mamie, 243-249, 335, 343, 399; campaign efforts of, 372; criticism of, 253; media and, 372-373; staff of, 335 Electoral college, 50, 52 Emma, Queen, 123, 410 Endemic fever, 35, 93 Epps, Maria Jefferson, 404 Equal Rights Amendment; and Rosalynn Carter, 387; and Betty Ford, 284, 362; and Florence Harding, 208; and Pat Nixon, 275; and Nancy Reagan, 302 ERA. See Equal Rights Amendment Era of Good Feelings, 45 Expansionism under James K. Polk, 84, 88 F Farewell Address (Washington, George), 12 Federalism, 12, 21, 24-25, 73 Federalist essays, 36 Fever. See Endemic fever; Puerperal fever "Fifty-four Forty or Fight," 84, 86 Fillmore, Abigail, 98-102; causes, 360; receptions, 354; social hosting, 354 Fillmore, Mary Abigail, 100-101, 408 Fillmore, Millard, 97, 99 Findlay, Jane Irwin, 407 First Continental Congress, 21 First Ladies and Legislative Activism, 393 Flowers, Gennifer, 320, 373 Folsom family, 154 Forbes Library, 216, 418 Ford, Betty, 278-286, 302; and alcoholism, 285; and cancer, 284; causes, 332, 362; congressional testimony and, 390; criticism of, 383 Ford, Gerald R., 280-281, 400 Ford's Theatre, 119, 422 Fourteen Points, 192, 336 France and the Adams administration, 21 Franklin, Benjamin, 22 French Revolution, 25, 35, 46; Reign of Terror, 47 Fugitive Slave Act (1793 and 1850), 99, 361 G Gadsden Purchase, 104 Galt, Norman, 198 Gardiner, Julia. See Tyler, Julia Gardiner family, 77 Garfield, James A., 138, 146, 368, 389, 401 Garfield, Lucretia, 144-148 Goldwater, Barry, 256, 318 Goodhue family, 211 Gore, Tipper, 390 Graham, Martha, 279 Grant, Julia, 125-131, 139, 335, 346, 379; criticism of, 389; social hosting, 353; travels, 335 Grant, Ulysses S., 126-127 Greeley, Horace, 168 Grouseland, 68-69, 420 H Hagner, Isabelle, 179, 352 "Hail to the Chief," 81 Halsey, Admiral William F., Jr., 233 Hamilton, Alexander, 24-25 Harding, Florence, 204-210, 380; campaign efforts of, 369 Harding, Warren G., 205-206, 368 Harrison, Anna, 65-71, 334 Harrison, Benjamin, 70, 161-162, 183, 368, 395 Harrison, Caroline, 160-166; campaign efforts of, 369; causes, 364; children and, 395; media and, 346; social hosting, 355; war efforts of, 358 Harrison, Jane Irwin, 407 Harrison, Mary. See McKee, Mary Harrison Harrison, William Henry, 67, 407 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 104-105 Hay, Eliza Monroe, 46, 405 Hayes, Lucy, 132-143; causes, 361-364; criticism of, 363; education, 362 Hayes, Rutherford B., 133, 138, 183 Health care reform and Hilary Rodham Clinton, 320 Henry, Patrick, 35 Henry family (Lou Henry Hoover), 217 Hermitage, The, 55, 420 Herndon family, 149 Herron family, 183 Highway Beautification Act, 265 Holiday celebrations; Christmas, 163, 166; and Caroline Harrison, 166; and Lucy Hayes, 141; July 4, 354, 398; and Pat Nixon, 274; presidential birthdays, 398. See also Easter Egg Roll; New Year's Day receptions Honors. See Awards and honors Hoover, Herbert, 218-219, 341 Hoover, Ike, 164 Hoover, Lou, 217-223; causes, 364; criticism of, 359, 381; media and, 359, 381 I Impeachment; and William Jefferson Clinton, 319, 323; and Andrew Johnson, 121, 123, 410; and William McKinley, 169; and Richard Nixon, 276, 318, 339 Industrial Revolution, 110 Iran-Contra scandal, 300, 306 Irving, Washington, 101 It Takes a Village (Clinton, Hillary Rodham), 321 J Jackson, Andrew, 55-56, 62, 73, 85, 355, 402 Jackson, Rachel, 54-59, 96 Jackson, Sarah Yorke, 58, 406 Jay, John, 22 Jefferson, Martha, 28-33 Jefferson, Martha Washington. See Randolph, Martha "Patsy" Jefferson Jefferson, Patsy. See Randolph, Martha "Patsy" Jefferson Jefferson, Thomas, 21, 24-26, 29, 31, 69, 341, 352, 369, 394 Johnson, Andrew, 121 Johnson, Claudia Taylor. See Johnson, Lady Bird Johnson, Eliza, 120-124 Johnson, Lady Bird, 259-267, 312, 338, 373; campaign efforts of, 337, 359, 367-368, 371; causes, 337, 365, 386; criticism of, 359; media and, 384; receptions, 353; social hosting, 354; travels, 359 Johnson, Lyndon B., 252, 257, 260-261, 336, 402 Johnson, Martha. See Patterson, Martha Johnson Johnson family (Louisa Johnson Adams), 49 Johnston, Henry Elliot, 110 K Kansas-Nebraska Act, 104, 106, 109, 115, 378 Kennedy, Edward M., 373, 387, 391-392 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 250-258, 343, 347; arts and, 352; campaign efforts of, 372; causes, 335; media and, 372-373, 396; role of First Ladies, 263; social hosting, 332 Kennedy, John F., 251-252, 372 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 255, 317 Kling family, 204 Korean War, 245 Kortright family, 44 L Lady Washington. See Martha Washington Lafayette, Madame, 22, 47 Lane, Harriet, 108-112, 404, 409; campaign efforts of, 372; media and, 372 Latrobe, Benjamin, 38, 341, 350 Lawnfield, 147-148, 419 Lazio, Rick, 324, 339 LBJ Ranch, 262, 354, 421 League of Nations, 192, 198, 200, 379 League of Women Voters, 208, 365 Legislative activism of First Ladies, 386-387, 389, 391, 393 Letters; Abigail Adams, 20, 23-26; Louisa Adams, 52; Barbara Bush, 308, 310-311, 315; Frances Cleveland, 156; Grace Coolidge, 213, 215-216; Lucretia Garfield, 145-146, 148; Caroline Harrison, 161, 164-165; Lucy Hayes, 136, 139; Lou Hoover, 221; Rachel Jackson, 57; Martha Jefferson, 30; Dolley Madison, 38, 41; Pat Nixon, 273; Jane Pierce, 105; Eleanor Roosevelt, 233-234; Helen Taft, 188; Martha Washington, 13, 16-17; Edith Wilson, 202 Lewinsky, Monica, 319, 323 Lincoln, Abraham, 109, 114-115, 389 Lincoln, Mary, 113-119, 346, 379; causes, 360; criticism of, 346, 355, 360, 388; media and, 360; and slave-holding, 360; social hosting, 355 Lind, Jenny, 101, 409 Liquor. See Temperance Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 104 Longworth, Alice Roosevelt, 177, 180, 402 Louisiana Purchase, 31, 46, 69 M MacArthur, Douglas, 238 McCardle family, 120 McCarthy, Joseph R., 391 McElroy, Mary Arthur, 410 McKee, Mary Harrison, 411 McKinley, Ida, xvii, 167-175, 401; campaign efforts of, 370; causes, 357, 364; media and, 370; social hosting, 354 McKinley, William, 169, 171-174 Madison, Dolley, 34-43, 64, 87, 338, 386, 399, 404; campaign efforts of, 369; children and, 396; death, 351; media and, 369; personality of, 351; receptions, 350; social hosting, 31, 332, 336, 350, 353-355 Madison, James, 36, 336, 342, 378 Madison, Payne, 40, 396 Manifest destiny, 84, 94 Manning, Helen Taft, 411 Marriage; Abigail Adams, 20; Louisa Adams, 50; Ellen Arthur, 151; Barbara Bush, 309; Laura Bush, 328; Rosalynn Carter, 289; Frances Cleveland, 156-157; Hillary Rodham Clinton, 319; Grace Coolidge, 213; Mamie Eisenhower, 244; Betty Ford, 280, 282; Lucretia Garfield, 145; Florence Harding, 205; Anna Harrison, 67; Caroline Harrison, 161; Lucy Hayes, 134; Lou Hoover, 220; Martha Jefferson, 29; Eliza Johnson, 121; Lady Bird Johnson, 260; Jacqueline Kennedy, 251; Harriet Lane, 110; Mary Lincoln, 115; Ida McKinley, 171; Dolley Madison, 35; Pat Nixon, 271; Jane Pierce, 104; Sarah Polk, 85; Martha "Patsy" Jefferson Randolph, 31; Nancy Reagan, 299; Edith Roosevelt, 177; Eleanor Roosevelt, 227; Helen Taft, 185; Margaret Taylor, 93; Bess Truman, 237; Julia Tyler, 75, 79; Letitia Tyler, 73; Martha Washington, 11; Edith Wilson, 198-199; Ellen Wilson, 193 Means, Abigail Kent, 105, 409 Media; and Abigail Adams, 25; and Barbara Bush, 314; and Frances Cleveland, 156, 158; and Hillary Rodham Clinton, 318, 320-323, 325; and Abigail Fillmore, 101; and First Ladies, 353, 359, 373, 395; and Lucretia Garfield, 148; and Julia Grant, 128; and Florence Harding, 208-209; and Caroline Harrison, 163, 165; and Lucy Hayes, 139-140; and Lou Hoover, 222; and Lady Bird Johnson, 264; and Jacqueline Kennedy, 251, 255, 258; and Harriet Lane, 110; and Mary Lincoln, 117; and Dolley Madison, 38-40, 42; and Pat Nixon, 271, 276; and Sarah Polk, 86, 88; and Nancy Reagan, 304; and Edith Roosevelt, 178, 181; and Eleanor Roosevelt, 229-232, 234; and Margaret Taylor, 96; and Bess Truman, 238-239; and Julia Tyler, 78-79, 81; and Angelica Singleton Van Buren, 64. See also Criticism Memoirs. See Letters Mercer, Lucy, 228, 338 Mexican War, 84, 88, 94-95 Missouri Compromise, 45, 80, 104 Mondale, Joan, 390 Monroe, Elizabeth, 44-48, 334, 342, 405; criticism of, 354, 396; social hosting, 354 Monroe, James, 45-47, 342, 352, 354 Monroe Doctrine, 45 Monrovia (Liberia), 45 Monticello, 29, 421 Montpelier, 37, 40, 422 Mount Vernon, 12, 105, 426 N NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Napoleon I, 51, 353 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 231, 359 National Bank. See Bank of the United States National First Ladies' Library, xvii, 417 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization New Deal, 227, 229 New Orleans, Battle of. See Battle of New Orleans New Year's Day receptions, 15, 47, 64, 106, 165, 342, 354, 398 Nixon, Pat, 268-277, 334; campaign efforts of, 335, 371, 373; causes, 332, 335; personality of, 283 Nixon, Richard M., 269-270, 339 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 245 O Onassis, Aristotle, 256 Operation Desert Storm. See Desert Storm Oregon Country, 88 Oval Office, 194, 276, 343 P Paine, Thomas, 47 Panama Canal, 89, 138, 169, 180, 338 Patterson, Martha Johnson, 409 Payne family, 34 Peacefield, 398 Pearl Harbor, 227 Pensions for presidents' wives, 70, 81, 90, 158 Performances. See Arts Perkins, Frances, 231, 335, 359 Personal Memoirs (Grant, Ulysses S.), 130 Personality; of Louisa Adams, 50; of Ellen Arthur, 150; of Frances Cleveland, 158; of Grace Coolidge, 214; of Julia Grant, 129; of Florence Harding, 205; of Anna Harrison, 66; of Caroline Harrison, 161; of Lucy Hayes, 133, 135, 140; of Lou Hoover, 218; of Eliza Johnson, 123; of Lady Bird Johnson, 260; of Jacqueline Kennedy, 251; of Dolley Madison, 38; of Pat Nixon, 271; of Jane Pierce, 106; of Sarah Polk, 88; of Nancy Reagan, 303; of Eleanor Roosevelt, 226; of Bess Truman, 237, 241; of Letitia Tyler, 74 Pierce, Franklin, 88, 101, 103-104 Pierce, Jane, 103-107, 334; causes, 360; social hosting, 355 Pierce family (Barbara Pierce Bush), 308 Polio and Franklin D. Roosevelt, 229 Polk, James K., 56, 84-85, 337 Polk, Sarah, 83-91, 337-338; slave-holding, 362; social hosting, 354 Powers family, 98 Presidential partners, 332-340 Preston, Thomas, 157 Profiles in Courage (Kennedy, John F.), 251 Prophet, the. See Tenskwatawa Public opinion. See Criticism Puerperal fever, 114, 191 Q Quayle, Marilyn, 390 Quincy family, 19 R Rancho del Cielo, 398 Randolph, Martha "Patsy" Jefferson, 28-33, 37, 404; social hosting, 31, 350 Reagan, Nancy, 298-307, 335, 380; causes, 381; congressional testimony and, 390; media and, 352-353; social hosting, 354 Reagan, Ronald, 299-300, 335 Receptions; Frances Cleveland, 158; First Ladies, 354; Julia Grant, 129; Elizabeth Monroe, 47; Martha "Patsy" Jefferson Randolph, 31; Helen Taft, 186; Martha Washington, 15, 17. See also New Year's Day receptions Red Cross, 228 Regan, Donald, 306, 335 Reign of Terror. See French Revolution Reviews. See Criticism of Revolutionary War, xv, 13, 30, 66 Robards, Lewis, 55 Rodham family, 317 Roe v. Wade, 283 Role of First Ladies, 3, 254, 332, 345, 349-351, 362, 375-385; Abigail Adams, 24-25; Frances Cleveland, 157, 159; Hillary Rodham Clinton, 320; Grace Coolidge, 215; Mamie Eisenhower, 246; Abigail Fillmore, 100; Betty Ford, 283; Julia Grant, 129; Florence Harding, 209; Lou Hoover, 222; Lady Bird Johnson, 263, 398; Jacqueline Kennedy, 253, 336; Mary Lincoln, 119; Dolley Madison, 37; Elizabeth Monroe, 47; Pat Nixon, 273; Sarah Polk, 90; Martha "Patsy" Jefferson Randolph, 31; Nancy Reagan, 305; Edith Roosevelt, 179, 182; Eleanor Roosevelt, 338; Helen Taft, 187; Peggy Taylor, 95; Bess Truman, 239; Hannah Van Buren, 63; Martha Washington, 15, 17-18, 375; Edith Wilson, 199, 201-202; Ellen Wilson, 196 Role of First Ladies, attitude toward, 354, 372 Role of women. See Women, role of Roosevelt, Alice. See Longworth, Alice Roosevelt Roosevelt, Alice Hathaway Lee, 177 Roosevelt, Edith, 176-182, 347, 386; children and, 402; media and, 353; social hosting, 355; war efforts of, 357 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 224-235, 321, 325, 338, 343, 386; arts and, 359; awards and honors, 359; campaign efforts of, 338, 370; causes, 359, 382; congressional testimony and, 390; criticism of, 359-360, 371, 389; media and, 241, 338, 371, 383; social hosting, 354; staff of, 352; travels, 382 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 182, 227, 239, 338, 359, 398 Roosevelt, Sara Delano, 227 Roosevelt, Theodore, 175, 177-178, 184, 227, 342, 357 Roosevelt family, 225 Rose Law Firm, 319, 321 Royalty; Americans perceived as, 40, 63, 79, 372; attitude toward, 31, 349; White House visits, 353. See also Emma, Queen; Victoria, Queen Rudolph family, 144 Ryan family, 268 S Sagamore Hill, 181, 398, 425 St. Clair, General Arthur, 67 Saxton family, 167 Saxton McKinley House, 168, 422 Scott, Dred, 109, 115 Scott, Hazel, 240 Scott family (Caroline Scott Harrison), 160 Second Continental Congress, 21 Sherwood Forest (Virginia), 79, 426 Silent Spring, The (Carson, Rachel), 264 Singleton, Angelica. See Van Buren, Angelica Singleton Skelton, Bathurst, 29 Slave-holding; Ellen Arthur, 362; Julia Grant, 126; Rachel Jackson, 56; Eliza Johnson, 121; Dolley Madison, 35, 41-42; Sarah Polk, 87, 362; Margaret Taylor, 362; Julia Tyler, 79; Martha Washington, 11 Smith family (Abigail Smith Adams), 19 Smith family (Rosalynn Smith Carter), 287 Smith family (Margaret Smith Taylor), 92 Social hosting; Louisa Adams, 51; Barbara Bush, 313; Mamie Eisenhower, 247; Abigail Fillmore, 100-101; and First Ladies, 349-356; Lucretia Garfield, 147; Julia Grant, 129; Caroline Harrison, 163, 165; Lucy Hayes, 142; Eliza Johnson, 123; Jacqueline Kennedy, 255; Harriet Lane, 110; Mary Lincoln, 117; Ida McKinley, 174; Dolley Madison, 37; Jane Pierce, 106; Sarah Polk, 87; Martha "Patsy" Jefferson Randolph, 31; Edith Roosevelt, 179; Helen Taft, 188; Margaret Taylor, 93, 96; Julia Tyler, 75, 79; Martha Washington, 13; Edith Wilson, 199. See also Receptions Social receptions. See Receptions Sousa, John Philip, 163 Spanish-American War, 169, 172, 184, 357 Spiegel Grove, 134-135, 420 Springwood, 229, 424 Staff; of Rosalynn Carter, 293, 295; of First Ladies, 7, 339, 341, 343, 352; of Lou Hoover, 222; of Lady Bird Johnson, 264; of Jacqueline Kennedy, 253 States' rights, 62, 73, 79 Status of women. See Women, status of Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 99 Stuart, Gilbert, 38, 141 Summersby, Kay, 246 Symmes family, 65 T Taft, Helen, 142, 183-189, 194, 379, 386; causes, 364 Taft, Nellie. See Taft, Helen Taft, William Howard, 184-185, 343 Taylor, Margaret, 92-97, 334; slave-holding, 362; widowhood, 401 Taylor, Mary Elizabeth. See Bliss, Mary Elizabeth Taylor Taylor, Peggy. See Taylor, Margaret Taylor, Zachary, 42, 93-94, 351 Taylor family (Lady Bird Taylor Johnson), 259 Teapot Dome scandal, 206, 213 Tecumseh, 68 Temperance; and Frances Cleveland, 158; and Lucy Hayes, 133, 140; and Sarah Polk, 87-88 Tenskwatawa, 68 Testimony. See Congressional testimony Texas annexation, 73, 80-81, 88 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 101 "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too," 70 Tippecanoe, Battle of. See Battle of Tippecanoe Todd, Payne, 40 Todd family, 113 Todhunter School for Girls, 229 Travels; Abigail Adams, 22; Louisa Adams, 51; Ellen Arthur, 150, 152; Barbara Bush, 311; Rosalynn Carter, 295; Frances Cleveland, 156; Grace Coolidge, 214; Mamie Eisenhower, 244; Lucretia Garfield, 148; Julia Grant, 130; Florence Harding, 209; Lucy Hayes, 142; Lou Hoover, 220; Eliza Johnson, 122; Jacqueline Kennedy, 256; Harriet Lane, 109; Mary Lincoln, 118; Ida McKinley, 170; Elizabeth Monroe, 46; Pat Nixon, 271, 275; Jane Pierce, 106; Edith Roosevelt, 180-181; Eleanor Roosevelt, 230, 233; Helen Taft, 185; Julia Tyler, 78; Angelica Singleton Van Buren, 63-64; Martha Washington, 14; Edith Wilson, 202 Truman, Bess, xiii, 236-242; campaign efforts of, 371; criticism of, 253; media and, 335 Truman, Harry S., 234, 237-238, 335, 343-344, 392 Truman, Margaret, 343 Twain, Mark, 130, 353 Tyler, John, 41, 72-73, 78, 80, 334 Tyler, Julia, 75, 77-82, 346; media and, 381; social hosting, 41, 353-354, 381 Tyler, Letitia, 72-76, 334 Tyler, Priscilla Cooper, 74-75, 334, 408 U U-2 incident, 245 U.S. Bank. See Bank of the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin (Stowe, Harriet Beecher), 99 Underground Railroad, 360 United Nations, 234 United States War of Independence. See Revolutionary War Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 234 V Van Buren, Angelica Singleton, 41, 60-64 Van Buren, Hannah, 60-64 Van Buren, Martin, 56, 60, 62-63, 84, 406-407 Vernon, Mount. See Mount Vernon Victoria, Queen, 109 Victorian era, 218, 243 Vietnam War, 270, 301 W Walker's Point, 398 War efforts; of Barbara Bush, 312; of Julia Grant, 128; of Lucy Hayes, 136; of Lou Hoover, 220; of Mary Lincoln, 118; of Sarah Polk, 85, 88; of Nancy Reagan, 301; of Eleanor Roosevelt, 228; of Martha Washington, 13-14, 17; of Edith Wilson, 200 War of 1812, 36, 38, 68, 341 Warm Springs (Georgia), 227, 424 Warren, Bill, 280 Washington, Booker T., 353 Washington, George, xv, 11-12, 24, 45, 349, 351, 395 Washington, Martha, 9-18, 375, 395; children and, 395; criticism of, 350; media and, 15, 395; personality of, 24, 349; receptions, 349; social hosting, 349, 351, 353 Washington Monument, 42, 87 Watergate scandal, 276 WCTU. See Women's Christian Temperance Union Webb family, 132 Webster, Daniel, 97, 100, 351 Welch family, 327 Wheatland, 109-110, 418 Whig Party, 63, 73, 84, 95, 99 Whistle-stop campaign and Bess Truman, 241 White Haven, 126, 419 White House, burning of, 38-39 White House china; and Julia Grant, 346; and Caroline Harrison, 164, 166, 355; and Lucy Hayes, 141; and Mary Lincoln, 117; and Nancy Reagan, 302; and Edith Roosevelt, 179 White House Historical Association, 347 White House holidays. See Holiday celebrations White House hostesses (non-spouses), 404-412 White House performances. See Arts and First Ladies White House renovations, 341-348, 401; Grace Coolidge, 216; Mamie Eisenhower, 248; Lucretia Garfield, 147; Caroline Harrison, 163, 355; Lady Bird Johnson, 264; Jacqueline Kennedy, 254, 352; Mary Lincoln, 117, 355; Dolley Madison, 38, 350; Elizabeth Monroe, 46; Nancy Reagan, 302; Edith Roosevelt, 179, 181; Julia Tyler, 79; Ellen Wilson, 193-194 Whitewater, 321 Widowhood; Florence Harding, 209; Jacqueline Kennedy, 258; Ida McKinley, 174; Margaret Taylor, 97 Willard, Frances, 90 Wilson, Edith, 197-203, 306; criticism of, 336; role of First Ladies, 380; travels of, 336; war efforts of, 379 Wilson, Ellen, 190-196, 199; causes, 363-364, 386 Wilson, Woodrow, 192, 198-199, 336, 390 Women, education of; eighteenth century, 10, 20, 26, 61; nineteenth century, 160, 168 Women, role of; eighteenth century, 22, 24, 352; nineteenth century, 97, 99, 114, 137; Victorian era, 174. See also Women, status of Women, status of, 26, 294, 334, 338, 352, 375; eighteenth century, 45; nineteenth century, 165, 218, 362; twentieth century, 230, 275, 322, 338, 368; twenty-first century, 7. See also Women, role of Women's Christian Temperance Union, 90, 140, 158 Women's suffrage, 208; and Julia Grant, 129-130; and Florence Harding, 208; and Lucy Hayes, 135, 139; and Ida McKinley, 175 World War I, 192, 198-199, 219, 228 World War II, 233 Wyman, Jane, 299 X XYZ affair, 21 Y Yeltsin, Boris, 313 Z |
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