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African American History Subject Index Abbott, Benjamin, 363 Abbott, Robert S., 288, 309, 400, 401 Abdullah Al-Amin, Jamil (H. Rap Brown), 1100 Abel, I. W., 746 Abelman v. Booth, 854 Abernathy, Ralph, 616, 800, 881, 1096; and Poor People’s March on Washington, 726 Abolition, 1-4, 59, 832, 853, 923; American Anti-Slavery Society, 42-46; and Brown, John, 1100; and Emancipation Proclamation, 323-326; and National Council of Colored People, 654-657; News- papers, 2, 5, 10, 532-537, 689-693; and proslavery argument, 731-735; and Underground Railroad, 947-952; and women, 5-13 Abrahams, Peter, 430 Abrams v. Johnson, 810 Accommodationism, 316, 501, 919; and Atlanta Compromise, 67-70 Adarand Constructors v. Peña, 13-14, 22 Affirmative action, 13, 15-24, 210, 334, 455; and National Urban League, 661; and quotas, 71-78, 211, 339, 961; and Thomas, Clarence, 929 Africa, John (Vincent Leapheart), 621 African American music, 901 African Communities League, 971 African Intelligencer, The, 64 African Liberation Day, 25 African Methodist Episcopal Church, 26-30, 98, 366; book publishing, 570; and Payne, Daniel Alexander, 1117; and Turner, Henry McNeal, 1123 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Churches, 30-31; book publishing, 570 “Afro-American,” 1106 Afrocentrism, 31-32, 131, 318 Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, 36 Agriculture, 32-39, 304, 306; and demographics, 289; research, 779; sharecropping, 308, 806-808 AIDS conspiracy theory, 940 Alabama; affirmative action, 21; Birmingham March, 91-94; bombings, 169-171, 174, 526; Children’s Crusade, 214; Clotilde capture, 234-239; demographics, 399; elections, 984; and Freedom Rides, 372; gerrymandering, 348, 395, 397-398; Jim Crow laws, 477; Lowndes County Freedom Organization, 124; Mobile riot, 741-745; Montgomery bus boycott, 209, 614-619; and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 650-651; poll taxes, 435, 724; Scottsboro cases, 687-688, 727-728, 786-790; Selma-Montgomery march, 209, 797-804; Tuskegee experiment, 939-940; Tuskegee Institute, 67, 108 Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company, 742 Albany, Georgia, 910 Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody, 39-40 Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 40-42, 143 Ali, Muhammad, 895, 901, 1096; and military conscription, 982 All African People’s Revolutionary Party, 25 All-Negro Hour, The (radio program), 572 All-volunteer force, 580 Allen, Richard, 26-27, 44, 98, 363, 655, 1096 Allen v. Board of Elections, 987 American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 535 American Anti-Slavery Society, 2, 42-46, 534, 922, 1105-1106 American Civil Liberties Union, 789 American Colonization Society, 1, 28, 43, 46, 64, 533 American Indian Movement, 665 American Indians, 197 American Moral Reform Society, 1106 American Negro Academy, 1103 Amistad, 47-51 Amos, James Ralston, 64 Amos and Andy (radio program), 571 Anderson, Jack, 254 Anderson, Joe, 777 Anderson, Marian, 51-58, 1096 Angelou, Maya, 595, 1097 Anthony, Susan B., 927 Anti-Defamation League, 595 Anti-Semitism, 525, 594 Antislavery laws of 1777 and 1807, 58-62 Antislavery societies, 7-8, 533, 667, 703, 832, 922 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 422 Arkansas; bombings, 169; elections, 718; Jim Crow laws, 477; poll taxes, 435 Armstrong, Louis, 429 Arson and black churches, 174 Asante, Molefi Kete, 31-32, 318, 1097 Ashe, Arthur, 895 Ashmun, Jehudi, 64 Ashmun Institute, 62-66 Association for the Protection of Colored Women, 659 Astronauts, 781 At-large elections, 987 Atchison, David R., 492 Atlanta Compromise, 67-70, 316, 1124 Atlanta University, 108, 570, 682, 919 Attucks, Crispus, 277, 663 Autobiographies, 538; Anderson, Marian, 57; Douglass, Frederick, 538, 689; Powell, Colin, 1005; Washington, Booker T., 538, 970 Autobiography of Malcolm X, The, 539 Aviators, 937-939 Back Panthers (military), 1022 Back-to-Africa movements, 28, 42, 64, 81, 380, 533, 701; American Colonization Society, 46 Bailey, F. Lee, 815 Baird, Absalom, 740 Baker, Ella Jo, 206, 411, 881, 908 Baker, Josephine, 1097 Baker v. Carr, 397 Bakke, Alan, 18, 71-78 Bakke case, 18, 71-78, 339, 962 Baldwin, James, 431, 542, 1098 Baliles, Gerald L., 1011 Banking practices, 197 Banneker, Benjamin, 44, 777 Baptist Church, 78-82, 98; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1112 Baraka, Amiri, 1098 Bargonetti, Jill, 781 Barnett, Ferdinand L., 1124 Barnett, Ross, 975, 978 Baseball, 889, 1119; integration of, 82-90 Basketball, 893 Bates, Daisy, 215 Batson v. Kentucky, 90-91, 314 Batt, John, 378 “Battle Hymn of the Republic, The” (Howe), 862 Beaumont, Texas, riots, 743 Beecher, Catharine, 864 Bell, Alexander Graham, 779 Beloved (Morrison), 543 Berea College v. Kentucky, 771 Berry, Mary Francis, 594 Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 365 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 94, 658, 1098 Bethune-Cookman College, 1098 Beulah (radio program), 571 Biden, Joseph, 929 Bidwell, Barnabas, 61 Bigotry, 788 Bill of Rights, U.S., 179 Birmingham, Alabama; church bombings, 171; demographics, 291 Birmingham March, 91-94 Birth of a Nation (film), 352-354, 525, 844, 900 “Black Belt,” 765 Black “brute” and “buck” stereotypes, 899 Black Cabinet, 94-95, 1120 Black Christian Nationalist Movement, 95-97 Black church, 97-103, 119; and Turner, Henry McNeal, 1123 Black codes, 103-107, 179, 200, 368, 715, 738, 790, 834; and Jim Crow laws, 476 Black colleges and universities, 132-133, 369, 954; sports, 893 Black Enterprise, 571, 1005, 1107 Black flight, 112-114 Black History Month, 1125 Black Is Beautiful movement, 114-115 Black Jews, 115-117 Black Journal (television), 574 “Black Manifesto,” 117-118 Black middle class/black underclass relations, 596 Black Monday, 1007 Black nationalism, 96, 101, 118-123, 129, 242, 631; and Black Panther Party, 123-129; and Garvey, Marcus, 1106; and Malcolm X, 1115; and Pan-Africanism, 702; and Universal Negro Improvement Association, 969-974 Black Panther Party, 121, 123-129, 132, 424; and Carmichael, Stokely, 1101; and Cleaver, Eldridge, 1102; and Davis, Angela, 1103; and Newton, Huey P., 1116; and Seale, Bobby, 1121 Black Power movement, 97, 101, 114, 129-132, 210, 212, 473, 748, 909; and Baraka, Amiri, 1098; and Carmichael, Stokely, 1101; and Cleaver, Eldridge, 1102; and National Urban League, 661 Black Star Line, 972 Black Stars, 571 Black studies, 133 Black United Students, 132-133 Black Woman’s Voice, 659 Black, Hugo L., 700, 921, 975; and Ku Klux Klan, 526 Blackwell, David, 780 Blair, Henry, 778 Blaxploitation films, 355 Bleeding Kansas, 134-137, 437 Blueford, Guion, 781 Blues, 431, 627 Body of Liberties, 866 Boll weevil, 35 Bolling v. Sharpe, 137-138 Bond, Julian, 1099; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1099 Book publishing, 570 Booth, John Wilkes, 1114 Booth, Sherman M., 854 Border Ruffians, 135, 436 Boston; Freemasons, 377-381; Liberator, The, 532-537 Boston massacre, 277 Bowlegs, Billy, 665 Bowlegs, Jim, 665 Boxill, Bernard R., 457, 459 Boynton v. Virginia, 253 Bradley, Ed, 574 Bradley, Joseph P., 203, 820 Bradley, Stephen R., 61 Bradley, Thomas, 517, 1099 Bradstreet, Simon, 868 Bradwell v. Illinois, 761 Brady, Tom, 1007 Braun, Carol Moseley, 1099 Brawley, Tawana, 1121 Breckenridge, Calvin, 414 Breedlove v. Suttles, 435, 987 Brennan, William J., 506 Brewer, David J.; Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railway Company v. Mississippi, 552 Breyer, Stephen G.; and affirmative action, 23 Brooke, Edward W., 343, 746, 1014, 1100 Brooklyn Dodgers, 82-90 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 138-140, 279, 309, 341, 450, 1118 Browder v. Gayle, 617 Brown, H. Rap, 909, 1100 Brown, Henry “Box,” 949 Brown, James, 1121 Brown, Jim, 901 Brown, John, 135, 436-441, 924, 1100; and Tubman, Harriet, 1122 Brown, Oliver, 215 Brown, Ron, 754 Brown, Tony, 574 Brown, William Wells, 951 Brown II, 142, 955 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 140-144, 180, 192, 208, 258, 318, 404, 456, 506, 544, 566, 614, 641, 645-646, 712, 792, 914, 955, 975; and Marshall, Thurgood, 1115; and Southern Manifesto, 773, 887-889; and Warren, Earl, 1124; and White Citizens’ Councils, 1007 Brown v. Mississippi, 144-145 Brownsville incident, 145-146 Bruce, Blanche K., 241, 717, 1100 Bruce, Josephine B., 241 Bryan, Andrew, 79 Buchanan, Bessie, 162 Buchanan, James, 134, 136 Buchanan v. Warley, 137, 147, 640, 812 Buffalo soldiers, 147-150 Bull, William, 904 Bunche, Ralph, 1100 Burger, Warren, 414, 416, 915 Burr, Aaron, 60 Burton, LeVar, 768 Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, 150-151, 620 Bush, George, 1119; and affirmative action, 22; and civil rights, 199; and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 339; and Haitians, 423; and Supreme Court, 928; and Thomas, Clarence, 1121 Bush, George W., 722, 1119 Bush v. Vera, 810 Busing . See School busing Busing and integration, 456 Butler, Pierce, 728 Byrd, Harry, 773 Calhoun, John C., 246 Callahan, William W., 788 Capital punishment, 557-558 Capitalism, 226 Caplan, Lincoln, 22 Cardozo, Benjamin N.; Nixon v. Condon, 685 Carmichael, Stokely, 124, 127, 129-130, 212, 375, 473, 501, 909, 1004, 1101; and Vietnam War, 981 Carter, Jimmy, 257, 965, 1109, 1126 Carter, John Pym, 64 Carver, George Washington, 779 Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, 10 Catholic Conference of Bishops, 218 Cato, Gavin, 269 Cavanagh, Jerome, 746 Censuses, 285, 287, 305 Champion, James, 26 Chaney, James Earl, 219-225, 254, 263, 375, 472, 908 Charleston, Oscar, 891 Charleston race riots, 151-152 Chase, Salmon, 494 Chavis, Benjamin, 593-597, 639, 1101 Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 861 Chicago; demographics, 399; elected officials, 718; and Great Migration, 288, 309; Ku Klux Klan, 526; radio programs, 572; riots, 152-154; sit-ins, 154-160, 406-413, 818-819; television stations, 574 Chicago Committee of Racial Equality, 1120 Chicago Defender, 288, 309, 401 Children in the Civil Rights movement, 214-215 Children’s Crusade, 214 Chionesu, Philé, 597-600 Chisholm, Shirley, 161-168, 465, 721, 1004, 1101 Christianity, 78, 97, 363, 533, 821 Christopher Commission, 517 Church bombings, 169-174 Church burnings, 174-177 Citizens’ Councils of America, 1008 Citizenship, 347, 357; and slavery, 783-786, 1120 Civil liberties, 228 Civil Rights Act of 1866, 177-182, 332, 703, 756, 925 Civil Rights Act of 1871, 180 Civil Rights Act of 1875, 332, 759 Civil Rights Act of 1957, 182-183, 185, 720, 954-958 Civil Rights Act of 1960, 183-188, 955 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 93, 188-195, 210, 332, 343, 375, 451, 455, 496, 720, 775, 798, 956; and Johnson, Lyndon B., 1111 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 195-198; and restrictive covenants, 767 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 198-199, 416; and employment discrimination, 568 Civil Rights Acts of 1866-1875, 199-202, 343, 370, 834 Civil rights and liberties, 347 Civil Rights cases, 201, 202-204, 478-479, 710, 759 Civil Rights Commission, 183 Civil Rights movement, 100, 131, 182, 204-214, 318, 472, 559, 614, 642, 674, 985, 997, 1001; Birmingham March, 91-94; and Congress of Racial Equality, 253; Freedom Rides, 372-374; Freedom Summer, 374-377; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1112; and Little Rock school desegregation crisis, 544-548, 774; and the media, 374, 488, 573, 727, 799, 910; and National Urban League, 661; and politics, 721; and Poor People’s March on Washington, 725-727; and school desegregation, 770-776; Selma-Montgomery march, 797-804; sit-ins, 406-413, 818-819; Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 908-912; and television, 573; and Vietnam War, 981-982; and voting rights, 720; and World War II, 584 Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988, 215-219 Civil rights worker murders, 219-225, 254, 263, 375, 472, 908 Civil Service Commission, 334 Civil War, 226-233, 924; draft riots, 298-302; and Emancipation Proclamation, 323-326; Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Colored Regiment, 230; and Harpers Ferry raid, 436-441; and Native Americans, 665; sectional issues, 851; and slavery, 323-326, 851 Civil War Amendments, 202, 819-820, 925 Clark, Marcia, 814 Clark, Mark, 424-426 Classic, United States v . See United States v. Classic Clay, Henry, 46, 244, 246 Cleage, Albert, 96 Cleaver, Eldridge, 127-128, 1102; and Vietnam War, 981 Cleveland, Grover, 69 Clinton, Bill, 23, 1097; and church burnings, 176; and Haitians, 423; and Jackson, Jesse, 754; and Jordan, Vernon, 1111 Clinton massacre, 233-234 Clotilde (ship), 234-239 Cochran, Johnnie, 815 Coffin, Levi, 950 COFO . See Council of Federated Organizations Colegrove v. Green, 397 Coleman, Marshall, 1014 Colfax massacre, 239-240 College entrance examinations, 319 Colleges and universities, 107-112; book publishing, 570; United Negro College Fund, 953-954 Collins v. Hardyman, 414 Colmer, William, 186 Color Purple, The (Walker), 543, 1123 Colored Farmers’ Alliance, 33 Colored Women’s League, 240-241 Combahee River Collective, 241-243 Combahee River Collective Statement, 242 Commandment Keepers Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation, 115 Commission for Racial Justice, 1101 Commission on Civil Rights, 185 . See United States Commission on Civil Rights Committee Against Jim Crow in Military Service, 587 Committee for Improving the Industrial Conditions of Negroes in New York, 659 Commonwealth, 862 Communist Party, 786; and Davis, Angela, 1103; and Du Bois, W. E. B., 1104; and farmworkers, 35; and Rustin, Bayard, 1120; and Wright, Richard, 1126 Compromise of 1850, 243-247, 385, 387, 490, 851, 923, 1106 Compromise of 1877, 248-249 Condon, James, 876 Cone, James, 1102 Coney, Asia, 597-600 Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862, 249-250 Congress, U.S.; antilynching bill, 556; Black Caucus, 256-258; Black representatives, 161-168, 718; and Chisholm, Shirley, 161-168; and gerrymandering, 393-398, 808-811; Missouri Compromise, 606-611; and Reconstruction, 716; and redistricting, 393-397, 808-811; Southern Manifesto, 887-889. See also individual laws Congress of Racial Equality, 210, 250-255, 375, 675, 910; and Council of Federated Organizations, 260; and Farmer, James, 1105; and Freedom Rides, 372-374; and Greensboro sit-ins, 408; and Innis, Roy, 1109; and Journey of Reconciliation, 481-490; and McKissick, Floyd, 1115; and Rustin, Bayard, 1120 Congressional Black Caucus, 256-258, 422, 721; and Nixon, Richard M., 721 Connecticut; and fugitive slave laws, 385 Connell, Pat, 574 Conner, Eugene “Bull,” 92 Conscientious objectors, 251 Conscription . See Military conscription Conscription Act of 1863, 298-302 Conspiracy Act of 1708 (New York), 671 Constitution, U.S.; color-blindness of, 791; enumeration clause, 607, 697, 714, 930-931; and fugitive slaves, 387; and gerrymandering, 394; King, Martin Luther, Jr., on, 453; and slavery, 382, 608, 852; and understanding tests, 952-953. See also individual amendments Constitutional Convention, 606, 697; and slavery, 713-714, 852, 930-931 Conyers, John, 1117 Cook, Coralie Franklin, 241 Cook, Helen A., 240 Cook, John T., 240 Coolidge, Calvin, 1106 Cooper, Anna J., 241 Cooper, Jack, 572 Cooper v. Aaron, 258-259 CORE . See Congress of Racial Equality Corman, James C., 746 Cornish, Samuel, 571 Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 662 Corrigan v. Buckley, 641, 812 Cosby, Bill, 1102 Cotton farming, 32-34, 286, 304 Council of Federated Organizations, 214, 220, 260-267, 374-377, 604 Court, Gus, 261 Cowboys, 267-268 Craft, William and Ellen, 949 Crandall, Prudence, 5 Cresson, Sarah Emlen, 63 Crime and race/ethnicity, 786 Crime Control Act of 1934, 526 Crisis, The, 501, 571, 637, 660, 1125 Crop-lien farming, 33 Crown Heights conflicts, 268-270, 474 Cruikshank, United States v . See United States v. Cruikshank Cruikshank, William, 959-960 Crummell, Alexander, 1102 Crusade for Citizenship, 883 Cuba, 490; and slave trade, 50; slavery in, 47 Cuban Americans, 273, 577 Cubans, 270-276 Cuffe, Paul, 118, 663 Cuffee, 671 Cullen, Countée, 427, 432 Culture of poverty, 624 Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, 140, 276-277 Curry, John Stuart, 438 Danforth, John C., 218 Darden, Christopher, 814 Davis, Angela, 1103 Davis, Benjamin O., Jr., 938, 1022, 1103 Davis, Benjamin O., Sr., 581, 1020, 1103 Davis, Billy, 1107 Davis, Jefferson, 228, 246, 301 Davis, Ossie, 573 Davis v. Bandemer, 395 Dawson, William L., 718 Day, William R.; Buchanan v. Warley, 147 Daytona Educational and Industrial School for Negro Girls, 1098 Declaration of Independence; and Million Woman March, 598 Declaration of Sentiments, 42, 535 Dees, Morris, 528 Defense industry desegregation, 277-283 DeFunis v. Odegaard, 17 Delany, Martin Robison, 1103 Dellums, Ronald, 167 Democratic Party, 281, 490, 604, 718, 722; and Jackson, Jesse, 461-466, 754; and Reconstruction, 717 Demographics, 283-294; Black flight, 112-114; and economic trends, 304-314; farmworkers, 37 Dennis, David, 261 Denny, Reginald, 550 DePriest, Oscar, 718 Desegregation; defense industries, 277-283; public schools, 40, 137, 192, 207, 215, 258, 456, 506, 614, 912-913 Detroit riots, 743, 745-746, 751, 1001, 1021 Dew, Thomas R., 732 Dickey, John Miller, 63 Dickinson, Jonathan, 706 Diop, Cheikh Anta, 32 Dirksen, Everett M., 186, 190, 196, 344 Discrimination, 674; employment, 327; housing, 458; by private parties, 203; racial and ethnic, 600 Disfranchisement laws, 184; in Mississippi, 294-298 “Dixiecrats,” 282, 719-720 Dixon, Thomas, 900 Do the Right Thing, 356 Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement, 530-532 Douglas, Stephen A., 134, 247, 491, 1113 Douglas, William O.; Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections, 530 Douglass, Frederick, 3, 44, 367, 538, 656, 663, 689, 832, 924, 951, 1103, 1124; and Garrison, William Lloyd, 690; and North Star, The, 689-693; and Thirteenth Amendment, 925; and Truth, Sojourner, 11 Draft, military Draft riots, 298-302, 460 Dred Scott case . See Scott v. Sandford D’Souza, Dinesh, 1002 Dual federalism, 758 Du Bois, W. E. B., 70, 108, 119, 317, 400, 570, 637, 1104; and Niagara Movement, 501, 682; and Pan-Africanism, 701-702; and “Talented Tenth,” 919-921; and United Nations, 587; and Washington, Booker T., 1124; writings of, 539 Dukakis, Michael, 1110 Duke, David, 527 Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 540 Dyer, L. C., 303 Dyer antilynching bill, 302-304 East St. Louis riot of 1917, 751 Eastern European Jews, 470 Eastland, James O., 186, 942, 993 Ebony, 571, 1111 Eclipse, 237 Economic trends, 304-314 Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company, 314-315 Edmundson, William, 705 Education, 68, 292, 315-321, 328, 369, 457, 655; colleges and universities, 107-112, 132-133, 369, 893; integration of University of Mississippi, 974-979; and school desegregation, 770-776; and separate but equal doctrine, 917-918; United Negro College Fund, 953-954; and Washington, Booker T., 1124 Edwards v. South Carolina, 322 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 588, 912, 1104; and Anderson, Marian, 55, 57; and civil rights, 185, 187, 882; and Civil Rights Act of 1960, 184; and Little Rock school desegregation crisis, 259, 544-548, 774; and military segregation, 589; and Summit Meeting of National Negro Leaders, 912-913; and Warren, Earl, 1123; and World War II, 1023 Eisenstein, Zillah, 242 Elder, Lee, 896 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, 775 Ellington, Duke, 428, 572 Ellison, Ralph, 431, 542 Emancipation, compensated, 42, 361 Emancipation Day, 926 Emancipation Proclamation, 2, 228, 250, 323-326, 452, 692, 738, 1114 Emperor Jones, The (O’Neill), 139, 1119 Employment, 327-331, 368, 401; broadcasting, 574 . See also Labor Employment Act of 1946, 333 Employment discrimination, 192, 198-199, 415-417, 568, 702-703, 962-968, 996-997; and National Urban League, 661 Encyclopedia Africana, 1104 Enforcement Act of 1870, 347, 716, 961 English Bill, 136 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 331-338, 962 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 193, 210, 332, 338-339, 416, 956; and Thomas, Clarence, 929 Equal Pay Act of 1963, 332 Equal Rights Party, 692 Ervin, Sam, 197, 962 Estevanico Dorantes, 662 Ethnic identity, 118 Ethnocentrism, 844 Evangelicalism, 43 Evans v. Abney, 340 Evers, Medgar, 170, 450, 1105 Executive Order 8802, 277-283, 341, 585, 719, 1020, 1120; and Randolph, A. Philip, 1118 Executive Order 9008, 729-731 Executive Order 9980, 730 Executive Order 9981, 282, 583-591, 719, 730, 1122; and Randolph, A. Philip, 1118 Executive Order 10925, 332 Executive Order 11063, 343 Executive Order 11246, 962 Fair Employment Practices Committee, 280, 340-342, 1020 Fair Housing Act of 1968, 342-346, 480 Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, 345 Family and socialization, 320, 623 Family demographics, 291-293 Fard, W. D., 631-632, 1116 Farmer, James, 163, 372, 481, 1105, 1120 Farrakhan, Louis, 121, 257, 634, 1105; and Jackson, Jesse, 464, 1105; and Jews, 474; and Malcolm X, 1105; and the media, 594; and Million Man March, 593-597 Faubus, Orval, 258-259, 544-548, 774 FBI . See Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Bureau of Investigation, 127, 131; and church burnings, 175; and Civil Rights movement, 452; and civil rights murders, 222; and Clark-Hampton deaths, 424; and Freedom Summer, 376; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., assassination, 512; and Ku Klux Klan, 526 Federal Communications Commission, 22, 574 Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1910, 680 Federal Council on Negro Affairs, 94-95 Fellowship of Reconciliation, 481-490 Fernando, 870 Ferraro, Geraldine, 465 Field, Stephen J., 820 Fifteenth Amendment, 184, 201, 205, 294, 332, 347-352, 398, 419, 756, 875, 988; and voting rights, 961 Fifth Amendment, 137-138, 180, 784 Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Colored Regiment, 230 Fillmore, Millard, 246 Films, 352-357, 376, 844; and stereotypes, 901 First Amendment, 180, 1019 Fisk Jubilee Chorus, 626 Fisk University, 539, 570, 1021 Fitzgerald, Ella, 428 Fitzhugh, George, 734, 830 Florida; bombings, 169; Cuban community, 270-276, 422; Haitian community, 422; Hispanic communities, 110; Jamaican community, 467; Jim Crow laws, 477; poll taxes, 724; presidential election of 2000, 722; riots, 576-578; Seminole Wars, 662; slave trade, 235; slavery, 285 Football, 462, 814, 892, 901, 997 Foraker, Joseph B., 146 Forman, James, 911 Forten, James, 26, 534, 1105 Forten, James, Jr., 778 Fortune, T. Thomas, 306, 1106; and Washington, Booker T., 1106 Foster, Bill, 236 Foster, Stephen, 626 Fourteenth Amendment, 137-138, 142, 179, 201, 332, 343, 357-362, 710, 756, 764, 834, 875, 925, 960; and Civil Rights cases, 202-204; and gerrymandering, 395; and Stevens, Thaddeus, 1121; and White primaries, 1009-1010 Fourth Amendment, 180 Fox, George, 704 Frank v. Mangum, 619 Frankfurter, Felix, 397, 921 Franklin, Benjamin, 378, 704, 922 Franklin, Raymond S., 845 Frazier, Demita, 242 Frederickson, George, 844 Free African Society, 27, 44, 98, 362-366 Free blacks, 1, 366-367; demographics of, 286-287 Free Produce Society, 29, 365 Free-soil movement, 45, 134, 245 Free-Soil Party, 135, 437, 491 Free State Party, 134, 436 Freedmen’s Bureau, 178, 201, 306, 316, 367-371, 716, 738 Freedom Farms Corporation, 1108 Freedom Rides, 210, 252-253, 372-374, 910; and Farmer, James, 1105 Freedom Summer, 220, 262, 264, 374-377, 910 Freedom's Journal, 571 Freemasons, 377-381 Frémont, John C., 247 Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, 382-386 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 387-391, 490, 923 Fugitive slave laws, 853, 948 Fugitive slaves; and Underground Railroad, 947-952 Fullilove v. Klutznick, 20, 391-393 Gallup polls, 772 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 154, 251, 407, 481, 508, 1106; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1106 Garnet, Henry Highland, 951 Garrettson, Freeborn, 363 Garrison, William Lloyd, 2, 5, 9, 42, 832, 853, 863, 935, 1106; and Douglass, Frederick, 690; and Liberator, The, 532-537; opponents of, 732; and Thirteenth Amendment, 925 Garvey, Marcus, 115, 120, 403, 467, 632, 640, 969-974, 1004, 1106; and Malcolm X, 1115; and Pan-Africanism, 701; and Washington, Booker T., 970 Garvey’s Watchman, 970 Gates, Daryl, 517, 548 Geary, John W., 135 George, David, 79 George, Walter, 888 Georgia; Atlanta Compromise, 67-70; Baptist Church, 79; bombings, 169; capital punishment, 557; demographics, 291, 399; elections, 613, 718, 984; and Freedom Rides, 372; gerrymandering, 396; Jim Crow laws, 477; Ku Klux Klan, 353, 525; lynching, 554; schools, 271, 770; slave trade, 61, 285 Georgia v. McCollum, 91 Geronimo, 148 Gerry, Elbridge, 394 Gerrymandering, 348, 393-398, 944, 956; and schools, 506; Shaw v. Hunt, 808-811 Gibson, Josh, 891 Giddings, Doras, 364 Gillem Board, 586 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader; and affirmative action, 23 Glazer, Nathan, 455, 458 Go Tell It on the Mountain (Baldwin), 543 Goetz, Bernhard, 1121 Gold rush; California, 245 Goldman, Ronald, 814 Goldwater, Barry, 223 Golf, 895 Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 348, 395, 397-398 Gone with the Wind (film), 844, 899 Gong Lum v. Rice, 140 Gonzales, Pancho, 895 Goode, Mal, 574 Goode, Wilson, 622 Goodell, William, 853 Goodman, Andrew, 219-225, 263, 375, 472, 908 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1119 Gordy, Berry, Jr., 1107 Gordy, Gwen, 1107 Gore, Al, 722 Gourdine, Meredith, 781 Grace, Charles Emmanuel “Sweet Daddy,” 1107 Grandfather clauses, 205, 348, 398-399, 419-420, 640 Granger, Lester B., 660, 912 Grant, Ulysses S., 240, 529, 759; and civil rights, 201 Graves, Earl, 1005, 1107 Gray v. Sanders, 162 Great Depression, 278, 399, 632, 640, 789 Great Migration, 288, 308, 310, 399-404; and sharecropping, 808 Green, Charles, 240 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 41, 143, 404-405, 914 Greenberg, Jack, 645, 648 Greensboro, North Carolina, 818 Greensboro sit-ins, 209 Gregg v. Georgia, 557 Griffin v. Breckenridge, 413-415, 480 Griffith, D. W., 900 Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 15, 334, 415-417, 996 Grimké, Angelina, 8, 861 Grimké, Charlotte Forten, 240 Grimké, Sarah, 8, 861 Grove City College v. Bell, 217 Groves v. Slaughter, 417 Grovey, Richard Randolph, 876 Grovey v. Townsend, 206, 418-419, 687, 876, 958, 1010 Guest, United States v . See United States v. Guest Guinn v. United States, 205, 348, 398, 419-420, 640 Gulf War, 1118 Gumbel, Bryant, 574 Haiti, 379 Haitians, 421-423; refugees, 273 Hale, John P., 491 Haley, Alex, 539, 767-768, 1107 Hall, Prince, 377-381 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 101, 1108 Hamilton, Alexander, 60, 707 Hammond, James Henry, 733 Hampton, Fred, 424-426 Hampton, Wade, 151, 717 Hampton Institute, 67, 570, 1124 Hannah, Marc, 780 Harding, Warren, 302 Harlan, John M., 271, 480, 764, 791 Harlem, New York, 972; riots, 744, 750 Harlem Commonwealth Council, 1109 Harlem Renaissance, 403, 426-433, 540, 628, 1114; and Hughes, Langston, 1109; and Locke, Alain, 1114 Harlins, Latasha, 434, 522 Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 10 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 207, 435-436, 725, 945, 987 Harpers Ferry raid, 436-441, 1122 Harris, Bernard, 781 Harris, Fred R., 500, 746 Harris, United States v . See United States v. Harris Harrison, Pat, 303 Harrison, Thomas, 704 Hart, Gary, 462 Hastie, William, 94, 1020 Hate crimes, 441, 735-736, 1018; church bombings, 169-174; Clinton massacre, 233-234 Havens v. Coleman, 345 Hawkins, Yusuf, 441-442 Hayden, Lewis, 951 Hayes, George E. C., 645 Hayes, Rutherford B., 248-249, 717, 755, 1108 Head Start, 165 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 442-449, 497 Henderson, Fletcher, 428 Henderson v. United States, 712 Henry, Aaron, 260 Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 437 Hill, Anita, 928-930, 1108, 1121 Hill, Larry, 176 Hilliard, Asa, 32 Hip-hop, 630 Hitler, Adolf, 1116 Hodges v. United States, 480 Holder, Eric, 1004 Holland, Spessard L., 942-943 Hollywood Shuffle, 355 Holmes, Oliver Wendell; Moore v. Dempsey, 619 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 875 Homestead Act of 1862, 794 Hooker, John Lee, 628 Hooks, Benjamin, 574, 639, 1108 Hoover, Herbert, 1098 Hoover, J. Edgar, 127; and civil rights worker murders, 222; and urban rioting, 998 Hopkins, Pauline E., 541 Hopwood v. Texas, 1094 Houser, George M., 481 Housing; restrictive covenants, 766-767 Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, 346 Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, 346 Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Department of, 196 Housing discrimination, 195-198, 342-346, 479-480, 763-767; Buchanan v. Warley, 147 Houston, Charles, 812 Howard, Oliver Otis, 1109 Howard Beach, 1121 Howard University, 54, 252, 565, 570, 780, 1013, 1109; and Locke, Alain, 1114 Howe, Julia Ward, 862, 927 Howe, Samuel Gridley, 437 Hughes, Charles Evans; Brown v. Mississippi, 144; Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 612; Norris v. Alabama, 688 Hughes, Henry, 734, 844 Hughes, Langston, 65, 403, 427, 431, 541, 1109 Hughes, Richard J., 678 Humphrey, Hubert H., 189, 965 Hunter, Robert, 671-672 Hurston, Zora Neale, 430, 543, 1114, 1123 “I Have a Dream” speech, 449-454, 509, 1113 Illinois, 696 Illiteracy; and slavery, 569, 855 Imes, Elmer Samuel, 780 Immigration Act of 1921, 525 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 467 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 467 Income levels, 292 Indentured servants, 327, 382, 384, 854, 858, 865, 873 Indiana; and fugitive slave laws, 385 Indiana Territory, 696 Innis, Roy, 251, 1109 Integration, 454-459 Intelligence testing, 319 International Labor Defense, 786 Interracial and interethnic marriage, 600 Interstate Commerce Commission, 254 Invisible Man (Ellison), 542 Irish Americans, 300, 460-461, 739 Italian Americans, 441 Ito, Judge Lance, 814 J. E. B. v. Alabama, 91 Jackson, Andrew; and Seminole Wars, 665 Jackson, Jesse, 474, 1109; and Chicago riots, 153; and Clinton, Bill, 754; and Democratic Party, 754; and Farrakhan, Louis, 464, 1105; and Korean Americans, 521; presidential candidacy, 461-466; and Rainbow Coalition, 753-754; and Reagan, Ronald, 462-463 Jackson, Jimmie Lee, 799 Jackson, Mahalia, 628 Jacob, John, 661 Jamaican Americans, 466-469 Jamaicans; Universal Negro Improvement Association, 969-974 James v. Bowman, 1026 Jay, John, 60, 707 Jazz, 428, 627 Jefferson, Thomas; and Northwest Ordinance, 694; and slavery, 61 Jeffries, Edward J., 744 Jemison, T. J., 881 Jenkins, Herbert, 746 Jenkins, Howard, 645 Jennings, Thomas L., 778 Jet, 571, 932 Jews, 17, 115-117, 470-475, 766; and Civil Rights movement, 883; Crown Heights conflicts, 268-270; and Farrakhan, Louis, 594; and Jackson, Jesse, 464, 474; and quotas, 966; and reparations, 117 Jim Crow laws, 190, 195, 207, 279, 401, 476-479; education, 141; and military, 587, 1024; and Plessy v. Ferguson, 711 Johnson, Andrew, 103, 178, 218, 361, 1110; and civil rights, 200-201, 756; impeachment of, 180, 926; and Reconstruction, 103, 106, 179-180, 357, 371, 714, 738, 755, 926; and Stevens, Thaddeus, 1121 Johnson, Andrew (student), 484 Johnson, Frank M., 801 Johnson, Jack, 894, 1110 Johnson, James Weldon, 1110 Johnson, John H., 571, 1111 Johnson, Lyndon B., 182, 1111; and affirmative action, 15, 71, 962; and civil rights, 189, 195, 343, 888; and Civil Rights Act of 1964, 191; and civil rights worker murders, 222; and Kerner Commission, 499-506; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 189; and Ku Klux Klan, 527; and Marshall, Thurgood, 567; and riots, 211, 676, 678, 751; and Selma-Montgomery march, 800-802; and Vietnam War, 981; and voting rights, 799, 985, 990 Johnston, Samuel, 383 Jones, Absalom, 26, 98, 363, 366, 1111 Jones, Elaine, 648 Jones, Jane Elizabeth, 10 Jones, LeRoi (Amiri Baraka), 1098 Jones, Quincy, 629 Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Company, 196, 479-480, 703, 766, 769 Joplin, Scott, 627 Jordan, Vernon E., Jr., 661, 1111 Joseph, Chief, 1109 Journey of Reconciliation, 252, 481-490 Julian, Percy, 780 Juries, 90-91, 314-315, 619-620, 687-688, 728-729, 760, 907, 1017-1018; and fugitive slaves, 382, 388-390; and slaves, 872 Just, Ernest, 780 Just So Publishers, 570 Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, 134, 490-496, 851 Karenga, Ron, 114 Katzenbach, Nicholas, 985 Katzenbach v. McClung, 496-498 Keith, George, 705 Kelly, Harry F., 744 Kennedy, Anthony M., 315, 728 Kennedy, John F., 1111; assassination of, 189, 562; and Birmingham March, 92-93; and civil rights, 183, 189, 332, 343, 444, 451, 499, 720, 910; and Malcolm X, 634; and Marshall, Thurgood, 648; and Meredith, James, 976 Kennedy, Robert F., 222, 1107, 1112; and civil rights, 499; and Meredith, James, 975 Kennedy, Ted, 217 Kent State University, 133; shooting, 700 Kentucky; Jim Crow laws, 477 Kenyatta, Jomo, 701 Kerner, Otto, 153, 500, 635, 746, 998 Kerner Commission, 153, 499-506, 635, 679, 746-747, 749, 751, 998 Key, Elizabeth, 870 Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1, 506-507 King, Don, 1121 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 101, 209, 473, 616, 908, 912, 1112; assassination of, 196, 507-515; and Birmingham March, 91-94; and Bond, Julian, 1099; and Gandhi, Mohandas K., 1106; “I Have a Dream” speech, 449-454, 509; and Johnson, Lyndon B., 189; “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” 92, 209, 450, 978; and Malcolm X, 799; and the media, 251; and Poor People’s March on Washington, 726; and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 411; and Vietnam War, 212, 981; and Watts riot, 1001; and Young, Andrew, 1126 King, Rodney, 515-519, 522, 548, 752, 816, 1113 King, Rufus, 608 Klanwatch Project, 527 Knights of the White Camelia, 524 Koon, Stacey, 516, 549 Korean Americans, 434, 518, 520-523 Korean War, 579, 589, 1013 Kozol, Jonathan, 457 Ku Klux Klan, 178, 201, 375, 478, 523-529, 1025-1026; and Reconstruction, 717; and Snapple, 940; and White Citizens’ Councils, 1007 Ku Klux Klan Acts, 524, 529 Kunta Kinte, 767-768, 1107 Labor, 327-331; and affirmative action, 15-24; agriculture, 32-39, 806-808; and Civil War, 226; competition with Irish Americans, 460; defense industries, 277-283; and Equal Employment Opportunity Act, 331-338; and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 338-339; and Fair Employment Practices Committee, 340-342; and Freedmen’s Bureau, 368; and Great Migration, 400; and Jim Crow laws, 476; League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 530-532; and National Urban League, 659-661; and Native Americans, 662; occupations, 108, 305, 309; railroads, 138-140; and Randolph, A. Philip, 1118; sharecropping, 806-808; and urbanization, 311; and Washington, Booker T., 317; and World War II, 467, 1021 . See also Slavery Labor movement, 131, 139, 279, 530-532 Lance v. Wilson, 398 Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections, 530, 953 Latimer, Lewis Henry, 779 Lawrence, Robert, 781 LDF . See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 131, 530-532 Leaphart, Vincent, 621 Lecompton Constitution, 135 Lee, George, 261 Lee, Robert E., 301 Lee, Spike, 355, 1113 LeFlore, John, 742 Legal Defense Fund . See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund Leibowitz, Samuel, 789 L’Enfant, Pierre, 777 “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (King), 92, 209, 450, 978, 1113 Levison, Stanley, 881, 883 Lewis, John, 253 Lewis, Monroe, 240 Lewis and Clark expedition, 663 Liberator, The, 2, 5, 44, 532-537, 690, 732, 1106 Liberty Party, 45, 535, 692 Liele, George, 79 Lincoln, Abraham, 247, 862, 1113; assassination of, 926; and Civil War, 227, 298-302; Emancipation Proclamation, 323-326; and Reconstruction, 177; and slavery, 250, 323-326 Lincoln, C. Eric, 98 Lincoln-Douglas debates, 134, 924 Lincoln University, 62-66 Lindbergh law, 526 Lindsay, John V., 500 Listen Chicago (radio program), 572 Literacy tests, 190, 205, 207, 296, 348, 419, 530, 718, 961; and grandfather clauses, 398-399; Mississippi, 294-298; outlawing of, 530, 990-996; and understanding tests, 952-953; and Voting Rights Act of 1965, 985 Literature, 537-544; and Harlem Renaissance, 426-433; Roots, 767-768 Little Rock school desegregation crisis, 208, 215, 258, 544-548, 646, 774; and the media, 572 Liuzzo, Viola Lee, 527 Local Public Works Capital Development and Investment Act of 1976, 391 Locke, Alain, 1114 Logan, James, 706 Lopez, Narcisco, 490 Los Angeles; Harlins murder, 434; King beating case, 515-519, 1113; police, 515-519, 548, 814-816, 1000; Simpson murder trial, 813-818; Watts riot, 999-1002 Los Angeles riots of 1992, 518, 522, 548-552, 752 Lost-Found Nation of Islam, 1116 Louis, Joe, 894-895, 901 Louisiana; bombings, 169; demographics, 291; elections, 718, 984; Jim Crow laws, 477; New Orleans riot, 737-741; Plessy v. Ferguson, 708-713; slavery, 285 Louisiana Purchase, 244, 606, 851 Louisiana v. United States, 953 Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railway Company v. Mississippi, 552 Loving v. Virginia, 601, 712 Lowery, Joseph E., 881, 1114 Lowndes County Freedom Organization, 124 Lowry, Robert, 295 Lynching, 302, 524, 553-557, 960, 1021; Dyer antilynching bill, 302-304; and rape, 900; Till, Emmett, 931-932, 1122 McCarthyism, 253 McCleskey v. Kemp, 557-558, 997 McCormick, Cyrus, 777 McCoy, Elijah, 778 McCullough, William M., 746 McDonald v. Santa Fe Transportation Company, 962 McDuffie, Arthur, 752 McKay, Claude, 427, 432, 467, 1004, 1114 McKissick, Floyd, 1115 McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, 141, 558-559, 772 McNair, Ronald, 781 McReynolds, James C., 728 Maddox, Alton, 270 Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie, 1094 Magazines, 571; African Intelligencer, The, 64; Black Enterprise, 571, 1005, 1107; Black Woman’s Voice, 659; Crisis, The, 501, 571, 637, 660, 1125; Ebony, 571, 1111; Jet, 571, 932; and Johnson, John H., 1111; Negro Digest, The, 571, 1111; Opportunity, 660; Sister’s Magazine, 659; Southern Workman, The, 570 Magnet schools, 458 Maine; abolitionism, 10; and Missouri Compromise, 244, 606-611; slavery, 607 “Majority-minority” districts, 808-811 Malcolm X, 121, 124, 129, 539, 559, 633, 1115; assassination of, 559-564, 1116; and civil rights, 190; and Farrakhan, Louis, 1105; and Haley, Alex, 1107; and Kennedy, John F., 634; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 799; and the media, 562; and Vietnam War, 981 Malone, Annie Turnbo, 779 Mamiya, Lawrence H., 98 Mandela, Nelson, 275 Manley, Norman, 701 Mann, Woodrow, 546, 774 Mansfield, Michael H., 942 March on Selma, 911 March on Washington, 209, 211, 911; and “I Have a Dream” speech, 449-454; and National Urban League, 661; and Randolph, A. Philip, 1118; and Rustin, Bayard, 1120 March on Washington movement, 341, 719, 1020 Margold, Nathan, 771 Mariel boatlift, 272 Marrant, John, 379 Marshall, Thurgood, 13, 65, 641, 644, 771, 792, 812, 918, 1115; appointed to Supreme Court, 564-568; and Johnson, Lyndon B., 1111; retirement of, 928 Martin v. Wilks, 568 Martinet, Louis, 709 Mary, Alexander A., 709 Maryland; demographics, 291 Mason, James, 388 Massachusetts; abolitionism, 7; Freemasons, 377-381; and fugitive slave laws, 385; and slave trade, 868; slavery, 59, 865-869 Matney, William C., Jr., 574 Matthew, Wentworth Arthur, 115 May, Samuel, 42 Mays, Benjamin, 508 Mays, Willie, 901 Meagher, Timothy, 236 Media, 569-576; and Black Panther Party, 124; and Civil Rights movement, 92-93, 374, 488, 573, 727, 799, 910; and Congressional Black Caucus, 256; and Farrakhan, Louis, 594; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 251; and lynching, 556; and Malcolm X, 562; and Million Man March, 594; and music, 624-631; and Simpson murder trial, 813-818; and stereotypes, 900-901; and Thomas-Hill hearings, 928-930; and University of Mississippi, 976; and Wilder, L. Douglas, 1011 Medical sciences, 781 Memphis; radio stations, 573; riots, 737-741 Memphis Free Speech, 1124 Mennonites, 705 Men’s liberation, 335 Meredith, James H., 129, 375, 646, 974-979, 1115 Meredith v. Fair, 646 Metro Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission, 22 Mexican War, 244, 387, 851 Mfume, Kweisi, 1093, 1095 Miami riots of 1980, 272, 576-579, 752 Micheaux, Oscar, 353 Michigan, 696 Military conscription, 580, 587, 980, 1023; and Ali, Muhammad, 982; Civil War, 228, 298-302; World War II, 1020 Military desegregation, 278, 455, 579, 583-591; and Randolph, A. Philip, 1118 Military history, 579-583; Brownsville incident, 145-146; buffalo soldiers, 147-150; desegregation of defense industries, 277-283; Vietnam War, 979-983; World War II, 1020-1025 Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867, 716 Militia Act of 1862, 298 Miller, Samuel F., 819 Miller v. Johnson, 396 Milliken v. Bradley, 592-593 Million Man March, 593-597, 634; and Chavis, Benjamin, 1101 Million Woman March, 597-600 Minimum wage laws, 36, 289; and agricultural workers, 310 Minor v. Happersett, 761 Minority business enterprises, 391 Minority “set asides,” 392 Minstrel shows, 476, 626-627; and basketball, 893 Miscegenation laws, 600-603, 699; banning of, 712 Mississippi, 374, 603, 910; bombings, 169; and Council of Federated Organizations, 260-267; demographics, 291, 399; elected officials, 722; elections, 718, 984; Freedom Summer, 374-377; Jim Crow laws, 477; lynching, 554; poll taxes, 435; and slave trade, 417; University of Mississippi, 974-979 Mississippi Burning (film), 376, 527, 1018 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 375, 603-606, 911, 1098, 1108 Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 21 Missouri Compromise, 61, 244, 492, 606-611, 783, 851; and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 490 Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 141, 612 Mitchell, Arthur W., 718-719 Mitchell, Clarence, 195 Mitchell, Parren, 167 Mitchell, William H., 951 Mobile, Alabama, 236, 742; curfew, 477; elections, 613; riot, 741-745 Mobile v. Bolden, 613, 988 “Model” minorities, 1003 Monagas, Lionel, 573 Mondale, Walter F., 343, 462-465 Monroe, James, 610 Montgomery bus boycott, 204, 209, 614-619, 1096, 1117 Moore v. Dempsey, 619-620, 640 Moose Lodge v. Irvis, 151, 620-621, 813 Morgan v. Virginia, 481 Morley, Burton R., 742 Morrison, Toni, 542-543, 1116 Moses, Robert, 261 Motley, Constance Baker, 646, 1004 Motown Records, 629, 1107 Mott, Lucretia, 8 MOVE, Philadelphia police bombing of, 621-623 Movies . See Films Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 468, 623, 845 Moynihan Report, 623-624 Muhammad, Elijah, 120, 539, 631-635, 1116; and Malcolm X, 559-564, 1115 Muhammad, Warith “Wallace,” 634 Muhammad Speaks, 562 Murray, Anna, 689 Murray, Anna E., 241 Murrow, Edward R., 573 Music, 624-631; and Harlem Renaissance, 426-433; and radio, 572, 628-629; and slavery, 840 Muslim Mosque, Inc., 563 Mutual Black Network, 573 NAACP . See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Nabrit, James M., Jr., 645 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, 689 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 701 Nation of Islam, 120, 474, 539, 559, 631-635; book publishing, 570; and Farrakhan, Louis, 1105; and Malcolm X, 1115; and Muhammad, Elijah, 1116 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 153, 635-636, 678, 746, 751, 998 National Anti-Slavery Standard, 10, 691 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 70, 147, 302, 317, 341, 375, 556, 614, 636-643, 742, 746, 786, 792, 875, 912, 921, 1104; book publishing, 570; and Chavis, Benjamin, 1101; and Council of Federated Organizations, 260; and Evers, Medgar, 1105; and Farmer, James, 1105; and Hooks, Benjamin, 1108; and Johnson, James Weldon, 1110; and Jordan, Vernon, 1111; and lynching, 900; and Marshall, Thurgood, 1115; membership, 585; and Niagara Movement, 684; and Parks, Rosa, 1117; and restrictive covenants, 812; and school desegregation, 771; and Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 1124; and White, Walter, 1125; and Wilkins, Roy, 1125; and World War II, 1022 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 140, 405, 592, 641, 643-649, 771 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama, 650-651 National Association of Colored Women, 241, 651-652 National Black Caucus of State Legislators, 721 National Black Feminist Organization, 242 National Black Network, 573 National Black Women’s Political Leadership Caucus, 652-653 National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America, 653-654 National Conference of Black Mayors, 721 National Council of Black Mayors, 721 National Council of Colored People, 654-657 National Council of Negro Women, 658-659, 1099 National Council of Women, 241 National League of Colored Women, 240-241 National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes, 659 National Negro Business League, 306, 1106, 1124 National Organization for Women, 218 National Urban League, 659-661, 912; and Jordan, Vernon, 1111; and Wilder, L. Douglas, 1125; and Young, Whitney, 1126 Native Americans, 661-666; and buffalo soldiers, 147-150; and fugitive slaves, 947 Native Son (Wright), 542 N’COBRA . See National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America Negro Act of 1740, 905 Negro Conventions, 28, 655, 667-669, 1096 Negro Declaration of Independence, 682 Negro Digest, The, 571, 1111 Negro Factories Corporation, 972 Negro Leagues, 891 Negro World, The, 972 Negro Yearbook, The, 570 Neville, Dinah, 704 New England Anti-Slavery Society, 44, 922 New National Era, 692 “New Negro,” 429 New Orleans; Jim Crow laws, 477; riots, 737-741 New York; and fugitive slave laws, 385 New York Age, 1106 New York City; demographics, 399; Hawkins murder, 441-442; slave revolt, 669-674 New York Manumission Society, 60 New York riots, 674-676 Newark riots, 677-679, 751, 1001 Newberry v. United States, 418, 679-681, 686, 958, 1009 Newspapers, 571; Black Panther, The, 127; Chicago Defender, 288, 309, 401; Commonwealth, 862; Freedom’s Journal, 571; Garvey’s Watchman, 970; Liberator, The, 2, 5, 532-537; Memphis Free Speech, 1124; Muhammad Speaks, 562; Mystery, The, 1103; National Anti-Slavery Standard, 10; Negro World, The, 972; New York Age, 1106; North Star, The, 571, 689-693; Provincial Freeman, The, 10 Newton, Huey P., 121, 124, 132, 1116 Niagara Movement, 317, 501, 637, 681-685, 920, 1104 Nicodemus, Kansas, 795 Nixon, L. A., 875 Nixon, Richard M.; and Chisholm, Shirley, 165-166; and Congressional Black Caucus, 256, 721; and school desegregation, 40; and Supreme Court, 915 Nixon v. Condon, 206, 418, 641, 685-687, 876, 1009 Nixon v. Herndon, 205, 348, 418, 685-687, 875, 1009 Nkrumah, Kwame, 701, 1101, 1104 NOI . See Nation of Islam Nonviolence, philosophy of, 908 Nonviolent direct action, 618 Nonviolent resistance, 618 Norris, Isaac, 706 Norris v. Alabama, 687-688 North Carolina; elections, 718; Jim Crow laws, 477 North Star, The, 571, 689-693, 1104 Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 244, 382, 608, 694-698, 824, 851 Nott, Josiah, 734, 829 Oberlin College, 950 Oberlin Rescuers, 2 Office for Civil Rights, 216 Oglethorpe, James, 904 Ohio, 696 One-drop rule, 698-699 One person, one vote concept, 613 O’Neill, Eugene, 139, 1119 Operation Breadbasket, 462, 1109, 1121 Operation PUSH, 463, 1109 Opportunity, 660 Orangeburg massacre, 699-700 Ordinance of 1784, 694 Oregon v. Mitchell, 350 Organization for Black Americans to Support Israel, 1120 Organization of Afro-American Unity, 563, 1115 Owen, Robert Dale, 924 Owens, Jesse, 1116 Pacifism, 535 Padmore, George, 701 Paige, Satchel, 891 Paine, Thomas, 707 Palmer v. Thompson, 700-701 Pan-Africanism, 701-702; and Carmichael, Stokely, 1101 Pánfilo de Narváez, 662 Panic of 1837, 44 Paradise, United States v . See United States v. Paradise Parker, Theodore, 437 Parks, Rosa, 101, 209, 615-616, 1117 Patents, 777 Patterson, Frederick D., 953, 1117 Patterson, Mary Jane, 241 Patterson, Orlando, 826, 845 Patterson, Robert B., 1007 Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 198, 702-703 Payne, Daniel Alexander, 1117 Payton, Philip A., Jr., 402 Peden, Katherine Graham, 746 Pemberton, Israel, 704 Pemberton, James, 704 Pennington, James, 655 Pennsylvania; and fugitive slave laws, 385; slavery in, 703 Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, 703-708 Peremptory challenge, 314 Persian Gulf War, 582 Person, Waverly, 781 Peters, Brock, 354 Phillips, Wendell, 535, 832, 924 Pickering, William, 608 Picket, Bill, 268 Pierce, Franklin, 134, 490, 494 Pilmore, Joseph, 366 Pilots, 937-939 Pinchback, P. B. S., 716, 1014 Plessy, Homer Adolph, 709 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 140, 180, 207, 258, 478, 641, 708-713, 791, 917; and schools, 770; and separate but equal doctrine, 805 Poets, 540; and abolitionist movement, 10; and Harlem Renaissance, 427, 431 Poitier, Sidney, 354, 1004 Police brutality, 93, 126, 153, 274, 450, 509, 516, 548; and King, Rodney, 515-519; and riots, 272, 548-552, 576-579, 677, 739, 745-749, 751-752, 1000; and Scottsboro case, 788 Politics and government, 713-723 Poll taxes, 205-206, 296, 347, 718, 723-725, 961, 1018; banning of, 435-436, 941-947, 990; and grandfather clauses, 398-399; Mississippi, 294-298; and Twenty-fourth Amendment, 941-947; and Voting Rights Act of 1965, 983, 986 Poor People’s Campaign, 1001 Poor People’s March, 725-727 Port Chicago incident, 1023 Porters, 138-140, 279, 309, 401 Poverty, 675, 725-727; and race, 320, 330, 623 Powell, Adam Clayton, 130 Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1117 Powell, Colin, 582, 1003, 1118; and Vietnam War, 982 Powell, Isaac, 781 Powell, James, 674 Powell, Laurence, 516 Powell, Lewis F., Jr., 19; Batson v. Kentucky, 90; McCleskey v. Kemp, 557 Powell v. Alabama, 688, 727-728 Powers v. Ohio, 91, 728-729 President’s Committee on Civil Rights, 556, 719, 729-731, 1024, 1122 Price, Hugh, 661 Prigg v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 385, 388 Private discrimination; Moose Lodge v. Irvis, 620 Project C, 92 Proposition 14, 343 Proslavery argument, 1, 437, 731-735, 936 Provincial Freeman, The, 10 Public accommodations, desegregation of, 252 Public Health Service, U.S., 939-940 Public schools; desegregation of, 192, 913 Public Works Employment Act of 1977, 392 Puritans, 537, 866, 869 Purvis, Robert, 951 Purvis, W. B., 779 Quakers; and Underground Railroad, 950 Queen Anne’s War, 672 Quotas . See Affirmative action Race; one-drop rule, 698-699 “Race music,” 572 Race relations; and slavery, 843-850 Race riots, 745-749 Race riots of 1866, 737-741 Race riots of 1943, 281 Race riots of the twentieth century, 635, 750-753 Racial discrimination; and White Citizens’ Councils, 1007-1009 Racism; and proslavery argument, 731-735 Radical Reconstructionism, 524 Radical Republicans, 524, 714 Radio broadcasting, 571; and music, 572, 628-629 Ragtime, 626 Rainbow Coalition, 462, 753-754 Rainey, Ma, 431 Randolph, A. Philip, 139, 279-280, 341, 450, 587, 719, 912, 1118; and March on Washington movement, 1020 Rap music, 630 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 735-736 Rayburn, Sam, 888 Read, George, 383 Reagan, Ronald; and affirmative action, 22; and civil rights, 218, 957; and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 339; and Haitians, 423; and Jackson, Jesse, 462-463; and Powell, Colin, 1118 Reapportionment, 397 Reconstruction, 248, 359, 524, 529, 714, 755-763, 790; Colfax massacre, 239-240; Compromise of 1877, 248-249; and Hayes, Rutherford B., 1108; Jim Crow laws, 476-479; race riots, 737-741; and sharecropping, 806-808; Slaughterhouse Cases, 819-820; and Stevens, Thaddeus, 1121 Reconstruction Acts, 201 Red Scare, 525 Redding, Louis, 645 Redistricting, 808-811; and gerrymandering, 393-397 Redlining, 344 Reed, Ishmael, 543 Reese, United States v . See United States v. Reese Refugees; Cuban, 421; U.S. policy, 273, 421 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke . See Bakke case Rehnquist, William H., 1019; Martin v. Wilks, 568; Moose Lodge v. Irvis, 620; Shaw v. Hunt, 809 Reitman v. Mulkey, 343, 763-765 Reparations; and National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America, 653-654; and Republic of New Africa, 765 Republic of New Africa, 765-766 Republican Party, 247, 357, 420, 494, 536; and Reconstruction, 714 Restrictive covenants, 340, 766-767, 812-813 Restrictive or racial covenants, 480 Resurrection City, 725 Revels, Hiram R., 717, 926 Revivalism, 78 Reynolds, Grant, 279 Reynolds, Humphrey, 779 Rhode Island; and fugitive slave laws, 385 Rhythm and blues, 628 Rice, Condoleezza, 1118-1119 Rice, Thomas D. “Big Daddy,” 476 Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company, 21, 198 Rickey, Branch, 82-90 Rillieux, Norbert, 778 Riots, 211, 741-745; Los Angeles, 999-1001; Memphis, 737-741; New Orleans, 737-741 Robb, Charles S., 1011 Roberts, Owen J., 876 Robeson, Paul, 572, 892, 1119 Robinson, Elizabeth, 8 Robinson, Jackie, 82-90, 892, 1024, 1119 Robinson, Spotswood W., III, 645 Rock and roll, 628 Rodgers, Jonathan, 574 Rogers v. Lodge, 613 Rome v. United States, 350 Romney, George, 747 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 94 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 278, 341, 746, 1120; and Bethune, Mary McLeod, 1099; and Black cabinet, 94; and Davis, Benjamin O., Sr., 1103; and the Depression, 35; desegregation of defense industries, 277-283; election of, 719; and military segregation, 585; and World War II, 1020 Roosevelt, Theodore, 1124; and Brownsville incident, 145-146; in Spanish-American War, 149 Roots (Haley) , 767-768, 1097, 1107 Runyon v. McCrary, 480, 703, 768-770 Rush, Benjamin, 365, 704, 922 Russell, Richard B., 186, 942-944 Russwurm, John B., 571 Rustin, Bayard, 155, 450, 481-490, 881-882, 1120 Sacagawea, 664 Sackler, Howard, 1110 St. George’s Methodist Episcopal Church, 26, 98, 363 Sanborn, Franklin B., 437 Savoy Ballroom, 428 Schnell v. Davis, 348 School busing, 167, 404-405, 456, 506-507, 592-593, 913-917; and Ku Klux Klan, 527; and Nixon, Richard M., 915 School desegregation, 768-776; Little Rock crisis, 544-548, 774; and White Citizens’ Councils, 1007-1009 Schwerner, Michael Henry, 219-225, 254, 263, 375, 472, 908 Science and technology, 776-782 SCLC . See Southern Christian Leadership Conference Scott, Dred, 783-786, 1120 Scott, Winfield, 490 Scott v. Sandford, 200, 396, 783-786, 923, 1120 Scottsboro cases, 687-688, 727-728, 786-790 Screvane, Paul, 676 Seale, Bobby, 121, 124, 1116, 1121 Second Amendment, 180 Secret Six, 437 Sectionalism, 244 Security Act of 1739, 903 Sedgwick, Theodore, 383 Segregation, 150, 372, 674, 790-793, 848, 890; de facto and de jure, 790; Jim Crow laws, 476-479; and Plessy v. Ferguson, 708-713; restrictive covenants, 766-767 Segregation on the frontier, 793-797 Self-incrimination, immunity against, 144 Selma-Montgomery march, 209, 797-804 Seminole Wars, 662, 664 Separate but equal doctrine, 192, 208, 552, 612, 614, 641, 791, 805-806; Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, 276-277; and education, 917-918; McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, 558; and Plessy v. Ferguson, 708-713 Separate spheres, 6 Set-asides, 14 Seventy, The, 44 Seymour, Horatio, 301 Shabazz, El-Hajj Malik El- (Malcolm X), 1115 Sharecropping, 33, 35-36, 308, 327, 806-808, 834, 846; demise of, 310; and demographics, 289 Sharpe, John, 671 Sharpton, Al, 270, 1121 Shaw v. Hunt, 808-810 Shaw v. Reno, 396, 809-811 Shelley v. Kraemer, 147, 480, 766, 812-813 Shelton, Robert, 527 Sheridan Broadcasting, 573 Shores family, 796 Shuttlesworth, Fred, 881 Simmons, William J., 525 Simpson, Nicole Brown, 814 Simpson, O. J., 768, 813-818 Sister’s Magazine, 659 Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, bombing of, 215 Slaughterhouse Cases, 710, 758, 819-820 Slave codes, 821-826, 855; Massachusetts, 866; Ohio, 824; South Carolina, 905; Virginia, 821, 854, 870 Slave narratives, 537, 839 Slave rebellions, 48, 669, 750 Slave trade, 235, 828, 831; Clotilde capture, 234-239; demographics of, 283, 286; and economy, 304; internal, 246, 304, 417; outlawing of, 922 Slavery, 202, 226, 249, 327, 826-835, 850; and agriculture, 32, 304; of American Indians, 662; “badges and incidents,” 202, 480; and citizenship, 783-786; and Civil War, 323-326, 851; in Connecticut, 60; cotton gin and, 60; demographics of, 283, 285-286; and Emancipation Proclamation, 323-326; and families, 835-843; in Georgia, 61; Great Awakening and, 78; and illiteracy, 569, 855; and justice system, 850-857; legalization of, 821, 870; in Massachusetts, 59, 865-869; and national politics, 713; and Native Americans, 664; in New Hampshire, 59; in New Jersey, 60; in New York, 60, 669; and Northwest Ordinance, 694-698; in Northwest Territory, 823; in Pennsylvania, 59; proslavery argument, 731-735; and race relations, 828, 843-850; and reparations, 653-654; in Rhode Island, 59; in South Carolina, 61; and Thirteenth Amendment, 922-927; and U.S. Constitution, 382, 852; and Underground Railroad, 947-952; in Vermont, 59; in Virginia, 870-875; and women, 858-865 Smith, Barbara, 242 Smith, Bessie, 428, 431 Smith, Beverly, 242 Smith, Gerrit, 437, 692, 853 Smith, James McCune, 655 Smith, Lamar, 261 Smith v. Allwright, 206, 348, 641, 686-687, 875-879, 1010 SNCC . See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Social reform movements and women, 6 Society of Free People of Color, 28, 365 Society of Friends (Quakers), 5-6, 59, 704, 922, 950 Sons of Liberty, 229 Soto, Hernando de, 662 Soul City, 1115 Soul on Ice (Cleaver), 1102 Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 70, 539 South Carolina; bombings, 169; demographics, 399; elections, 718, 984; Jim Crow laws, 477; slave trade, 61, 285; Stono Rebellion, 902-907 South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 350, 530, 987 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 209, 375, 450, 618, 879-887, 908, 1096; Birmingham March, 91-94; and Chavis, Benjamin, 1101; and Council of Federated Organizations, 260; and Jackson, Jesse, 1109; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1112; and Lowery, Joseph E., 1114; and Poor People’s March on Washington, 725-727; and Rustin, Bayard, 1120; and Selma-Montgomery march, 798; and Young, Andrew, 1126 Southern Conference of Black Mayors, 721 Southern Manifesto, 773, 887-889 Southern Poverty Law Center, 1099 Southern Tenant Farmers Union, 36 Southern Workman, The, 570 Sowell, Thomas, 456, 468, 1002 Spanish-American War, 149, 277, 583 Sparks, Chauncey, 742 Spingarn, Joel E., 638, 640 Spirituals, 625 Spoils system, 492 Sports, 889-898; Ali, Muhammad, 1096; Johnson, Jack, 1110; Owens, Jesse, 1116; Robinson, Jackie, 1119 Springfield, Illinois; race riot, 683 Stanton, Edwin McMasters, 300 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 927 Stanton, Frederick P., 135 States’ rights, 208, 246, 389, 610 States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats), 720 Stearns, George Luther, 437 Steele, Charles Kenzie, 881 Steele, Shelby, 848 Steinberg, Stephen, 468 Stephens, Alexander, 494 Stereotypes, 353, 898-902 Stevens, Thaddeus, 1121 Stewart, Potter, 414, 480; Mobile v. Bolden, 613 Stokes, Carl B., 721 Stone, John M., 295 Stone, Lucy, 8, 10, 927 Stoneman, George, 739 Stono Rebellion, 902-907 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 862 Strauder v. West Virginia, 760, 907 Stringfellow, Thornton, 733 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 117, 129, 210, 375, 908-912, 1100; and Carmichael, Stokely, 1101; and Council of Federated Organizations, 260; founding of, 411; and Hamer, Fannie Lou, 1108; and Selma-Montgomery march, 798 Student rights movement, 132 Students for a Democratic Society, 133 Summit Meeting of National Negro Leaders, 912-913 Sumner, Charles, 201, 494 Supreme Court, U.S.; and Marshall, Thurgood, 564-568; on redistricting, 395; and Thomas, Clarence, 1121 Sutherland, George; Powell v. Alabama, 728 Swain v. Alabama, 90 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education, 456, 592, 913-917 Sweatt v. Painter, 141, 559, 612, 771, 792, 917-918 Syphilis, 939-940 Taft, William Howard, 1124 Talented Tenth, 318, 639, 919-921 Talton v. Mayes, 197 Tan, 571 Taney, Roger Brooke, 417 Tapisco, Jacob, 26 Tappan, Arthur, 42, 535 Taylor, Zachary, 246 Television broadcasting, 573; and Civil Rights movement, 573; impact of, 92, 130; Roots, 767-768 Temple, Lewis, 778 Tenant farming, 33 Tennessee; demographics, 291; Jim Crow laws, 477; Memphis riot, 737-741 Tennis, 895 Tenth Amendment, 925 Terrell, Mary Church, 241 Terry v. Adams, 348, 878, 921-922, 1010 Texas; Jim Crow laws, 477; lynching, 554-555; poll taxes, 435; riots, 743 Third Amendment, 180 Thirteenth Amendment, 2, 200, 203, 231, 358, 710, 755, 922-928; and Civil Rights cases, 202-204 Thomas, Clarence, 14, 928-930, 1121; and affirmative action, 22, 929; and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 339; and Hill, Anita, 1108 Thomas, Franklin, 1004 Thomas, J. B., 608 Thomas, United States v . See United States v. Thomas Thomas-Hill hearings, 928-930 Thompson, William C., 163 Thornburg v. Gingles, 988 Thornton, Charles B. (Tex), 746 Three-fifths compromise, 357, 360, 607, 697, 714, 852, 930-931 Thurmond, Strom, 445, 720, 888 Tilden, Samuel J., 248 Till, Emmett, 554, 931-932, 1122 To Kill a Mockingbird (film), 354 To Secure These Rights, 281, 587, 730-731 Tobacco farming, 32, 286, 304 Toomer, Jean, 541 Toure, Kwame (Stokely Carmichael), 1101 Touré, Sékou, 1101 Townsend, Robert, 355 Trotter, William Monroe, 501, 637, 919 Truman, Harry S., 281, 1122; and civil rights, 455, 556, 585, 719, 729-731, 812, 1024, 1122; desegregation of military, 579, 587, 590 Trumbull, Lyman, 106 Truth, Sojourner, 11, 44, 862-863, 1122; and Douglass, Frederick, 11 Tubman, Harriet, 11, 44, 538, 863, 924, 950, 1122 Turner, Henry McNeal, 1123 Turner, Nat, 1123 Turner’s slave insurrection, 732, 933-937 Tuskegee Airmen, 937-939, 1022; and Davis, Benjamin O., Jr., 1103 Tuskegee experiment, 939-940 Tuskegee Institute, 67, 108, 316, 570, 639, 953, 970; and Carver, George Washington, 779; and Patterson, Frederick D., 1117; and Washington, Booker T., 1124 Tustennuggee Emartha (Jim Boy), 664 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 941-947, 990 UNCF . See United Negro College Fund Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 390, 490, 862 Underground Railroad, 44, 825, 863, 924, 947-952; and Tubman, Harriet, 1122; and women, 10-11 Understanding tests, 952-953 Underwood, Oscar, 303 UNIA . See Universal Negro Improvement Association Union League, 524, 716 United African Movement, 1121 United Auto Workers, 530-532, 746, 1021 United House of Prayer for All People, 1107 United Negro College Fund, 109, 953-954, 1111; and Patterson, Frederick D., 1117 United Negro Improvement Association; and Malcolm X, 1115 United States Colored Infantry Regiments, 147-150 United States Commission on Civil Rights, 954-958 United States v. Classic, 419, 876, 958-959, 1010 United States v. Cruikshank, 201, 759, 959-960 United States v. Harris, 759 United States v. Paradise, 21 United States v. Reese, 759, 961 United States v. Thomas, 348 United Steelworkers of America v. Weber, 17, 962-968 Universal Negro Improvement Association, 120, 403, 560, 969-974, 1106 University of Alabama, 978 University of California v. Bakke . See Bakke case University of Georgia, 978 University of Mississippi, 974-979, 1115 Up from Slavery (Washington), 538, 970, 1124 Urban unrest, 674, 677, 997 Urbanization, 112, 288-291; and labor, 311; and National Urban League, 659-661 Van Buren, Martin, 49 Vassa, Gustavas, 537 Venable, James, 527 Vermont; and fugitive slave laws, 385 Vietnam War, 212, 979-983; and Civil Rights movement, 981-982; and King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1113; and women, 980 Vietnamese Americans, 527 Villa, Pancho, 148 Vinson, Fred M., 142, 918 Virginia; bombings, 169; demographics, 291, 399; election of L. Douglas Wilder, 1010-1017; elections, 718; Jim Crow laws, 477; poll taxes, 435; slavery, 870-875; Turner’s slave insurrection, 933-937 Virginia v. Rives, 761 Vote, right to, 347, 398 Voting rights, 183, 204, 294, 360, 419-420, 529, 603, 716, 961, 1025-1026; and at-large elections, 613; and Civil Rights movement, 720; and disfranchisement, 717; and gerrymandering, 393-397; and grandfather clauses, 398-399; Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections, 530; and poll taxes, 723-725; and understanding tests, 952-953; and White primaries, 418-419, 685-687, 1009-1010 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 207, 212, 349, 435, 455, 720, 878, 956, 983-989, 999; and Johnson, Lyndon B., 1111; and redistricting, 395; and Selma-Montgomery march, 797-804; and understanding tests, 952-953 Voting Rights Act of 1975, 990-996 Wade, Wyn, 1008 Waite, Morrison R., 759 Walcott, Derek, 1004 Walker, Alice, 543, 1123 Walker, Madame C. J., 779 Walker v. City of Birmingham, 646 Wallace, George, 172, 800-801, 945, 991 Wallace, Henry, 588 Walthall, Edward C., 295 War Manpower Commission, 742 War Without Violence (Shridharani), 251 Ward, Samuel Ringgold, 367 Wards Cove Packing Company v. Atonio, 198, 416 Warmoth, Henry Clay, 717 Warren, Earl, 137, 208, 772, 1123; Brown v. Board of Education, 142 Washington, Booker T., 108, 316, 538, 639, 681, 919, 970, 1124; accommodationist program, 501; Atlanta Compromise, 67-70; and Du Bois, W. E. B., 1124; and Fortune, T. Thomas, 1106; and Garvey, Marcus, 970; and National Negro Business League, 306 Washington, D.C., riots, 997-999 Washington, George, 277, 377, 777; and slavery, 383-384, 950 Washington Colored Woman’s League, 240-241 Washington v. Davis, 996-997 Waters, Muddy, 628 Watts riot, 212, 751, 999-1002 Weaver, John D., 146 Weaver, Robert, 94 Webster, Daniel, 389 Wells, Benjamin, 26 Wells, James Madison, 739 Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 1124 Wesberry v. Sanders, 395 West, Cornel, 471 West Indians, 268-270, 1002-1006; Jamaicans, 466-469 Whatcoat, Richard, 363 Wheatley, Phillis, 540 Whig Party, 245, 490 Whipper, William, 951 White, Byron R.; Washington v. Davis, 996 White, Walter, 341, 585, 639, 744, 1022, 1125 White, William, 364 White Citizens’ Councils, 641, 1007-1009 White flight, 113 White League, 239 White primaries, 205, 348, 418-419, 641, 645, 680-681, 685-687, 958, 1009-1010; Smith v. Allwright, 875; Terry v. Adams, 921-922 White supremacist groups, 523 White supremacy, 171, 529 White v. Regester, 988 Whitfield, James H., 538 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 42 Wilberforce University, 1117 Wilder, L. Douglas, 1010-1017, 1125 Wilkins, Roy, 500, 639, 912, 1125 Williams, Eric, 701 Williams v. Mississippi, 1017-1018 Wilmington Ten, 1101 Wilmot Proviso, 244, 851 Wilson, Lionel, 1116 Winfrey, Oprah, 574 Winthrop, John, 866 Wisconsin, 696 Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 737, 1018-1019 Wise, Henry A., 439-440 Woman suffrage, 927 Women; in literature, 1123; Million Woman March, 597-600; National Association of Colored Women, 651-652; National Black Women’s Political Leadership Caucus, 652-653; National Council of Negro Women, 658-659; and slavery, 858-865; and Underground Railroad, 950; and Vietnam War, 980; Women’s movement, 242 Women’s Center for Education and Career Advancement, 658 Woods, Granville, 779 Woods, Tiger, 896 Woodson, Carter G., 32, 1125 Woodward, Isaac, 1024 World War I, 277; and Great Migration, 308 World War II, 281, 1020-1025; and Civil Rights movement, 584; and labor, 467, 1021; and Louis, Joe, 894; and Muhammad, Elijah, 1116; and race riots, 741-745; Tuskegee Airmen, 937-939 Wright, Fielding, 720 Wright, Richard, 430, 542, 1125 Wyandotte Constitution, 136 Yama Craw Church, 80 Yarbrough, Ex parte, 760, 1025-1026 Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 1017 York, 663 Young, Andrew, 1015, 1126 Young, Whitney M., Jr., 661, 1126 Young Communist League, 1120 Zoning, 344 Zoot-suit riots, 743 |
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