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African American History Category Index ABOLITION Abolition, 1 Abolitionist movement and women, 5 African Methodist Episcopal Church, 26 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Churches, 30 American Anti-Slavery Society, 42 American Colonization Society, 46 Amistad slave revolt, 47 Antislavery laws of 1777 and 1807, 58 Bleeding Kansas, 134 Civil War, 226 Clotilde capture, 234 Compromise of 1850, 243 Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862, 249 Emancipation Proclamation, 323 Free blacks, 366 Freedmen’s Bureau, 367 Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, 382 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 387 Harpers Ferry raid, 436 Liberator, The, 532 National Council of Colored People, 654 Negro Conventions, 667 North Star, The, 689 Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, 703 Proslavery argument, 731 Slavery, 826 Slavery and the justice system, 850 Thirteenth Amendment, 922 Turner’s slave insurrection, 933 Underground Railroad, 947 AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Adarand Constructors v. Peña, 13 Affirmative action, 15 Bakke case, 71 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 198 Employment, 327 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 331 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 338 Fullilove v. Klutznick, 391 United Steelworkers of America v. Weber, 962 AGRICULTURE Agriculture, 32 Atlanta Compromise, 67 Demographic trends, 283 Economic trends, 304 Employment, 327 Great Migration, 399 Sharecropping, 806 ARTS, LITERATURE, AND MUSIC Anderson’s Lincoln Memorial concert, 51 Black Is Beautiful movement, 114 Film history, 352 Harlem Renaissance, 426 Literature, 537 Media, the, 569 Music, 624 Stereotypes, 898 BLACK NATIONALISM African Liberation Day, 25 Black Christian Nationalist Movement, 95 Black Is Beautiful movement, 114 Black nationalism, 118 Black Panther Party, 123 Black Power movement, 129 Black United Students, 132 Combahee River Collective, 241 Congressional Black Caucus, 256 Hampton-Clark deaths, 424 League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 530 Malcolm X assassination, 559 Million Man March, 593 Million Woman March, 597 Nation of Islam, 631 National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America, 653 Pan-Africanism, 701 Republic of New Africa, 765 Universal Negro Improvement Association, 969 CIVIL RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES Brown v. Mississippi, 144 Civil Rights Act of 1866, 177 Civil Rights Act of 1957, 182 Civil Rights Act of 1960, 183 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 188 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 195 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 198 Civil Rights Acts of 1866-1875, 199 Civil Rights cases, 202 Civil Rights movement, 204 Civil Rights Restoration Act, 215 Colored Women’s League, 240 Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company, 314 Edwards v. South Carolina, 322 Fourteenth Amendment, 357 Griffin v. Breckenridge, 413 Integration, 454 King beating case, 515 Marshall’s appointment to the Supreme Court, 564 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 636 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 643 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama, 650 National Council of Negro Women, 658 Negro Conventions, 667 Niagara Movement, 681 Politics and government, 713 Poll taxes, 723 President’s Committee on Civil Rights, 729 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 735 Rainbow Coalition, 753 Scott v. Sandford, 783 Segregation, 790 Separate but equal doctrine, 805 Sit-ins, 818 Smith v. Allwright, 875 Thirteenth Amendment, 922 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 941 United States Commission on Civil Rights, 954 United States v. Cruikshank, 959 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 983 Voting Rights Act of 1975, 990 Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 1018 CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Birmingham March, 91 Chicago sit-ins, 154 Civil Rights movement, 204 Civil Rights movement and children, 214 Civil rights worker murders, 219 Congress of Racial Equality, 250 Council of Federated Organizations, 260 Edwards v. South Carolina, 322 Freedom Rides, 372 Freedom Summer, 374 Greensboro sit-ins, 406 “I Have a Dream” speech, 449 Integration, 454 Jews and African Americans, 470 Journey of Reconciliation, 481 King assassination, 507 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 603 Montgomery bus boycott, 614 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 636 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 643 National Urban League, 659 New York riots, 674 Poor People’s March on Washington, 725 President’s Committee on Civil Rights, 729 School desegregation, 770 Segregation, 790 Selma-Montgomery march, 797 Sit-ins, 818 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 879 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 908 Summit Meeting of National Negro Leaders, 912 University of Mississippi desegregation, 974 Vietnam War, 979 COURT CASES Adarand Constructors v. Peña, 13 Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody, 39 Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 40 Bakke case, 71 Batson v. Kentucky, 90 Bolling v. Sharpe, 137 Brown v. Board of Education, 140 Brown v. Mississippi, 144 Buchanan v. Warley, 147 Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, 150 Civil Rights cases, 202 Cooper v. Aaron, 258 Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, 276 Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company, 314 Edwards v. South Carolina, 322 Evans v. Abney, 340 Fullilove v. Klutznick, 391 Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 397 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 404 Griffin v. Breckenridge, 413 Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 415 Groves v. Slaughter, 417 Grovey v. Townsend, 418 Guinn v. United States, 419 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 435 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 442 Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Company, 479 Katzenbach v. McClung, 496 Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1, 506 Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections, 530 Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railway Company v. Mississippi, 552 McCleskey v. Kemp, 557 McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, 558 Martin v. Wilks, 568 Milliken v. Bradley, 592 Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 612 Mobile v. Bolden, 613 Moore v. Dempsey, 619 Moose Lodge v. Irvis, 620 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama, 650 Newberry v. United States, 679 Nixon v. Condon, 685 Nixon v. Herndon, 686 Norris v. Alabama, 687 Palmer v. Thompson, 700 Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 702 Plessy v. Ferguson, 708 Powell v. Alabama, 727 Powers v. Ohio, 728 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 735 Reitman v. Mulkey, 763 Runyon v. McCrary, 768 Scott v. Sandford, 783 Scottsboro trials, 786 Shaw v. Hunt, 808 Shaw v. Reno, 810 Shelley v. Kraemer, 812 Slaughterhouse Cases, 819 Smith v. Allwright, 875 Strauder v. West Virginia, 907 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education, 913 Sweatt v. Painter, 917 Terry v. Adams, 921 United States v. Classic, 958 United States v. Cruikshank, 959 United States v. Reese, 961 United Steelworkers of America v. Weber, 962 Washington v. Davis, 996 Williams v. Mississippi, 1017 Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 1018 Yarbrough, Ex parte, 1025 CRIME Brown v. Mississippi, 144 Church bombings, 169 Church burnings, 174 Civil rights worker murders, 219 Clinton massacre, 233 Dyer antilynching bill, 302 Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, 382 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 387 Hampton-Clark deaths, 424 Harlins murder, 434 Harpers Ferry raid, 436 Hawkins murder, 441 King assassination, 507 King beating case, 515 Lynching, 553 McCleskey v. Kemp, 557 Malcolm X assassination, 559 Moynihan Report, 623 Newberry v. United States, 679 Orangeburg massacre, 699 Powell v. Alabama, 727 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 735 Scottsboro trials, 786 Simpson murder trial, 813 Till lynching, 931 Tuskegee experiment, 939 DEMOGRAPHICS Agriculture, 32 Black colleges and universities, 107 Black flight, 112 Black Jews, 115 Cubans and African Americans, 270 Demographic trends, 283 Economic trends, 304 Free blacks, 366 Great Migration, 399 Haitians, 421 Jamaicans, 466 Jews and African Americans, 470 Koreans and African Americans, 520 Native Americans and African Americans, 661 One-drop rule, 698 Segregation on the frontier, 793 Slavery and women, 858 Slavery in Massachusetts, 865 Slavery in Virginia, 870 West Indians, 1002 DESEGREGATION Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 40 Bolling v. Sharpe, 137 Brown v. Board of Education, 140 Civil Rights Acts of 1866-1875, 199 Civil Rights movement, 204 Cooper v. Aaron, 258 Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, 276 Defense industry desegregation, 277 Fair Housing Act, 342 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 404 Greensboro sit-ins, 406 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 442 Integration, 454 Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Company, 479 Katzenbach v. McClung, 496 Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1, 506 Little Rock school desegregation crisis, 544 McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, 558 Military, 579 Military desegregation, 583 Milliken v. Bradley, 592 Reitman v. Mulkey, 763 Runyon v. McCrary, 768 School desegregation, 770 Segregation, 790 Sit-ins, 818 Southern Manifesto, 887 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education, 913 Sweatt v. Painter, 917 University of Mississippi desegregation, 974 DISCRIMINATION Adarand Constructors v. Peña, 13 Affirmative action, 15 Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody, 39 Batson v. Kentucky, 90 Black codes, 103 Buchanan v. Warley, 147 Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, 150 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 195 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 198 Civil Rights Acts of 1866-1875, 199 Civil Rights cases, 202 Cowboys, 267 Disfranchisement laws in Mississippi, 294 Employment, 327 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 338 Evans v. Abney, 340 Fair Employment Practices Committee, 340 Fair Housing Act, 342 Fifteenth Amendment, 347 Fullilove v. Klutznick, 391 Gerrymandering, 393 Grandfather clauses, 398 Greensboro sit-ins, 406 Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 415 Grovey v. Townsend, 418 Guinn v. United States, 419 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 442 Jim Crow laws, 476 Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Company, 479 Katzenbach v. McClung, 496 Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railway Company v. Mississippi, 552 McCleskey v. Kemp, 557 Martin v. Wilks, 568 Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 612 Montgomery bus boycott, 614 Moose Lodge v. Irvis, 620 Nixon v. Condon, 685 Nixon v. Herndon, 686 Palmer v. Thompson, 700 Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 702 Plessy v. Ferguson, 708 Poll taxes, 723 Powers v. Ohio, 728 Reitman v. Mulkey, 763 Restrictive covenants, 766 Runyon v. McCrary, 768 Segregation, 790 Separate but equal doctrine, 805 Shelley v. Kraemer, 812 Slave codes, 821 Understanding tests, 952 Washington v. Davis, 996 White primaries, 1009 ECONOMICS Agriculture, 32 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 138 Defense industry desegregation, 277 Economic trends, 304 Employment, 327 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 331 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 338 Fullilove v. Klutznick, 391 Great Migration, 399 League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 530 Million Man March, 593 Montgomery bus boycott, 614 Moose Lodge v. Irvis, 620 Moynihan Report, 623 National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America, 653 Negro Conventions, 667 Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 702 Poor People’s March on Washington, 725 Restrictive covenants, 766 Sharecropping, 806 Slaughterhouse Cases, 819 Talented Tenth, 919 United Negro College Fund, 953 United Steelworkers of America v. Weber, 962 Universal Negro Improvement Association, 969 EDUCATION Affirmative action, 15 Afrocentrism, 31 Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 40 Ashmun Institute, 62 Atlanta Compromise, 67 Bakke case, 71 Black colleges and universities, 107 Black United Students, 132 Bolling v. Sharpe, 137 Brown v. Board of Education, 140 Civil Rights Restoration Act, 215 Cooper v. Aaron, 258 Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, 276 Education, 315 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 331 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 404 Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1, 506 Little Rock school desegregation crisis, 544 McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, 558 Milliken v. Bradley, 592 Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 612 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 643 Orangeburg massacre, 699 Runyon v. McCrary, 768 School desegregation, 770 Science and technology, 776 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 908 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education, 913 Talented Tenth, 919 United Negro College Fund, 953 University of Mississippi desegregation, 974 White Citizens’ Councils, 1007 EMPLOYMENT. See LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT EVENTS African Liberation Day, 25 Amistad slave revolt, 47 Anderson’s Lincoln Memorial concert, 51 Atlanta Compromise, 67 Baseball’s racial integration, 82 Birmingham March, 91 “Black Manifesto,” 117 Bleeding Kansas, 134 Brownsville incident, 145 Charleston race riots, 151 Chicago riots, 152 Chicago sit-ins, 154 Chisholm’s election to Congress, 161 Church bombings, 169 Civil Rights movement, 204 Civil rights worker murders, 219 Civil War, 226 Clinton massacre, 233 Clotilde capture, 234 Colfax massacre, 239 Compromise of 1877, 248 Crown Heights conflicts, 268 Defense industry desegregation, 277 Draft riots, 298 Emancipation Proclamation, 323 Freedom Rides, 372 Freedom Summer, 374 Great Migration, 399 Greensboro sit-ins, 406 Hampton-Clark deaths, 424 Harlem Renaissance, 426 Harlins murder, 434 Harpers Ferry raid, 436 Hawkins murder, 441 “I Have a Dream” speech, 449 Jackson’s run for the presidency, 461 Journey of Reconciliation, 481 King assassination, 507 King beating case, 515 Little Rock school desegregation crisis, 544 Los Angeles riots, 548 Malcolm X assassination, 559 Marshall’s appointment to the Supreme Court, 564 Miami riots, 576 Military desegregation, 583 Million Man March, 593 Million Woman March, 597 Missouri Compromise, 606 Montgomery bus boycott, 614 MOVE bombing, 621 New York City slave revolt, 669 New York riots, 674 Newark riot, 677 Orangeburg massacre, 699 Poor People’s March on Washington, 725 Race riots of 1866, 737 Race riots of 1943, 741 Race riots of 1967, 745 Race riots of the twentieth century, 750 Reconstruction, 755 Scottsboro trials, 786 Selma-Montgomery march, 797 Simpson murder trial, 813 Slavery in Massachusetts, 865 Slavery in Virginia, 870 Stono Rebellion, 902 Summit Meeting of National Negro Leaders, 912 Thomas-Hill hearings, 928 Till lynching, 931 Turner’s slave insurrection, 933 Tuskegee experiment, 939 University of Mississippi desegregation, 974 Vietnam War, 979 Washington, D.C., riots, 997 Watts riot, 999 Wilder’s election to Virginia governorship, 1010 World War II, 1020 FAMILY ISSUES Agriculture, 32 Civil Rights movement and children, 214 Demographic trends, 283 Education, 315 Employment, 327 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 331 Fair Housing Act, 342 Freedmen’s Bureau, 367 Million Woman March, 597 Miscegenation laws, 600 Moynihan Report, 623 National Black Women’s Political Leadership Caucus, 652 Roots, 767 School desegregation, 770 Segregation on the frontier, 793 Sharecropping, 806 Slavery, 826 Slavery and families, 835 Slavery and women, 858 Tuskegee experiment, 939 Underground Railroad, 947 JUSTICE SYSTEM Batson v. Kentucky, 90 Bolling v. Sharpe, 137 Brown v. Mississippi, 144 Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company, 314 Hampton-Clark deaths, 424 King beating case, 515 Los Angeles riots, 548 McCleskey v. Kemp, 557 Moore v. Dempsey, 619 MOVE bombing, 621 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 643 Norris v. Alabama, 687 Powell v. Alabama, 727 Powers v. Ohio, 728 Scottsboro trials, 786 Simpson murder trial, 813 Slavery and the justice system, 850 Strauder v. West Virginia, 907 Till lynching, 931 United States v. Cruikshank, 959 Williams v. Mississippi, 1017 Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 1018 LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT Adarand Constructors v. Peña, 13 Affirmative action, 15 Agriculture, 32 Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody, 39 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 138 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 188 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 198 Cowboys, 267 Defense industry desegregation, 277 Economic trends, 304 Employment, 327 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 331 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 338 Fair Employment Practices Committee, 340 Freedmen’s Bureau, 367 Fullilove v. Klutznick, 391 Great Migration, 399 Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 415 League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 530 Martin v. Wilks, 568 National Urban League, 659 Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 702 Race riots of 1943, 741 Sharecropping, 806 Slavery, 826 Talented Tenth, 919 United Steelworkers of America v. Weber, 962 Universal Negro Improvement Association, 969 Washington v. Davis, 996 LAW ENFORCEMENT Charleston race riots, 151 Chicago riots, 152 Kerner Commission, 499 Ku Klux Klan Acts, 529 Los Angeles riots, 548 Lynching, 553 Miami riots, 576 MOVE bombing, 621 New York riots, 674 Newark riot, 677 Orangeburg massacre, 699 Race riots of 1866, 737 Race riots of 1943, 741 Race riots of 1967, 745 Race riots of the twentieth century, 750 Simpson murder trial, 813 Slavery and the justice system, 850 Washington, D.C., riots, 997 Watts riot, 999 LAWS Antislavery laws of 1777 and 1807, 58 Black codes, 103 Civil Rights Act of 1866, 177 Civil Rights Act of 1957, 182 Civil Rights Act of 1960, 183 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 188 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 195 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 198 Civil Rights Acts of 1866-1875, 199 Civil Rights Restoration Act, 215 Compromise of 1850, 243 Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862, 249 Disfranchisement laws in Mississippi, 294 Dyer antilynching bill, 302 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 331 Fair Housing Act, 342 Fifteenth Amendment, 347 Fourteenth Amendment, 357 Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, 382 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 387 Jim Crow laws, 476 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 490 Ku Klux Klan Acts, 529 Miscegenation laws, 600 Northwest Ordinance, 694 Slave codes, 821 Thirteenth Amendment, 922 Three-fifths compromise, 930 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 941 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 983 Voting Rights Act of 1975, 990 MEDIA Black Power movement, 129 Church bombings, 169 Cowboys, 267 Film history, 352 Harlem Renaissance, 426 Jackson’s run for the presidency, 461 King beating case, 515 Liberator, The, 532 Literature, 537 Little Rock school desegregation crisis, 544 Los Angeles riots, 548 Media, the, 569 Million Man March, 593 Million Woman March, 597 Music, 624 North Star, The, 689 Roots, 767 Simpson murder trial, 813 Stereotypes, 898 Thomas-Hill hearings, 928 MILITARY Brownsville incident, 145 Buffalo soldiers, 147 Civil War, 226 Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862, 249 Defense industry desegregation, 277 Draft riots, 298 Emancipation Proclamation, 323 Little Rock school desegregation crisis, 544 Military, 579 Military desegregation, 583 Native Americans and African Americans, 661 Reconstruction, 755 Tuskegee Airmen, 937 Vietnam War, 979 Watts riot, 999 World War II, 1020 MOB VIOLENCE Charleston race riots, 151 Chicago riots, 152 Church bombings, 169 Church burnings, 174 Civil Rights movement and children, 214 Civil rights worker murders, 219 Clinton massacre, 233 Colfax massacre, 239 Crown Heights conflicts, 268 Draft riots, 298 Dyer antilynching bill, 302 Freedom Rides, 372 Hawkins murder, 441 Kerner Commission, 499 King assassination, 507 King beating case, 515 Ku Klux Klan, 523 Ku Klux Klan Acts, 529 Los Angeles riots, 548 Lynching, 553 Miami riots, 576 MOVE bombing, 621 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 635 New York riots, 674 Newark riot, 677 Orangeburg massacre, 699 R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 735 Race riots of 1866, 737 Race riots of 1943, 741 Race riots of 1967, 745 Race riots of the twentieth century, 750 Till lynching, 931 United States v. Cruikshank, 959 University of Mississippi desegregation, 974 Washington, D.C., riots, 997 Watts riot, 999 ORGANIZATIONS African Methodist Episcopal Church, 26 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Churches, 30 American Anti-Slavery Society, 42 American Colonization Society, 46 Ashmun Institute, 62 Baptist Church, 78 Black cabinet, 94 Black Christian Nationalist Movement, 95 Black Panther Party, 123 Black United Students, 132 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 138 Colored Women’s League, 240 Combahee River Collective, 241 Congress of Racial Equality, 250 Congressional Black Caucus, 256 Council of Federated Organizations, 260 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 338 Fair Employment Practices Committee, 340 Free African Society, 362 Freedmen’s Bureau, 367 Freemasons in Boston, 377 Kerner Commission, 499 Ku Klux Klan, 523 League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 530 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 603 Nation of Islam, 631 National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 635 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 636 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 643 National Association of Colored Women, 651 National Black Women’s Political Leadership Caucus, 652 National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America, 653 National Council of Colored People, 654 National Council of Negro Women, 658 National Urban League, 659 Negro Conventions, 667 Niagara Movement, 681 Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, 703 President’s Committee on Civil Rights, 729 Rainbow Coalition, 753 Republic of New Africa, 765 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 879 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 908 United Negro College Fund, 953 United States Commission on Civil Rights, 954 Universal Negro Improvement Association, 969 White Citizens’ Councils, 1007 PAN-AFRICANISM African Liberation Day, 25 Afrocentrism, 31 Black nationalism, 118 Music, 624 Nation of Islam, 631 Pan-Africanism, 701 Republic of New Africa, 765 Universal Negro Improvement Association, 969 West Indians, 1002 PEOPLES Black Jews, 115 Cubans and African Americans, 270 Demographic trends, 283 Free blacks, 366 Haitians, 421 Irish-African American relations, 460 Jamaicans, 466 Jews and African Americans, 470 Koreans and African Americans, 520 Native Americans and African Americans, 661 One-drop rule, 698 West Indians, 1002 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Black cabinet, 94 Black codes, 103 Black Panther Party, 123 Chisholm’s election to Congress, 161 Civil War, 226 Compromise of 1850, 243 Compromise of 1877, 248 Congressional Black Caucus, 256 Disfranchisement laws in Mississippi, 294 Emancipation Proclamation, 323 Fourteenth Amendment, 357 Gerrymandering, 393 Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 397 Grovey v. Townsend, 418 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 435 Jackson’s run for the presidency, 461 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 490 Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections, 530 Marshall’s appointment to the Supreme Court, 564 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 603 Missouri Compromise, 606 Mobile v. Bolden, 613 MOVE bombing, 621 National Black Women’s Political Leadership Caucus, 652 Newberry v. United States, 679 Nixon v. Condon, 685 Nixon v. Herndon, 686 Northwest Ordinance, 694 Politics and government, 713 Poll taxes, 723 President’s Committee on Civil Rights, 729 Rainbow Coalition, 753 Reconstruction, 755 Republic of New Africa, 765 Shaw v. Hunt, 808 Shaw v. Reno, 810 Smith v. Allwright, 875 Southern Manifesto, 887 Summit Meeting of National Negro Leaders, 912 Thirteenth Amendment, 922 Thomas-Hill hearings, 928 Three-fifths compromise, 930 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 941 Understanding tests, 952 United States Commission on Civil Rights, 954 United States v. Classic, 958 United States v. Reese, 961 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 983 Voting Rights Act of 1975, 990 White primaries, 1009 Wilder’s election to Virginia governorship, 1010 Yarbrough, Ex parte, 1025 POPULAR CULTURE Anderson’s Lincoln Memorial concert, 51 Baseball’s racial integration, 82 Black Is Beautiful movement, 114 Black nationalism, 118 Cowboys, 267 Film history, 352 Harlem Renaissance, 426 Literature, 537 Media, the, 569 Music, 624 Roots, 767 Sports, 889 Stereotypes, 898 RACE RELATIONS Atlanta Compromise, 67 Black Jews, 115 Charleston race riots, 151 Chicago riots, 152 Congress of Racial Equality, 250 Cubans and African Americans, 270 Draft riots, 298 Haitians, 421 Harlins murder, 434 “I Have a Dream” speech, 449 Integration, 454 Irish-African American relations, 460 Jamaicans, 466 Jews and African Americans, 470 Koreans and African Americans, 520 Los Angeles riots, 548 Miami riots, 576 Native Americans and African Americans, 661 New York riots, 674 Newark riot, 677 Poor People’s March on Washington, 725 Race riots of 1866, 737 Race riots of 1943, 741 Race riots of 1967, 745 Race riots of the twentieth century, 750 Rainbow Coalition, 753 Slavery and race relations, 843 United States Commission on Civil Rights, 954 Washington, D.C., riots, 997 Watts riot, 999 West Indians, 1002 RACISM Clinton massacre, 233 Colfax massacre, 239 Hawkins murder, 441 Jim Crow laws, 476 Kerner Commission, 499 Ku Klux Klan, 523 Ku Klux Klan Acts, 529 Lynching, 553 One-drop rule, 698 Proslavery argument, 731 Tuskegee experiment, 939 White Citizens’ Councils, 1007 RECONSTRUCTION Charleston race riots, 151 Compromise of 1877, 248 Fifteenth Amendment, 347 Fourteenth Amendment, 357 Freedmen’s Bureau, 367 Ku Klux Klan Acts, 529 Poll taxes, 723 Race riots of 1866, 737 Reconstruction, 755 Slaughterhouse Cases, 819 RELIGION Abolition, 1 African Methodist Episcopal Church, 26 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Churches, 30 Baptist Church, 78 Black Christian Nationalist Movement, 95 Black church, 97 Black Jews, 115 “Black Manifesto,” 117 Church bombings, 169 Church burnings, 174 Free African Society, 362 Jews and African Americans, 470 Nation of Islam, 631 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 879 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Ashmun Institute, 62 Atlanta Compromise, 67 Black colleges and universities, 107 One-drop rule, 698 Science and technology, 776 Tuskegee experiment, 939 SEGREGATION Birmingham March, 91 Black codes, 103 Black Power movement, 129 Buchanan v. Warley, 147 Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, 150 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 195 Evans v. Abney, 340 Gerrymandering, 393 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 442 Integration, 454 Jim Crow laws, 476 Katzenbach v. McClung, 496 Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railway Company v. Mississippi, 552 McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, 558 Military, 579 Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 612 Palmer v. Thompson, 700 Plessy v. Ferguson, 708 Restrictive covenants, 766 Segregation, 790 Segregation on the frontier, 793 Separate but equal doctrine, 805 Shelley v. Kraemer, 812 >SLAVE REVOLTS Amistad slave revolt, 47 Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, 382 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 387 New York City slave revolt, 669 Slavery, 826 Stono Rebellion, 902 Turner’s slave insurrection, 933 Underground Railroad, 947 SLAVE TRADE Amistad slave revolt, 47 Antislavery laws of 1777 and 1807, 58 Clotilde capture, 234 Groves v. Slaughter, 417 Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, 703 Slavery, 826 SLAVERY Abolition, 1 Abolitionist movement and women, 5 Agriculture, 32 American Anti-Slavery Society, 42 American Colonization Society, 46 Amistad slave revolt, 47 Antislavery laws of 1777 and 1807, 58 “Black Manifesto,” 117 Bleeding Kansas, 134 Civil War, 226 Compromise of 1850, 243 Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862, 249 Economic trends, 304 Emancipation Proclamation, 323 Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, 382 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 387 Groves v. Slaughter, 417 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 490 Missouri Compromise, 606 Native Americans and African Americans, 661 New York City slave revolt, 669 Northwest Ordinance, 694 Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, 703 Proslavery argument, 731 Roots, 767 Scott v. Sandford, 783 Slave codes, 821 Slavery, 826 Slavery and families, 835 Slavery and race relations, 843 Slavery and the justice system, 850 Slavery and women, 858 Slavery in Massachusetts, 865 Slavery in Virginia, 870 Stono Rebellion, 902 Thirteenth Amendment, 922 Three-fifths compromise, 930 Turner’s slave insurrection, 933 Underground Railroad, 947 SPORTS Baseball’s racial integration, 82 Simpson murder trial, 813 Sports, 889 Stereotypes, 898 URBANIZATION Black flight, 112 Chicago riots, 152 Chicago sit-ins, 154 Crown Heights conflicts, 268 Cubans and African Americans, 270 Demographic trends, 283 Evans v. Abney, 340 Fair Housing Act, 342 Free blacks, 366 National Urban League, 659 New York riots, 674 Newark riot, 677 Race riots of 1943, 741 Race riots of 1967, 745 Race riots of the twentieth century, 750 Universal Negro Improvement Association, 969 Washington, D.C., riots, 997 Watts riot, 999 VOTING RIGHTS Black codes, 103 Civil Rights Act of 1960, 183 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 188 Council of Federated Organizations, 260 Disfranchisement laws in Mississippi, 294 Fifteenth Amendment, 347 Freedom Summer, 374 Gerrymandering, 393 Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 397 Grandfather clauses, 398 Grovey v. Townsend, 418 Guinn v. United States, 419 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 435 Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections, 530 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 603 Mobile v. Bolden, 613 Newberry v. United States, 679 Nixon v. Condon, 685 Nixon v. Herndon, 686 Politics and government, 713 Poll taxes, 723 Rainbow Coalition, 753 Selma-Montgomery march, 797 Shaw v. Hunt, 808 Shaw v. Reno, 810 Smith v. Allwright, 875 Terry v. Adams, 921 Three-fifths compromise, 930 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 941 Understanding tests, 952 United States Commission on Civil Rights, 954 United States v. Classic, 958 United States v. Reese, 961 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 983 Voting Rights Act of 1975, 990 White primaries, 1009 Wilder’s election to Virginia governorship, 1010 Yarbrough, Ex parte, 1025 WOMEN’S ISSUES Abolitionist movement and women, 5 Anderson’s Lincoln Memorial concert, 51 Chisholm’s election to Congress, 161 Colored Women’s League, 240 Combahee River Collective, 241 Million Woman March, 597 Miscegenation laws, 600 National Association of Colored Women, 651 National Black Women’s Political Leadership Caucus, 652 National Council of Negro Women, 658 Slavery and families, 835 Slavery and women, 858 Thomas-Hill hearings, 928 Underground Railroad, 947 |
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